371 lines
54 KiB
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371 lines
54 KiB
XML
<document id="4699A04B8D3E5285C9F16CFC84D41B9D" ID-DOI="10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.05.021" ID-ISSN="1873-3700" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10483857" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="julia" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="julia" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="julia" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="julia" IM.treatments_approvedBy="julia" checkinTime="1704937771553" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Lavola, Anu, Maukonen, Merja & Julkunen-Tiitto, Riitta" docDate="2018" docId="84204706107CFFCF16017332FF759649" docLanguage="en" docName="Phytochemistry.153.102-110.pdf" docOrigin="Phytochemistry 153" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.05.021" docStyle="DocumentStyle:9E596C34F4E94307D29315B03ACE1007.6:Phytochemistry.2014-2019.journal_article" docStyleId="9E596C34F4E94307D29315B03ACE1007" docStyleName="Phytochemistry.2014-2019.journal_article" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Salix pyrolifolia" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="103" masterDocId="78193F7E107DFFCD1665775DFFAA932A" masterDocTitle="Variability in the composition of phenolic compounds in winter-dormant Salix pyrolifolia in relation to plant part and age" masterLastPageNumber="110" masterPageNumber="102" pageNumber="103" updateTime="1705612527897" updateUser="julia">
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<mods:titleInfo id="E244207D52570E7AF0F895EB4F44D5B9">
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<mods:title id="CF5AB103B90278B26B05EBF46D44E955">Variability in the composition of phenolic compounds in winter-dormant Salix pyrolifolia in relation to plant part and age</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F54D4327E374743FA3EE77C899381301">Lavola, Anu</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="9DA870EACF9C460F3A852502A2F7BA3A">∗ & Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Natural Product Research Laboratories, University of Eastern Finland (UEF), P. O. Box 111 FI- 80101 Joensuu, Finland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="CDFAE580157BE135BB079F6B4BA9968D">Maukonen, Merja</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="A071619F856221D9D4A0B80BE1BD608C" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="1D8F624EE47DD7B6164BAE32604A9A01">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="6D7EFE8076F68D2841991934EE4B789C">Julkunen-Tiitto, Riitta</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="73B5694DE653D681CA90F01170475759">Phytochemistry</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="62868187C43DB2BA3BA236A8643733C2">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="54B356C2CB8762FDF3B39874E58C7394">2018-09-30</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="08EA7E4353B62FA16FADC954DD41DDB0">153</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="CD76C213B90FCC0173B07BF3896990A5" type="DOI">10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.05.021</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="84204706107CFFCF16017332FF759649" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:84204706107CFFCF16017332FF759649" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/84204706107CFFCF16017332FF759649" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">
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<subSubSection id="4493A59B107CFFCC16017332FD9797A8" box="[100,573,1135,1154]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="0C36F610107CFFCC16017332FD9797A8" blockId="1.[100,573,1135,1154]" box="[100,573,1135,1154]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">
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<heading id="577E417C107CFFCC16017332FD9797A8" bold="true" box="[100,573,1135,1154]" fontSize="36" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC16017332FD9797A8" bold="true" box="[100,573,1135,1154]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">
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2.1. Phytochemicals in winter-dormant
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<taxonomicName id="CB898D93107CFFCC17AF7332FD9797A8" ID-CoL="6XDSX" authority="Ledeb." box="[458,573,1135,1154]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pyrolifolia">S. pyrolifolia</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="4493A59B107CFFCF16E373F5FF759649" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="104" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" type="description">
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<paragraph id="0C36F610107CFFCC16E373F5FE449523" blockId="1.[100,770,1191,1992]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">
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In this study, the main phenolic compounds of clonal
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<taxonomicName id="CB898D93107CFFCC14EB73FAFCA89790" box="[654,770,1191,1210]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pyrolifolia">
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<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC14EB73FAFCA89790" bold="true" box="[654,770,1191,1210]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">S. pyrolifolia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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tree were analysed from the different plant parts of winter-dormant twigs. The phenolic profile of the twigs was mainly composed of the salicylate glucosides and other
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<taxonomicName id="CB898D93107CFFCC17FE73A6FE629624" box="[411,456,1275,1294]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC17FE73A6FE629624" bold="true" box="[411,456,1275,1294]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">Salix</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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-specific, simple phenolic glucosides but also, several
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<typeStatus id="D33248B2107CFFCC175C724AFEC09600" box="[313,362,1303,1322]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">types</typeStatus>
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of flavonoid glycosides and phenolic acids were detected (
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<tableCitation id="410BC3AB107CFFCC1698726EFEEC966C" box="[253,326,1331,1350]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[100,150,161,178]" captionTargetBox="[116,1437,251,1089]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1 Retention times, UV-absorption maxima by HPLC-DAD, molecular formula, mass of compounds, and accuracy (ppm) as tentatively identificated by UHPLC-QTOFMS. (t= retention time;1) Na+ -adduct = 23.98977,2) H+ -adduct = 1.00783;3)Not enough ions detected; n.d. = not detected). R" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">Table 1</tableCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="94B2EA95107CFFCC1733726EFE25966C" box="[342,399,1331,1350]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[196,226,1662,1679]" captionTargetBox="[227,1361,152,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-195@3.[227,1361,152,1639]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 1. Structures of the individual compound types in winter-dormant S. pyrolifolia twigs (Glc = glucose, HCH = hydroxycyclohexenone)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10483859" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10483859/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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). These low molecular-weight (LMW) compounds comprised about 20% of the dry weight in twigs (
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<figureCitation id="94B2EA95107CFFCC14C37212FD719648" box="[678,731,1359,1378]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[100,130,1277,1294]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,152,1214]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. Combined amounts (mg g −1 dry wt ± s.e.) of salicylate glucosides (A), simple phenolic glucosides (B), flavonoid glycosides (C), phenolic acids (D), condensed tannins (E) and the total of all the low molecular-weight (LMW) phenolic compounds (F) in winter-dormant plant parts of 1-, 3- and 20-year-old trees. Concentrations in current-year growth and in previous-year growth are expressed by solid and striped bars, respectively. Different letters (a–d) express the statistically significant differences due to age (p <0.05) within the plant part." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10483861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10483861/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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). In addition, all the plant parts contained high molecular-weight condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins), which comprised about 10% of the dry wt in twigs (
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<figureCitation id="94B2EA95107CFFCC176D72FEFEEA969C" box="[264,320,1443,1462]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[100,130,1277,1294]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,152,1214]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. Combined amounts (mg g −1 dry wt ± s.e.) of salicylate glucosides (A), simple phenolic glucosides (B), flavonoid glycosides (C), phenolic acids (D), condensed tannins (E) and the total of all the low molecular-weight (LMW) phenolic compounds (F) in winter-dormant plant parts of 1-, 3- and 20-year-old trees. Concentrations in current-year growth and in previous-year growth are expressed by solid and striped bars, respectively. Different letters (a–d) express the statistically significant differences due to age (p <0.05) within the plant part." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10483861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10483861/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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). This high content of phytochemicals may be suggested to be partly attributable to the high resistance that
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<taxonomicName id="CB898D93107CFFCC14A172E3FF0896C7" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pyrolifolia">
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<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC14A172E3FF0896C7" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">S. pyrolifolia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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shows to microbes and herbivores (e.g. Boeckler et al., 2011; Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto, pers. observation).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0C36F610107CFFCC16E0714FFB29925C" blockId="1.[100,770,1191,1992]" lastBlockId="1.[818,1488,159,1992]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">
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Salicylates (salicinoids), the derivatives of salicyl alcohol with β- Dglucopyranose moieties, as well as some other simple glucosides derived from cinnamic acid, are typical compounds for
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<taxonomicName id="CB898D93107CFFCC140F7114FD429577" box="[618,744,1609,1629]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC140F7114FD3D9576" bold="true" box="[618,663,1609,1628]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">Salix</emphasis>
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species.
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</taxonomicName>
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In here, the winter-dormant twigs of
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<taxonomicName id="CB898D93107CFFCC17C87138FD8A9552" box="[429,544,1637,1656]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pyrolifolia">
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<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC17C87138FD8A9552" bold="true" box="[429,544,1637,1656]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">S. pyrolifolia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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were composed of four different
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<typeStatus id="D33248B2107CFFCC16A571DFFF5B95BF" box="[192,241,1666,1685]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">types</typeStatus>
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of salicylate glucosides: salicin, HCH-derivative (hydroxycyclohexenone) of salicin, salicortin and disalicortin (
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<tableCitation id="410BC3AB107CFFCC14CF71C3FD5E959B" box="[682,756,1694,1713]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[100,150,161,178]" captionTargetBox="[116,1437,251,1089]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1 Retention times, UV-absorption maxima by HPLC-DAD, molecular formula, mass of compounds, and accuracy (ppm) as tentatively identificated by UHPLC-QTOFMS. (t= retention time;1) Na+ -adduct = 23.98977,2) H+ -adduct = 1.00783;3)Not enough ions detected; n.d. = not detected). R" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">Table 1</tableCitation>
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). Salicin (glucoside of salicyl alcohol) is the most widespread and simplest glucoside in
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<taxonomicName id="CB898D93107CFFCC176B7188FE2E95C2" box="[270,388,1749,1768]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">
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<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC176B7188FE9195C2" bold="true" box="[270,315,1749,1768]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">Salix</emphasis>
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species
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</taxonomicName>
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, which is detected in fairly low amounts in leaf tissues but may occur in quantities in bark (Heiska et al., 2007;
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<bibRefCitation id="68188BE1107CFFCC16017050FEEB940A" author="Julkunen-Tiitto, R." box="[100,321,1805,1824]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" pagination="2115 - 2125" refId="ref9725" refString="Julkunen-Tiitto, R., 1989 a. Phenolic constituents of Salix: a chemotaxonomic survey of further Finnish species. Phytochemistry 28, 2115 - 2125." type="journal article" year="1989">Julkunen-Tiitto, 1989a</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="68188BE1107CFFCC17357050FE2A940A" author="Julkunen-Tiitto, R." box="[336,384,1805,1824]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" pagination="663 - 667" refId="ref9699" refString="Julkunen-Tiitto, R., 1986. A chemotaxonomic survey of phenolics in leaves of northern Salicaceae species. Phytochemistry 25, 663 - 667." type="journal article" year="1986">1986</bibRefCitation>
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; Pob
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<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC17D17050FE10940A" bold="true" box="[436,442,1805,1824]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">ł</emphasis>
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ocka-Olech et al., 2007), in buds (
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<bibRefCitation id="68188BE1107CFFCC16097074FEED9416" author="Julkunen-Tiitto, R." box="[108,327,1833,1852]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" pagination="2115 - 2125" refId="ref9725" refString="Julkunen-Tiitto, R., 1989 a. Phenolic constituents of Salix: a chemotaxonomic survey of further Finnish species. Phytochemistry 28, 2115 - 2125." type="journal article" year="1989">Julkunen-Tiitto, 1989a</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="68188BE1107CFFCC17307074FD809416" author="Sivadasan, U. & Randriamanana, T. & Julkunen-Tiitto, R. & Nybakken, L." box="[341,554,1833,1852]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" pagination="66 - 73" refId="ref11083" refString="Sivadasan, U., Randriamanana, T., Julkunen-Tiitto, R., Nybakken, L., 2015. The vegetative buds of Salix myrsinifolia are responsive to elevated UV-B and temperature. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 93, 66 - 73." type="journal article" year="2015">Sivadasan et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
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) and also, is found in seeds (
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<bibRefCitation id="68188BE1107CFFCC16C37018FE179472" author="Randriamanana, T. R. & Nissinen, K. & Moilanen, J. & Nybakken, L. & Julkunen-Tiitto, R." box="[166,445,1861,1880]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" pagination="296 - 305" refId="ref10989" refString="Randriamanana, T. R., Nissinen, K., Moilanen, J., Nybakken, L., Julkunen-Tiitto, R., 2015 b. Long-term UV-B and temperature enhancements suggest that females of Salix myrsinifolia plants are more tolerant to UV-B than males. Environ. Exp. Bot. 109, 296 - 305." type="journal article" year="2015">Randriamanana et al., 2015b</bibRefCitation>
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). Additionally, most
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<taxonomicName id="CB898D93107CFFCC14EE7019FCA89472" box="[651,770,1860,1880]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">
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<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC14EE7019FD12947D" bold="true" box="[651,696,1860,1879]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">Salix</emphasis>
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species
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</taxonomicName>
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contain high amounts of salicortin, the HCH-ester of salicin, while only a few species are rich in its derivatives, acetylsalicortin or tremulacin (e.g. Boeckler et al., 2011;
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<bibRefCitation id="68188BE1107CFFCC170070C4FDA59486" author="Meier, B. & Julkunen-Tiitto, R. & Tahvanainen, J. & Sticher, O." box="[357,527,1945,1964]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" pagination="175 - 186" refId="ref10265" refString="Meier, B., Julkunen-Tiitto, R., Tahvanainen, J., Sticher, O., 1988. Comparative highperformance liquid and gas-liquid chromatographic determination of phenolic glucosides in Salicaceae species. J. Chromatogr. 442, 175 - 186." type="journal article" year="1988">Meier et al., 1988</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
|
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<bibRefCitation id="68188BE1107CFFCC147E70C4FD5E9486" author="Julkunen-Tiitto, R." box="[539,756,1945,1964]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" pagination="2115 - 2125" refId="ref9725" refString="Julkunen-Tiitto, R., 1989 a. Phenolic constituents of Salix: a chemotaxonomic survey of further Finnish species. Phytochemistry 28, 2115 - 2125." type="journal article" year="1989">Julkunen-Tiitto, 1989a</bibRefCitation>
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||
). In winter-dormant
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<taxonomicName id="CB898D93107CFFCC174F70E9FE0F94ED" box="[298,421,1972,1991]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pyrolifolia">
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<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC174F70E9FE0F94ED" bold="true" box="[298,421,1972,1991]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">S. pyrolifolia</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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, salicortin is the most abundant individual compound, and especially in bark, its concentration is extremely high, comprising over 10% of the dry wt (
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<tableCitation id="410BC3AB107CFFCC134177E6FAC693E4" box="[1316,1388,187,206]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="5.[100,150,546,563]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 2 Concentrations (mg g−1 dry wt ± s.e.) of phytochemicals in the vegetative buds and bark of winter-dormant S. pyrolifolia in the current-year and previous-year growth of 1-, 3- and 20-year-old trees. Different letters (a – c) express the statistically significant differences (p <0.05) due to age within the plant part. (* = overlap with quercetin glycosides)." pageId="1" pageNumber="103">Table 2</tableCitation>
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). Another HCH-derivative of salicin with the UV-spectrum similar to salicortin but much longer retention time, and which molecular structure is suggested to consist of salicin with the HCH moiety attached to glucose (
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<figureCitation id="94B2EA95107CFFCC13F57652FA6D9208" box="[1424,1479,271,290]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[196,226,1662,1679]" captionTargetBox="[227,1361,152,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-195@3.[227,1361,152,1639]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 1. Structures of the individual compound types in winter-dormant S. pyrolifolia twigs (Glc = glucose, HCH = hydroxycyclohexenone)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10483859" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10483859/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
) due to the accurate molecular mass of salicin + HCH based on the QTOF-analysis, is preliminary characterised here for the first time from the twigs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CB898D93107CFFCC15CC763FFBB5925C" box="[937,1055,354,374]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">
|
||
<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC15CC763FFC7C925F" bold="true" box="[937,982,354,373]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">Salix</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="410BC3AB107CFFCC124B763EFBDF925C" box="[1070,1141,355,374]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[100,150,161,178]" captionTargetBox="[116,1437,251,1089]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1 Retention times, UV-absorption maxima by HPLC-DAD, molecular formula, mass of compounds, and accuracy (ppm) as tentatively identificated by UHPLC-QTOFMS. (t= retention time;1) Na+ -adduct = 23.98977,2) H+ -adduct = 1.00783;3)Not enough ions detected; n.d. = not detected). R" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0C36F610107CFFCC15367622FB7090F1" blockId="1.[818,1488,159,1992]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">
|
||
The non-salicylate-based, simple phenolic glucosides in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CB898D93107CFFCC13387623FA6592BB" box="[1373,1487,382,401]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pyrolifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC13387623FA6592BB" bold="true" box="[1373,1487,382,401]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">S. pyrolifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were salireposide, triandrin (the glucoside of coumaroyl alcohol), picein (
|
||
<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC150A76EBFCD392E3" bold="true" box="[879,889,438,457]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">p</emphasis>
|
||
-hydroxyacetophenone glucoside) and its derivative. These compounds are generally regarded as the twig-specific components of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CB898D93107CFFCC155776B0FC06912B" box="[818,940,493,513]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">
|
||
<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC155776B0FCF5912A" bold="true" box="[818,863,493,512]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">Salix</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="68188BE1107CFFCC158976B3FB60912B" author="Julkunen-Tiitto, R." box="[1004,1226,494,513]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" pagination="2115 - 2125" refId="ref9725" refString="Julkunen-Tiitto, R., 1989 a. Phenolic constituents of Salix: a chemotaxonomic survey of further Finnish species. Phytochemistry 28, 2115 - 2125." type="journal article" year="1989">Julkunen-Tiitto, 1989a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="68188BE1107CFFCC12BE76B3FA38912B" author="Meier, B. & Julkunen-Tiitto, R. & Tahvanainen, J. & Sticher, O." box="[1243,1426,494,513]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" pagination="175 - 186" refId="ref10265" refString="Meier, B., Julkunen-Tiitto, R., Tahvanainen, J., Sticher, O., 1988. Comparative highperformance liquid and gas-liquid chromatographic determination of phenolic glucosides in Salicaceae species. J. Chromatogr. 442, 175 - 186." type="journal article" year="1988">Meier et al., 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The concentrations of both picein and triandrin fluctuated among the sampled twigs and in some samples, triandrin was found only in trace quantities (
|
||
<tableCitation id="410BC3AB107CFFCC15C5751FFC59917F" box="[928,1011,578,597]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="5.[100,150,546,563]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 2 Concentrations (mg g−1 dry wt ± s.e.) of phytochemicals in the vegetative buds and bark of winter-dormant S. pyrolifolia in the current-year and previous-year growth of 1-, 3- and 20-year-old trees. Different letters (a – c) express the statistically significant differences (p <0.05) due to age within the plant part. (* = overlap with quercetin glycosides)." pageId="1" pageNumber="103">Tables 2</tableCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<tableCitation id="410BC3AB107CFFCC124F751FFB9C917F" box="[1066,1078,578,597]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="6.[100,150,161,178]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 3 Concentrations (mg g−1 dry wt ± s.e.) of phytochemicals in the wood of winter-dormant S. pyrolifolia in the current-year and previous-year growth of 1-. 3- and 20- year-old trees. Different letters (a – c) express the statistically significant differences (p <0.05) in the amount of a compound due to age." pageId="1" pageNumber="103">3</tableCitation>
|
||
). The high within-species and intra-plant variation in the concentrations of these simple phenolic glucosides is a commonly reported phenomenon in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CB898D93107CFFCC12FD7524FABB91A7" box="[1176,1297,633,653]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">
|
||
<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC12FD7524FB6F91A6" bold="true" box="[1176,1221,633,652]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">Salix</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g. Heiska et al., 2007; Ikonen, 2002;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="68188BE1107CFFCC159F75CBFB7E9183" author="Julkunen-Tiitto, R." box="[1018,1236,662,681]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" refId="ref9753" refString="Julkunen-Tiitto, R., 1989 b. Distribution of Certain Phenolics in Salix Species (Salicaceae), vol. 15 University of Joensuu, Publications in Sciences 29 p." type="book" year="1989">Julkunen-Tiitto, 1989b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="68188BE1107CFFCC128775CBFC0E91EE" author="Nybakken, L. & Julkunen-Tiitto, R." pageId="1" pageNumber="103" pagination="465 - 476" refId="ref10416" refString="Nybakken, L., Julkunen-Tiitto, R., 2013. Gender differences in Salix myrsinifolia at the pre-reproductive stage are little affected by simulated climatic change. Physiol. Plantarum 147, 465 - 476." type="journal article" year="2013">Nybakken and Julkunen-Tiitto, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="68188BE1107CFFCC15D775ECFB5391EE" author="Nyman, T. & Julkunen-Tiitto, R." box="[946,1273,689,708]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" pagination="2836 - 2843" refId="ref10542" refString="Nyman, T., Julkunen-Tiitto, R., 2005. Chemical variation within and among six northern willow species. Phytochemistry 66, 2836 - 2843." type="journal article" year="2005">Nyman and Julkunen-Tiitto, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="68188BE1107CFFCC136D75ECFA6B91EE" author="Sulima, P. & Krauze-Baranowska, M. & Przyborowski, J. A." box="[1288,1473,689,708]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" pagination="118 - 125" refId="ref11169" refString="Sulima, P., Krauze-Baranowska, M., Przyborowski, J. A., 2017. Variations in the chemical composition and content of salicylic glycosides in the bark of Salix purpurea from natural locations and their significance for breeding. Filoterapia 118, 118 - 125." type="journal article" year="2017">Sulima et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). For the most part, the composition of both salicylate glucosides and simple phenolic glucosides in this study was in accordance with previous analyses from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CB898D93107CFFCC12617458FBD7903D" box="[1028,1149,772,792]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pyrolifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC12617458FBD7903D" bold="true" box="[1028,1149,772,792]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">S. pyrolifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="68188BE1107CFFCC12F77458FADA9032" author="Julkunen-Tiitto, R." box="[1170,1392,773,792]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" pagination="2115 - 2125" refId="ref9725" refString="Julkunen-Tiitto, R., 1989 a. Phenolic constituents of Salix: a chemotaxonomic survey of further Finnish species. Phytochemistry 28, 2115 - 2125." type="journal article" year="1989">Julkunen-Tiitto, 1989a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,b). Here, however, we did not find acetylsalicin (fragilin) or acetylsalicortin in the samples, but on the other hand, we identified the HCH-derivative of salicin, disalicortin, triandrin and salireposide as new components in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CB898D93107CFFCC13DB7405FC2790AD" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pyrolifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC13DB7405FC2790AD" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">S. pyrolifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
twigs. Salireposide has so far been detected in only a few
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CB898D93107CFFCC155774CDFC049089" box="[818,942,912,931]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">
|
||
<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC155774CDFCF59089" bold="true" box="[818,863,912,931]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">Salix</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC15DE74CDFA929089" bold="true" box="[955,1336,912,931]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CB898D93107CFFCC15DE74CDFBEB9089" box="[955,1089,912,931]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myrsinifolia">S. myrsinifolia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CB898D93107CFFCC123574CDFB179089" box="[1104,1213,912,931]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="petiolaris">S. petiolaris</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CB898D93107CFFCC12A974CDFA929089" box="[1228,1336,912,931]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpurea">S. purpurea</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CB898D93107CFFCC130A74CDFCDA9095" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rosmarinifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC130A74CDFCDA9095" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">S. rosmarinifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g. Boeckler et al., 2011;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="68188BE1107CFFCC121D74F1FAFA9095" author="Julkunen-Tiitto, R." box="[1144,1360,940,959]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" pagination="2115 - 2125" refId="ref9725" refString="Julkunen-Tiitto, R., 1989 a. Phenolic constituents of Salix: a chemotaxonomic survey of further Finnish species. Phytochemistry 28, 2115 - 2125." type="journal article" year="1989">Julkunen-Tiitto, 1989a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="68188BE1107CFFCC133874F1FCC890F1" author="Meier, B. & Julkunen-Tiitto, R. & Tahvanainen, J. & Sticher, O." pageId="1" pageNumber="103" pagination="175 - 186" refId="ref10265" refString="Meier, B., Julkunen-Tiitto, R., Tahvanainen, J., Sticher, O., 1988. Comparative highperformance liquid and gas-liquid chromatographic determination of phenolic glucosides in Salicaceae species. J. Chromatogr. 442, 175 - 186." type="journal article" year="1988">Meier et al., 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="68188BE1107CFFCC150A7495FB6690F1" author="Nybakken, L. & Julkunen-Tiitto, R." box="[879,1228,968,987]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" pagination="465 - 476" refId="ref10416" refString="Nybakken, L., Julkunen-Tiitto, R., 2013. Gender differences in Salix myrsinifolia at the pre-reproductive stage are little affected by simulated climatic change. Physiol. Plantarum 147, 465 - 476." type="journal article" year="2013">Nybakken and Julkunen-Tiitto, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0C36F610107CFFCC153674B9FB8C966C" blockId="1.[818,1488,159,1992]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">
|
||
The flavonoid composition among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CB898D93107CFFCC12F274B9FAA190DD" box="[1175,1291,996,1015]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">
|
||
<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC12F274B9FB6E90DD" bold="true" box="[1175,1220,996,1015]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">Salix</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is found to be varied and anthocyanins, flavonols, flavones, flavanones and chalcones are the different groups of flavonoids determined in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CB898D93107CFFCC13507346FAC89704" box="[1333,1378,1051,1070]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC13507346FAC89704" bold="true" box="[1333,1378,1051,1070]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">Salix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g. Bridle et al., 1970;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="68188BE1107CFFCC15D07365FB149761" author="Jarrett, J. M. & Williams, A. H." box="[949,1214,1080,1099]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" pagination="1585 - 1586" refId="ref9669" refString="Jarrett, J. M., Williams, A. H., 1967. The flavonoid glycosides in Salix purpurea. Phytochemistry 6, 1585 - 1586." type="journal article" year="1967">Jarrett and Williams, 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="68188BE1107CFFCC12AB7365FCC8974D" author="Julkunen-Tiitto, R. & Sorsa, S." pageId="1" pageNumber="103" pagination="779 - 789" refId="ref9785" refString="Julkunen-Tiitto, R., Sorsa, S., 2001. Testing the effects of drying methods on willow flavonoids, tannins, and salicylates. J. Chem. Ecol. 27, 779 - 789." type="journal article" year="2001">Julkunen-Tiitto and Sorsa, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="68188BE1107CFFCC15177309FB01974D" author="Krauze-Baranowska, M. & Glod, D. & Wiwart, M. & Migas, P." box="[882,1195,1108,1127]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" pagination="27 - 34" refId="ref9935" refString="Krauze-Baranowska, M., Pob l ocka-Olech, L., Glod, D., Wiwart, M., Zieli n ski, J., Migas, P., 2013. HPLC of flavanones and chalcones in different species and clones of Salix. Acta Pol. Pharmaceut. Drug Res. 70, 27 - 34." type="journal article" year="2013">Krauze-Baranowska et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="68188BE1107CFFCC12D97309FCC897A9" author="Nyman, T. & Julkunen-Tiitto, R." pageId="1" pageNumber="103" pagination="13184 - 13187" refId="ref10499" refString="Nyman, T., Julkunen-Tiitto, R., 2000. Manipulation of the phenolic chemistry of willows by gall-inducing sawflies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97, 13184 - 13187." type="journal article" year="2000">Nyman and Julkunen-Tiitto, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="68188BE1107CFFCC1508732DFC3797A9" author="Nyman, T. & Julkunen-Tiitto, R." box="[877,925,1136,1155]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" pagination="2836 - 2843" refId="ref10542" refString="Nyman, T., Julkunen-Tiitto, R., 2005. Chemical variation within and among six northern willow species. Phytochemistry 66, 2836 - 2843." type="journal article" year="2005">2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In winter-dormant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CB898D93107CFFCC12077332FB7E97A8" box="[1122,1236,1135,1154]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pyrolifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC12077332FB7E97A8" bold="true" box="[1122,1236,1135,1154]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">S. pyrolifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
twigs, the flavonoids were mainly composed of different derivatives of naringenin (flavanones) and isosalipurposide (phloridzin, chalcone 2′-
|
||
<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC12BE73FAFB409790" bold="true" box="[1243,1258,1191,1210]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">O</emphasis>
|
||
-glucoside), but also, the derivatives of quercetin and kaempferol (flavonols), the derivatives of luteolin (flavone), a dihydroflavonol ampelopsin, and a flavan-3-ol catechin were identified (
|
||
<tableCitation id="410BC3AB107CFFCC124273A6FBC59624" box="[1063,1135,1275,1294]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[100,150,161,178]" captionTargetBox="[116,1437,251,1089]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1 Retention times, UV-absorption maxima by HPLC-DAD, molecular formula, mass of compounds, and accuracy (ppm) as tentatively identificated by UHPLC-QTOFMS. (t= retention time;1) Na+ -adduct = 23.98977,2) H+ -adduct = 1.00783;3)Not enough ions detected; n.d. = not detected). R" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). Two new isosalipurposide methoxyderivatives (monomethyl- and dimethylisosalipurposide) were also identified in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CB898D93107CFFCC15C8726EFB8A966F" box="[941,1056,1330,1350]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pyrolifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC15C8726EFB8A966F" bold="true" box="[941,1056,1330,1350]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">S. pyrolifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0C36F610107CFFCC15367212FAC095C2" blockId="1.[818,1488,159,1992]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">
|
||
Generally, the concentration of flavonoids in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CB898D93107CFFCC13697212FA2B964B" box="[1292,1409,1358,1378]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pyrolifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC13697212FA2B964B" bold="true" box="[1292,1409,1358,1378]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">S. pyrolifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was relatively high (
|
||
<figureCitation id="94B2EA95107CFFCC15D37236FC419654" box="[950,1003,1387,1406]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[100,130,1277,1294]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,152,1214]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. Combined amounts (mg g −1 dry wt ± s.e.) of salicylate glucosides (A), simple phenolic glucosides (B), flavonoid glycosides (C), phenolic acids (D), condensed tannins (E) and the total of all the low molecular-weight (LMW) phenolic compounds (F) in winter-dormant plant parts of 1-, 3- and 20-year-old trees. Concentrations in current-year growth and in previous-year growth are expressed by solid and striped bars, respectively. Different letters (a–d) express the statistically significant differences due to age (p <0.05) within the plant part." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10483861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10483861/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation id="410BC3AB107CFFCC15927236FB979654" box="[1015,1085,1387,1406]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="5.[100,150,546,563]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 2 Concentrations (mg g−1 dry wt ± s.e.) of phytochemicals in the vegetative buds and bark of winter-dormant S. pyrolifolia in the current-year and previous-year growth of 1-, 3- and 20-year-old trees. Different letters (a – c) express the statistically significant differences (p <0.05) due to age within the plant part. (* = overlap with quercetin glycosides)." pageId="1" pageNumber="103">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
), and similar levels, over 1% of the dry wt in bark, have previously been reported only in
|
||
<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC136072DBFC4D969F" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CB898D93107CFFCC136072DBFADF96B3" box="[1285,1397,1414,1433]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="acutifolia">S. acutifolia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CB898D93107CFFCC13E772DBFCC1969F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="daphnoides">S. daphnoides</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CB898D93107CFFCC151E72FFFC4D969F" box="[891,999,1442,1461]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpurea">S. purpurea</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CB898D93107CFFCC124572FFFBD7969F" box="[1056,1149,1442,1461]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hastata">
|
||
<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC124572FFFBD7969F" bold="true" box="[1056,1149,1442,1461]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">S. hastata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="68188BE1107CFFCC12F572FEFA63969C" author="Krauze-Baranowska, M. & Glod, D. & Wiwart, M. & Migas, P." box="[1168,1481,1443,1462]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" pagination="27 - 34" refId="ref9935" refString="Krauze-Baranowska, M., Pob l ocka-Olech, L., Glod, D., Wiwart, M., Zieli n ski, J., Migas, P., 2013. HPLC of flavanones and chalcones in different species and clones of Salix. Acta Pol. Pharmaceut. Drug Res. 70, 27 - 34." type="journal article" year="2013">Krauze-Baranowska et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="68188BE1107CFFCC155772E2FC7496F8" author="Meier, B. & Shao, Y. & Julkunen-Tiitto, R. & Bettschart, A." box="[818,990,1471,1490]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" pagination="75 - 89" refId="ref10311" refString="Meier, B., Shao, Y., Julkunen-Tiitto, R., Bettschart, A., Sticher, O, 1992. A chemotaxonomic survey of phenolic compounds in Swiss willow species. In: Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Section B, vol. 98. pp. 75 - 89." type="journal article" year="1992">Meier et al., 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In these species, the main flavonoid glucosides in twigs were also the same as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CB898D93107CFFCC12067287FB7896C7" box="[1123,1234,1498,1517]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pyrolifilia">
|
||
<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC12067287FB7896C7" bold="true" box="[1123,1234,1498,1517]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">S. pyrolifilia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: naringenin 7-
|
||
<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC13047287FADA96C7" bold="true" box="[1377,1392,1498,1517]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">O</emphasis>
|
||
-glucoside (prunin), naringenin 5-
|
||
<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC127E72ABFB809523" bold="true" box="[1051,1066,1526,1545]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">O</emphasis>
|
||
-glucoside (salipurposide), a derivative of naringenin 5-
|
||
<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC15D1714FFC69950F" bold="true" box="[948,963,1554,1573]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">O</emphasis>
|
||
-glucoside and isosalipurposide (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="68188BE1107CFFCC1367714FFCC8956B" author="Jarrett, J. M. & Williams, A. H." pageId="1" pageNumber="103" pagination="1585 - 1586" refId="ref9669" refString="Jarrett, J. M., Williams, A. H., 1967. The flavonoid glycosides in Salix purpurea. Phytochemistry 6, 1585 - 1586." type="journal article" year="1967">Jarrett and Williams, 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="68188BE1107CFFCC150A7173FBE2956B" author="Kammerer, B. & Kahlich, R. & Biegert, C. & Gleiter, C. H. & Heide, L." box="[879,1096,1582,1601]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" pagination="470 - 478" refId="ref9883" refString="Kammerer, B., Kahlich, R., Biegert, C., Gleiter, C. H., Heide, L., 2005. HPLC-MS / MS Analysis of willow bark extracts contained in pharmaceutical preparations. Phytochem. Anal. 16, 470 - 478." type="journal article" year="2005">Kammerer et al., 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="68188BE1107CFFCC12307173FA2F956B" author="Krauze-Baranowska, M. & Glod, D. & Wiwart, M. & Migas, P." box="[1109,1413,1582,1601]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" pagination="27 - 34" refId="ref9935" refString="Krauze-Baranowska, M., Pob l ocka-Olech, L., Glod, D., Wiwart, M., Zieli n ski, J., Migas, P., 2013. HPLC of flavanones and chalcones in different species and clones of Salix. Acta Pol. Pharmaceut. Drug Res. 70, 27 - 34." type="journal article" year="2013">Krauze-Baranowska et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Meier, 1988; Pob
|
||
<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC15F17117FC309577" bold="true" box="[916,922,1610,1629]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">ł</emphasis>
|
||
ocka-Olech et al., 2007;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="68188BE1107CFFCC12E87117FAE39577" author="Sulima, P. & Krauze-Baranowska, M. & Przyborowski, J. A." box="[1165,1353,1610,1629]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" pagination="118 - 125" refId="ref11169" refString="Sulima, P., Krauze-Baranowska, M., Przyborowski, J. A., 2017. Variations in the chemical composition and content of salicylic glycosides in the bark of Salix purpurea from natural locations and their significance for breeding. Filoterapia 118, 118 - 125." type="journal article" year="2017">Sulima et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Ampelopsin (dihydromyricetin) has previously been reported to be the major leaf component in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CB898D93107CFFCC15D871DCFB9D95BE" box="[957,1079,1665,1684]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="phylicifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC15D871DCFB9D95BE" bold="true" box="[957,1079,1665,1684]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">S. phylicifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and it is also found from the leaves of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CB898D93107CFFCC13DB71DCFC23959A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lapponum">
|
||
<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC13DB71DCFC23959A" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">S. lapponum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="68188BE1107CFFCC15F371C3FB79959B" author="Nyman, T. & Julkunen-Tiitto, R." box="[918,1235,1694,1713]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" pagination="13184 - 13187" refId="ref10499" refString="Nyman, T., Julkunen-Tiitto, R., 2000. Manipulation of the phenolic chemistry of willows by gall-inducing sawflies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97, 13184 - 13187." type="journal article" year="2000">Nyman and Julkunen-Tiitto, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="68188BE1107CFFCC12BB71C3FA00959B" author="Tegelberg, R. & Veteli, T. & Aphalo, P. J. & Julkunen-Tiitto, R." box="[1246,1450,1694,1713]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" pagination="219 - 228" refId="ref11262" refString="Tegelberg, R., Veteli, T., Aphalo, P. J., Julkunen-Tiitto, R., 2003. Clonal differences in growth and phenolics of willows exposed to elevated ultraviolet-B radiation. Basic Appl. Ecol. 4, 219 - 228." type="journal article" year="2003">Tegelberg et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), in the bark of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CB898D93107CFFCC15C171E4FB8895E6" box="[932,1058,1721,1740]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="daphnoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC15C171E4FB8895E6" bold="true" box="[932,1058,1721,1740]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">S. daphnoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CB898D93107CFFCC125571E4FB3395E6" box="[1072,1177,1721,1740]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpurea">
|
||
<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC125571E4FB3395E6" bold="true" box="[1072,1177,1721,1740]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">S. purpurea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CB898D93107CFFCC12AE71E4FCC195C2" authority="(Forster et al., 2008)" baseAuthorityName="Forster" baseAuthorityYear="2008" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pentandra">
|
||
<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC12AE71E4FA9495E6" bold="true" box="[1227,1342,1721,1740]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">S. pentandra</emphasis>
|
||
(Förster et al., 2008)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and in the wood of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CB898D93107CFFCC12567188FACC95C2" authority="(Pohjamo et al., 2003)" baseAuthorityName="Pohjamo" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[1075,1382,1749,1768]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caprea">
|
||
<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC12567188FB2C95C2" bold="true" box="[1075,1158,1749,1768]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">S. caprea</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="68188BE1107CFFCC12F37188FAF695C2" author="Pohjamo, S. P. & Hemming, J. E. & Willfor, S. M. & Reunanen, M. H. T. & Holmbom, B. R." box="[1174,1372,1749,1768]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" pagination="165 - 169" refId="ref10810" refString="Pohjamo, S. P., Hemming, J. E., Willfor, S. M., Reunanen, M. H. T., Holmbom, B. R., 2003. Phenolic extractives in Salix caprea wood and knots. Phytochemistry 63, 165 - 169." type="journal article" year="2003">Pohjamo et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0C36F610107CFFCF153671ACFF759649" blockId="1.[818,1488,159,1992]" lastBlockId="2.[100,770,1276,1379]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="104" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">
|
||
The phenolic acid composition in winter-dormant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CB898D93107CFFCC134271ACFA32942E" box="[1319,1432,1777,1796]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pyrolifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC134271ACFA32942E" bold="true" box="[1319,1432,1777,1796]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">S. pyrolifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
twigs consisted mainly the derivatives of
|
||
<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC12F07050FB35940A" bold="true" box="[1173,1183,1805,1824]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">p</emphasis>
|
||
-hydroxycinnamic acids (
|
||
<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC13F07050FA35940A" bold="true" box="[1429,1439,1805,1824]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">p</emphasis>
|
||
-coumaric acids) and chlorogenic acids (caffeoylquinic acids, CQA), and several of them were not able to get identified in our analytical conditions (
|
||
<tableCitation id="410BC3AB107CFFCC15E4703CFC63945E" box="[897,969,1889,1908]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[100,150,161,178]" captionTargetBox="[116,1437,251,1089]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1 Retention times, UV-absorption maxima by HPLC-DAD, molecular formula, mass of compounds, and accuracy (ppm) as tentatively identificated by UHPLC-QTOFMS. (t= retention time;1) Na+ -adduct = 23.98977,2) H+ -adduct = 1.00783;3)Not enough ions detected; n.d. = not detected). R" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). Similarly, the bark of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CB898D93107CFFCC12D6703DFA9E9459" box="[1203,1332,1888,1907]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myrsinifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC12D6703DFA9E9459" bold="true" box="[1203,1332,1888,1907]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">S. myrsinifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CB898D93107CFFCC1302703DFA65945E" box="[1383,1487,1888,1908]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpurea">
|
||
<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC1302703DFA65945E" bold="true" box="[1383,1487,1888,1908]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">S. purpurea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has reported to contain different kinds of
|
||
<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC128E7020FB5F94BA" bold="true" box="[1259,1269,1917,1936]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">p</emphasis>
|
||
-hydroxycinnamic and chlorogenic acid derivatives but also, the derivatives of benzoic acids have been found from the bark of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CB898D93107CFFCC121470E9FB7294E2" box="[1137,1240,1972,1992]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpurea">
|
||
<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107CFFCC121470E9FB7294E2" bold="true" box="[1137,1240,1972,1992]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">S. purpurea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="68188BE1107CFFCF128070E8FF7C9625" author="Nybakken, L. & Julkunen-Tiitto, R." lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="104" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" pagination="465 - 476" refId="ref10416" refString="Nybakken, L., Julkunen-Tiitto, R., 2013. Gender differences in Salix myrsinifolia at the pre-reproductive stage are little affected by simulated climatic change. Physiol. Plantarum 147, 465 - 476." type="journal article" year="2013">Nybakken and Julkunen-Tiitto, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Pob
|
||
<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107FFFCF176C73A1FEA59625" bold="true" box="[265,271,1276,1295]" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">ł</emphasis>
|
||
ocka-Olech et al., 2010). The phenolic acid composition in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CB898D93107FFFCF16DD724AFE849601" box="[184,302,1303,1323]" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<emphasis id="3EFD2A02107FFFCF16DD724AFF4F9600" bold="true" box="[184,229,1303,1322]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">Salix</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has turned out to be diverse and very plant part-specific (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="68188BE1107FFFCF16837269FE1A966D" author="Nissinen, K. & Nybakken, L. & Virjamo, V. & Julkunen-Tiitto, R." box="[230,432,1332,1351]" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" pagination="59 - 68" refId="ref10371" refString="Nissinen, K., Nybakken, L., Virjamo, V., Julkunen-Tiitto, R., 2016. Slow-growing Salix repens (Salicaceae) benefits from changing climate. Environ. Exp. Bot. 128, 59 - 68." type="journal article" year="2016">Nissinen et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="68188BE1107FFFCF17DA7269FD3C966D" author="Sivadasan, U. & Randriamanana, T. & Julkunen-Tiitto, R. & Nybakken, L." box="[447,662,1332,1351]" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" pagination="66 - 73" refId="ref11083" refString="Sivadasan, U., Randriamanana, T., Julkunen-Tiitto, R., Nybakken, L., 2015. The vegetative buds of Salix myrsinifolia are responsive to elevated UV-B and temperature. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 93, 66 - 73." type="journal article" year="2015">Sivadasan et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="68188BE1107FFFCF14C07269FF7B9649" author="Tegelberg, R. & Veteli, T. & Aphalo, P. J. & Julkunen-Tiitto, R." pageId="2" pageNumber="104" pagination="219 - 228" refId="ref11262" refString="Tegelberg, R., Veteli, T., Aphalo, P. J., Julkunen-Tiitto, R., 2003. Clonal differences in growth and phenolics of willows exposed to elevated ultraviolet-B radiation. Basic Appl. Ecol. 4, 219 - 228." type="journal article" year="2003">Tegelberg et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |