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<document ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.3675277" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4b8bbb36-efbd-4337-8f66-124b5340ea74" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3675277" approvalRequired="2" approvalRequired_for_originalDoi="1" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="18" approvalRequired_for_treatments="1" checkinTime="1582120336317" checkinUser="jeremy" docAuthor="Lawson, Douglas A." docDate="1976" docId="A810F2777419D026FB6BFC6E9122BB1B" docLanguage="en" docName="Lawson1976ABBYY14_2.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Journal of Paleontology 50 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn 1905" docType="treatment" docVersion="17" lastPageNumber="160" masterDocId="54298A0F7418D025FFA1FFCE9469B246" masterDocTitle="Tyrannosaurus and Torosaurus, Maestrichtian Dinosaurs From Trans-Pecos, Texas" masterLastPageNumber="164" masterPageNumber="158" pageNumber="159" updateTime="1663155671569" updateUser="valdenar">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Tyrannosaurus and Torosaurus, Maestrichtian Dinosaurs From Trans-Pecos, Texas</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Lawson, Douglas A.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Journal of Paleontology</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>1976</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>1976-01-31</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>50</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="issue">
<mods:number>1</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>158</mods:start>
<mods:end>164</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.3675277</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">4b8bbb36-efbd-4337-8f66-124b5340ea74</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3675277</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3681084" ID-GBIF-Taxon="162363504" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3681084" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A810F2777419D026FB6BFC6E9122BB1B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A810F2777419D026FB6BFC6E9122BB1B" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="160" pageId="1" pageNumber="159">
<subSubSection box="[1226,1855,928,964]" pageId="1" pageNumber="159" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="1.[1208,1873,700,1007]" box="[1226,1855,928,964]" pageId="1" pageNumber="159">
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1226,1855,928,964]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1226,1509,928,964]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="159">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
rex Osborn, 1905
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[1410,1667,971,1007]" pageId="1" pageNumber="159" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="1.[1208,1873,700,1007]" box="[1410,1667,971,1007]" pageId="1" pageNumber="159">
<figureCitation box="[1410,1667,971,1007]" captionStart="Text-fig. 2" captionText="Text-fig. 2—Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn, TMM 41436-1, left maxilla, a, lateral view, b, medial view. x 1/4." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3691890/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="159" targetBox="[280,1070,458,1952]" targetPageId="2">Text-fig. 2 a, b</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="159" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="1.[1130,1952,1038,2818]" pageId="1" pageNumber="159">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2572204805" collectionCode="TMM" county="Brewster County" location="Tornillo Flat, Big Bend National Park" pageId="1" pageNumber="159" preparations="left maxilla with teeth" specimenCode="TMM 41436-1" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Texas">
<emphasis box="[1169,1361,1039,1075]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="159">Material.—</emphasis>
<specimenCode box="[1361,1593,1039,1075]" pageId="1" pageNumber="159">TMM 41436</specimenCode>
-1, left maxilla with teeth.
<emphasis box="[1169,1355,1126,1162]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="159">Locality.—</emphasis>
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A810F2777419D026FB6BFC6E9122BB1B:256615BA7419D024FAEAFBA890D6B6F2" county="Brewster County" name="Tornillo Flat, Big Bend National Park" pageId="1" pageNumber="159" stateProvince="Texas">Tornillo Flat, Big Bend National Park</location>
,
<collectingCounty box="[1236,1525,1168,1204]" pageId="1" pageNumber="159">Brewster County</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingRegion box="[1545,1649,1168,1204]" pageId="1" pageNumber="159">Texas</collectingRegion>
.
<emphasis box="[1168,1356,1212,1248]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="159">Horizon.—</emphasis>
Within the lower third of the Tornillo Group (base of the Group faulted out); Maestrichtian Age.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="159" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="1.[1130,1952,1038,2818]" pageId="1" pageNumber="159">
<emphasis box="[1169,1413,1343,1379]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="159">Description.—</emphasis>
The anterior tip, lower edge, and anterior teeth of the specimen have been broken away exposing the aveoli and the roots of the anterior teeth. The maxilla is triangular in lateral outline, with a height of 228 mm measured at the anterior edge of the first antorbital fenestra. The estimated length of the bone from its anterior edge to the posterior blade of the last tooth is 390 mm. The greatest diameter of the second antorbital fenestra is 96 mm and the least diameter is 69 mm. This fenestra lies at the anterior margin of a lateral depression which also contains the first antorbital fenestra and is separated from the latter by a slender bar 24 mm across at its narrowest point. The anteriormost antorbital fossa lies at the anterior edge of the second antorbital fenestra and is not visible in lateral aspect. The transversely rounded anterodorsal edge of the bone indicates that the maxilla took part in forming the external nares. The palatal flange of the maxilla is a triangular prism that runs the length of the maxilla, decreasing in height posteriorly. The dorsal surface of the flange is nearly horizontal, sloping downward toward the inner surface of the maxilla. The last three teeth decrease gradually in length posteriorly and are sharply recurved. The interdental plates are not present (the burial of this specimen in a conglomeratic sandstone, suggests that the plates were lost during stream transport).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="161" pageId="1" pageNumber="159" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="1.[1130,1952,1038,2818]" lastBlockId="2.[1124,1946,1946,2238]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="160" pageId="1" pageNumber="159">
<emphasis box="[1168,1396,2737,2773]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="159">Discussion.—</emphasis>
The general proportions of the Texas specimen are much like those of
<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="160" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
<emphasis italics="true" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="160" pageId="1" pageNumber="159">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396401302" box="[542,775,2243,2279]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&amp;specimen_id=52853 " pageId="2" pageNumber="160" specimenCode="AMNH 973">AMNH 973</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396401301" box="[817,1066,2243,2279]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&amp;specimen_id=47761 " pageId="2" pageNumber="160" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
:
<tableCitation box="[253,396,2286,2322]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[1122,1218,2319,2351]" captionText="Table 1—Comparative measurements (in mm) of the maxillae of three specimens of Tyrannosaurus rex." pageId="2" pageNumber="160">Table 1</tableCitation>
). The maxilla of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[768,1020,2286,2322]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[768,1020,2286,2322]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is higher than long; in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1970" box="[627,885,2328,2364]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[627,885,2328,2364]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">Daspletosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it is equidimensional; in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[550,790,2371,2407]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[550,790,2371,2407]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">Albertosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is longer than high (
<figureCitation box="[362,565,2414,2450]" captionStart="Text-fig. 3" captionText="Text-fig. 3—Maxilla, TMM 41436-1 (stippled) compared with other tyrannosaurs (sensu Russell, 1970). The height of TMM 41436-1 is used as a standard, a, Tyrannosaurus rex, AMNH 5027, from photograph in Osborn (1912). b, Daspletosaurus torosus, NMC 8506, modified from Russell (1970). c, Albertosaurus libratus, FMNH PR 308, from AMNH negative No. 39113." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3691888/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" targetBox="[1126,1930,378,1556]" targetPageId="2">Text-fig. 3</figureCitation>
). As in
<emphasis box="[738,999,2414,2450]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[738,994,2414,2450]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
but unlike
<taxonomicName authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1970" box="[385,643,2457,2493]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[385,643,2457,2493]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">Daspletosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<emphasis box="[742,989,2457,2493]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[742,983,2457,2493]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
the second antorbital fenestra lies at the anterior edge of the well defined lateral depression which contains the first antorbital fenestra (
<bibRefCitation author="Osborn, H. F." bookContentInfo="30 p." box="[269,517,2626,2662]" journalOrPublisher="Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Mem." pageId="2" pageNumber="160" part="1" refId="ref4028" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1912. Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Mem., new series. 1, 30 p." title="Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus" type="book" year="1912">Osborn, 1912</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Matthew, W. D. &amp; B. Brown" bookContentInfo="10 p." box="[553,1054,2626,2662]" journalOrPublisher="Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Novitates" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" part="98" refId="ref3887" refString="Matthew, W. D., and B. Brown. 1923. Preliminary notices of skeletons and skulls of Deinodontidae from the Cretaceous of Alberta. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Novitates 98, 10 p." title="Preliminary notices of skeletons and skulls of Deinodontidae from the Cretaceous of Alberta" type="journal article" year="1923">Matthew and Brown, 1923</bibRefCitation>
). Unlike
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[385,625,2671,2707]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[385,625,2671,2707]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">Albertosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis box="[730,997,2671,2707]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1970" box="[730,990,2671,2707]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Daspletosaurus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
but like
<emphasis box="[330,592,2715,2751]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[330,586,2715,2751]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
the anteriormost antorbital fossa of the Texas specimen is not visible in lateral aspect, and the first and second antorbital fenestrae are separated by a narrow bar as in
<emphasis box="[1294,1626,2032,2068]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">
<taxonomicName box="[1294,1620,2032,2068]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The anterodorsal edge of this specimen takes part in the border of the external nares as in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1628,1866,2117,2153]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1628,1866,2117,2153]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">Albertosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authority="(Russell, 1970)" baseAuthorityName="Russell" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[1127,1656,2160,2196]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1127,1380,2160,2196]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Russell, D. A." bookContentInfo="34 p." box="[1409,1644,2160,2196]" journalOrPublisher="Natl. Mus. Canada, Publ. Paleo." pageId="2" pageNumber="160" part="1" refId="ref4147" refString="Russell, D. A. 1970. Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. Natl. Mus. Canada, Publ. Paleo. 1, 34 p." title="Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada" type="book" year="1970">Russell, 1970</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3691888" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3691888" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3691888/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" startId="2.[1120,1203,1598,1630]" subCaptionStartIDs="2.[1216,1261,1603,1629]" subCaptionStarts="Text-fig. 3" targetBox="[1126,1930,378,1556]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph blockId="2.[1120,1944,1598,1870]" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">
<emphasis box="[1120,1203,1598,1630]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">Text</emphasis>
-fig.
<emphasis box="[1284,1337,1598,1630]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">3—</emphasis>
Maxilla,
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2974169303" box="[1501,1746,1598,1630]" collectionCode="TMM" county="Brewster County" location="Tornillo Flat, Big Bend National Park" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" preparations="left maxilla with teeth" specimenCode="TMM 41436-1" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Texas">TMM 41436-1</materialsCitation>
(stippled) compared with other tyrannosaurs
<emphasis box="[1712,1807,1633,1665]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">(sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Russell, D. A." bookContentInfo="34 p." journalOrPublisher="Natl. Mus. Canada, Publ. Paleo." pageId="2" pageNumber="160" part="1" refId="ref4147" refString="Russell, D. A. 1970. Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. Natl. Mus. Canada, Publ. Paleo. 1, 34 p." title="Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada" type="book" year="1970">Russell, 1970</bibRefCitation>
). The height of
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2974169301" box="[1510,1734,1667,1699]" collectionCode="TMM" county="Brewster County" location="Tornillo Flat, Big Bend National Park" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" preparations="left maxilla with teeth" specimenCode="TMM 41436-1" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Texas">TMM 41436-1</materialsCitation>
is used as a standard, a,
<emphasis box="[1379,1689,1701,1733]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Russell" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[1379,1683,1701,1733]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396401303" box="[1718,1937,1701,1733]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&amp;specimen_id=47761 " pageId="2" pageNumber="160" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
, from photograph in
<bibRefCitation author="Osborn, H. F." bookContentInfo="30 p." box="[1485,1721,1735,1767]" journalOrPublisher="Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Mem." pageId="2" pageNumber="160" part="1" refId="ref4028" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1912. Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Mem., new series. 1, 30 p." title="Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus" type="book" year="1912">Osborn (1912)</bibRefCitation>
. b,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1970" baseAuthorityName="Russell" baseAuthorityYear="1970" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torosus">Daspletosaurus torosus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
NMC 8506, modified from
<bibRefCitation author="Russell, D. A." bookContentInfo="34 p." journalOrPublisher="Natl. Mus. Canada, Publ. Paleo." pageId="2" pageNumber="160" part="1" refId="ref4147" refString="Russell, D. A. 1970. Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. Natl. Mus. Canada, Publ. Paleo. 1, 34 p." title="Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada" type="book" year="1970">Russell (1970)</bibRefCitation>
. c,
<emphasis box="[1354,1713,1803,1835]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lambe" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[1354,1709,1803,1835]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">Albertosaurus libratus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
FMNH PR 308, from AMNH negative No. 39113.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3691890" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3691890" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3691890/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" startId="2.[249,331,2067,2099]" subCaptionStartIDs="2.[345,390,2072,2098]" subCaptionStarts="Text-fig. 2" targetBox="[280,1070,458,1952]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph blockId="2.[249,1070,2067,2169]" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">
<emphasis box="[249,331,2067,2099]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">Text</emphasis>
-fig.
<emphasis box="[414,782,2067,2099]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">
2—
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn" authorityName="Osborn" box="[466,931,2067,2099]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
,
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2974169302" collectionCode="TMM" county="Brewster County" location="Tornillo Flat, Big Bend National Park" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" preparations="left maxilla with teeth" specimenCode="TMM 41436-1" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Texas">TMM 41436-1</materialsCitation>
, left maxilla, a, lateral view, b, medial view. x 1/4.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="2.[1124,1946,1946,2238]" lastBlockId="3.[1127,1947,2273,2397]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="161" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">
The small size of
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2572204806" box="[1522,1776,2202,2238]" collectionCode="TMM" county="Brewster County" location="Tornillo Flat, Big Bend National Park" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" preparations="left maxilla with teeth" specimenCode="TMM 41436-1" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Texas">TMM 41436-1</materialsCitation>
and the large diameter of the second antorbital fenestra might have distinguished this specimen from other maxillae of larger members of the species.
<figureCitation box="[364,610,2405,2441]" captionStart="Text-fig. 4" captionText="Text-fig. 4—Growth changes in the maxilla of three species of carnivorous dinosaurs. Acronyms: H, height of the maxilla at the anterior edge of the first antorbital fenestra; LSAF, length of the second antorbital fenestra; TRL, tooth row length, a, size of the second antorbital fenestra relative to the size of the maxilla, b, rectangularity of the maxilla relative to size." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3691892/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="161" targetBox="[255,1931,345,2008]" targetPageId="3">Text-figure 4</figureCitation>
shows the characteristic relationships between fenestra size and tooth row length in three species of carnivorous dinosaurs. In
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lambe" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[500,881,2531,2567]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">
<emphasis box="[500,881,2531,2567]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="161">Albertosaurus libratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the second antorbital fenestra appears to increase in diameter more rapidly than the maxilla does in length; in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[465,802,2659,2695]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fragilis">
<emphasis box="[465,802,2659,2695]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="161">Allosaurus fragilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
there appears to be no growth differential; and in
<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="161">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the length of the maxilla increases faster than that of the second antorbital fenestra. Thus,
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2572204809" box="[1350,1606,2275,2311]" collectingCountry="United States" collectionCode="TMM" county="Brewster County" location="Tornillo Flat, Big Bend National Park" pageId="3" pageNumber="161" preparations="left maxilla with teeth" specimenCode="TMM 41436-1" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Texas">TMM 41436-1</materialsCitation>
probably exhibits the characteristics of a young adult
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="161">
<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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