329 lines
42 KiB
XML
329 lines
42 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="805DD893EFAD6260E3F2E99E1CA947F1">Effect of Monochamus galloprovincialis feeding on Pinus pinaster and Pinus pinea, oleoresin and insect volatiles</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2BB14A179F737066D54EE5E6AB799D8D">Gonçalves, Elsa</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="0C556BE113DF5755C32D0D6AD4E390C8">∗ & Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM Lisboa), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa (FCUL), Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal (CBV),</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D8891384486F93203E3165437118A76B">Figueiredo, A. Cristina</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EEC2F8FEC1EEAF12B14A328EFB37C229">Barroso, José G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="64A25EC672B3A770E21B7BDCD6DAA873">Henriques, Joana</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="971BE1A7432E3121FE16E5509FFBFCA5">Sousa, Edmundo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9257BFF38198347C5E83F177A3CA5967">Bonifácio, Luís</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="129345C712AA750E757BB7282A786C20">Phytochemistry</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="ACD62A9BD4663F9A45C210B8AEB76E2A">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="3B70C8EAA325DECC726D190326007CAC">2020-01-31</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03B7520FF665FFE8FC99E875FE7C9475" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B7520FF665FFE8FC99E875FE7C9475" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B7520FF665FFE8FC99E875FE7C9475" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<subSubSection id="C304B092F665FFEEFC99E875FC01960B" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA1E319F665FFEEFC99E875FC01960B" blockId="3.[818,1487,1051,1071]" lastBlockId="3.[818,1488,1079,1992]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<heading id="D0E95475F665FFEEFC99E875FA0C966F" bold="true" box="[818,1487,1051,1071]" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B96A3F0BF665FFEEFC99E875FC01960B" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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2.2.2.
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E989AF665FFEEFCD9E875FC1F966E" authority="L." box="[882,988,1052,1071]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="pinea" subSpecies="volatiles">Pinus pinea</taxonomicName>
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volatiles, before and during feeding by
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E989AF665FFEEFAF2E872FC01960B" baseAuthorityName="Olivier" baseAuthorityYear="1795" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Monochamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="galloprovincialis">
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Monochamus
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<heading id="D0E95475F665FFEEFC99E85EFC01960B" box="[818,962,1079,1098]" fontSize="8" level="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="8">galloprovincialis</heading>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8BA1E319F665FFEEFCF8E83DFB439545" blockId="3.[818,1488,1079,1992]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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In control experiments before being exposed to
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E989AF665FFEEFAB1E83DFA099627" baseAuthorityName="Olivier" baseAuthorityYear="1795" box="[1306,1482,1107,1127]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Monochamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="galloprovincialis">
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<emphasis id="B96A3F0BF665FFEEFAB1E83DFA099627" bold="true" box="[1306,1482,1107,1127]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">M. galloprovincialis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, nine components were detected by
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<collectionCode id="ED0F7BDCF665FFEEFB28E819FB7A96C2" box="[1155,1209,1136,1155]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">SPME</collectionCode>
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analysis of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E989AF665FFEEFA80E819FAB796C3" box="[1323,1396,1135,1155]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pinea">
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<emphasis id="B96A3F0BF665FFEEFA80E819FAB796C3" bold="true" box="[1323,1396,1135,1155]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">P. pinea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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volatiles,
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<tableCitation id="C69CD6A2F665FFEEFC99E8E2FCBF96DF" box="[818,892,1163,1182]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="3.[100,150,950,966]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Table 3 Composition of volatiles collected by SPME from Pinus pinea before and during Monochamus galloprovincialis feeding (BMgF and DMgF, respectively). The average percentage is given for each component for total trees analysed." pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Table 3</tableCitation>
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. Like
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E989AF665FFEEFC16E8E5FBDC96DF" box="[957,1055,1163,1183]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pinaster">
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<emphasis id="B96A3F0BF665FFEEFC16E8E5FBDC96DF" bold="true" box="[957,1055,1163,1183]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">P. pinaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, comparable chromatographic profiles were obtained for each
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E989AF665FFEEFC77E8C1FBE096FB" box="[988,1059,1191,1211]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pinea">
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<emphasis id="B96A3F0BF665FFEEFC77E8C1FBE096FB" bold="true" box="[988,1059,1191,1211]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">P. pinea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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tree prior to being exposed to insect damage. Isopropyl palmitate and limonene were the main volatiles detected before exposure to
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E989AF665FFEEFC5AE8B6FB6196B3" baseAuthorityName="Olivier" baseAuthorityYear="1795" box="[1009,1186,1247,1266]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Monochamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="galloprovincialis">
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<emphasis id="B96A3F0BF665FFEEFC5AE8B6FB6196B3" bold="true" box="[1009,1186,1247,1266]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">M. galloprovincialis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, followed by hexadecanol and octadecanol. In contrast, during feeding, limonene was the most abundant volatile detected by
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<collectionCode id="ED0F7BDCF665FFEEFBF8E97EFB4A976B" box="[1107,1161,1303,1322]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">SPME</collectionCode>
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(F
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<subScript id="179AE15CF665FFEEFB0FE949FB0C976D" attach="left" box="[1188,1231,1312,1324]" fontSize="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">(8,90)</subScript>
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= 7.32; p <0.0001), and consequently the component that showed the highest fold increase during insect feeding (128-fold increase) (F
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<subScript id="179AE15CF665FFEEFB65E931FB3A9725" attach="left" box="[1230,1273,1368,1380]" fontSize="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">(8,90)</subScript>
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= 7.88; p <0,0001),
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<figureCitation id="1325FF9CF665FFEEFC99E903FCA9973F" box="[818,874,1386,1406]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[1038,1068,1443,1460]" captionTargetBox="[113,1005,1445,1950]" captionTargetId="figure-502@4.[349,672,1496,1874]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Changes in the profile of volatiles released by Pinus pinea trees being fed on by Monochamus galloprovincialis adults. Bars: standard error. Letters in the table in the right side of the graph represent ANOVA post-hoc Fisher's Least Significant Difference test Homogenous Groups, (1): All volatiles: F(8,90) = 7.88; p <0.0001***; (2) Without limonene: F(7,80) = 2.31; p = 0.034*." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8293573" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8293573/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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. Although there have been only a few studies of the volatiles emitted by
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E989AF665FFEEFC0EE9EEFC3297D8" box="[933,1009,1414,1434]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pinea">
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<emphasis id="B96A3F0BF665FFEEFC0EE9EEFC3297D8" bold="true" box="[933,1009,1414,1434]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">P. pinea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, limonene has been described as the main constituent of the
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<collectionCode id="ED0F7BDCF665FFEEFC68E9CBFC1C97F4" box="[963,991,1442,1461]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">EO</collectionCode>
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or solvent extracts, from stone pine from different provenances (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8F9EE8F665FFEEFC1DE9D7FB4B9790" author="Rodrigues, A. M. & Mendes, M. D. & Lima, A. S. & Barbosa, P. M. & Ascensao, L. & Barroso, J. G. & Pedro, L. G. & Mota, M. M. & Figueiredo, A. C." box="[950,1160,1470,1490]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1600153" refId="ref11794" refString="Rodrigues, A. M., Mendes, M. D., Lima, A. S., Barbosa, P. M., Ascensao, L., Barroso, J. G., Pedro, L. G., Mota, M. M., Figueiredo, A. C., 2017. Pinus halepensis, Pinus pinaster, Pinus pinea, and Pinus sylvestris essential oil chemotypes and monoterpene hydrocarbon enantiomers, before and after inoculation with the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Chem. Biodivers. 14, e 1600153." type="journal article" year="2017">Rodrigues et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
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and refs. cited therein). However, the two other compounds that showed the highest fold increase during
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E989AF665FFEEFC99E99FFC259448" baseAuthorityName="Olivier" baseAuthorityYear="1795" box="[818,998,1526,1545]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Monochamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="galloprovincialis">
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<emphasis id="B96A3F0BF665FFEEFC99E99FFC259448" bold="true" box="[818,998,1526,1545]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">M. galloprovincialis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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feeding, hexadecanol and octadecanol (44- and −17-fold increase, respectively), had not been reported previously.
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<emphasis id="B96A3F0BF665FFEEFA16EA7BFC929400" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">In situ</emphasis>
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sampling experiments using SPME-GC-MS with
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E989AF665FFEEFAB4EA47FAAA9400" box="[1311,1385,1582,1601]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pinea">
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<emphasis id="B96A3F0BF665FFEEFAB4EA47FAAA9400" bold="true" box="[1311,1385,1582,1601]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">P. pinea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from
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<collectingCountry id="F309A389F665FFEEFA0EEA47FA139400" box="[1445,1488,1582,1601]" name="Italy" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Italy</collectingCountry>
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have also shown limonene as the main volatile component in this species (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8F9EE8F665FFEEFC2EEA0FFB869438" author="Martini, A. & Botti, F. & Galletti, G. & Bocchini, P. & Bazzocchi, G. & Baronio, P. & Burgio, G." box="[901,1093,1638,1657]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1114 - 1121" refId="ref11326" refString="Martini, A., Botti, F., Galletti, G., Bocchini, P., Bazzocchi, G., Baronio, P., Burgio, G., 2010. The influence of pine volatile compounds on the olfactory response by Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy) females. J. Chem. Ecol. 36, 1114 - 1121." type="journal article" year="2010">Martini et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
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). These authors suggested that the high release rate of limonene by
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E989AF665FFEEFB9CEAEBFBBC94D5" box="[1079,1151,1665,1685]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pinea">
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<emphasis id="B96A3F0BF665FFEEFB9CEAEBFBBC94D5" bold="true" box="[1079,1151,1665,1685]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">P. pinea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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may contribute to the avoidance of this tree by the sawfly
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E989AF665FFEEFB8EEAF4FA8394F1" authority="(Geoffroy)" baseAuthorityName="Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1785" box="[1061,1344,1693,1712]" class="Insecta" family="Diprionidae" genus="Neodiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sertifer">
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<emphasis id="B96A3F0BF665FFEEFB8EEAF4FB1394F1" bold="true" box="[1061,1232,1693,1712]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Neodiprion sertifer</emphasis>
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(Geoffroy)
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</taxonomicName>
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, because high concentrations of limonene were shown to repel pine sawfly females. Interestingly, while limonene was repellent at high release rates, lower release rates attracted the sawflies.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA1E319F665FFE9FCF8EB64FE3A9752" blockId="3.[818,1488,1079,1992]" lastBlockId="4.[100,770,1252,1411]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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This differential response to different release rates of specific volatiles was also observed with other insects which infest conifers. For example, α-pinene was shown to be repellent to many insects at high release rates, but attractive to the same insects at lower concentrations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F9EE8F665FFEEFC91EB15FB8595D1" author="Annila, E. & Hiltunen, R." box="[826,1094,1916,1936]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="87 - 92" refId="ref10262" refString="Annila, E., Hiltunen, R., 1977. Damage by Pissodes validirostris (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) studied in relation to the monoterpene composition in Scots pine and lodgepole pine. Ann. Entomol. Fenn. 43, 87 - 92." type="journal article" year="1977">Annila and Hiltunen, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E989AF665FFEEFB6FEB14FABB95CE" baseAuthorityName="Olivier" baseAuthorityYear="1795" box="[1220,1400,1916,1936]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Monochamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="galloprovincialis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A3F0BF665FFEEFB6FEB14FABB95CE" bold="true" box="[1220,1400,1916,1936]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">M. galloprovincialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F9EE8F665FFEEFA27EB15FC6395ED" author="Pajares, J. A. & Ibeas, F. & Diez, J. & Gallego, D." pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="633 - 638" refId="ref11687" refString="Pajares, J. A., Ibeas, F., Diez, J., Gallego, D., 2004. Attractive responses by Monochamus galloprovincialis (Col., Cerambycidae) to host and bark beetle semiochemicals. J. Appl. Entomol. 128, 633 - 638." type="journal article" year="2004">Pajares et al., 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F9EE8F665FFEEFC06EBF1FBBF95ED" author="Bonifacio, L. & Praias, F. & Sousa, E." box="[941,1148,1944,1964]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="39 - 53" refId="ref10514" refString="Bonifacio, L., Praias, F., Sousa, E., 2012. Trapping Monochamus galloprovincialis (Coleoptera: cerambycidae), vector of the pine wood nematode, with pine allelochemicals, in Portugal. Silva Lusit. 20, 39 - 53." type="journal article" year="2012">Bonifácio et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Based on this
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A55DBBF665FFEEFAB2EBF0FA8195ED" box="[1305,1346,1945,1964]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of response of insects to volatile compounds, they may be used in lures. For instance, α-pinene is a component of the commercial lure for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E989AF662FFE9FDF8E88DFCC196B6" baseAuthorityName="Olivier" baseAuthorityYear="1795" box="[595,770,1252,1271]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Monochamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="galloprovincialis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A3F0BF662FFE9FDF8E88DFCC196B6" bold="true" box="[595,770,1252,1271]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">M. galloprovincialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F9EE8F662FFE9FFC7E969FEE79752" author="Pajares, J. A. & Alvarez, G. & Ibeas, F. & Gallego, D. & Hall, D. R. & Farman, D. I." box="[108,292,1280,1299]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="570 - 583" refId="ref11619" refString="Pajares, J. A., Alvarez, G., Ibeas, F., Gallego, D., Hall, D. R., Farman, D. I., 2010. Identification and field activity of a male-produced aggregation pheromone in the pine sawyer beetle, Monochamus galloprovincialis. J. Chem. Ecol. 36, 570 - 583." type="journal article" year="2010">Pajares et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F9EE8F662FFE9FE9BE969FE2F9752" author="Alvarez, G. & Etxebeste, I. & Gallego, D. & David, G. & Bonifacio, L. & Jactel, H. & Sousa, E. & Pajares, J. A." box="[304,492,1280,1304]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="618 - 626" refId="ref10192" refString="Alvarez, G., Etxebeste, I., Gallego, D., David, G., Bonifacio, L., Jactel, H., Sousa, E., Pajares, J. A., 2014. Optimization of traps for live trapping of pine wood nematode vector Monochamus galloprovincialis. J. Appl. Entomol. 139, 618 - 626." type="journal article" year="2014">Álvarez et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF61B391F662FFE9FFCFE831FBE096F7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8293571" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8293571" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8293571/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" startId="4.[100,130,1112,1129]" targetBox="[352,1247,157,1072]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA1E319F662FFE9FFCFE831FBE096F7" blockId="4.[100,1487,1112,1208]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A3F0BF662FFE9FFCFE831FF5E962B" bold="true" box="[100,157,1112,1130]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Changes in the profile of volatiles released by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E989AF662FFE9FD85E830FD5D962B" box="[558,670,1113,1130]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pinaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A3F0BF662FFE9FD85E830FD5D962B" bold="true" box="[558,670,1113,1130]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Pinus pinaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
trees being fed on by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E989AF662FFE9FCF7E831FB8E9628" baseAuthorityName="Olivier" baseAuthorityYear="1795" box="[860,1101,1112,1129]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Monochamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="galloprovincialis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A3F0BF662FFE9FCF7E831FB8E9628" bold="true" box="[860,1101,1112,1129]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Monochamus galloprovincialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
adults, with trees grouped according to their essential oil chemotypes: β-pinene, α-pinene, and δ-3-carene EO dominance (chemotype 1, C1 in dark grey) and δ-3-carene only in trace amounts (chemotype 2, C2 in white). Bars: standard error. Letters in the table on the right side of the graph represent ANOVA post-hoc Fisher's Least Significant Difference test Homogenous Groups; Chemotype 1 (C1): F
|
||
<subScript id="179AE15CF662FFE9FEF4E8C5FE5496F9" attach="left" box="[351,407,1196,1208]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">(16,170)</subScript>
|
||
= 1.58; p = 0.078*; Chemotype 2 (C2): F
|
||
<subScript id="179AE15CF662FFE9FCA1E8C5FC8196F9" attach="left" box="[778,834,1196,1208]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">(16,442)</subScript>
|
||
= 4.04; p <0.0001***.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA1E319F662FFE9FF2EE975FAA097C2" blockId="4.[100,770,1252,1411]" lastBlockId="4.[818,1487,1252,1411]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Moreover, it is also crucial to consider that the enantiomeric ratios of chiral compounds may be important in host finding, as was shown for the pine weevil (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E989AF662FFE9FEA5E93AFE5E9727" box="[270,413,1363,1382]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Hylobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abietis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A3F0BF662FFE9FEA5E93AFE5E9727" bold="true" box="[270,413,1363,1382]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Hylobius abietis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F9EE8F662FFE9FE1CE93AFDA79726" author="Wibe, A. & Borg-Karlson, A. - K. & Persson, M. & Norin, T. & Mustaparta, H." box="[439,612,1363,1383]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="273 - 287" refId="ref12302" refString="Wibe, A., Borg-Karlson, A. - K., Persson, M., Norin, T., Mustaparta, H., 1998. Enantiomeric composition of monoterpene hydrocarbons in some conifers and receptor neuron discrimination of α-pinene and limonene enantiomers in the pine weevil, Hylobius abietis. J. Chem. Ecol. 24, 273 - 287." type="journal article" year="1998">Wibe et al., 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These authors reported that the available enantiomers from seven monoterpenes (camphene, limonene, sabinene, α-pinene, β-phellandrene, β-pinene and δ-3-carene), elicited different responses in the pine weevil. Considering that the herewith assessed pine species are characterized by specific enantiomeric ratios of volatile compounds (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F9EE8F662FFE9FA84E95EFCA19726" author="Rodrigues, A. M. & Mendes, M. D. & Lima, A. S. & Barbosa, P. M. & Ascensao, L. & Barroso, J. G. & Pedro, L. G. & Mota, M. M. & Figueiredo, A. C." pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1600153" refId="ref11794" refString="Rodrigues, A. M., Mendes, M. D., Lima, A. S., Barbosa, P. M., Ascensao, L., Barroso, J. G., Pedro, L. G., Mota, M. M., Figueiredo, A. C., 2017. Pinus halepensis, Pinus pinaster, Pinus pinea, and Pinus sylvestris essential oil chemotypes and monoterpene hydrocarbon enantiomers, before and after inoculation with the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Chem. Biodivers. 14, e 1600153." type="journal article" year="2017">Rodrigues et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), it would be relevant to assess if these enantiomers and their proportions elicit different responses in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E989AF662FFE9FB05E919FA9D97C3" baseAuthorityName="Olivier" baseAuthorityYear="1795" box="[1198,1374,1391,1411]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Monochamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="galloprovincialis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A3F0BF662FFE9FB05E919FA9D97C3" bold="true" box="[1198,1374,1391,1411]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">M. galloprovincialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF61B391F662FFE9FBA5E9CAFAF39427" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8293573" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8293573" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8293573/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" startId="4.[1038,1068,1443,1460]" targetBox="[113,1005,1445,1950]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA1E319F662FFE9FBA5E9CAFAF39427" blockId="4.[1038,1489,1443,1640]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A3F0BF662FFE9FBA5E9CAFB8497F5" bold="true" box="[1038,1095,1443,1460]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Changes in the profile of volatiles released by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E989AF662FFE9FBA5E9D5FBA8978C" box="[1038,1131,1468,1485]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pinea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A3F0BF662FFE9FBA5E9D5FBA8978C" bold="true" box="[1038,1131,1468,1485]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Pinus pinea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
trees being fed on by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E989AF662FFE9FA9AE9D5FBAA97A7" baseAuthorityName="Olivier" baseAuthorityYear="1795" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Monochamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="galloprovincialis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A3F0BF662FFE9FA9AE9D5FBAA97A7" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Monochamus galloprovincialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
adults. Bars: standard error. Letters in the table in the right side of the graph represent ANOVA post-hoc Fisher's Least Significant Difference test Homogenous Groups, (1): All volatiles: F
|
||
<subScript id="179AE15CF662FFE9FBB3EA2AFBFC940E" attach="left" box="[1048,1087,1603,1615]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">(8,90)</subScript>
|
||
= 7.88; p <0.0001***; (2) Without limonene: F
|
||
<subScript id="179AE15CF662FFE9FBE7EA35FBB79429" attach="left" box="[1100,1140,1628,1640]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">(7,80)</subScript>
|
||
= 2.31; p = 0.034*.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF61B391F663FFE8FFCFEF77FEBB9109" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8293575" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8293575" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8293575/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" startId="5.[100,130,798,815]" targetBox="[352,1228,171,710]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA1E319F663FFE8FFCFEF77FEBB9109" blockId="5.[100,1487,798,840]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A3F0BF663FFE8FFCFEF77FF5E916E" bold="true" box="[100,157,798,815]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Relation of the number of wounded
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E989AF663FFE8FE79EF77FD82916E" box="[466,577,798,815]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pinaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A3F0BF663FFE8FE79EF77FD82916E" bold="true" box="[466,577,798,815]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pinus pinaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
trees, after
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E989AF663FFE8FD0EEF77FC56916E" baseAuthorityName="Olivier" baseAuthorityYear="1795" box="[677,917,798,815]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Monochamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="galloprovincialis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A3F0BF663FFE8FD0EEF77FC56916E" bold="true" box="[677,917,798,815]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Monochamus galloprovincialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
feeding, the average number of wounds per tree, and wound length and width. Bars: standard error.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA1E319F663FFE8FF2EEF1FFE8F9670" blockId="5.[100,770,886,1073]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
In laboratory studies on shoot feeding, oviposition, and development of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E989AF663FFE8FF1FEFFBFEA091E5" baseAuthorityName="Olivier" baseAuthorityYear="1795" box="[180,355,913,933]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Monochamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="galloprovincialis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A3F0BF663FFE8FF1FEFFBFEA091E5" bold="true" box="[180,355,913,933]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">M. galloprovincialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on several pine species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F9EE8F663FFE8FDFAEFFBFD3F91E4" author="Naves, P. M. & Sousa, E. M. & Quartau, J. A." box="[593,764,914,933]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="99 - 104" refId="ref11513" refString="Naves, P. M., Sousa, E. M., Quartau, J. A., 2006. Feeding and oviposition preferences of Monochamus galloprovincialis for certain conifers under laboratory conditions. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 120, 99 - 104." type="journal article" year="2006">Naves et al., 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F9EE8F663FFE8FFCFEFC7FEB19180" author="Sanchez-Husillos, E. & Alvarez-Baz, G. & Etxebeste, I. & Pajares, J. A." box="[100,370,942,961]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref12098" refString="Sanchez-Husillos, E., Alvarez-Baz, G., Etxebeste, I., Pajares, J. A., 2013. Shoot feeding, oviposition, and development of Monochamus galloprovincialis on Pinus pinea relative to other pine species. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 149, 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="2013">Sanchez-Husillos et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the beetles showed difficulties in feeding and breeding on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E989AF663FFE8FEA3EFA3FE91919C" box="[264,338,970,989]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pinea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A3F0BF663FFE8FEA3EFA3FE91919C" bold="true" box="[264,338,970,989]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. pinea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In the current study, under non-choice confined conditions, the beetles were able to feed on umbrella pine, but under natural conditions, the beetle was never found on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E989AF663FFE8FD1FE86BFE8B9670" authority="(Rodrigues et al., 2015)" baseAuthorityName="Rodrigues" baseAuthorityYear="2015" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pinea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A3F0BF663FFE8FD1FE86BFCC19655" bold="true" box="[692,770,1025,1045]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. pinea</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F9EE8F663FFE8FFC7E874FEFD9671" author="Rodrigues, J. M. & Sousa, E. & Abrantes, I." box="[108,318,1053,1073]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="11 - 32" refId="ref11897" refString="Rodrigues, J. M., Sousa, E., Abrantes, I., 2015. Pine wilt disease. Historical overview. In: Sousa, E., Vale, F., Abrantes, I. (Eds.), Pine Wilt Disease in Europe: Biological Interactions and Integrated Management. FNAPF - Federacao Nacional das Associacoes de Proprietarios Florestais, Lisboa, Portugal, pp. 11 - 32." type="book chapter" year="2015">Rodrigues et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA1E319F663FFE8FFCFE80BFD319634" blockId="5.[100,754,1122,1142]" box="[100,754,1122,1142]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<heading id="D0E95475F663FFE8FFCFE80BFD319634" bold="true" box="[100,754,1122,1142]" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A3F0BF663FFE8FFCFE80BFD319634" bold="true" box="[100,754,1122,1142]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
2.3. Characteristics of feeding damage to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E989AF663FFE8FE75E80BFD989634" ID-CoL="77KSH" ID-ENA="71647" box="[478,603,1122,1141]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pinaster">Pinus pinaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E989AF663FFE8FD20E80BFD319634" box="[651,754,1122,1141]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pinea">Pinus pinea</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA1E319F663FFE8FF2EE8F3FED5975C" blockId="5.[100,770,1178,1588]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The wounds caused
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E989AF663FFE8FEFFE8F3FDC496EC" baseAuthorityName="Olivier" baseAuthorityYear="1795" box="[340,519,1178,1197]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Monochamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="galloprovincialis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A3F0BF663FFE8FEFFE8F3FDC496EC" bold="true" box="[340,519,1178,1197]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">M. galloprovincialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
feeding showed variable size, aspect, and surface area, as well as differing in the amounts of oleoresin exuded,
|
||
<figureCitation id="1325FF9CF663FFE8FEBFE8BBFE7096A4" box="[276,435,1234,1253]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStartId-0="5.[100,130,798,815]" captionStartId-1="6.[100,130,753,770]" captionStartId-2="9.[100,130,1484,1501]" captionTargetBox-0="[352,1228,171,710]" captionTargetBox-1="[352,1228,171,717]" captionTargetBox-2="[348,1247,152,1450]" captionTargetId-0="figure-747@5.[781,1129,369,654]" captionTargetId-1="figure-747@6.[775,1081,219,554]" captionTargetId-2="figure-263@9.[340,1247,152,1461]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="9" captionText-0="Fig. 4. Relation of the number of wounded Pinus pinaster trees, after Monochamus galloprovincialis feeding, the average number of wounds per tree, and wound length and width. Bars: standard error." captionText-1="Fig. 5. Relation of the number of wounded Pinus pinea trees, after Monochamus galloprovincialis feeding, the average number of wounds per tree, and wound length and width. Bars: standard error." captionText-2="Fig. 6. A. Pinus pinaster individuals. B. SPME collection of P. pinaster volatiles in control experiments. C. SPME collection of P. pinaster volatiles during Monochamus galloprovincialis feeding. D. Detail of M. galloprovincialis inside the net. E. M. galloprovincialis feeding on P. pinaster. F. Injured tree trunk. G. Oleoresin being exuded from the tree trunk." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8293575" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8293577" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8293579" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/8293575/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/8293577/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/8293579/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 4–6F and G</figureCitation>
|
||
. Some of the debarked areas were just small round wounds, whereas others were more elongated with irregular contours.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA1E319F663FFE8FF2EE94FFEA597E9" blockId="5.[100,770,1178,1588]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E989AF663FFE8FF0BE94FFF3C9779" box="[160,255,1317,1337]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pinaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A3F0BF663FFE8FF0BE94FFF3C9779" bold="true" box="[160,255,1317,1337]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. pinaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, on average, two wounds were found per tree,
|
||
<figureCitation id="1325FF9CF663FFE8FD6DE94CFD3F9778" box="[710,764,1317,1337]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[100,130,798,815]" captionTargetBox="[352,1228,171,710]" captionTargetId="figure-747@5.[781,1129,369,654]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 4. Relation of the number of wounded Pinus pinaster trees, after Monochamus galloprovincialis feeding, the average number of wounds per tree, and wound length and width. Bars: standard error." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8293575" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8293575/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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||
, with average dimensions of
|
||
<quantity id="4CE64EFCF663FFE8FEDAE92BFE729714" box="[369,433,1346,1365]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="11.0">11 mm</quantity>
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||
×
|
||
<quantity id="4CE64EFCF663FFE8FE64E92BFDC09714" box="[463,515,1346,1365]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
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||
(↨↔) and an average area of
|
||
<quantity id="4CE64EFCF663FFE8FFD4E934FF039730" box="[127,192,1373,1393]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="35.0">35 mm</quantity>
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<superScript id="7C6B4E51F663FFE8FF6BE930FF0A9724" attach="left" box="[192,201,1369,1381]" fontSize="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">2</superScript>
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||
. The wounds on trees from each chemotype were not significantly different in terms of the dimensions of the debarked area (F
|
||
<subScript id="179AE15CF663FFE8FFD3E9F7FF6097EB" attach="left" box="[120,163,1438,1450]" fontSize="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">(1,70)</subScript>
|
||
= 0.037; p = 0.85).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA1E319F663FFE8FF2EE9D8FE7C9475" blockId="5.[100,770,1178,1588]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E989AF663FFE8FF0BE9D8FF2A9785" box="[160,233,1457,1476]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pinea">
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||
<emphasis id="B96A3F0BF663FFE8FF0BE9D8FF2A9785" bold="true" box="[160,233,1457,1476]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. pinea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, an average of four wounds per tree were found,
|
||
<figureCitation id="1325FF9CF663FFE8FD6DE9D8FD3F9785" box="[710,764,1457,1476]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[100,130,753,770]" captionTargetBox="[352,1228,171,717]" captionTargetId="figure-747@6.[775,1081,219,554]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 5. Relation of the number of wounded Pinus pinea trees, after Monochamus galloprovincialis feeding, the average number of wounds per tree, and wound length and width. Bars: standard error." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8293577" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8293577/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
, with average dimensions per wound of
|
||
<quantity id="4CE64EFCF663FFE8FDA9E9A4FD8097A1" box="[514,579,1485,1504]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="13.0">13 mm</quantity>
|
||
×
|
||
<quantity id="4CE64EFCF663FFE8FDCBE9A4FD5697A1" box="[608,661,1485,1504]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||
(↨↔) and average area of
|
||
<quantity id="4CE64EFCF663FFE8FF51E980FEF997BD" box="[250,314,1513,1532]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="43.0">43 mm</quantity>
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<superScript id="7C6B4E51F663FFE8FE91E98CFE8097B0" attach="left" box="[314,323,1509,1521]" fontSize="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">2</superScript>
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||
. These results can be partially explained by the bark being easily available for wounding, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E989AF663FFE8FDB3EA6CFDA19459" box="[536,610,1541,1560]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pinea">
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||
<emphasis id="B96A3F0BF663FFE8FDB3EA6CFDA19459" bold="true" box="[536,610,1541,1560]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. pinea</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
showed a lower number of branches than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E989AF663FFE8FEF1EA48FE7A9475" box="[346,441,1569,1588]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pinaster">
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||
<emphasis id="B96A3F0BF663FFE8FEF1EA48FE7A9475" bold="true" box="[346,441,1569,1588]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. pinaster</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |