187 lines
20 KiB
XML
187 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document id="A7E1EEABFDD95D81AC267B168B2850AF" ID-CLB-Dataset="68513" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6625539" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0a6d8930-783d-44bc-a461-7a9aaefaeff3" ID-ISBN="978-84-941892-3-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6625539" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1654714721633" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2016" docId="03822308B742FFFCFF6AF956F801F2F9" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_6_Leporidae_0062.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Bunolagus monticularis" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="112" masterDocId="FFBB5B70B747FFF9FFABFFBBFFCBF65E" masterDocTitle="Leporidae" masterLastPageNumber="148" masterPageNumber="107" pageNumber="112" updateTime="1699339205497" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="0EF561AB98275953044623388E8C96E6" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="FC7713A509C355723F07BFD6F52B6629">
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<mods:title id="94A361AFEB317B5551366E3C392321A4">Leporidae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="0213FC3871FC3A7D3DADA9232D644C2E" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="1A962437E98B0530E6853094C7D0D21B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="DB596BC50041AB7CB3B8F4C7197973E8">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="4893499B8BC4FBA77270365040BD25CD">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="68E701B8536DDFD55364A8C3CE9079CC">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="8CABCF002C311ABED288B07041445ABE" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="C654179DBA13641352E8C3255715C467">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="FAC02803F82022A00327FE1B45A7E881">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="348FC4F981F1B641A85352F62F5BB80C">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="1DC8F985246B2FF6BDC6667AA5705D86">2016</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="D5304501952096BBC94B943B9FC631DC" type="pubDate">2016-07-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="8C93FEE64017A711D1B3C3C74A8E3ECF">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="334A991A74105A83EB6B413A8EDABD69">
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<mods:placeTerm id="945BE25E1BD41D3429FE1FBCD400D2B7">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="F73528E055803D993EAF81F54E704239">
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<mods:title id="A0DFCE1E7D9CDA168403D95019F793B5">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="FD200A6E964BE34EF3CB2613FAE587FA">
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<mods:classification id="467E6243D9D882ED1026AAAADFFF4E58">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="19AB1142440B16E77CFD64D964CE8F43" type="ISBN">978-84-941892-3-4</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03822308B742FFFCFF6AF956F801F2F9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6625382" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195832049" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6625382" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03822308B742FFFCFF6AF956F801F2F9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03822308B742FFFCFF6AF956F801F2F9" lastPageNumber="112" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">
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<subSubSection id="C331C195B742FFFCFF6AF956FF2BF145" box="[193,224,1773,1819]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB742FFFCFF6AF956FF2BF145" blockId="5.[189,1068,1773,1897]" box="[193,224,1773,1819]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">
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<heading id="D0DC2572B742FFFCFF6AF956FF2BF145" box="[193,224,1773,1819]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">
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<figureCitation id="13108E9BB742FFFCFF6AF956FF2BF145" box="[193,224,1773,1819]" captionStart="Plate 5: Leporidae" captionStartId="22.[106,136,3348,3373]" captionTargetBox="[12,2744,14,3642]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="33. Indian Hare (Lepus nigricollis), 34. Burmese Hare (Lepus peguensis), 36. Scrub Hare (Lepus saxatilis), 37. African Savanna Hare (Lepus victoriae), 38. Yarkand Hare (Lepus yarkandensis), 39. Ethiopian Highland Hare (Lepus starcki), 40. Cape Hare (Lepus capensis), 41. Abyssinian Hare (Lepus habessinicus), 42. Tolai Hare (Lepus tolai), 43. Desert Hare (Lepus tibetanus), 44. Yunnan Hare (Lepus comus), 45. Woolly Hare (Lepus oiostolus), 46. Snowshoe Hare (Lepus americanus), 47. Black-tailed Jackrabbit (Lepus californicus), 48. Black Jackrabbit (Lepus insularis)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6625695" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6625695/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">7.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C331C195B742FFFCFF5BF956FDFDF145" box="[240,566,1773,1819]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB742FFFCFF5BF956FDFDF145" blockId="5.[189,1068,1773,1897]" box="[240,566,1773,1819]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">
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<heading id="D0DC2572B742FFFCFF5BF956FDFDF145" box="[240,566,1773,1819]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">
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<vernacularName id="0528E230B742FFFCFF5BF956FDFDF145" box="[240,566,1773,1819]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">Riverine Rabbit</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C331C195B742FFFCFDD7F956FBE7F145" box="[636,1068,1773,1819]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB742FFFCFDD7F956FBE7F145" blockId="5.[189,1068,1773,1897]" box="[636,1068,1773,1819]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">
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<heading id="D0DC2572B742FFFCFDD7F956FBE7F145" box="[636,1068,1773,1819]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB742FFFCFDD7F956FBE7F145" ID-CoL="695PX" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[636,1068,1773,1819]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Bunolagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="112" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monticularis">
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<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB742FFFCFDD7F956FBE7F145" box="[636,1068,1773,1819]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">Bunolagus monticularis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C331C195B742FFFCFF14F896FD98F137" pageId="5" pageNumber="112" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB742FFFCFF14F896FBE9F11C" blockId="5.[189,1068,1773,1897]" box="[191,1058,1837,1858]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">
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<heading id="D0DC2572B742FFFCFF14F896FBE9F11C" box="[191,1058,1837,1858]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">
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<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB742FFFCFF14F896FEC0F11C" bold="true" box="[191,267,1837,1858]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="0528E230B742FFFCFEBFF896FE23F11C" box="[276,488,1837,1858]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">Lapin des Bochimans</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB742FFFCFE56F896FD93F11C" bold="true" box="[509,600,1837,1858]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="0528E230B742FFFCFDC9F896FCCCF11C" box="[610,775,1837,1858]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">Buschmannhase</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB742FFFCFCB0F896FCBDF11C" bold="true" box="[795,886,1837,1858]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="0528E230B742FFFCFC2BF896FBE9F11C" box="[896,1058,1837,1858]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">Conejo de ribera</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB742FFFCFF15F8EFFD98F137" blockId="5.[189,1068,1773,1897]" box="[190,595,1876,1897]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">
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<heading id="D0DC2572B742FFFCFF15F8EFFD98F137" box="[190,595,1876,1897]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">
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<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB742FFFCFF15F8EFFE7DF137" bold="true" box="[190,438,1876,1897]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="0528E230B742FFFCFE6BF8EFFD98F137" box="[448,595,1876,1897]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">Bushman Hare</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C331C195B742FFFCFC88F81BFCA6F1BF" pageId="5" pageNumber="112" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB742FFFCFC88F81BFCA6F1BF" blockId="5.[802,1394,1952,2371]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">
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<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB742FFFCFC88F81BFC75F1E7" bold="true" box="[803,958,1952,1977]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB742FFFCFC77F81BFCA3F1BF" ID-CoL="6PPPX" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1903" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="112" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monticularis">Lepus monticularis Thomas, 1903</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C331C195B742FFFCFCD7F873FCB6FE59" pageId="5" pageNumber="112" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB742FFFCFCD7F873FCB6FE59" blockId="5.[802,1394,1952,2371]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">
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<materialsCitation id="3B439843B742FFFCFCD7F873FCB6FE59" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3805018307" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">“Deelfontain, Cape Colony,” South Africa.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C331C195B742FFFCFC88F7B5FB46FE71" box="[803,1165,2062,2095]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB742FFFCFC88F7B5FB46FE71" blockId="5.[802,1394,1952,2371]" box="[803,1165,2062,2095]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">This species is monotypic.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C331C195B742FFFCFC88F78EFB42FE92" pageId="5" pageNumber="112" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF54C296B742FFFCFC88F78EFB42FE92" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6625557" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6625557" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6625557/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="112" targetBox="[188,779,1951,2364]" targetPageId="5">
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB742FFFCFC88F78EFB42FE92" blockId="5.[802,1394,1952,2371]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">
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<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB742FFFCFC88F78EFC19FE08" bold="true" box="[803,978,2101,2134]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">Distribution.</emphasis>
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C Karoo region in South Africa (around Victoria West, Beaufort West, and Fraserburg, in Northern Cape and Western Cape provinces).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C331C195B742FFFCFC88F768FAA5FC70" pageId="5" pageNumber="112" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB742FFFCFC88F768FAA5FC70" blockId="5.[802,1394,1952,2371]" lastBlockId="5.[187,1396,2376,3472]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">
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<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB742FFFCFC88F768FBF1FEAA" bold="true" box="[803,1082,2259,2292]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 340-470 mm, tail 70-108 mm, ear 110-120 mm, hindfoot 90-120 mm; weight 1.1-5 kg. The Riverine Rabbit is small and dark, with relatively long broad ears. Ear tips are rounded and bordered by short black hairs on outer surfaces. Pelage is soft and fluffy. Dorsal fur is grizzled blackish brown, and ventral pelage is white. Characteristic eye rings are pale, and thin dark stripes run along lowerjaws from near the mouth to bases of ears. Lower flanks, limbs, and nuchal patch are rufous. Soles of feet are covered with thick dense hairs. Tail is medium-sized, dark brown with long fluffy hairs.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C331C195B742FFFCFF16F58FFC17FD44" pageId="5" pageNumber="112" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB742FFFCFF16F58FFC17FD44" blockId="5.[187,1396,2376,3472]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">
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<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB742FFFCFF16F58FFEE7FC0B" bold="true" box="[189,300,2612,2645]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Thick riverine vegetation along seasonalrivers, dominated by
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB742FFFCFB18F58FFAC7FC0B" box="[1203,1292,2612,2645]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Salsola" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="112" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Salsola</taxonomicName>
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glabrescens,
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB742FFFCFEABF5E7FE16FC23" box="[256,477,2652,2685]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="112" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Amaranthaceae</taxonomicName>
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(34-8%) and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB742FFFCFD0DF5E7FC8CFC23" box="[678,839,2652,2685]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="112" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Lycium spp.</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB742FFFCFCFCF5E7FC39FC23" box="[855,1010,2652,2685]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="112" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Solanaceae</taxonomicName>
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(112%). Other important species in the habitat of the Riverine Rabbit include
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB742FFFCFC11F538FBEFFCFA" box="[954,1060,2691,2724]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Pteronia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="112" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pteronia</taxonomicName>
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eythrochaeta,
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB742FFFCFB72F538FAA4FCFA" box="[1241,1391,2691,2724]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="112" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
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(7:9%);
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB742FFFCFE92F515FE27FC95" box="[313,492,2734,2763]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Osteospermum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="112" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Osteospermum</taxonomicName>
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spinescens,
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB742FFFCFD23F515FCD4FC95" box="[648,799,2734,2763]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="112" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
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(5-3%); Kochia pubescens,
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB742FFFCFB39F515FAA4FC95" box="[1170,1391,2734,2763]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="112" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Amaranthaceae</taxonomicName>
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(6:5%); and Galenia procumbens, Aizoacae (4%). Only a small part of riparian vegetation consists of grasses, and most plants are dicotyledons.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C331C195B742FFFCFF16F49AFE9DFDE9" pageId="5" pageNumber="112" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB742FFFCFF16F49AFE9DFDE9" blockId="5.[187,1396,2376,3472]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">
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<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB742FFFCFF16F49AFE07FD1C" bold="true" box="[189,460,2849,2882]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The Riverine Rabbit browses on flowers and leaves of dicotyledons, such as P. erythrochaeta, K. pubescens, S. glabrescens, Rosenia humilis, and species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB742FFFCFF15F4D4FDC6FDCE" authorityName="Philibert" authorityYear="1801" box="[190,525,2927,2960]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Mesembryanthemaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="112" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Mesembryanthemaceae</taxonomicName>
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. Grasses are included in the diet when available during the wet season.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C331C195B742FFFCFF17F405FDE6FA94" pageId="5" pageNumber="112" type="breeding">
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB742FFFCFF17F405FDE6FA94" blockId="5.[187,1396,2376,3472]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">
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<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB742FFFCFF17F405FE88FD81" bold="true" box="[188,323,3006,3039]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Reproduction of the Riverine Rabbit takes place in August-May during the warm season. It has one litter per year, and litter size usually is one and sometimes two young. Females might have a postpartum estrus. Gestation lasts 35-36 days. Young are born in a nest made of maternal fur and grass in a burrow. Lengths of burrow are 20-30 cm, with a nest chamber (12-17 cm wide) at the end. Young weight c.40 g at birth, are blind, and lack fur. Riverine Rabbits close their burrow entrances with soil and twigs when not in use.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C331C195B742FFFCFF10F36EFD1CFB47" pageId="5" pageNumber="112" type="activity">
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB742FFFCFF10F36EFD1CFB47" blockId="5.[187,1396,2376,3472]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB742FFFCFF10F36EFE62FAAC" bold="true" box="[187,425,3285,3314]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
There is no specific information available for this species, but the Riverine Rabbit is no doubt nocturnal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C331C195B742FFFCFF17F29BFB42FBCE" pageId="5" pageNumber="112" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B94921EB742FFFCFF17F29BFB42FBCE" blockId="5.[187,1396,2376,3472]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB742FFFCFF17F29BFCBFFB1F" bold="true" box="[188,884,3360,3393]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
The Riverine Rabbit lives alone and has a polygamous mating system. Average home range is 20-9 ha for males and 12-9 ha for females. There is a low degree of intrasexual home range overlap.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C331C195B742FFFCFA16FE99F6E2F209" pageId="5" pageNumber="112" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B94921EB742FFFCFA16FE99F6E2F209" blockId="5.[1467,2674,290,1193]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB742FFFCFA16FE99F8E8F71D" bold="true" box="[1469,1827,290,323]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Critically Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Riverine Rabbit waslisted as endangered in the 1986 South African National Red Data Book. It occurs only in a small area of ¢.86 km? In historic times,its distribution included riverine vegetation in districts of Sutherland and Calvinia (c.136 km?), but extensive surveys suggest that it has disappeared from these areas. Current population is fragmented and declining and estimated at less than 250 breeding pairs. None of the ten subpopulations is estimated at more than 50 individuals. Moreover, these subpopulations seem to be isolated from each other by anthropogenic barriers, and dispersal of individuals among them is impossible. In the past 70 years, there has been a rapid decline of the population by more than 60% due to a loss of 50-60% of suitable habitat. Habitat has been lost as a result of cultivation (past) and livestock farming (ongoing). Other threats to the Riverine Rabbit include hunting for sport and by farm workers and accidental mortality in traps set for pests on farmlands. Moreover, reduction of Black-backed Jackals (Canis mesomelas) has resulted in an increase of Wildcats (Felis silvestris lybica) and Caracals (Caracal caracal)—main predators of the Riverine Rabbit. Population decline has been arrested due to a decrease in cultivation and public awareness and establishment of conservation areas. An overall population decline of 10% or more is predicted to continue through 2022. Recommendations are to conduct further research on biology and ecology of the Volcano Rabbit, establish management plans for wild populations and their habitats, study limiting factors, increase public awareness, and start a captive breeding program.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C331C195B742FFFCFA17FBDDF801F2F9" pageId="5" pageNumber="112" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B94921EB742FFFCFA17FBDDF801F2F9" blockId="5.[1467,2674,290,1193]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB742FFFCFA17FBDDF99EF221" bold="true" box="[1468,1621,1126,1151]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Duthie (1989), Duthie & Robinson (1990), Duthie et al. (1989), Happold (2013c), Robinson (1981), South African Mammal CAMP Workshop (2013).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |