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<document id="C15410F8260B5DC49AFF927ACFEC22F3" ID-CLB-Dataset="22679" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4358.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="674df513-ce5b-4baa-83f0-f523778521c3" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3769301" ID-ZooBank="B87D1209-CCFB-40A5-A9BB-9E6C55A8CCA2" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1587998587914" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Blend, Charles K., Karar, Yasser F. M. &amp; Dronen, Norman O." docDate="2017" docId="906987D4FFBB6F4B8DB8364BFABBFE78" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4358.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4358 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Schistorchis carneus Luhe 1906" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="33" masterDocId="6C50FFACFFA66F6B8D2F3771FFE5FFA8" masterDocTitle="Revision of the Megaperidae Manter, 1934 n. comb. (Syn. Apocreadiidae Skrjabin, 1942) including a reorganization of the Schistorchiinae Yamaguti, 1942" masterLastPageNumber="44" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="30" updateTime="1698836930005" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
<mods:mods id="3CF4877BA9F131858EE3ABBFCB626A52" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="ED1E05BEC423984DCCD2F48061D3E9C4">Revision of the Megaperidae Manter, 1934 n. comb. (Syn. Apocreadiidae Skrjabin, 1942) including a reorganization of the Schistorchiinae Yamaguti, 1942</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="6179CAB65D022B5261FCD125D88E2431" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="0EB6111F826810BE3C6EEB48D2DAEABA">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="553701AF24934C369D5320BA0E6C80DE">Blend, Charles K.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="D69E4BE8978F5448AE421DEBABDD3CD0">Corpus Christi Museum of Science &amp; History, 1900 N. Chaparral St., Corpus Christi, Texas 78401, USA. E-mail: ilovethesea @ att. net Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, South Valley University, 83523 Qena, Egypt. E-mail: yasser. karar @ sci. svu. edu. eg Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Wildlife &amp; Fisheries Sciences, Wildlife, Fisheries &amp; Ecological Sciences Building, TAMU 2258, Bldg. 1537, 534 John Kimbrough Blvd., College Station, Texas 77843, USA. E-mail: n-dronen @ tamu. edu</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="BDFD7ABDCA5B7479F1E89960B6D5BD7D">Karar, Yasser F. M.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="7BFA8A74454256E8A05EB310496E1976" type="personal">
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="846CD997A4A3D60C94497F2E06514807">Dronen, Norman O.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="B579D78703776DB30CB170C81631BBB4">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="A74709803EE02418BE5B469621EC8AD7" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="4295B979A58AB22AA32E66992D001F98">
<mods:title id="5FB58E625A2AA616E6FA107F85956C2B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="973BCA192C02F87EC1FC0096253BFA5B">
<mods:date id="51907B2706EFB83DDD14DA6D05FBC2F9">2017</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="7236072994685AE6500CFB23F1D5DB50" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="FCF27AE5AA1B22421FC39F7749DACD4A">2017-11-28</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="FC14DD614E16F1955F2DDE31E183BCDF" type="volume">
<mods:number id="C0925B996B9FDF69BB5BD373520B53EB">4358</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="63E9E611A2F83F6FD79D3BA06AD25135">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="C638DC2CA6A3616363ED8DDF3B512C0B">1</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="8F5F3655A38449558EAA7F60E839D7EA">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="45D30F4E8C0377A8A3AFBEBF52BD39DA" type="CLB-Dataset">22679</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="FF7EF93F614611FAF48D2BE07EAE6B27" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4358.1.1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="AEE3357D0F068B4A1C8C5B8CD46508B1" type="GBIF-Dataset">674df513-ce5b-4baa-83f0-f523778521c3</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="3A7B3CF118ABFB24B52CFE661C5BFC54" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="906987D4FFBB6F4B8DB8364BFABBFE78" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3800330" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163751551" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3800330" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:906987D4FFBB6F4B8DB8364BFABBFE78" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/906987D4FFBB6F4B8DB8364BFABBFE78" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<subSubSection id="50DA6549FFBB6F768DB8364BFDC1FEFC" box="[151,548,314,340]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="187F36C2FFBB6F768DB8364BFDC1FEFC" blockId="29.[151,548,314,374]" box="[151,548,314,340]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<heading id="433781AEFFBB6F768DB8364BFDC1FEFC" bold="true" box="[151,548,314,340]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="DFC04D41FFBB6F768DB8364BFDC1FEFC" ID-CoL="4V9GV" authority="Luhe, 1906" authorityName="Luhe" authorityYear="1906" box="[151,548,314,340]" class="Trematoda" family="Apocreadiidae" genus="Schistorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="carneus">
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFBB6F768DB8364BFDC1FEFC" bold="true" box="[151,548,314,340]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFBB6F768DB8364BFE77FEFC" bold="true" box="[151,402,314,340]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Schistorchis carneus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7C514B33FFBB6F768CB5364BFDC1FEFC" author="Luhe, M. F. L." box="[410,548,314,340]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="97 - 108" refId="ref34488" refString="Luhe, M. F. L. (1906) Report on the trematode parasites from the marine fishes of Ceylon. The Royal Society Report on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries, 5, 97 - 108." type="journal article" year="1906">Lühe, 1906</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="50DA6549FFBB6F768DB8362CFEC8FEDE" box="[151,301,349,374]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="description">
<paragraph id="187F36C2FFBB6F768DB8362CFEC8FEDE" blockId="29.[151,548,314,374]" box="[151,301,349,374]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
(
<figureCitation id="80FB2A47FFBB6F768DB0362CFEC0FEDE" box="[159,293,349,374]" captionStart="FIGURES 15–18" captionStartId="31.[151,264,1784,1806]" captionTargetBox="[266,1289,215,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[222,1340,193,1765]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 15–18. Schistorchis carneus Lühe, 1906 (Megaperidae n. comb.: Schistorchiinae) from the white-spotted puffer, Arothron hispidus (Linnaeus) (Tetraodontidae), from the Red Sea off Egypt. 15. Composite of whole adult specimen, ventral view. 16. Composite of terminal genitalia, ventral view. 17. Composite of proximal female complex, ventral view. 18. Hindbody revealing anterior extent of excretory vesicle and termination of caeca, ventral view. Abbreviations: An, Anus; EA, Excretory arm/duct; Eg, Eggs; EP, Excretory pore; EV, Excretory vesicle; GP, Genital pore; LIC, Left intestinal cecum; Me, Metraterm; MG, Mehlis’ gland; OD, Ovarian duct; Oo, Oötype; OS, Oral sucker; Ov, Ovary; PC, Prostatic cells; Ph, Pharynx; PP, Pars prostatica; RIC, Right intestinal cecum; SR, Seminal receptacle; SV, Seminal vesicle; Te, Testes; Ut, Uterus; VD, Vitelline duct; VF, Vitelline follicles; VR, Vitelline reservoir; VS, Ventral sucker." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769315" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769315/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Figs. 15–18</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="50DA6549FFBB6F758DB836D4FC06FD00" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="187F36C2FFBB6F768DB836D4FA87FE16" blockId="29.[151,1437,421,2030]" box="[151,1378,421,446]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFBB6F768DB836D4FF3DFE16" bold="true" box="[151,216,421,446]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Host:</emphasis>
White-spotted puffer (“Hadroom”),
<taxonomicName id="DFC04D41FFBB6F768F5C36D4FC58FE16" authority="(Linnaeus)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[627,957,421,446]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Tetraodontidae" genus="Arothron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraodontiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hispidus">
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFBB6F768F5C36D4FCDEFE16" box="[627,827,421,446]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Arothron hispidus</emphasis>
(Linnaeus)
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="DFC04D41FFBB6F768EE436D4FB45FE16" box="[971,1184,421,446]" class="Actinopterygii" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraodontiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Tetraodontiformes</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="DFC04D41FFBB6F76898536D4FAB2FE16" box="[1194,1367,421,446]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Tetraodontidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraodontiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Tetraodontidae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="187F36C2FFBB6F768DE836B8FCC2FD82" blockId="29.[151,1437,421,2030]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFBB6F768DE836B8FEA6FE4A" bold="true" box="[199,323,457,482]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Localities:</emphasis>
Northern
<collectingRegion id="DA04F820FFBB6F768CEF36B8FDC0FE49" box="[448,549,457,482]" country="Egypt" name="Al Bahr al Ahmar" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Red Sea</collectingRegion>
, off Sharm El-Naga, Makadi Bay, Southern Hurghada,
<collectingCountry id="60D77652FFBB6F76899636BBFB19FE4A" box="[1209,1276,458,482]" name="Egypt" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Egypt</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="7DF45005FFBB6F76883F36B8FA72FE4A" box="[1296,1431,457,482]" degrees="26" direction="north" minutes="55.16" orientation="latitude" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" precision="9" value="26.919333">26°55.16’N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="7DF45005FFBB6F768DB8369CFEC3FDAE" box="[151,294,493,518]" degrees="33" direction="east" minutes="56.05" orientation="longitude" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" precision="9" value="33.934166">33°56.05’E–</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="7DF45005FFBB6F768C09369CFE49FDAE" box="[294,428,493,518]" degrees="26" direction="north" minutes="53.59" orientation="latitude" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" precision="9" value="26.893167">26°53.59’N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="7DF45005FFBB6F768C93369CFDA5FDAE" box="[444,576,493,518]" degrees="33" direction="east" minutes="59.49" orientation="longitude" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" precision="9" value="33.9915">33°59.49’E</geoCoordinate>
; depth =
<quantity id="DF389B27FFBB6F768F97369CFCD4FDAD" box="[696,817,493,518]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="1.5" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="0.5">0.5–2.5 m</quantity>
;
<date id="6C7E1002FFBB6F768E6D369CFBF8FDAE" box="[834,1053,493,518]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="2011-12-17">17/December/2011</date>
); Northern
<collectingRegion id="DA04F820FFBB6F768988369CFAE9FDAE" box="[1191,1292,493,518]" country="Egypt" name="Al Bahr al Ahmar" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Red Sea</collectingRegion>
, off Safaga,
<collectingCountry id="60D77652FFBB6F768DB83563FF3FFD82" box="[151,218,530,554]" name="Egypt" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Egypt</collectingCountry>
(26°74’N, 33°95’E; depth =
<quantity id="DF389B27FFBB6F768F0E3560FD9CFD81" box="[545,633,529,554]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="17.5" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="5.0">5–30 m</quantity>
;
<date id="6C7E1002FFBB6F768FAA3560FCFEFD82" box="[645,795,529,554]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="2017-04-06">6/April/2017</date>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="187F36C2FFBB6F768DE83544FD7FFDE6" blockId="29.[151,1437,421,2030]" box="[199,666,565,590]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFBB6F768DE83544FE6EFDE6" bold="true" box="[199,395,565,590]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Site of infection:</emphasis>
Lower &amp; mid-intestine.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="187F36C2FFBB6F768DE83528FB0DFDDA" blockId="29.[151,1437,421,2030]" box="[199,1256,601,626]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFBB6F768DE83528FE57FDDA" bold="true" box="[199,434,601,626]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Deposited material:</emphasis>
BM(NH) vouchers
<materialsCitation id="A8A83C9FFFBB6F768FBC352BFB06FDDA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2608956004" box="[659,1251,601,626]" collectionCode="NHMUK" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" specimenCount="19">
<collectionCode id="7ED1AE07FFBB6F768FBC352BFD18FDD9" box="[659,765,602,625]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
2017.9.28.12–30; 19 slides /
<specimenCount id="0EC6FD4BFFBB6F768967352BFB06FDDA" box="[1096,1251,601,626]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="generic">19 specimens</specimenCount>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="187F36C2FFBB6F768DE8350CFCF2FD3E" blockId="29.[151,1437,421,2030]" box="[199,791,637,662]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFBB6F768DE8350CFEB7FD3E" bold="true" box="[199,338,637,662]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Prevalence:</emphasis>
2 of 6 host specimens (33.3% infected).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="187F36C2FFBB6F768DE835D0FD9EFD12" blockId="29.[151,1437,421,2030]" box="[199,635,673,698]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFBB6F768DE835D0FEDFFD12" bold="true" box="[199,314,673,698]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Intensity:</emphasis>
9–28 worms/host specimen.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="187F36C2FFBB6F768DE835B4FDE9FD76" blockId="29.[151,1437,421,2030]" box="[199,524,709,734]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFBB6F768DE835B4FE9CFD76" bold="true" box="[199,377,709,734]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Mean intensity</emphasis>
: 18.5 (37/2).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="187F36C2FFBB6F768DE83598FD71FCAA" blockId="29.[151,1437,421,2030]" box="[199,660,745,770]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFBB6F768DE83598FDEAFCAA" bold="true" box="[199,527,745,770]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Relative density/abundance</emphasis>
: 6.2 (37/6).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="187F36C2FFBB6F768DE8347CFEC6FA06" blockId="29.[151,1437,421,2030]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFBB6F768DE8347CFE92FC8E" bold="true" box="[199,375,781,806]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Re-description</emphasis>
: [Based on 18 mature specimens. Measurements, morphometric percentages and morphometric ratios are given in
<tableCitation id="55420379FFBB6F768F313440FD90FCE2" box="[542,629,817,842]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="36.[147,220,577,596]" captionText="TABLE 3. Measurements, morphometric percentages and morphometric ratios of all valid species within Schistorchis sensu stricto Lühe, 1906." pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Table 3</tableCitation>
] Worms blood red in color while live. Body plump, elongate to subelliptical in shape with almost parallel margins, maximum width near equatorial region either at posterior end of first 1/2 of body or anterior or posterior to this level by short distance. Anterior extremity rounded; posterior extremity more broadly rounded, at times almost truncate. Tegument thick and smooth, supported with several transverse tegumental folds along entire length of body. Forebody shorter than hindbody, less than 1/4 body length, gradually narrows near anterior end; hindbody wider than forebody, gradually narrows in posterior 1/5 of body. Pre-oral lobe absent to very short. Oral sucker spherical to subspherical, glandular/cellular, distinctly ventrosubterminal, “complex”
<typeStatus id="C77B8860FFBB6F768C80335FFE3AFBEE" box="[431,479,1070,1094]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">type</typeStatus>
with margins of anterior musculature notched or indented (i.e. anterior circumoral lobes), very large at about 2¯3 times size of ventral sucker; mouth inconspicuous, rounded, directed anteroventrally, surrounded by strong semi-circular muscle fibers that sometimes cover mouth opening; partial Ushaped muscular sphincter half-encircling oral aperture posteroventrally. Ventral sucker pre-equatorial, situated at junction of first and second 1/4 of body, spherical to subspherical, sessile, unspecialized, smaller than oral sucker. Prepharynx absent. Pharynx transversally elliptical and often longitudinally compressed, smaller than suckers, muscular, weakly developed, often overlapped by oral sucker. Esophagus not observed. Intestinal bifurcation posterior to level of mid-forebody, about midway between suckers, separated from ventral sucker by small distance. Caeca two, simple, often filled with a dark material, wider and slightly arcuate posteriorly, equal in length, pass at some distance medial to lateral margins of worm to terminate at posterior extremity in small, separate ani.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="187F36C2FFBB6F768DE832CBFCDAF82A" blockId="29.[151,1437,421,2030]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
Testes 11 (rarely fewer) (
<specimenCount id="0EC6FD4BFFBB6F768CCB32C8FD9BFA7A" box="[484,638,1465,1490]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="generic">16 specimens</specimenCount>
[88.9%] with 11 testes distributed 5 left &amp; 6 right;
<specimenCount id="0EC6FD4BFFBB6F7689E832CBFAA2FA7A" box="[1223,1351,1465,1490]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
[5.6%] with 10 testes distributed 5 left &amp; 5 right;
<specimenCount id="0EC6FD4BFFBB6F768F4032AFFD0AFA5E" box="[623,751,1501,1526]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
[5.6%] with 7 testes distributed 2 left &amp; 5 right), arranged in two straight or zigzag rows, smooth to slightly indented, sub-elliptical to sub-oval to irregular, either equal in size or some testes markedly different in size within a single individual, contiguous or separated from each other by short distance, occupy area between level of ovary and anterior region of second 1/2 of body, well-separated from posterior end. Post-testicular region about 1/3 to 1/2 of body length. Seminal vesicle saccate, conspicuous, large, transversally sub-spherical to elliptical, majority dextral to midline, distal portion narrower, confined to area between ovary and ventral sucker. Pars prostatica tubular, long, thin-walled, passes parallel to lateral margin of ventral sucker to about level of mid-sinistral rim of latter then unites with distal portion of metraterm to form hermaphroditic duct near anterior margin of ventral sucker; duct itself cylindrical, small, extends anterodorsally to ventral sucker. Prostatic cells well-developed, free in parenchyma, surrounds entire pars prostatica from junction with seminal vesicle to beginning of hermaphroditic duct. Genital pore median, opens immediately anterior to ventral sucker aperture or just anterior to sucker in forebody.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="187F36C2FFBB6F758DE830FFFA9DFD95" blockId="29.[151,1437,421,2030]" lastBlockId="30.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Ovary round to pyriform, smooth, in posterior portion of anterior 1/3 of body, submedian (dextral), either entirely pre-testicular or at level of anteriormost testes and between seminal vesicle and testes. Canalicular seminal receptacle variable in size (due to amount of sperm), sub-elliptical, sinistral or posterosinistral to ovary. Oötype median, directly sinistral to ovary and surrounded by large and conspicuous mass of Mehlis’ gland cells. Laurer’s canal arises from seminal receptacle, indistinct; distal portion not observed but expected to open dorsally. Oviduct proceeds from left margin of ovary, joined by duct from seminal receptacle, and passes into oötype. Vitellarium follicular; fields extend along lateral margins from as far anterior as mid-level of pharynx (occasionally begins at mid-level of ventral sucker) to posterior extremity, overlaps lateral margins of testes, confluent in post-testicular region; follicles numerous, small, sub-spherical to oval to irregular in shape, dorsal, ventral and lateral to caeca. Right and left transverse vitelline ducts immediately anterior to and unite at level of ovary forming small, median vitelline reservoir which opens through small duct into oötype complex. Uterus pre-testicular, short, coiled, intercaecal, in anterior hindbody, restricted to area between ovary, seminal vesicle, oötype complex, anteriormost left testis and genital pore, dorsally overlaps posterior edge of ventral sucker and extends anterosinistrally around left side of sucker. Metraterm tubular, short, wide, runs short distance parallel to pars prostatica and opens into hermaphroditic duct from left. Eggs numerous, operculate, oval, moderate in size, thin-shelled, non-filamented.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="187F36C2FFB86F758DE83539FC06FD00" blockId="30.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Excretory vesicle I-shaped, narrower posteriorly, median, extends to near beginning of second 1/3 of body, close behind or at level of anteriormost testes; two excretory ducts (i.e. collecting tubules) cross caeca ventrally, then run somewhat sinuously as far as oral sucker. Excretory pore terminal.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="50DA6549FFB86F4B8DE835C5FABBFE78" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="187F36C2FFB86F758DE835C5FB10FC60" blockId="30.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFB86F758DE835C5FED8FD65" bold="true" box="[199,317,692,717]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Remarks:</emphasis>
Based on the diagnostic combination of characteristics given earlier, the present material belongs in the
<taxonomicName id="DFC04D41FFB86F758DEE35A6FEB6FD58" authorityName="Manter" authorityYear="1934" box="[193,339,727,752]" class="Trematoda" family="Megaperidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="family">Megaperidae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFB86F758C7335A6FE26FD58" bold="true" box="[348,451,727,752]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">n. comb.</emphasis>
within the
<taxonomicName id="DFC04D41FFB86F758F6935A6FD16FD58" authorityName="Yamaguti" authorityYear="1942" box="[582,755,727,752]" class="Trematoda" family="Apocreadiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Schistorchiinae">Schistorchiinae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="7C514B33FFB86F758E2C35A6FC00FD58" author="Cribb, T. H. &amp; Bray, R. A." box="[771,997,727,752]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="1 - 36" refId="ref33257" refString="Cribb, T. H. &amp; Bray, R. A. (1999) A review of the Apocreadiidae Skrjabin, 1942 (Trematoda: Digenea) and description of Australian species. Systematic Parasitology, 44, 1 - 36. https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / a: 1006197201426" type="journal article" year="1999">Cribb &amp; Bray 1999</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="7C514B33FFB86F758EDD35A9FB9CFD58" author="Bray, R. A." box="[1010,1145,727,752]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="541 - 543" refId="ref32952" refString="Bray, R. A. (2005 a) Superfamily Lepocreadioidea Odhner, 1905. In: Jones, A., Bray, R. A. &amp; Gibson, D. I. (Eds.), Keys to the Trematoda. Vol. 2. CABI Publishing and the Natural History Museum, Wallingford, pp. 541 - 543." type="book chapter" year="2005">Bray 2005a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="7C514B33FFB86F7589AA35A6FAEDFD58" author="Cribb, T. H." box="[1157,1288,727,752]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="621 - 639" refId="ref33192" refString="Cribb, T. H. (2005) Family Apocreadiidae Skrjabin, 1942. In: Jones, A., Bray, R. A. &amp; Gibson, D. I. (Eds.), Keys to the Trematoda. Vol. 2. CABI Publishing and the Natural History Museum, Wallingford, pp. 621 - 639." type="book chapter" year="2005">Cribb 2005</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="7C514B33FFB86F75883A35A9FA72FD58" author="Jones, A." box="[1301,1431,727,752]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="1 - 4" refId="ref34193" refString="Jones, A. (2005) Introduction and key to superfamilies. In: Jones, A., Bray, R. A. &amp; Gibson, D. I. (Eds.), Keys to the Trematoda. Vol. 2. CABI Publishing and the Natural History Museum, Wallingford, pp. 1 - 4." type="book chapter" year="2005">Jones 2005</bibRefCitation>
; present study). In addition, the present specimens possess five or more testes (
<specimenCount id="0EC6FD4BFFB86F75891C358DFB35FCBD" box="[1075,1232,764,789]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="generic">16 specimens</specimenCount>
with 11 testes,
<specimenCount id="0EC6FD4BFFB86F7588A1358DFEE4FC90" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
with 10 testes,
<specimenCount id="0EC6FD4BFFB86F758C803451FDCBFC90" box="[431,558,799,824]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
with 7 testes) arranged in two rows and a “complex”
<typeStatus id="C77B8860FFB86F7589A73451FB5DFC90" box="[1160,1208,800,824]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">type</typeStatus>
(i.e. highly cellular/ glandular) of oral sucker that is large in relation to body size as well as an elongate, sub-rectangular-shaped body, two caeca that open via separate ani, a long post-testicular region, a median genital pore at or above the anterior margin of the ventral sucker, and a marine tetraodontiform host—the white spotted puffer,
<taxonomicName id="DFC04D41FFB86F7589A534FDFAE0FC0D" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1162,1285,908,933]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Tetraodontidae" genus="Arothron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraodontiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hispidus">
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFB86F7589A534FDFAE0FC0D" box="[1162,1285,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">A. hispidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="7C514B33FFB86F75883B34FDFA72FC0D" author="Cribb, T. H." box="[1300,1431,908,933]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="621 - 639" refId="ref33192" refString="Cribb, T. H. (2005) Family Apocreadiidae Skrjabin, 1942. In: Jones, A., Bray, R. A. &amp; Gibson, D. I. (Eds.), Keys to the Trematoda. Vol. 2. CABI Publishing and the Natural History Museum, Wallingford, pp. 621 - 639." type="book chapter" year="2005">Cribb 2005</bibRefCitation>
; present study). Therefore, we have placed these specimens in
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFB86F758E6334DEFB82FC60" box="[844,1127,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<taxonomicName id="DFC04D41FFB86F758E6334DEFC31FC60" authorityName="Luhe" authorityYear="1906" box="[844,980,943,968]" class="Trematoda" family="Apocreadiidae" genus="Schistorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Schistorchis</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="318757ABFFB86F758EF534C0FB82FC60" box="[986,1127,945,968]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7C514B33FFB86F75894134DEFB14FC60" author="Luhe, M. F. L." box="[1134,1265,943,968]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="97 - 108" refId="ref34488" refString="Luhe, M. F. L. (1906) Report on the trematode parasites from the marine fishes of Ceylon. The Royal Society Report on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries, 5, 97 - 108." type="journal article" year="1906">Lühe, 1906</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="187F36C2FFB86F4B8DE834A5FF10FECC" blockId="30.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="32.[151,1437,151,464]" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
While there is the possibility that the present material may be an undescribed species, we have identified our specimens as
<taxonomicName id="DFC04D41FFB86F758C183489FE55FBB8" authorityName="Luhe" authorityYear="1906" box="[311,432,1016,1040]" class="Trematoda" family="Apocreadiidae" genus="Schistorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="carneus">
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFB86F758C183489FE55FBB8" box="[311,432,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">S. carneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Our material most closely resembles
<taxonomicName id="DFC04D41FFB86F758E5E3489FC0FFBB8" authorityName="Luhe" authorityYear="1906" box="[881,1002,1016,1040]" class="Trematoda" family="Apocreadiidae" genus="Schistorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="carneus">
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFB86F758E5E3489FC9AFBA7" box="[881,895,1016,1039]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFB86F758EBE3488FC0FFBB8" box="[913,1002,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">carneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in overall appearance, large size, the notched or indented anterior musculature of the oral sucker (i.e. anterior circumoral lobes), a median and immediately pre-acetabular genital pore, a relatively short distance between both suckers, and in many morphometric percentages and ratios (
<bibRefCitation id="7C514B33FFB86F758F6A3315FD26FBD5" author="Luhe, M. F. L." box="[581,707,1124,1149]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="97 - 108" refId="ref34488" refString="Luhe, M. F. L. (1906) Report on the trematode parasites from the marine fishes of Ceylon. The Royal Society Report on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries, 5, 97 - 108." type="journal article" year="1906">Lühe 1906</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="7C514B33FFB86F758FE13315FC91FBD4" author="Johnston, S. J." box="[718,884,1124,1149]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="361 - 400" refId="ref34156" refString="Johnston, S. J. (1913) On some Queensland trematodes, with anatomical observations and descriptions of new species and genera. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 59, 361 - 400." type="journal article" year="1913">Johnston 1913</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="7C514B33FFB86F758EAF3315FBACFBD4" author="Hafeezullah, M." box="[896,1097,1124,1149]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="167 - 177" refId="ref33933" refString="Hafeezullah, M. (1981) Schistorchiid trematodes of marine fishes of India, with considerations on the status of the genus Megacreadium Nagaty, 1956 and Family Schistorchiidae Yamaguti, 1942. Bulletin of the Zoological Survey of India, 3, 167 - 177." type="journal article" year="1981">Hafeezullah 1981</bibRefCitation>
;
<tableCitation id="55420379FFB86F75897A3315FB4FFBD4" box="[1109,1194,1124,1149]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="36.[147,220,577,596]" captionText="TABLE 3. Measurements, morphometric percentages and morphometric ratios of all valid species within Schistorchis sensu stricto Lühe, 1906." pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Table 3</tableCitation>
). We do note that our material differs from previous descriptions of
<taxonomicName id="DFC04D41FFB86F758FB733F9FCE9FB08" authorityName="Luhe" authorityYear="1906" box="[664,780,1160,1184]" class="Trematoda" family="Apocreadiidae" genus="Schistorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="carneus">
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFB86F758FB733F9FD43FB37" box="[664,678,1160,1183]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFB86F758F9C33F8FCE9FB08" box="[691,780,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">carneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in a few features, the most striking of which is the anterior extent of the vitellarium and the appearance of the male genital system. In our material, the anteriormost extent of the vitellarium can be to the mid-level of the pharynx; whereas, the vitelline follicles of
<taxonomicName id="DFC04D41FFB86F7589A833A1FB1BFB40" authorityName="Luhe" authorityYear="1906" box="[1159,1278,1232,1256]" class="Trematoda" family="Apocreadiidae" genus="Schistorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="carneus">
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFB86F7589A833A1FB70FB4F" box="[1159,1173,1232,1255]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFB86F75898A33A0FB1BFB40" box="[1189,1278,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">carneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as previously described are more variable in anterior extent: beginning at the level of either the ovary or the seminal vesicle (
<bibRefCitation id="7C514B33FFB86F758DB13266FEC7FA98" author="Luhe, M. F. L." box="[158,290,1303,1328]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="97 - 108" refId="ref34488" refString="Luhe, M. F. L. (1906) Report on the trematode parasites from the marine fishes of Ceylon. The Royal Society Report on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries, 5, 97 - 108." type="journal article" year="1906">Lühe 1906</bibRefCitation>
), the level of the ventral sucker (
<bibRefCitation id="7C514B33FFB86F758F983266FC60FA98" author="Hafeezullah, M." box="[695,901,1303,1328]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="167 - 177" refId="ref33933" refString="Hafeezullah, M. (1981) Schistorchiid trematodes of marine fishes of India, with considerations on the status of the genus Megacreadium Nagaty, 1956 and Family Schistorchiidae Yamaguti, 1942. Bulletin of the Zoological Survey of India, 3, 167 - 177." type="journal article" year="1981">Hafeezullah 1981</bibRefCitation>
) or the anterior border of the ventral sucker (
<bibRefCitation id="7C514B33FFB86F758DB1324DFEADFAFC" author="Johnston, S. J." box="[158,328,1340,1365]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="361 - 400" refId="ref34156" refString="Johnston, S. J. (1913) On some Queensland trematodes, with anatomical observations and descriptions of new species and genera. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 59, 361 - 400." type="journal article" year="1913">Johnston 1913</bibRefCitation>
)—not reaching the mid-level of the pharynx. While the seminal vesicle of
<taxonomicName id="DFC04D41FFB86F7589C8324CFA87FAFC" authorityName="Luhe" authorityYear="1906" box="[1255,1378,1341,1364]" class="Trematoda" family="Apocreadiidae" genus="Schistorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="carneus">
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFB86F7589C8324CFB10FAFC" box="[1255,1269,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFB86F758825324CFA87FAFC" box="[1290,1378,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">carneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was rudimentarily described by
<bibRefCitation id="7C514B33FFB86F758CFA322EFDB8FAD0" author="Luhe, M. F. L." box="[469,605,1375,1400]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="97 - 108" refId="ref34488" refString="Luhe, M. F. L. (1906) Report on the trematode parasites from the marine fishes of Ceylon. The Royal Society Report on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries, 5, 97 - 108." type="journal article" year="1906">Lühe (1906</bibRefCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="80FB2A47FFB86F758F44322EFD22FAD0" box="[619,711,1375,1400]" captionStart="FIGURES 11" captionStartId="27.[151,264,1584,1606]" captionTargetBox="[199,1382,203,1543]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[181,1405,193,1563]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURES 11¯12. Plesioschistorchis callyodontis (Yamaguti, 1942) n. comb. and Plesioschistorchis manteri (Gupta &amp; Tandon, 1984) n. comb. 11. P. callyodontis ventral view of adult redrawn from Yamaguti (1942, Fig. 15). 12. P. manteri ventral view of adult redrawn from Gupta &amp; Tandon (1984, Fig. 1). Abbreviations: Ce, Cecum; EA, Excretory arm/duct; EP, Excretory pore; Es, Esophagus; EV, Excretory vesicle; GP, Genital pore; HD, Hermaphroditic duct; LC, Laurer’s canal; Me, Metraterm; MG, Mehlis’ gland; Oo, Oötype; OS, Oral sucker; Ov, Ovary; PC, Prostatic cells; Ph, Pharynx; PP, Pars prostatica; SR, Seminal receptacle; SV, Seminal vesicle; Te, Testes; Ut, Uterus; VD, Vitelline duct; VF, Vitelline follicles; VR, Vitelline reservoir; VS, Ventral sucker." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769311" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769311/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Figs. 11</figureCitation>
&amp; 12) as lying in the median line just posterior to the ventral sucker,
<bibRefCitation id="7C514B33FFB86F758DC232F5FE7EFA34" author="Johnston, S. J." box="[237,411,1412,1437]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="361 - 400" refId="ref34156" refString="Johnston, S. J. (1913) On some Queensland trematodes, with anatomical observations and descriptions of new species and genera. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 59, 361 - 400." type="journal article" year="1913">Johnston (1913</bibRefCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="80FB2A47FFB86F758C8832F5FE10FA34" box="[423,501,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURES 11" captionStartId="27.[151,264,1584,1606]" captionTargetBox="[199,1382,203,1543]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[181,1405,193,1563]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURES 11¯12. Plesioschistorchis callyodontis (Yamaguti, 1942) n. comb. and Plesioschistorchis manteri (Gupta &amp; Tandon, 1984) n. comb. 11. P. callyodontis ventral view of adult redrawn from Yamaguti (1942, Fig. 15). 12. P. manteri ventral view of adult redrawn from Gupta &amp; Tandon (1984, Fig. 1). Abbreviations: Ce, Cecum; EA, Excretory arm/duct; EP, Excretory pore; Es, Esophagus; EV, Excretory vesicle; GP, Genital pore; HD, Hermaphroditic duct; LC, Laurer’s canal; Me, Metraterm; MG, Mehlis’ gland; Oo, Oötype; OS, Oral sucker; Ov, Ovary; PC, Prostatic cells; Ph, Pharynx; PP, Pars prostatica; SR, Seminal receptacle; SV, Seminal vesicle; Te, Testes; Ut, Uterus; VD, Vitelline duct; VF, Vitelline follicles; VR, Vitelline reservoir; VS, Ventral sucker." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769311" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769311/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
) and
<bibRefCitation id="7C514B33FFB86F758F1A32F5FCE2FA34" author="Hafeezullah, M." box="[565,775,1412,1437]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="167 - 177" refId="ref33933" refString="Hafeezullah, M. (1981) Schistorchiid trematodes of marine fishes of India, with considerations on the status of the genus Megacreadium Nagaty, 1956 and Family Schistorchiidae Yamaguti, 1942. Bulletin of the Zoological Survey of India, 3, 167 - 177." type="journal article" year="1981">Hafeezullah (1981</bibRefCitation>
, Fig. 6) described this feature as being elongated and pearshaped, extending posterior to the ventral sucker from the left side and narrowing anteriorly to form a short pars prostatica; it is illustrated as a simple, medial, moderately-wide, oblong to clavate pouch. The saccate seminal vesicle of the present specimens of
<taxonomicName id="DFC04D41FFB86F758F163281FD54F9A0" authorityName="Luhe" authorityYear="1906" box="[569,689,1520,1544]" class="Trematoda" family="Apocreadiidae" genus="Schistorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="carneus">
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFB86F758F163281FD54F9A0" box="[569,689,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">S. carneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is more conspicuous and larger in relation to overall body size, transversally sub-spherical to elliptical in shape and extends further dextral to the mid-line. The ovary is dextral as is the majority of the proximal seminal vesicle in our material and both features are opposite to the sinistromedial uterus (i.e. the majority of the seminal vesicle is at some distance from the uterus); whereas, in earlier descriptions of
<taxonomicName id="DFC04D41FFB86F758D9731F1FECBF930" authorityName="Luhe" authorityYear="1906" box="[184,302,1664,1688]" class="Trematoda" family="Apocreadiidae" genus="Schistorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="carneus">
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFB86F758D9731F1FF23F93F" box="[184,198,1664,1687]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFB86F758DF931F0FECBF930" box="[214,302,1665,1688]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">carneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the ovary is either medial or a little to the right of the median line while the seminal vesicle lies almost wholly in the median plane making the majority of this feature closer to the uterus. We also noted that the egg length is slightly longer overall between earlier and current studies of this species (
<quantity id="DF389B27FFB86F7589AF31B6FB13F949" box="[1152,1270,1735,1761]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.6" metricValueMax="7.6" metricValueMin="5.6" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="66.0" valueMax="76.0" valueMin="56.0">56–76 µm</quantity>
in previous
<taxonomicName id="DFC04D41FFB86F7588A831B9FF15F8AC" authorityName="Luhe" authorityYear="1906" class="Trematoda" family="Apocreadiidae" genus="Schistorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="carneus">
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFB86F7588A831B9FA70F977" box="[1415,1429,1736,1759]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFB86F758DB8319CFF15F8AC" box="[151,240,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">carneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFB86F758DD5319CFEF4F8AC" box="[250,273,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">vs</emphasis>
<quantity id="DF389B27FFB86F758C34319DFE74F8AD" box="[283,401,1772,1797]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.6" metricValueMax="8.8" metricValueMin="6.4" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="76.0" valueMax="88.0" valueMin="64.0">64–88 µm</quantity>
in current
<taxonomicName id="DFC04D41FFB86F758F3B319CFD68F8AC" authorityName="Luhe" authorityYear="1906" box="[532,653,1773,1796]" class="Trematoda" family="Apocreadiidae" genus="Schistorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="carneus">
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFB86F758F3B319CFD68F8AC" box="[532,653,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">S. carneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and the distal portion of the male system differs in size—the pars prostatica is longer and its length in relation to that of the hermaphroditic duct is greater in our specimens than in previously-described
<taxonomicName id="DFC04D41FFB86F758CA73044FE18F8E4" authorityName="Luhe" authorityYear="1906" box="[392,509,1845,1868]" class="Trematoda" family="Apocreadiidae" genus="Schistorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="carneus">
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFB86F758CA73044FE73F8E4" box="[392,406,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFB86F758C8B3044FE18F8E4" box="[420,509,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">carneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<tableCitation id="55420379FFB86F758F173045FD6EF8E4" box="[568,651,1844,1869]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="36.[147,220,577,596]" captionText="TABLE 3. Measurements, morphometric percentages and morphometric ratios of all valid species within Schistorchis sensu stricto Lühe, 1906." pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Table 3</tableCitation>
). Finally, while
<taxonomicName id="DFC04D41FFB86F758E6D3044FC52F8E4" authorityName="Luhe" authorityYear="1906" box="[834,951,1845,1868]" class="Trematoda" family="Apocreadiidae" genus="Schistorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="carneus">
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFB86F758E6D3044FC52F8E4" box="[834,951,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">S. carneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
parasitizes
<taxonomicName id="DFC04D41FFB86F7589153045FB7BF8E5" authorityName="Mueller" authorityYear="1841" box="[1082,1182,1844,1869]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Tetraodontidae" genus="Arothron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraodontiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFB86F7589153045FB7BF8E5" box="[1082,1182,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Arothron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. (
<taxonomicName id="DFC04D41FFB86F7589CB3045FA85F8E5" baseAuthorityName="Anonymous" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[1252,1376,1844,1869]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Tetraodontidae" genus="Arothron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraodontiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stellatus">
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFB86F7589CB3045FB10F8E3" box="[1252,1269,1844,1867]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFB86F75882C3045FA85F8E5" box="[1283,1376,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">stellatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&amp;
<taxonomicName id="DFC04D41FFB86F7588AB3045FF11F8D8" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Actinopterygii" family="Tetraodontidae" genus="Arothron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraodontiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hispidus">
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFB86F7588AB3045FA70F8E3" box="[1412,1429,1844,1867]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFB86F758DB83026FF11F8D8" box="[151,244,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">hispidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), the geographic localities between previous and current studies of this digenean are considerably distant (off
<collectingCountry id="60D77652FFB86F758DE6300DFEDCF83D" box="[201,313,1916,1941]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="60D77652FFB86F758C5C300DFE3FF83D" box="[371,474,1916,1941]" name="Australia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Australia</collectingCountry>
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFB86F758CCC300CFE1FF83C" box="[483,506,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">vs</emphasis>
off the coast of
<collectingCountry id="60D77652FFB86F758F94300CFD1BF83D" box="[699,766,1917,1941]" name="Egypt" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Egypt</collectingCountry>
in the
<collectingRegion id="DA04F820FFB86F758E7E300DFC51F83C" box="[849,948,1916,1941]" country="Egypt" name="Al Bahr al Ahmar" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Red Sea</collectingRegion>
). We attribute these minor differences to a combination of intraspecific variability (e.g. we noted that the anterior extent of the vitellarium in previous descriptions of
<taxonomicName id="DFC04D41FFB86F758C7E30B4FE23F874" authorityName="Luhe" authorityYear="1906" box="[337,454,1989,2012]" class="Trematoda" family="Apocreadiidae" genus="Schistorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="carneus">
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFB86F758C7E30B4FE23F874" box="[337,454,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">S. carneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was highly variable; there is overlap in egg lengths) and possible variation in the quantity of sperm within the seminal vesicle (i.e. the overall arrangement of the ovary and seminal vesicle is the same between our material and earlier descriptions of
<taxonomicName id="DFC04D41FF866F4B8FD037CCFC90FF7C" authorityName="Luhe" authorityYear="1906" box="[767,885,189,212]" class="Trematoda" family="Apocreadiidae" genus="Schistorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="carneus">
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FF866F4B8FD037CCFC90FF7C" box="[767,885,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">S. carneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
relative to the uterus, including the orientation - either dextral or sinistral of midline). Furthermore, if a host species (
<taxonomicName id="DFC04D41FF866F4B8EB03791FBF9FF50" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[927,1052,223,248]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Tetraodontidae" genus="Arothron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraodontiformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hispidus">
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FF866F4B8EB03791FBF9FF50" box="[927,1052,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">A. hispidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) can occur very widely—and this one does (see
<bibRefCitation id="7C514B33FF866F4B8C103674FDD2FEB5" author="Froese, R. &amp; Pauly, D." box="[319,567,260,285]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refId="ref33814" refString="Froese, R. &amp; Pauly, D. (Eds.) (2017) FishBase. Version 06 / 2017. Available from: http: // www. fishbase. org (accessed 4 September 2017)" type="url" year="2017">Froese &amp; Pauly 2017</bibRefCitation>
)—why not their parasites? Indeed, it is believed that we do not yet really understand the distribution of trematode species in the Indo-Pacific (Dr. Tom Cribb, Univ. of Queensland—pers. comm.).
</paragraph>
<caption id="4CBF664AFFB96F748DB83189FC28F84D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769315" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3769315" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769315/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" startId="31.[151,264,1784,1806]" targetBox="[266,1289,215,1737]" targetPageId="31">
<paragraph id="187F36C2FFB96F748DB83189FC28F84D" blockId="31.[151,1436,1784,2021]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFB96F748DB83189FEB3F8A6" bold="true" box="[151,342,1784,1806]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">FIGURES 15–18.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="DFC04D41FFB96F748C723189FD4AF8A6" authority="Luhe, 1906" authorityName="Luhe" authorityYear="1906" box="[349,687,1784,1807]" class="Trematoda" family="Apocreadiidae" genus="Schistorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="carneus">
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFB96F748C723189FDD5F8A7" box="[349,560,1784,1807]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Schistorchis carneus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7C514B33FFB96F748F163189FD4AF8A6" author="Luhe, M. F. L." box="[569,687,1784,1806]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="97 - 108" refId="ref34488" refString="Luhe, M. F. L. (1906) Report on the trematode parasites from the marine fishes of Ceylon. The Royal Society Report on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries, 5, 97 - 108." type="journal article" year="1906">Lühe, 1906</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="DFC04D41FFB96F748F913189FCA1F8A6" authorityName="Manter" authorityYear="1934" box="[702,836,1784,1806]" class="Trematoda" family="Megaperidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="family">Megaperidae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFB96F748E633189FC4FF8A6" bold="true" box="[844,938,1784,1806]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">n. comb.</emphasis>
:
<taxonomicName id="DFC04D41FFB96F748E963189FBB2F8A6" authorityName="Yamaguti" authorityYear="1942" box="[953,1111,1784,1806]" class="Trematoda" family="Apocreadiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Schistorchiinae">Schistorchiinae</taxonomicName>
) from the white-spotted puffer,
<taxonomicName id="DFC04D41FFB96F748DB83066FD93F885" authority="(Linnaeus)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[151,630,1815,1837]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Tetraodontidae" genus="Arothron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraodontiformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hispidus">
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFB96F748DB83066FEAAF885" box="[151,335,1815,1837]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Arothron hispidus</emphasis>
(Linnaeus) (Tetraodontidae)
</taxonomicName>
, from the Red Sea off Egypt.
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFB96F748E813066FC28F885" bold="true" box="[942,973,1815,1837]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">15.</emphasis>
Composite of whole adult specimen, ventral view.
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFB96F748DF63047FF1DF8E4" bold="true" box="[217,248,1846,1868]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">16.</emphasis>
Composite of terminal genitalia, ventral view.
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFB96F748FD13047FCFBF8E4" bold="true" box="[766,798,1846,1868]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">17.</emphasis>
Composite of proximal female complex, ventral view.
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFB96F7488533047FA79F8E4" bold="true" box="[1404,1436,1846,1868]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">18.</emphasis>
Hindbody revealing anterior extent of excretory vesicle and termination of caeca, ventral view.
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FFB96F7489473025FB10F8C2" box="[1128,1269,1876,1898]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Abbreviations</emphasis>
: An, Anus; EA, Excretory arm/duct; Eg, Eggs; EP, Excretory pore; EV, Excretory vesicle; GP, Genital pore; LIC, Left intestinal cecum; Me, Metraterm; MG, Mehlis’ gland; OD, Ovarian duct; Oo, Oötype; OS, Oral sucker; Ov, Ovary; PC, Prostatic cells; Ph, Pharynx; PP, Pars prostatica; RIC, Right intestinal cecum; SR, Seminal receptacle; SV, Seminal vesicle; Te, Testes; Ut, Uterus; VD, Vitelline duct; VF, Vitelline follicles; VR, Vitelline reservoir; VS, Ventral sucker.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="187F36C2FF866F4B8DE8361EFABBFE78" blockId="32.[151,1437,151,464]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
With the re-description of
<taxonomicName id="DFC04D41FF866F4B8CD13601FD92FE20" authorityName="Luhe" authorityYear="1906" box="[510,631,368,392]" class="Trematoda" family="Apocreadiidae" genus="Schistorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="carneus">
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FF866F4B8CD13601FDE9FE2F" box="[510,524,368,391]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FF866F4B8F313600FD92FE20" box="[542,631,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">carneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
herein as well as the detailed comparisons of our material to earlier descriptions of this and other species of
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FF866F4B8F5836E5FC79FE04" box="[631,924,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicName id="DFC04D41FF866F4B8F5836E5FD1AFE05" authorityName="Luhe" authorityYear="1906" box="[631,767,404,429]" class="Trematoda" family="Apocreadiidae" genus="Schistorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Schistorchis</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="318757ABFF866F4B8E2436E4FC79FE04" box="[779,924,405,428]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(
<tableCitation id="55420379FF866F4B8E8136E5FBEDFE04" box="[942,1032,404,429]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="36.[147,220,577,596]" captionText="TABLE 3. Measurements, morphometric percentages and morphometric ratios of all valid species within Schistorchis sensu stricto Lühe, 1906." pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Table 3</tableCitation>
), we can now provide an updated generic diagnosis for
<emphasis id="2AB4EAD0FF866F4B8CA636C6FD41FE78" box="[393,676,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicName id="DFC04D41FF866F4B8CA636C6FDF4FE78" authorityName="Luhe" authorityYear="1906" box="[393,529,439,464]" class="Trematoda" family="Apocreadiidae" genus="Schistorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Schistorchis</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="318757ABFF866F4B8F3836C8FD41FE78" box="[535,676,441,464]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
and offer a key to the four species we recognize in this genus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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