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<document id="F2763AF3508AC64F9699A7CC0FA87EB5" ID-CLB-Dataset="22079" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4779.1.10" ID-GBIF-Dataset="db486d75-72b1-4897-9654-55a22c358d9f" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3831652" ID-ZooBank="C6DB5AA3-1E35-4E83-81D0-FB0BDEF9DF95" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1589786831985" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Tanaka, Hirotaka" docDate="2020" docId="3F79A50DE7133C76FF7DAA14FEEBFC29" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4779.1.10.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4779 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Pulvinaria flava Takahashi 1955" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="140" masterDocId="C340DD75E7153C7FFFEAA879FFA2FFE2" masterDocTitle="Redescriptions of three species of Pulvinaria (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) in Japan" masterLastPageNumber="141" masterPageNumber="131" pageNumber="137" updateTime="1698840026825" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="848246F5EDF41F0D2D2B8E65F53F9E75">Redescriptions of three species of Pulvinaria (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) in Japan</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="879E3E3803C244F2EB6279B43128DD1A">Tanaka, Hirotaka</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="891514B7858D99F2F2C3480A6AF8E8F7">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="66101338AEE2FF9D3E8EA1A6DE4987D3">2020-05-18</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="C8A212D718DEF240B4E124059F67230B">4779</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="D5FEAC9D0C8D489EE63DBBB8583B96FD" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4779.1.10</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="3F79A50DE7133C76FF7DAA14FEEBFC29" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3850233" ID-GBIF-Taxon="164166868" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3850233" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3F79A50DE7133C76FF7DAA14FEEBFC29" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3F79A50DE7133C76FF7DAA14FEEBFC29" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="140" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">
<subSubSection id="FFCA4790E7133C79FF7DAA14FD8CFD65" box="[151,558,621,648]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="B76F141BE7133C79FF7DAA14FD8CFD65" blockId="6.[151,558,621,683]" box="[151,558,621,648]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">
<heading id="EC27A377E7133C79FF7DAA14FD8CFD65" bold="true" box="[151,558,621,648]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="70D06F98E7133C79FF7DAA14FD8CFD65" ID-CoL="4QH9Z" authority="Takahashi, 1955" authorityName="Takahashi" authorityYear="1955" box="[151,558,621,648]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Pulvinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flava">
<emphasis id="85A4C809E7133C79FF7DAA14FD8CFD65" bold="true" box="[151,558,621,648]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">
<emphasis id="85A4C809E7133C79FF7DAA14FEF9FD6A" bold="true" box="[151,347,621,648]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Pulvinaria flava</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D34169EAE7133C79FE89AA14FD8CFD65" author="Takahashi, R." box="[355,558,621,647]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" pagination="148 - 154" refId="ref6945" refString="Takahashi, R. (1955) Pulvinaria of Japan (Coccidae, Homoptera). Kontyu, 23, 148 - 154." type="journal article" year="1955">Takahashi, 1955</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FFCA4790E7133C79FF7DAAE8FF49FD49" box="[151,235,657,683]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" type="description">
<paragraph id="B76F141BE7133C79FF7DAAE8FF49FD49" blockId="6.[151,558,621,683]" box="[151,235,657,683]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">
(
<figureCitation id="2FEB089EE7133C79FF4AAAE8FF40FD49" box="[160,226,657,683]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1851,1876]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,166,1825]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[213,1374,166,1825]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Pulvinaria flava Takahashi, 1955, adult female morphology based on lectotype and paralectotypes. ANT, antenna; AP, anal plate; DA, dermal areolation; DMD, dorsal microduct; DS, dorsal seta; DT, dorsal tubercle; DTD, dorsal tubular duct; LG, leg; MP, multilocular pore; MS, marginal seta; POP, preopercular pores; SDP, spiracular disc pore; SSP, stigmatic spines; VMD, ventral microduct; VTD, ventral tubular ducts of types I–III. Scale bars: 200 µm for ANT and LG; 100 µm for AP and DA; 50 µm for MS and SSP; 10 µm for others." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3831658" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3831658/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FFCA4790E7133C79FF7DAAACFABAFCEE" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="B76F141BE7133C79FF7DAAACFABAFCEE" blockId="6.[151,1410,725,780]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="97C03335E7133C79FF7DAAACFABAFCEE" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">
<treatmentCitation id="3671320AE7133C79FF7DAAACFDBCFD0C" author="Takahashi, R." box="[151,542,725,750]" page="152" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" year="1955">
<taxonomicName id="70D06F98E7133C79FF7DAAACFDBCFD0C" ID-CoL="4QH9Z" authority="Takahashi, 1955: 152" authorityName="Takahashi" authorityPageNumber="152" authorityYear="1955" box="[151,542,725,750]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Pulvinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flava">
<emphasis id="85A4C809E7133C79FF7DAAACFE9FFD0F" box="[151,317,725,749]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Pulvinaria flava</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D34169EAE7133C79FEA8AAACFDBCFD0C" author="Takahashi, R." box="[322,542,725,750]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" pagination="148 - 154" refId="ref6945" refString="Takahashi, R. (1955) Pulvinaria of Japan (Coccidae, Homoptera). Kontyu, 23, 148 - 154." type="journal article" year="1955">Takahashi, 1955: 152</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="3671320AE7133C79FDC3AAACFD6FFD0C" author="Kawai, S." box="[553,717,725,750]" page="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" year="1972">
<bibRefCitation id="D34169EAE7133C79FDC3AAACFD6FFD0C" author="Kawai, S." box="[553,717,725,750]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" pagination="1 - 54" refId="ref6412" refString="Kawai, S. (1972) Diagnostic notes and biology of the coccid-species occurring on cultivated or wild trees and shrubs in Japan (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Bulletin of the Tokyo-to Agricultural Experiment Station, 6, 1 - 54. [in Japanese]" type="journal article" year="1972">Kawai 1972: 15</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="3671320AE7133C79FD32AAACFC32FD0C" author="Kawai, S." box="[728,912,725,750]" page="153" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" year="1980">
<bibRefCitation id="D34169EAE7133C79FD32AAACFC32FD0C" author="Kawai, S." box="[728,912,725,750]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refId="ref6460" refString="Kawai, S. (1980) Scale Insects of Japan in Colors. Zenkoku Noson Kyoiku Kyokai, Tokyo, 455 pp. [in Japanese]" type="book" year="1980">Kawai, 1980: 153</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="3671320AE7133C79FC70AAACFB01FD0F" author="Kozar, F. &amp; Walter, J." box="[922,1187,725,750]" page="78" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" year="1985">
<bibRefCitation id="D34169EAE7133C79FC70AAACFB01FD0F" author="Kozar, F. &amp; Walter, J." box="[922,1187,725,750]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" pagination="63 - 110" refId="ref6602" refString="Kozar, F. &amp; Walter, J. (1985) Check-list of the Palaearctic Coccoidea (Homoptera). Folia Entomologica Hungarica, 46, 63 - 110." type="journal article" year="1985">Kozár &amp; Walter, 1985: 78</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="3671320AE7133C79FB47AAAFFADCFD0C" author="Ben-Dov, Y." box="[1197,1406,725,750]" page="260" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" year="1993">
<bibRefCitation id="D34169EAE7133C79FB47AAAFFADCFD0C" author="Ben-Dov, Y." box="[1197,1406,725,750]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refId="ref6108" refString="Ben-Dov, Y. (1993) A Systematic Catalogue of the Soft Scale Insects of the World (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Sandhill Crane Press, Gainesville, Florida, 536 pp." type="book" year="1993">Ben-Dov, 1993: 260</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="70D06F98E7133C79FF7DAA8DFE5DFCEE" ID-CoL="78PBH" authority="Takahashi, 1955" authorityName="Takahashi" authorityYear="1955" box="[151,511,755,780]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Pulvinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavida">
<emphasis id="85A4C809E7133C79FF7DAA8DFEF2FCEE" box="[151,336,756,780]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Pulvinaria flavida</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D34169EAE7133C79FEBCAA8AFE5DFCEE" author="Takahashi, R." box="[342,511,755,780]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" pagination="148 - 154" refId="ref6945" refString="Takahashi, R. (1955) Pulvinaria of Japan (Coccidae, Homoptera). Kontyu, 23, 148 - 154." type="journal article" year="1955">Takahashi, 1955</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<treatmentCitation id="3671320AE7133C79FDE3AA8AFD47FCEE" author="Takahashi, R." box="[521,741,755,780]" page="150" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" year="1955">
<bibRefCitation id="D34169EAE7133C79FDE3AA8AFD47FCEE" author="Takahashi, R." box="[521,741,755,780]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" pagination="148 - 154" refId="ref6945" refString="Takahashi, R. (1955) Pulvinaria of Japan (Coccidae, Homoptera). Kontyu, 23, 148 - 154." type="journal article" year="1955">Takahashi, 1955: 150</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="3671320AE7133C79FD05AA8DFC34FCEE" author="Tang, F. T." box="[751,918,755,780]" page="252" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" year="1991">
<bibRefCitation id="D34169EAE7133C79FD05AA8DFC34FCEE" author="Tang, F. T." box="[751,918,755,780]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refId="ref7417" refString="Tang, F. T. (1991) The Coccidae of China. Shanxi United Universities Press, Taiyuan, 377 pp. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="1991">Tang, 1991: 252</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, 258 (mis-spelling of species epithet).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FFCA4790E7133C79FF7DAB40FB56FC7E" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="B76F141BE7133C79FF7DAB40FD6AFC9A" blockId="6.[151,1437,825,2041]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">
<emphasis id="85A4C809E7133C79FF7DAB40FEDDFCB6" bold="true" box="[151,383,825,852]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Material examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="07B81E46E7133C79FE6FAB43FD6AFC9A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2620445302" collectingDate="1955-05-05" collectionCode="R, SEHU" country="Japan" location="Takahashi" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-adult="1" stateProvince="Osaka" typeStatus="lectotype">
<emphasis id="85A4C809E7133C79FE6FAB43FD77FCB6" bold="true" box="[389,725,825,852]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">
<typeStatus id="686BAAB9E7133C79FE6FAB43FE59FCB6" box="[389,507,826,852]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
(here designated).
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="CFC7548BE7133C79FD30AB43FC91FCB6" box="[730,819,826,852]" name="Japan" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">JAPAN</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="7514DAF9E7133C79FCD7AB43FC21FCB6" box="[829,899,826,852]" country="Japan" name="Osaka" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Osaka</collectingRegion>
,
<date id="C36E32DBE7133C79FC65AB40FC5AFCB6" box="[911,1016,825,852]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" value="1955-05-05">
<collectingDate id="D32ACB33E7133C79FC65AB40FC5AFCB6" box="[911,1016,825,852]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" value="1955-05-05">5. v.1955</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectedFrom id="04CC57E6E7133C79FBE8AB42FB3EFCB6" box="[1026,1180,826,853]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">
on
<taxonomicName id="70D06F98E7133C79FBCEAB43FB3EFCB6" box="[1060,1180,826,852]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Symplocaceae" genus="Symplocos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="85A4C809E7133C79FBCEAB43FB3EFCB6" box="[1060,1180,826,852]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Symplocos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</collectedFrom>
sp., coll.
<collectionCode id="D1C18CDEE7133C79FAEFAB42FAB9FCB7" box="[1285,1307,827,853]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">R</collectionCode>
.
<location id="B20F42C0E7133C79FACEAB43FA3AFCB6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3F79A50DE7133C76FF7DAA14FEEBFC29:B20F42C0E7133C79FACEAB43FA3AFCB6" box="[1316,1432,826,852]" country="Japan" name="Takahashi" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" stateProvince="Osaka">Takahashi</location>
,
<specimenCount id="A1D6DF92E7133C79FF7DAB27FF46FC9A" box="[151,228,862,888]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" type="adult">1 adult</specimenCount>
female mounted singly on a slide (
<collectionCode id="D1C18CDEE7133C79FD87AB27FD1EFC9A" box="[621,700,862,888]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">SEHU</collectionCode>
).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B76F141BE7133C79FF2DABFBFB56FC7E" blockId="6.[151,1437,825,2041]" box="[199,1268,897,925]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">
<materialsCitation id="07B81E46E7133C79FF2DABFBFB56FC7E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2620445304" box="[199,1268,897,925]" collectingDate="1955-05-05" collectionCode="SEHU" country="Japan" location="Takahashi" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-adult="4" stateProvince="Osaka" typeStatus="paralectotype">
<emphasis id="85A4C809E7133C79FF2DABFBFDF1FC7E" bold="true" box="[199,595,897,924]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">
<typeStatus id="686BAAB9E7133C79FF2DABFBFED5FC7E" box="[199,375,898,924]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" type="paralectotype">Paralectotypes</typeStatus>
(here designated).
</emphasis>
Same data as lectotype,
<specimenCount id="A1D6DF92E7133C79FC8DABFBFC16FC7E" box="[871,948,898,924]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" type="adult">4 adult</specimenCount>
females on 2 slides (
<collectionCode id="D1C18CDEE7133C79FB4AABFBFB4EFC7E" box="[1184,1260,898,924]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">SEHU</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FFCA4790E7133C76FF2DABDCFEDFFE69" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="140" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" type="description">
<paragraph id="B76F141BE7133C79FF2DABDCFA89FC06" blockId="6.[151,1437,825,2041]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">
<emphasis id="85A4C809E7133C79FF2DABDCFD79FC22" bold="true" box="[199,731,933,960]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Redescription. Slide-mounted adult females</emphasis>
(n=5): body oval, 3.5 (3.5–3.7) mm long, 2.6 (2.5–2.8) mm wide, margin with shallow indentation at each stigmatic cleft; anal cleft about 1/7 (1/6–1/7) body length.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B76F141BE7133C79FF2DAB96FC63FACA" blockId="6.[151,1437,825,2041]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">
<emphasis id="85A4C809E7133C79FF2DAB96FE83FBEA" box="[199,289,1007,1032]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Dorsum</emphasis>
. Derm membranous but dermal areolations well-developed. Dorsal setae spiniform, frequent, scattered over entire dorsum, each 5–7 (5–7) µm long with a well-developed basal socket. Preopercular pores oval to circular, small, each 3 (2–3) µm in diameter, 9 (7–18) present on front of anal plates. Dorsal tubular ducts and microducts frequent throughout, with a tubular duct or microduct associated with each areolation. Dorsal tubercles of normal
<typeStatus id="686BAAB9E7133C79FF7DAC06FF65FB7B" box="[151,199,1151,1177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">type</typeStatus>
present in submarginal area, with 1 (1–4) between anterior stigmatic clefts, 1–2 (0–2) between anterior and posterior stigmatic clefts, and 1–2 (0–5) between posterior stigmatic cleft and anal cleft. Anal plates together quadrate; each plate 130–132 (124–146) µm long, 65–68 (65–77) µm wide, with a well-developed supporting bar and 4 (3–4) (usually 4) apical setae. Ano-genital fold with 2 pairs of setae along anterior margin and 1 or 2 pairs laterally. Anal ring bearing 6 (6–7) (usually 6) setae. Eyespots present on body margin.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B76F141BE7133C79FF2DAD4AFD4FFA5A" blockId="6.[151,1437,825,2041]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">
<emphasis id="85A4C809E7133C79FF2DAD4AFE80FAAE" box="[199,290,1331,1356]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Margin.</emphasis>
Marginal setae with well-developed basal sockets and simple pointed or occasionally bifid apices, each seta 19–70 (17–75) µm long, each side with 16–18 (16–27) setae between anterior and posterior stigmatic clefts. Stigmatic clefts shallow, each with 2–3 (2–3) (mostly 3) stigmatic spines, median spine longest, 65–78 (49–80) µm long, about 2–3 (2–5) times as long as a lateral spine.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B76F141BE7133C76FF2DADBAFEDFFE69" blockId="6.[151,1437,825,2041]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,153,971]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="140" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">
<emphasis id="85A4C809E7133C79FF2DADBAFEB1FA3E" box="[199,275,1475,1500]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Venter.</emphasis>
Derm membranous. Multilocular pores each 7–8 (6–8) µm wide, with 6–8 (6–8) (mostly 7) loculi, present around genital opening, and in medial areas of preceding 3 or 4 abdominal segments; a small group occasionally present lateral to each meso- and metacoxa. Spiracular pores each 4–5 (4–5) µm wide, with 5 (5–7) (usually 5) loculi, present in bands 1–4 (1–4) pores wide between margin and each spiracle; anterior bands each containing 33–36 (32–46) pores, posterior bands each with 43 (29–45) pores. Microducts scattered throughout venter. Tubular ducts of
<specimenCount id="A1D6DF92E7133C79FF5CAE0FFEA9F973" box="[182,267,1654,1681]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" type="generic" typeStatus="types">3 types</specimenCount>
:
<typeStatus id="686BAAB9E7133C79FEFCAE0EFEE4F973" box="[278,326,1655,1681]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">type</typeStatus>
I with large outer ductule, a stout inner ductule and well-developed flower-shaped terminal gland, present in posterior medial area of head, medial area of all thoracic segments and anterior abdominal segments, and also in inner submarginal area, extending from near anterior abdominal segments to prothoracic segments;
<typeStatus id="686BAAB9E7133C79FABBAEC6FA23F93B" box="[1361,1409,1727,1753]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">type</typeStatus>
II tubular ducts each with rather small outer ductule and a shallow cup-shaped invagination leading to a narrower inner ductule with a well-developed terminal gland, mostly occurring on medial area of posterior abdominal segments and in inner submarginal area of abdominal segments, with a few ducts also present on inner submarginal area of thoracic segments; and
<typeStatus id="686BAAB9E7133C79FE75AF36FE6DF88B" box="[415,463,1871,1897]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">type</typeStatus>
III ducts similar to
<typeStatus id="686BAAB9E7133C79FD44AF36FD7CF88B" box="[686,734,1871,1897]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">type</typeStatus>
II but with a short, filamentous inner ductule and a very small terminal gland, present mainly in a submarginal band from area near anal clefts to area near posterior to metathoracic spiracular pore band, with a few ducts also present submarginally between metathoracic spiracular pore band to near each antenna, intermixed with
<typeStatus id="686BAAB9E7133C79FDABAFC2FDD3F837" box="[577,625,1979,2005]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">type</typeStatus>
I and
<typeStatus id="686BAAB9E7133C79FD5CAFC2FD44F837" box="[694,742,1979,2005]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">type</typeStatus>
II ducts in inner submarginal area. Posterior 3 abdominal segments each with 1 pair of long ventral setae present on medial area. With 4 (4–5) pairs of long setae present between antennae; also, usually with 1 (rarely 2) pair of long setae mesad of each procoxa; other setae short and fine, distributed over entire venter. Spiracles normal, peritreme widths: anterior 40–41 (35–49) µm, posterior 48 (42–50) µm. Legs well developed, each with a completely articulated tibio-tarsal joint and an articulatory sclerosis; claw without a denticle; both claw digitules rather broad and slightly shorter than thin tarsal digitules. Hind trochanter + femur 275 (258–285) µm long, hind tibia 204–208 (204–228) µm long, and hind tarsus 100–103 (100–110) µm long. Antennae 8- (7- or 8-) segmented (usually 8), each 389 (342–405) µm long. Labium 60 (56–62) µm long, 108 (108–114) µm wide.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="E3AF4493E7123C78FF7DAF42FDD6F806" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3831658" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3831658" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3831658/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" startId="7.[151,250,1851,1876]" targetBox="[213,1374,166,1825]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="B76F141BE7123C78FF7DAF42FDD6F806" blockId="7.[151,1437,1851,2020]" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
<emphasis id="85A4C809E7123C78FF7DAF42FEB1F8B6" bold="true" box="[151,275,1851,1876]" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="70D06F98E7123C78FEF3AF42FDCEF8B6" authority="Takahashi, 1955" authorityName="Takahashi" authorityYear="1955" box="[281,620,1851,1876]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Pulvinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flava">
<emphasis id="85A4C809E7123C78FEF3AF42FE1DF8B1" box="[281,447,1851,1875]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Pulvinaria flava</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D34169EAE7123C78FE2EAF42FDCEF8B6" author="Takahashi, R." box="[452,620,1851,1876]" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" pagination="148 - 154" refId="ref6945" refString="Takahashi, R. (1955) Pulvinaria of Japan (Coccidae, Homoptera). Kontyu, 23, 148 - 154." type="journal article" year="1955">Takahashi, 1955</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, adult female morphology based on lectotype and paralectotypes. ANT, antenna; AP, anal plate; DA, dermal areolation; DMD, dorsal microduct; DS, dorsal seta; DT, dorsal tubercle; DTD, dorsal tubular duct; LG, leg; MP, multilocular pore; MS, marginal seta; POP, preopercular pores; SDP, spiracular disc pore; SSP, stigmatic spines; VMD, ventral microduct; VTD, ventral tubular ducts of types I–III. Scale bars: 200 µm for ANT and LG; 100 µm for AP and DA; 50 µm for MS and SSP; 10 µm for others.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="E3AF4493E71D3C77FF7CAAD9F913FD3C" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">
<paragraph id="B76F141BE71D3C77FF7CAAD9F913FD3C" blockId="8.[150,2035,672,734]" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">
<emphasis id="85A4C809E71D3C77FF7CAAD9FEABFD58" bold="true" box="[150,265,672,698]" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Possibly important diagnostic morphological character states of the three
<taxonomicName id="70D06F98E71D3C77FBCFAAD9FB35FD58" authorityName="Targioni Tozzetti" authorityYear="1866" box="[1061,1175,672,698]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Pulvinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="85A4C809E71D3C77FBCFAAD9FB35FD58" box="[1061,1175,672,698]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Pulvinaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species redescribed in this study and the type species of the genus,
<taxonomicName id="70D06F98E71D3C77F884AAD9FE83FD3C" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Pulvinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vitis">
<emphasis id="85A4C809E71D3C77F884AAD9F817FD58" box="[1902,1973,672,698]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">P. vitis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D34169EAE71D3C77F82EAAD9FEBBFD3C" author="Linnaeus, C." pageId="8" pageNumber="139" refId="ref6845" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae, per Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species cum Characteribus, Differentii, Synonymis, Locis. Ed. X. Trformata, Tomus I. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp. [in Latin] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542" type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Morphological character states of
<taxonomicName id="70D06F98E71D3C77FD72AABDFD7CFD3C" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[664,734,708,734]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Pulvinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vitis">
<emphasis id="85A4C809E71D3C77FD72AABDFD7CFD3C" box="[664,734,708,734]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">P. vitis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are taken indirectly from
<bibRefCitation id="D34169EAE71D3C77FC1EAABDFB16FD3C" author="Hodgson, C. J." box="[1012,1204,708,734]" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" refId="ref6356" refString="Hodgson, C. J. (1994) The Scale Insect family Coccidae: An Identification Manual to Genera. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, 639 pp." type="book" year="1994">Hodgson’s (1994)</bibRefCitation>
redescription and illustration of the species (*).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="B76F141BE71D3C77FF4EAA86F863FA44" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">
<table id="C5D0E6BBE71DC380FF4EAA86F87EFA0C" box="[164,2012,767,1518]" gridcols="11" gridrows="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">
<tr id="09E01659E71DC380FF4EAA86F87EFC66" box="[164,2012,767,900]" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">
<th id="4A317F25E71DC380FF4EAA86FEBDFC66" box="[164,287,767,900]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">
<emphasis id="85A4C809E71D3C77FF4EAA86FF4DFCDE" bold="true" box="[164,275,767,828]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">
<taxonomicName id="70D06F98E71D3C77FF4EAA86FEB1FCFA" authorityName="Targioni Tozzetti" authorityYear="1866" box="[164,275,767,792]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Pulvinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pulvinaria</taxonomicName>
species
</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="4A317F25E71DC380FEA4AA86FE3DFC66" box="[334,415,767,900]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">
<emphasis id="85A4C809E71D3C77FEA4AA86FE2AFC82" bold="true" box="[334,415,767,864]" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Dorsal tubular ducts</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="4A317F25E71DC380FE39AA86FD89FC66" box="[467,555,767,900]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">
<emphasis id="85A4C809E71D3C77FE39AA86FD89FCDE" bold="true" box="[467,555,767,828]" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Dorsal tubercle</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="4A317F25E71DC380FDBDAA86FD0DFC66" box="[599,687,767,900]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">
<emphasis id="85A4C809E71D3C77FDBDAA86FD0DFC82" bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Type of dorsal tubercle</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="4A317F25E71DC380FD31AA86FCFCFC66" box="[731,862,767,900]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">
<emphasis id="85A4C809E71D3C77FD31AA86FC8DFCDE" bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Dermal are- olations</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="4A317F25E71DC380FC6CAA86FBA9FC66" box="[902,1035,767,900]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">
<emphasis id="85A4C809E71D3C77FC6CAA86FC44FCDE" bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Location of eye spots</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="4A317F25E71DC380FBDAAA86FB0DFC66" box="[1072,1199,767,900]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">
<emphasis id="85A4C809E71D3C77FBDAAA86FB00FC82" bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Shape of marginal seta apices</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="4A317F25E71DC380FB30AA86FA26FC66" box="[1242,1412,767,900]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">
<emphasis id="85A4C809E71D3C77FB30AA86FA9EFC66" bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Long ventral setae on medial area of thoracic segments</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="4A317F25E71DC380FA57AA86F99EFC66" box="[1469,1596,767,900]" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">
<emphasis id="85A4C809E71D3C77FA57AA86FA55FC66" bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">No. of types of ventral tubular ducts</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="4A317F25E71DC380F98DAA86F891FC66" box="[1639,1843,767,900]" gridcol="9" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">
<emphasis id="85A4C809E71D3C77F98DAA86F95AFCDE" bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Type III ventral tubular ducts</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="4A317F25E71DC380F8B9AA86F87EFC66" box="[1875,2012,767,900]" gridcol="10" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">
<emphasis id="85A4C809E71D3C77F8B9AA86F826FC82" bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">No. loculi / multilocular pore</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="09E01659E71DC380FF4EABBEF87EFBE6" box="[164,2012,967,1028]" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">
<th id="4A317F25E71DC380FF4EABBEFEBDFBE6" box="[164,287,967,1028]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">
<taxonomicName id="70D06F98E71D3C77FF4EABBEFEA4FC02" authorityName="Shinji" authorityYear="1935" box="[164,262,967,992]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Pulvinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="araliae">
<emphasis id="85A4C809E71D3C77FF4EABBEFEA4FC02" box="[164,262,967,992]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">P. araliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="4A317F25E71DC380FEA4ABBEFE3DFBE6" box="[334,415,967,1028]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Present</td>
<td id="4A317F25E71DC380FE39ABBEFD89FBE6" box="[467,555,967,1028]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Absent</td>
<td id="4A317F25E71DC380FDBDABBEFD0DFBE6" box="[599,687,967,1028]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">–</td>
<td id="4A317F25E71DC380FD31ABBEFCFCFBE6" box="[731,862,967,1028]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Absent</td>
<td id="4A317F25E71DC380FC6CABBEFBA9FBE6" box="[902,1035,967,1028]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Body margin</td>
<td id="4A317F25E71DC380FBDAABBEFB0DFBE6" box="[1072,1199,967,1028]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Simple pointed</td>
<td id="4A317F25E71DC380FB30ABBEFA26FBE6" box="[1242,1412,967,1028]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Present</td>
<td id="4A317F25E71DC380FA57ABBEF99EFBE6" box="[1469,1596,967,1028]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Three</td>
<td id="4A317F25E71DC380F98DABBEF891FBE6" box="[1639,1843,967,1028]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Forming a complete submarginal ring</td>
<td id="4A317F25E71DC380F8B9ABBEF87EFBE6" box="[1875,2012,967,1028]" gridcol="10" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Mostly seven</td>
</tr>
<tr id="09E01659E71DC380FF4EAC5BF87EFB45" box="[164,2012,1058,1191]" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">
<th id="4A317F25E71DC380FF4EAC5BFEBDFB45" box="[164,287,1058,1191]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">
<taxonomicName id="70D06F98E71D3C77FF4EAC5BFEBDFBD9" authorityName="Takahashi" authorityYear="1955" box="[164,287,1058,1083]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Pulvinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="enkianthi">
<emphasis id="85A4C809E71D3C77FF4EAC5BFEBDFBD9" box="[164,287,1058,1083]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">P. enkianthi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="4A317F25E71DC380FEA4AC5BFE3DFB45" box="[334,415,1058,1191]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Present</td>
<td id="4A317F25E71DC380FE39AC5BFD89FB45" box="[467,555,1058,1191]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Absent</td>
<td id="4A317F25E71DC380FDBDAC5BFD0DFB45" box="[599,687,1058,1191]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">–</td>
<td id="4A317F25E71DC380FD31AC5BFCFCFB45" box="[731,862,1058,1191]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Present</td>
<td id="4A317F25E71DC380FC6CAC5BFBA9FB45" box="[902,1035,1058,1191]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Body margin</td>
<td id="4A317F25E71DC380FBDAAC5BFB0DFB45" box="[1072,1199,1058,1191]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Simple pointed</td>
<td id="4A317F25E71DC380FB30AC5BFA26FB45" box="[1242,1412,1058,1191]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Absent</td>
<td id="4A317F25E71DC380FA57AC5BF99EFB45" box="[1469,1596,1058,1191]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Three</td>
<td id="4A317F25E71DC380F98DAC5BF891FB45" box="[1639,1843,1058,1191]" gridcol="9" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">From near anal clefts, almost to posterior spiracular pore band</td>
<td id="4A317F25E71DC380F8B9AC5BF87EFB45" box="[1875,2012,1058,1191]" gridcol="10" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Mostly six to seven</td>
</tr>
<tr id="09E01659E71DC380FF4EACBCF87EFA8C" box="[164,2012,1221,1390]" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">
<th id="4A317F25E71DC380FF4EACBCFEBDFA8C" box="[164,287,1221,1390]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">
<emphasis id="85A4C809E71D3C77FF4EACBCFF56FB3C" box="[164,244,1221,1246]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">
P,
<taxonomicName id="70D06F98E71D3C77FF2BACBCFF56FB3C" authorityName="Takahashi" authorityYear="1955" box="[193,244,1221,1246]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Pulvinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flava">flava</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="4A317F25E71DC380FEA4ACBCFE3DFA8C" box="[334,415,1221,1390]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Present</td>
<td id="4A317F25E71DC380FE39ACBCFD89FA8C" box="[467,555,1221,1390]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Present</td>
<td id="4A317F25E71DC380FDBDACBCFD0DFA8C" box="[599,687,1221,1390]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Normal type</td>
<td id="4A317F25E71DC380FD31ACBCFCFCFA8C" box="[731,862,1221,1390]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Present</td>
<td id="4A317F25E71DC380FC6CACBCFBA9FA8C" box="[902,1035,1221,1390]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Body margin</td>
<td id="4A317F25E71DC380FBDAACBCFB0DFA8C" box="[1072,1199,1221,1390]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Mostly simple pointed, occasionally bifid</td>
<td id="4A317F25E71DC380FB30ACBCFA26FA8C" box="[1242,1412,1221,1390]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Absent</td>
<td id="4A317F25E71DC380FA57ACBCF99EFA8C" box="[1469,1596,1221,1390]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Three</td>
<td id="4A317F25E71DC380F98DACBCF891FA8C" box="[1639,1843,1221,1390]" gridcol="9" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">From area near anal clefts to area near each antenna</td>
<td id="4A317F25E71DC380F8B9ACBCF87EFA8C" box="[1875,2012,1221,1390]" gridcol="10" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Mostly seven</td>
</tr>
<tr id="09E01659E71DC380FF4EADF4F87EFA0C" box="[164,2012,1421,1518]" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">
<th id="4A317F25E71DC380FF4EADF4FEBDFA0C" box="[164,287,1421,1518]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">
<emphasis id="85A4C809E71D3C77FF4EADF4FF5AFA44" box="[164,248,1421,1446]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">
<taxonomicName id="70D06F98E71D3C77FF4EADF4FF4FFA44" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[164,237,1421,1446]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Pulvinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vitis">P. vitis</taxonomicName>
*
</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="4A317F25E71DC380FEA4ADF4FE3DFA0C" box="[334,415,1421,1518]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Present</td>
<td id="4A317F25E71DC380FE39ADF4FD89FA0C" box="[467,555,1421,1518]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Present</td>
<td id="4A317F25E71DC380FDBDADF4FD0DFA0C" box="[599,687,1421,1518]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Inverted type</td>
<td id="4A317F25E71DC380FD31ADF4FCFCFA0C" box="[731,862,1421,1518]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Present</td>
<td id="4A317F25E71DC380FC6CADF4FBA9FA0C" box="[902,1035,1421,1518]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Body margin</td>
<td id="4A317F25E71DC380FBDAADF4FB0DFA0C" box="[1072,1199,1421,1518]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Simple pointed</td>
<td id="4A317F25E71DC380FB30ADF4FA26FA0C" box="[1242,1412,1421,1518]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Absent</td>
<td id="4A317F25E71DC380FA57ADF4F99EFA0C" box="[1469,1596,1421,1518]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Three</td>
<td id="4A317F25E71DC380F98DADF4F891FA0C" box="[1639,1843,1421,1518]" gridcol="9" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">From near anal clefts to near each antenna</td>
<td id="4A317F25E71DC380F8B9ADF4F87EFA0C" box="[1875,2012,1421,1518]" gridcol="10" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Mostly ten</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="FFCA4790E71C3C76FF2DA9ECFB11FE4D" box="[199,1203,404,431]" pageId="9" pageNumber="140" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="B76F141BE71C3C76FF2DA9ECFB11FE4D" blockId="9.[151,1437,153,971]" box="[199,1203,404,431]" pageId="9" pageNumber="140">
<emphasis id="85A4C809E71C3C76FF2DA9ECFEF4FE4D" bold="true" box="[199,342,405,431]" pageId="9" pageNumber="140">Host plants.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="70D06F98E71C3C76FEB7A9ECFDA1FE4D" box="[349,515,405,431]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Symplocaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="9" pageNumber="140" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Symplocaceae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="70D06F98E71C3C76FDE4A9ECFD24FE4D" box="[526,646,405,431]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Symplocaceae" genus="Symplocos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="9" pageNumber="140" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="85A4C809E71C3C76FDE4A9ECFD24FE4D" box="[526,646,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="140">Symplocos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (
<bibRefCitation id="D34169EAE71C3C76FD51A9ECFCD2FE4D" author="Takahashi, R." box="[699,880,404,431]" pageId="9" pageNumber="140" pagination="148 - 154" refId="ref6945" refString="Takahashi, R. (1955) Pulvinaria of Japan (Coccidae, Homoptera). Kontyu, 23, 148 - 154." type="journal article" year="1955">Takahashi 1955</bibRefCitation>
; Kawaii 1972;
<bibRefCitation id="D34169EAE71C3C76FBF0A9ECFB04FE4D" author="Kawai, S." box="[1050,1190,405,431]" pageId="9" pageNumber="140" refId="ref6460" refString="Kawai, S. (1980) Scale Insects of Japan in Colors. Zenkoku Noson Kyoiku Kyokai, Tokyo, 455 pp. [in Japanese]" type="book" year="1980">Kawai 1980</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FFCA4790E71C3C76FF2DA9C1FBDEFE31" box="[199,1148,440,467]" pageId="9" pageNumber="140" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="B76F141BE71C3C76FF2DA9C1FBDEFE31" blockId="9.[151,1437,153,971]" box="[199,1148,440,467]" pageId="9" pageNumber="140">
<emphasis id="85A4C809E71C3C76FF2DA9C1FEC3FE31" bold="true" box="[199,353,440,467]" pageId="9" pageNumber="140">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="CFC7548BE71C3C76FE8DA9C0FE09FE31" box="[359,427,441,467]" name="Japan" pageId="9" pageNumber="140">Japan</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="7514DAF9E71C3C76FE5CA9C0FDD4FE31" box="[438,630,441,467]" country="Japan" name="Osaka" pageId="9" pageNumber="140">Osaka Prefecture</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D34169EAE71C3C76FD6EA9C0FC9BFE31" author="Takahashi, R." box="[644,825,440,467]" pageId="9" pageNumber="140" pagination="148 - 154" refId="ref6945" refString="Takahashi, R. (1955) Pulvinaria of Japan (Coccidae, Homoptera). Kontyu, 23, 148 - 154." type="journal article" year="1955">Takahashi 1955</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D34169EAE71C3C76FCAFA9C0FC75FE31" author="Kawai, S." box="[837,983,441,467]" pageId="9" pageNumber="140" pagination="1 - 54" refId="ref6412" refString="Kawai, S. (1972) Diagnostic notes and biology of the coccid-species occurring on cultivated or wild trees and shrubs in Japan (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Bulletin of the Tokyo-to Agricultural Experiment Station, 6, 1 - 54. [in Japanese]" type="journal article" year="1972">Kawai, 1972</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D34169EAE71C3C76FC09A9C0FBCDFE31" author="Kawai, S." box="[995,1135,441,467]" pageId="9" pageNumber="140" refId="ref6460" refString="Kawai, S. (1980) Scale Insects of Japan in Colors. Zenkoku Noson Kyoiku Kyokai, Tokyo, 455 pp. [in Japanese]" type="book" year="1980">Kawai 1980</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FFCA4790E71C3C76FF2DA9A4FEEBFC29" pageId="9" pageNumber="140" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="B76F141BE71C3C76FF2DA9A4FC05FD49" blockId="9.[151,1437,153,971]" pageId="9" pageNumber="140">
<emphasis id="85A4C809E71C3C76FF2DA9A4FE99FE15" bold="true" box="[199,315,477,503]" pageId="9" pageNumber="140">Remarks.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="70D06F98E71C3C76FEABA9A4FE55FE15" authorityName="Takahashi" authorityYear="1955" box="[321,503,477,503]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Pulvinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flava">
<emphasis id="85A4C809E71C3C76FEABA9A4FE55FE15" box="[321,503,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="140">Pulvinaria flava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
resembles
<taxonomicName id="70D06F98E71C3C76FD99A9A7FC08FE15" authority="Takahashi, 1956" authorityName="Takahashi" authorityYear="1956" box="[627,938,476,503]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Pulvinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torreyae">
<emphasis id="85A4C809E71C3C76FD99A9A7FD49FE15" box="[627,747,478,503]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="140">P. torreyae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D34169EAE71C3C76FD1BA9A4FC08FE15" author="Takahashi, R." box="[753,938,476,503]" pageId="9" pageNumber="140" pagination="23 - 30" refId="ref6969" refString="Takahashi, R. (1956) Pulvinaria of Japan (Coccidae, Homoptera). Kontyu, 24, 23 - 30." type="journal article" year="1956">Takahashi, 1956</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, in having occasional marginal setae with bifid apices and in the number of loculi in each multilocular pore. However, it can be distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="70D06F98E71C3C76FAE2AA7BFA23FDF9" authorityName="Takahashi" authorityYear="1956" box="[1288,1409,514,539]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Pulvinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torreyae">
<emphasis id="85A4C809E71C3C76FAE2AA7BFA23FDF9" box="[1288,1409,514,539]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="140">P. torreyae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in lacking marginal setae with fimbriate and spatulate apices, in having a few ventral tubular ducts of
<typeStatus id="686BAAB9E71C3C76FB0CAA5CFAB4FDDD" box="[1254,1302,549,575]" pageId="9" pageNumber="140">type</typeStatus>
III between the metathoracic spiracular pore band and the area near each antenna, and a more rounded body shape. Important diagnostic morphological character states of this species and a comparison between them and those of the
<typeStatus id="686BAAB9E71C3C76FADDAA14FAC5FD65" box="[1335,1383,621,647]" pageId="9" pageNumber="140">type</typeStatus>
species of the genus,
<taxonomicName id="70D06F98E71C3C76FE8BAAEBFDD3FD49" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[353,625,656,683]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Pulvinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vitis">
<emphasis id="85A4C809E71C3C76FE8BAAEBFE09FD49" box="[353,427,658,683]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="140">P. vitis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D34169EAE71C3C76FE53AAE8FDCBFD49" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[441,617,656,683]" pageId="9" pageNumber="140" refId="ref6845" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae, per Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species cum Characteribus, Differentii, Synonymis, Locis. Ed. X. Trformata, Tomus I. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp. [in Latin] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542" type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
are summarized in
<tableCitation id="FA5221A0E71C3C76FCA7AAE8FC03FD49" box="[845,929,657,683]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="8.[150,238,672,698]" captionText="TABLE 1. Possibly important diagnostic morphological character states of the three Pulvinaria species redescribed in this study and the type species of the genus, P. vitis (Linnaeus, 1758). Morphological character states of P. vitis are taken indirectly from Hodgson’s (1994) redescription and illustration of the species (*)." pageId="9" pageNumber="140">Table 1</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B76F141BE71C3C76FF2DAACCFEEBFC29" blockId="9.[151,1437,153,971]" pageId="9" pageNumber="140">
The adult female morphology of the specimens of
<taxonomicName id="70D06F98E71C3C76FCECAACFFCF9FD2D" authorityName="Takahashi" authorityYear="1955" box="[774,859,693,719]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Pulvinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flava">
<emphasis id="85A4C809E71C3C76FCECAACFFCF9FD2D" box="[774,859,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="140">P. flava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
described here agree well with
<bibRefCitation id="D34169EAE71C3C76FB2CAACCFA3EFD2D" author="Takahashi, R." box="[1222,1436,692,719]" pageId="9" pageNumber="140" pagination="148 - 154" refId="ref6945" refString="Takahashi, R. (1955) Pulvinaria of Japan (Coccidae, Homoptera). Kontyu, 23, 148 - 154." type="journal article" year="1955">Takahashi’s (1955)</bibRefCitation>
original description, but differ slightly from the original description as follows (character states of the original description in parenthesis): (i) spiracular disc pores between each spiracle and stigmatic cleft numbering 29–46 (35 to over
<quantity id="7028B9FEE71C3C76FF06AB59FE87FCD9" box="[236,293,800,827]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="9" pageNumber="140" unit="in" value="50.0">50 in</quantity>
each band), (ii) preopercular pores numbering 7–18 (referred as dorsal minute median pores,
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each individual), (iii) number of marginal setae on each side between anterior and posterior stigmatic clefts numbering 16–27 (18–20), and (iv) shape of marginal seta tips and length of marginal setae
<quantity id="7028B9FEE71C3C76FBB3AB11FB6FFC61" box="[1113,1229,872,899]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" metricValueMax="7.5" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="9" pageNumber="140" unit="mm" value="46.0" valueMax="75.0" valueMin="17.0">17–75 µm</quantity>
long (
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). These morphological discrepancies are probably due to the morphological variation of the species or the quality of the microscope.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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