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<mods:title id="F3FF7672B83F69F9F943C54E46F52D4D">Overview of the Black Fungus Gnats from the Tristan da Cunha archipelago, including a redescription of Hyperlasion viridiventris (FREY) (Diptera: Sciaroidea: Sciaridae)</mods:title>
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<heading id="B336375CAC6AFFAAFF6FFBEEFDCCFBF8" box="[189,615,1030,1057]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="288" reason="3">
<taxonomicName id="2FC1FBB3AC6AFFAAFF6FFBEEFDCCFBF8" authority="(EDWARDS, 1922)" baseAuthorityName="EDWARDS" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[189,615,1030,1057]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Cosmosciara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="288" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perniciosa">
<emphasis id="DAB55C22AC6AFFAAFF6FFBEEFE05FBF8" box="[189,430,1030,1057]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Cosmosciara perniciosa</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8C50FDC1AC6AFFAAFE6EFBEEFDCAFBF8" author="EDWARDS, F. W." box="[444,609,1030,1057]" pageId="5" pageNumber="288" pagination="160 - 161" refId="ref10079" refString="EDWARDS, F. W. 1922: A third new British Plastosciara (Diptera, Sciaridae). - The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 58: 160 - 161." type="journal article" year="1922">EDWARDS, 1922</bibRefCitation>
)
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<paragraph id="E87E8030AC6AFFAAFF6FFBC2FEA4FB99" blockId="5.[189,615,1030,1088]" box="[189,271,1066,1088]" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">
(
<figureCitation id="70FA9CB5AC6AFFAAFF13FBC2FEA1FB99" box="[193,266,1066,1088]" captionStart="Figs 17" captionStartId="4.[189,229,1935,1957]" captionTargetBox="[348,1275,579,1904]" captionTargetId="figure-265@4.[340,892,1010,1451]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs 17: Bradysia forficulata (BEZZI), male (Figs 13): Fig. 1: Hypopygium in ventral view; Fig. 2: Right gonostyle in ventral view; Fig. 3: 4th flagellomere in lateral view. Bradysia tilicola (LOEW), male (Figs 4, 5); Fig. 4: Hypopygium in ventral view; Fig. 5: Apical part of left gonostyle in ventral view. Cosmosciara perniciosa (EDWARDS), male (Figs 6, 7); Fig. 6: Hypopygium in ventral view; Fig. 7: Apical part of right gonostyle in ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10110820" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10110820/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Figs 6, 7</figureCitation>
)
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<emphasis id="DAB55C22AC6AFFAAFF45FB81FEA4FB58" bold="true" box="[151,271,1129,1153]" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Synonyms:</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="E87E8030AC6AFFAAFF45FB62FEB5FB38" blockId="5.[151,756,1129,1249]" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">
=
<taxonomicName id="2FC1FBB3AC6AFFAAFF7EFB61FD5BFB78" authority="HARDY, 1956" authorityName="HARDY" authorityYear="1956" box="[172,752,1161,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Plastosciara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="288" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevicalcarata" subGenus="Cosmosciara">
<emphasis id="DAB55C22AC6AFFAAFF7EFB61FE82FB78" box="[172,297,1161,1185]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Plastosciara</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="DAB55C22AC6AFFAAFEEAFB61FE16FB79" box="[312,445,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Cosmosciara</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="DAB55C22AC6AFFAAFE19FB61FDF5FB78" box="[459,606,1161,1185]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">brevicalcarata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8C50FDC1AC6AFFAAFDB6FB61FD5BFB78" author="HARDY, D. E." box="[612,752,1161,1185]" pageId="5" pageNumber="288" pagination="72 - 90" refId="ref10633" refString="HARDY, D. E. 1956: New Hawaiian Sciaridae (Diptera). - Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 16 (1): 72 - 90." type="journal article" year="1956">HARDY, 1956</bibRefCitation>
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; =
<taxonomicName id="2FC1FBB3AC6AFFAAFF61FB41FDDEFB18" ID-CoL="6FQHS" authority="MOHRIG" authorityName="MOHRIG" box="[179,629,1193,1217]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Epidapus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="288" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="semifactus" subGenus="Epidapus">
<emphasis id="DAB55C22AC6AFFAAFF61FB41FEBFFB18" box="[179,276,1193,1217]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Epidapus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="DAB55C22AC6AFFAAFEFBFB41FE21FB18" box="[297,394,1193,1217]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Epidapus</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="DAB55C22AC6AFFAAFE72FB41FDA6FB18" box="[416,525,1193,1217]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">semifactus</emphasis>
MOHRIG
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&amp; RÖSCH- MANN, 1999.
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<emphasis id="DAB55C22AC6AFFAAFF45FAE1FEC8FAF8" bold="true" box="[151,355,1289,1313]" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Selected literature:</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="E87E8030AC6AFFAAFF45FAC2FDA3F918" blockId="5.[149,756,1289,1729]" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">
<bibRefCitation id="8C50FDC1AC6AFFAAFF7BFAC1FEF6FA98" author="EDWARDS, F. W." box="[169,349,1321,1345]" pageId="5" pageNumber="288" pagination="160 - 161" refId="ref10079" refString="EDWARDS, F. W. 1922: A third new British Plastosciara (Diptera, Sciaridae). - The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 58: 160 - 161." type="journal article" year="1922">EDWARDS (1922)</bibRefCitation>
: 160 [as
<taxonomicName id="2FC1FBB3AC6AFFAAFE63FAC1FD85FA98" authorityName="Berg" authorityYear="1899" box="[433,558,1321,1345]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Plastosciara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="288" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DAB55C22AC6AFFAAFE63FAC1FD85FA98" box="[433,558,1321,1345]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Plastosciara</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="8C50FDC1AC6AFFAAFD81FAC2FD73FA98" author="FREY, R." box="[595,728,1321,1345]" pageId="5" pageNumber="288" pagination="1 - 55" refId="ref10394" refString="FREY, R. 1954: Diptera Brachycera und Sciaridae von Tristan da Cunha. - Results of the Norwegian Scientific Expedition to Tristan da Cunha 1937 - 1938 26: 1 - 55." type="journal article" year="1954">FREY (1954)</bibRefCitation>
: 2, 3 and 11 [as
<taxonomicName id="2FC1FBB3AC6AFFAAFECDFAA1FE08FAB9" box="[287,419,1353,1376]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Cosmosciara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="288" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DAB55C22AC6AFFAAFECDFAA1FE08FAB9" box="[287,419,1353,1376]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Cosmosciara</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="8C50FDC1AC6AFFAAFE1CFAA1FDC0FAB8" author="HARDY, D. E." box="[462,619,1353,1377]" pageId="5" pageNumber="288" pagination="72 - 90" refId="ref10633" refString="HARDY, D. E. 1956: New Hawaiian Sciaridae (Diptera). - Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 16 (1): 72 - 90." type="journal article" year="1956">HARDY (1956)</bibRefCitation>
: 73, fig. 2ae [as
<taxonomicName id="2FC1FBB3AC6AFFAAFF6FFA81FE7FFA58" authorityName="HARDY" authorityYear="1956" box="[189,468,1385,1409]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Plastosciara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="288" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevicalcarata">
<emphasis id="DAB55C22AC6AFFAAFF6FFA81FE7FFA58" box="[189,468,1385,1409]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Plastosciara brevicalcarata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="8C50FDC1AC6AFFAAFDD0FA81FD35FA58" author="HARDY, D. E." box="[514,670,1385,1409]" pageId="5" pageNumber="288" pagination="1 - 268" refId="ref10664" refString="HARDY, D. E. 1960: Diptera: Nematocera - Brachycera. - Insects of Hawaii. A Manual of the Insects of the Hawaiian Islands, including an Enumeration of the Species and Notes on their Origin, Distribution, Hosts, Parasites, etc.; University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu 10: 1 - 268." type="journal article" year="1960">HARDY (1960)</bibRefCitation>
: 215 [as
<taxonomicName id="2FC1FBB3AC6AFFAAFF4BFA61FE10FA78" authority="" box="[153,443,1417,1441]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Plastosciara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="288" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Cosmosciara">
<emphasis id="DAB55C22AC6AFFAAFF4BFA61FEBDFA78" box="[153,278,1417,1441]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Plastosciara</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="DAB55C22AC6AFFAAFEFEFA61FE1AFA79" box="[300,433,1417,1440]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Cosmosciara</emphasis>
)
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<bibRefCitation id="8C50FDC1AC6AFFAAFE24FA61FD6FFA78" author="HOLDGATE, M. W." box="[502,708,1417,1441]" pageId="5" pageNumber="288" pagination="361 - 402" refId="ref10861" refString="HOLDGATE, M. W. 1965: The biological report of the Royal Society Expedition to Tristan da Cunha, 1962. Part III. The fauna of the Tristan da Cunha Islands. - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (Series B) 249: 361 - 402." type="journal article" year="1965">HOLDGATE (1965)</bibRefCitation>
: 396 [as
<taxonomicName id="2FC1FBB3AC6AFFAAFF12FA41FEEEFA19" box="[192,325,1449,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Cosmosciara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="288" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DAB55C22AC6AFFAAFF12FA41FEEEFA19" box="[192,325,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Cosmosciara</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="8C50FDC1AC6AFFAAFEA7FA41FD84FA18" author="STEFFAN, W. A." box="[373,559,1449,1473]" pageId="5" pageNumber="288" pagination="353 - 361" refId="ref11966" refString="STEFFAN, W. A. 1973 a: Notes on Hawaiian Sciaridae (Diptera) and descriptions of two new species. - Pacific Insects 15 (3 - 4): 353 - 361." type="journal article" year="1973">STEFFAN (1973a)</bibRefCitation>
: 360 [as
<taxonomicName id="2FC1FBB3AC6AFFAAFD43FA41FECDFA38" authority="" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Plastosciara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="288" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Termitosciara">
<emphasis id="DAB55C22AC6AFFAAFD43FA41FF11FA38" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Plastosciara</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="DAB55C22AC6AFFAAFF1FFA22FEF7FA38" box="[205,348,1482,1505]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Termitosciara</emphasis>
)
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<bibRefCitation id="8C50FDC1AC6AFFAAFE47FA21FDFAFA38" author="STEFFAN, W. A." box="[405,593,1481,1505]" pageId="5" pageNumber="288" pagination="1265 - 1266" refId="ref12003" refString="STEFFAN, W. A. 1973 b: Polymorphism in Plastosciara perniciosa. - Science 182: 1265 - 1266." type="journal article" year="1973">STEFFAN (1973b)</bibRefCitation>
: 1265, figs 1, 2;
<bibRefCitation id="8C50FDC1AC6AFFAAFF62FA01FECBF9D8" author="STEFFAN, W. A." box="[176,352,1513,1537]" pageId="5" pageNumber="288" pagination="41 - 50" refId="ref12025" refString="STEFFAN, W. A. 1974: Laboratory studies and ecological notes on Hawaiian Sciaridae (Diptera). - Pacific Insects 16 (1): 41 - 50." type="journal article" year="1974">STEFFAN (1974)</bibRefCitation>
: 48 [all as
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<emphasis id="DAB55C22AC6AFFAAFE0FFA01FDF1F9D8" box="[477,602,1513,1537]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Plastosciara</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="8C50FDC1AC6AFFAAFD5FFA01FF4BF9F8" author="FREEMAN, P." pageId="5" pageNumber="288" refId="ref10255" refString="FREEMAN, P. 1983: Sciarid flies. Diptera, Sciaridae. - Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects 9 (6): 68 pp." type="book" year="1983">FREEMAN (1983)</bibRefCitation>
: 25, figs 49, 60 [as
<taxonomicName id="2FC1FBB3AC6AFFAAFE69F9E1FD4EF9F8" authority="" box="[443,741,1545,1569]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Plastosciara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="288" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Termitosciara">
<emphasis id="DAB55C22AC6AFFAAFE69F9E1FD93F9F8" box="[443,568,1545,1569]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Plastosciara</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="DAB55C22AC6AFFAAFD9EF9E2FD70F9F8" box="[588,731,1546,1569]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Termitosciara</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="8C50FDC1AC6AFFAAFF7FF9C2FED0F998" author="RULIK, B. &amp; ROSCHMANN, F. &amp; MOHRIG, W." box="[173,379,1577,1601]" pageId="5" pageNumber="288" pagination="21 - 50" refId="ref11821" refString="RULIK, B.; ROSCHMANN, F. &amp; MOHRIG, W. 1999: New species of sciarid flies (Diptera, Sciaridae) from Greece and Turkey. - Journal of the Entomological Research Society 1 (3): 21 - 50." type="journal article" year="1999">RULIK et al. (1999)</bibRefCitation>
: 31, fig. 7ae [as
<taxonomicName id="2FC1FBB3AC6AFFAAFDE5F9C1FF1DF9B8" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Epidapus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="288" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="semifactus">
<emphasis id="DAB55C22AC6AFFAAFDE5F9C1FF1DF9B8" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Epidapus semifactus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="8C50FDC1AC6AFFAAFF37F9A2FDA6F9B8" author="MENZEL, F. &amp; MOHRIG, W." box="[229,525,1609,1633]" pageId="5" pageNumber="288" refId="ref11449" refString="MENZEL, F. &amp; MOHRIG, W. 2000: Revision der palaarktischen Trauermucken (Diptera: Sciaridae). - Studia dipterologica Supplement 6 (1999): 761 pp." type="book" year="2000">MENZEL &amp; MOHRIG (2000)</bibRefCitation>
: 288;
<bibRefCitation id="8C50FDC1AC6AFFAAFDB0F9A2FF4BF958" author="MENZEL, F. &amp; SMITH, J. E. &amp; CHANDLER, P. J." pageId="5" pageNumber="288" pagination="1 - 147" refId="ref11580" refString="MENZEL, F.; SMITH, J. E. &amp; CHANDLER, P. J. 2006: The sciarid fauna of the British Isles (Diptera: Sciaridae), including descriptions of six new species. - Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 146 (1): 1 - 147." type="journal article" year="2006">MENZEL et al. (2006)</bibRefCitation>
: 87 [all as
<taxonomicName id="2FC1FBB3AC6AFFAAFE8DF981FDCEF958" authority="" box="[351,613,1641,1665]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Cratyna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="288" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Peyerimhoffia">
<emphasis id="DAB55C22AC6AFFAAFE8DF981FE1EF959" box="[351,437,1641,1664]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Cratyna</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="DAB55C22AC6AFFAAFE18F981FDF7F958" box="[458,604,1641,1665]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Peyerimhoffia</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
];
<bibRefCitation id="8C50FDC1AC6AFFAAFD48F982FEF0F978" author="MENZEL, F. &amp; HELLER, K." pageId="5" pageNumber="288" pagination="209 - 229" refId="ref11359" refString="MENZEL, F. &amp; HELLER, K. 2007: Bemerkungen zur Nomenklatur der Sciariden (Diptera, Bibionomorpha: Sciaridae). - Studia dipterologica 13 (2) (2006): 209 - 229." type="journal article" year="2007">MENZEL &amp; HELLER (2007)</bibRefCitation>
: 217;
<bibRefCitation id="8C50FDC1AC6AFFAAFE60F962FD60F978" author="MENZEL, F. &amp; SMITH, J. E." box="[434,715,1673,1697]" pageId="5" pageNumber="288" refId="ref11529" refString="MENZEL, F. &amp; SMITH, J. E. 2009: Family Sciaridae. - Pp. 19 - 45. - In: GERLACH, J. (ed.): The Diptera of the Seychelles islands. - Pensoft Series Faunistica 85: 431 pp." type="book" year="2009">MENZEL &amp; SMITH (2009)</bibRefCitation>
: 32, figs 1.211.25 [all as
<taxonomicName id="2FC1FBB3AC6AFFAAFEA6F941FE52F919" box="[372,505,1705,1728]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Cosmosciara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="288" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DAB55C22AC6AFFAAFEA6F941FE52F919" box="[372,505,1705,1728]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Cosmosciara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A0DBD3BBAC6AFFAAFF45F901FDDEF8F8" pageId="5" pageNumber="288" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="E87E8030AC6AFFAAFF45F901FE4FF8D8" blockId="5.[151,629,1769,1825]" box="[151,484,1769,1793]" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">
<emphasis id="DAB55C22AC6AFFAAFF45F901FE4FF8D8" bold="true" box="[151,484,1769,1793]" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Material from the archipelago:</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E87E8030AC6AFFAAFF45F8E1FDDEF8F8" blockId="5.[151,629,1769,1825]" box="[151,629,1801,1825]" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">
Only known from the literature (
<bibRefCitation id="8C50FDC1AC6AFFAAFE27F8E2FDC2F8F8" author="FREY, R." box="[501,617,1801,1825]" pageId="5" pageNumber="288" pagination="1 - 55" refId="ref10394" refString="FREY, R. 1954: Diptera Brachycera und Sciaridae von Tristan da Cunha. - Results of the Norwegian Scientific Expedition to Tristan da Cunha 1937 - 1938 26: 1 - 55." type="journal article" year="1954">FREY 1954</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A0DBD3BBAC6AFFAAFF45F8A1FAF0FE98" pageId="5" pageNumber="288" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="E87E8030AC6AFFAAFF45F8A1FE8CF8B8" blockId="5.[151,757,1865,2081]" box="[151,295,1865,1889]" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">
<emphasis id="DAB55C22AC6AFFAAFF45F8A1FE8CF8B8" bold="true" box="[151,295,1865,1889]" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Distribution:</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E87E8030AC6AFFAAFF45F881FAF0FE98" blockId="5.[151,757,1865,2081]" lastBlockId="5.[794,1399,233,321]" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">
Cosmopolitan. Recorded by
<bibRefCitation id="8C50FDC1AC6AFFAAFE02F882FDFEF858" author="FREY, R." box="[464,597,1897,1921]" pageId="5" pageNumber="288" pagination="1 - 55" refId="ref10394" refString="FREY, R. 1954: Diptera Brachycera und Sciaridae von Tristan da Cunha. - Results of the Norwegian Scientific Expedition to Tristan da Cunha 1937 - 1938 26: 1 - 55." type="journal article" year="1954">FREY (1954)</bibRefCitation>
from Inaccessible, Nightingale
<collectingCountry id="90D6C0A0AC6AFFAAFE8EF861FDE0F878" box="[348,587,1929,1953]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">and Tristan da Cunha</collectingCountry>
(only females). Also known from
<collectingCountry id="90D6C0A0AC6AFFAAFEBBF841FE68F818" box="[361,451,1961,1985]" name="Ecuador" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="2A054ED2AC6AFFAAFE07F841FD0BF818" box="[469,672,1961,1985]" country="Ecuador" name="Galapagos" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Galapagos Islands</collectingRegion>
),
<collectingCountry id="90D6C0A0AC6AFFAAFD65F841FF63F838" name="Costa Rica" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="90D6C0A0AC6AFFAAFF01F821FECBF838" box="[211,352,1993,2017]" name="United States of America" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">United States</collectingCountry>
(Hawaiian Islands),
<collectingCountry id="90D6C0A0AC6AFFAAFDECF821FD5FF838" box="[574,756,1993,2017]" name="French Polynesia" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">French Polynesia</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="2A054ED2AC6AFFAAFF4DF801FEC5F7D8" box="[159,366,2025,2049]" country="French Polynesia" name="Iles Marquises" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Marquesas Islands</collectingRegion>
: Eiao, Tahuata),
<collectingCountry id="90D6C0A0AC6AFFAAFDE3F801FD02F7D8" box="[561,681,2025,2049]" name="Philippines" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Philippines</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="2A054ED2AC6AFFAAFD6FF801FF6CF7F8" country="Philippines" name="Palawan" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Palawan</collectingRegion>
),
<collectingCountry id="90D6C0A0AC6AFFAAFF36F7E1FE83F7F8" box="[228,296,2057,2081]" name="China" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">China</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="90D6C0A0AC6AFFAAFEEFF7E1FE02F7F8" box="[317,425,2057,2081]" name="Seychelles" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Seychelles</collectingCountry>
Islands (Silhouette),
<collectingCountry id="90D6C0A0AC6AFFAAFD78F7E1FC1CFED8" box="[682,951,233,2081]" name="United Arab Emirates" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">United Arab Emirates</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="90D6C0A0AC6AFFAAFC13FF02FC44FED8" box="[961,1007,234,257]" name="Iraq" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Iraq</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="2A054ED2AC6AFFAAFC2BFF01FB32FED8" box="[1017,1177,233,257]" country="Spain" name="Canarias" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Canary Islands</collectingRegion>
[
<collectingCountry id="90D6C0A0AC6AFFAAFB74FF01FB42FED8" box="[1190,1257,233,257]" name="Spain" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Spain</collectingCountry>
], and Europe (
<collectingCountry id="90D6C0A0AC6AFFAAFCF0FEE1FC71FEF8" box="[802,986,265,289]" name="Czech Republic" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Czech Republic</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="90D6C0A0AC6AFFAAFC23FEE1FBEDFEF8" box="[1009,1094,265,289]" name="Finland" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Finland</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="90D6C0A0AC6AFFAAFB8FFEE1FB6AFEF8" box="[1117,1217,265,289]" name="Germany" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Germany</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="90D6C0A0AC6AFFAAFB0BFEE1FAD8FEF8" box="[1241,1395,265,289]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Great Britain</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="90D6C0A0AC6AFFAAFCC8FEC1FCCDFE98" box="[794,870,297,321]" name="Greece" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Greece</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="90D6C0A0AC6AFFAAFCA2FEC1FBB7FE98" box="[880,1052,297,321]" name="Netherlands" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">the Netherlands</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="90D6C0A0AC6AFFAAFBF4FEC1FBC1FE98" box="[1062,1130,297,321]" name="Russia" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Russia</collectingCountry>
[European territory]).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A0DBD3BBAC6AFFAAFCC8FE81FCE6FE78" pageId="5" pageNumber="288" type="description">
<paragraph id="E87E8030AC6AFFAAFCC8FE81FCE6FE78" blockId="5.[794,1398,361,417]" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">
<emphasis id="DAB55C22AC6AFFAAFCC8FE81FC08FE58" bold="true" box="[794,931,361,385]" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Description:</emphasis>
See
<bibRefCitation id="8C50FDC1AC6AFFAAFC01FE82FB4AFE58" author="MENZEL, F. &amp; SMITH, J. E." box="[979,1249,361,385]" pageId="5" pageNumber="288" refId="ref11529" refString="MENZEL, F. &amp; SMITH, J. E. 2009: Family Sciaridae. - Pp. 19 - 45. - In: GERLACH, J. (ed.): The Diptera of the Seychelles islands. - Pensoft Series Faunistica 85: 431 pp." type="book" year="2009">MENZEL &amp; SMITH (2009)</bibRefCitation>
: 32, figs 1.21 1.25.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A0DBD3BBAC6AFFAAFCC8FE21FA93FCD8" pageId="5" pageNumber="288" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="E87E8030AC6AFFAAFCC8FE21FC32FE38" blockId="5.[792,1400,457,769]" box="[794,921,457,481]" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">
<emphasis id="DAB55C22AC6AFFAAFCC8FE21FC32FE38" bold="true" box="[794,921,457,481]" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Discussion:</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E87E8030AC6AFFAAFCC8FE01FA93FCD8" blockId="5.[792,1400,457,769]" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">
<taxonomicName id="2FC1FBB3AC6AFFAAFCC8FE01FBB6FDD8" baseAuthorityName="EDWARDS" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[794,1053,489,513]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Cosmosciara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="288" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perniciosa">
<emphasis id="DAB55C22AC6AFFAAFCC8FE01FBB6FDD8" box="[794,1053,489,513]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Cosmosciara perniciosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has only occasionally been recorded in Europe from natural habitats like moor, dry grassland and deciduous woodland, but was mostly found near human settlements, in gardens and glasshouses, even as a pest on young plants (e.g. cucumbers). As the genus
<taxonomicName id="2FC1FBB3AC6AFFAAFCC9FD61FC0BFD79" box="[795,928,649,672]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Cosmosciara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="288" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DAB55C22AC6AFFAAFCC9FD61FC0BFD79" box="[795,928,649,672]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Cosmosciara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is more tropical than Palaearctic, it can be assumed that this species was introduced into Europe by man. In that way it has most probably reached many distant islands, also the
<collectingCountry id="90D6C0A0AC6AFFAAFC25FD01FB1BFCD8" box="[1015,1200,745,769]" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="5" pageNumber="288">Tristan da Cunha</collectingCountry>
archipelago.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>