355 lines
40 KiB
XML
355 lines
40 KiB
XML
<document id="F9E83C1B7C03C8421AB5754742DBC4B4" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3599.3.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67a77c56-6304-42ec-b6bf-a5c0d17a734e" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="217094" ID-ZooBank="C5975855-F625-42B8-9FC3-EE91D0428DE7" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460567322751" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Scott, Elizabeth, Visser, John D., Yetman, Caroline A., Oliver, Lauren & Broadley, Donald G." docDate="2013" docId="A42A8796FFC8186AC8970436743264F9" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03599p228.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3599 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Pyxicephalus" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="223" masterDocId="5813FFEEFFDD187CC80006167132665E" masterDocTitle="Revalidation of Pyxicephalus angusticeps Parry, 1982 (Anura: Natatanura: Pyxicephalidae), a bullfrog endemic to the lowlands of eastern Africa" masterLastPageNumber="228" masterPageNumber="201" pageNumber="222" updateTime="1698321313503" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="3AACCD342634A2974137D79849F7A267">Revalidation of Pyxicephalus angusticeps Parry, 1982 (Anura: Natatanura: Pyxicephalidae), a bullfrog endemic to the lowlands of eastern Africa</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3A4E5A2254B060222D15A3C51512F109">Scott, Elizabeth</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="977C752988A791C6915D1C037A0A3222">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="333E0F05FC5EFA477D012CD93BFFB33F">Visser, John D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="4E92A8FF0616EE2B133F66249980882C" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="77DEDCA7F34BFC28E76223861950C184">Yetman, Caroline A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="761084C8995D9D8AB326C79218650854">Oliver, Lauren</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="6F28F9CBB7B1A6BB8FC53604CFEF3CE2" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="81C539ACF57EE9B051FBAE8E3B2EFB2A">Broadley, Donald G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="F4A06EACAFC9FF459F8ECB844CF9B082">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="98331741BCE18009631F30F41F5D966B">
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<mods:date id="7890430103137D67E896625F5B2EBC4D">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="228B59CB68ADE93745BD37AD423D26DF">3599</mods:number>
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<treatment id="A42A8796FFC8186AC8970436743264F9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6150137" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119557750" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6150137" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A42A8796FFC8186AC8970436743264F9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A42A8796FFC8186AC8970436743264F9" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="223" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">
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<subSubSection id="6499650BFFC81869C8970436730A6464" box="[151,568,544,571]" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="2C3C3680FFC81869C8970436730A6464" blockId="21.[151,568,544,571]" box="[151,568,544,571]" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">
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<heading id="777481ECFFC81869C8970436730A6464" bold="true" box="[151,568,544,571]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFC81869C8970436730A6464" bold="true" box="[151,568,544,571]" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">
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Sympatry of
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<taxonomicName id="EB834D03FFC81869C93A043770E96465" ID-CoL="7697" box="[314,475,545,571]" class="Amphibia" family="Pyxicephalidae" genus="Pyxicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFC81869C93A043770E96465" bold="true" box="[314,475,545,571]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">Pyxicephalus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6499650BFFC8186AC8970471743264F9" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="223" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" type="description">
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<paragraph id="2C3C3680FFC81869C897047175306509" blockId="21.[151,1437,615,2008]" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">
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According to
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<bibRefCitation id="48124B71FFC81869C940047173666421" box="[320,596,615,640]" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" refString="Channing, A., Du Preez, L. H. & Passmore, N. I. (1994) Status, vocalization and breeding biology of two species of African bullfrogs (Ranidae: Pyxicephalus). Journal of Zoology, London, 234, 141 - 148. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1994. tb 06061. x" type="journal article">
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Channing
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<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFC81869C9BB047F70C964DE" box="[443,507,616,640]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">et al.</emphasis>
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(1994)
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</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="48124B71FFC81869CA9A047172506421" author="Channing" box="[666,866,615,639]" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" refString="Channing, A. (2001) Amphibians of Central and Southern Africa. Protea Book House, Pretoria, 470 pp." type="book" year="2001">Channing (2001)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="EB834D03FFC81869CB75047F753A64DE" box="[885,1032,616,640]" class="Amphibia" family="Pyxicephalidae" genus="Pyxicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adspersus">
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<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFC81869CB75047F753A64DE" box="[885,1032,616,640]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">P. adspersus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFC81869CC4D047F759D64DE" box="[1101,1199,616,640]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">P. e d u l i s</emphasis>
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both occur on the
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<collectingCountry id="54947610FFC81869C897049A701964FA" box="[151,299,652,676]" name="Mozambique" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
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coastal plain, and local inhabitants reportedly eat the smaller species early in the rainy season, and the larger species after very heavy rainfall in February.
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<bibRefCitation id="48124B71FFC81869CB2204B975196499" author="Channing" box="[802,1067,687,711]" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" refString="Channing, A. (2001) Amphibians of Central and Southern Africa. Protea Book House, Pretoria, 470 pp." type="book" year="2001">Channing (2001: 351)</bibRefCitation>
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notes that local tribesmen in
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<collectingCountry id="54947610FFC81869C89704C2701964B2" box="[151,299,724,748]" name="Mozambique" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
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even prepare them for consumption differently.
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<bibRefCitation id="48124B71FFC81869CB4E04C2753F64B2" author="Channing" box="[846,1037,724,748]" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" refString="Channing, A. (2001) Amphibians of Central and Southern Africa. Protea Book House, Pretoria, 470 pp." type="book" year="2001">Channing (2001)</bibRefCitation>
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also mentions that the local people believe the small animals from early in the season grow into the large animals, which are only found later in the season after heavy rains. This is unlikely, because skeletochronological research on
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<taxonomicName id="EB834D03FFC81869CC57050B75D6656A" box="[1111,1252,796,820]" class="Amphibia" family="Pyxicephalidae" genus="Pyxicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adspersus">
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<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFC81869CC57050B75D6656A" box="[1111,1252,796,820]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">P. adspersus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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indicates that it takes at least 3–4 years for a male to reach breeding size (Yetman
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<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFC81869CB7A055772806506" box="[890,946,832,856]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">et al.</emphasis>
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2012).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2C3C3680FFC81869C8C70572728D60CA" blockId="21.[151,1437,615,2008]" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">
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These field observations and folklore are consistent with the occurrence of two phenologically distinct species of
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<taxonomicName id="EB834D03FFC81869C8B7059E707F65FE" box="[183,333,904,928]" class="Amphibia" family="Pyxicephalidae" genus="Pyxicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFC81869C8B7059E707F65FE" box="[183,333,904,928]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">Pyxicephalus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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on the
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<collectingCountry id="54947610FFC81869C9A40591730565C1" box="[420,567,903,927]" name="Mozambique" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
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plain. However, we suggest that these two species, one larger and the other smaller, are in fact
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<taxonomicName id="EB834D03FFC81869C97D05BB70D2659A" box="[381,480,940,964]" class="Amphibia" family="Pyxicephalidae" genus="Pyxicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="edulis">
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<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFC81869C97D05BB70D2659A" box="[381,480,940,964]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">P. edulis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="EB834D03FFC81869CA1E05BB73F0659A" box="[542,706,941,964]" class="Amphibia" family="Pyxicephalidae" genus="Pyxicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="angusticeps">
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<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFC81869CA1E05BB73F0659A" box="[542,706,941,964]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">P. angusticeps</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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respectively; not
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<taxonomicName id="EB834D03FFC81869CB9605BB7514659A" box="[918,1062,940,964]" class="Amphibia" family="Pyxicephalidae" genus="Pyxicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adspersus">
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<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFC81869CB9605BB7514659A" box="[918,1062,940,964]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">P. adspersus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFC81869CC6405BB75F1659A" box="[1124,1219,940,964]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">P. e d u l i s</emphasis>
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, as interpreted by
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<bibRefCitation id="48124B71FFC81869C89705D970A965B9" box="[151,411,975,1000]" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" refString="Channing, A., Du Preez, L. H. & Passmore, N. I. (1994) Status, vocalization and breeding biology of two species of African bullfrogs (Ranidae: Pyxicephalus). Journal of Zoology, London, 234, 141 - 148. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1994. tb 06061. x" type="journal article">
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Channing
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<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFC81869C90C05C7700C65B6" box="[268,318,976,1000]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">et al</emphasis>
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. (1994)
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</bibRefCitation>
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. It is important to recognise that
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<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFC81869CB1605C7724065B6" box="[790,882,976,1000]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">P. e d u l i s</emphasis>
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is not a small species, and male specimens may attain considerable size.
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<bibRefCitation id="48124B71FFC81869C9B905E3737E6252" author="Parry" box="[441,588,1012,1037]" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" refString="Parry, C. R. (1982) A revision of southern African Pyxicephalus Tschudi (Anura: Ranidae). Annals of the Natal Museum, 25 (1), 281 - 292." type="journal article" year="1982">Parry (1982)</bibRefCitation>
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reports that males of
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<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFC81869CB5905E3728B6252" box="[857,953,1012,1036]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">P. e d u l i s</emphasis>
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average
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||
<quantity id="EB7B9B65FFC81869CC2C05E275A36252" box="[1068,1169,1012,1036]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" unit="mm" value="100.0">100 mm</quantity>
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. Our unpublished data indicate that typical
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<taxonomicName id="EB834D03FFC81869C97C020F70E9626E" box="[380,475,1048,1072]" class="Amphibia" family="Pyxicephalidae" genus="Pyxicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="edulis">
|
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<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFC81869C97C020F70E9626E" box="[380,475,1048,1072]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">P. edulis</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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males from
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<collectingCountry id="54947610FFC81869CA69020173CF6271" box="[617,765,1047,1071]" name="Mozambique" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
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can reach
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||
<quantity id="EB7B9B65FFC81869CB76020172E1626E" box="[886,979,1047,1072]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.38" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" unit="mm" value="138.0">138 mm</quantity>
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SVL (recorded for MNHNP 2010.0153,
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<figureCitation id="B4B82A05FFC81869C897022A71EE620A" box="[151,220,1084,1108]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1933,1956]" captionTargetBox="[178,1420,196,1887]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,153,1912]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Pyxicephalus edulis Peters, 1854: MNHNP 2010.0153, adult 3 from Nhica do Rovuma, Mozambique. 7 A. Dorsal view. 7 B. Ventral view. 7 C. Lateral view, left. 7 D. Frontal view. 7 E. Hand. 7 F. Foot. Scale bar = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/217101/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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), but are not as large as the largest
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<taxonomicName id="EB834D03FFC81869CA76022B7236620A" box="[630,772,1084,1108]" class="Amphibia" family="Pyxicephalidae" genus="Pyxicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adspersus">
|
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<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFC81869CA76022B7236620A" box="[630,772,1084,1108]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">P. adspersus</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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(maximum
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<quantity id="EB7B9B65FFC81869CB90022A72DC620A" box="[912,1006,1084,1108]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.91" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" unit="mm" value="191.0">191 mm</quantity>
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SVL recorded for AMNH-A 23621). Misidentifications of
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<taxonomicName id="EB834D03FFC81869C989027770DA6226" box="[393,488,1120,1144]" class="Amphibia" family="Pyxicephalidae" genus="Pyxicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="edulis">
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<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFC81869C989027770DA6226" box="[393,488,1120,1144]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">P. edulis</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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as
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<taxonomicName id="EB834D03FFC81869CA0F027773A96226" box="[527,667,1120,1144]" class="Amphibia" family="Pyxicephalidae" genus="Pyxicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adspersus">
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<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFC81869CA0F027773A96226" box="[527,667,1120,1144]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">P. adspersus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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that appear to be based on size are common in museum collections. Furthermore, no characters reliably distinguish the metamorphs of
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<taxonomicName id="EB834D03FFC81869CB910293752C62C2" box="[913,1054,1156,1180]" class="Amphibia" family="Pyxicephalidae" genus="Pyxicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adspersus">
|
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<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFC81869CB910293752C62C2" box="[913,1054,1156,1180]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">P. adspersus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from
|
||
<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFC81869CC65029375F062C2" box="[1125,1218,1156,1180]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">P. e d u l i s</emphasis>
|
||
until a fairly large size class is reached (hence our list of ‘indeterminate’ metamorphs in Appendix 1). A large proportion of museum material of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB834D03FFC81869C91C02DA708062BA" box="[284,434,1228,1252]" class="Amphibia" family="Pyxicephalidae" genus="Pyxicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFC81869C91C02DA708062BA" box="[284,434,1228,1252]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">Pyxicephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises small metamorphs, which emerge in large numbers and are easily collected, but often poorly preserved. This material has generally been variously assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB834D03FFC81869CC4A02E775E56356" box="[1098,1239,1264,1288]" class="Amphibia" family="Pyxicephalidae" genus="Pyxicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adspersus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFC81869CC4A02E775E56356" box="[1098,1239,1264,1288]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">P. adspersus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB834D03FFC81869CD0002E774526356" box="[1280,1376,1264,1288]" class="Amphibia" family="Pyxicephalidae" genus="Pyxicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="edulis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFC81869CD0002E774526356" box="[1280,1376,1264,1288]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">P. edulis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The erroneous sympatric distribution reported for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB834D03FFC81869CAA8030372056372" box="[680,823,1300,1324]" class="Amphibia" family="Pyxicephalidae" genus="Pyxicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adspersus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFC81869CAA8030372056372" box="[680,823,1300,1324]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">P. adspersus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB834D03FFC81869CB74030372E56372" box="[884,983,1300,1324]" class="Amphibia" family="Pyxicephalidae" genus="Pyxicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="edulis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFC81869CB74030372E56372" box="[884,983,1300,1324]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">P. edulis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appear to be due largely to size-based museum determinations, together with random determinations of juveniles, compounded by general confusion arising from failure of some traditional characters to adequately diagnose these two taxa (see revised key).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="48124B71FFC81869CD5F034B71D363C6" author="Parry" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" refString="Parry, C. R. (1982) A revision of southern African Pyxicephalus Tschudi (Anura: Ranidae). Annals of the Natal Museum, 25 (1), 281 - 292." type="journal article" year="1982">Parry (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
misidentified some large individuals of
|
||
<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFC81869CAAA0397723463C6" box="[682,774,1408,1432]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">P. e du li s</emphasis>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="54947610FFC81869CB4F0397728F63C6" box="[847,957,1409,1432]" name="Botswana" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">Botswana</collectingCountry>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB834D03FFC81869CBE40397754263C6" box="[996,1136,1408,1432]" class="Amphibia" family="Pyxicephalidae" genus="Pyxicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adspersus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFC81869CBE40397754263C6" box="[996,1136,1408,1432]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">P. adspersus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(asterisks in Appendix 1). Specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="54947610FFC81869C95403B370F063E2" box="[340,450,1445,1468]" name="Botswana" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">Botswana</collectingCountry>
|
||
have previously been difficult to identify.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="48124B71FFC81869CB9E03B3751F63E2" author="Parry" box="[926,1069,1444,1469]" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" refString="Parry, C. R. (1982) A revision of southern African Pyxicephalus Tschudi (Anura: Ranidae). Annals of the Natal Museum, 25 (1), 281 - 292." type="journal article" year="1982">Parry (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="48124B71FFC81869CC6303B374A963E2" author="Poynton" box="[1123,1435,1444,1469]" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" refString="Poynton, J. C. & Broadley, D. G. (1985) Amphibia Zambesiaca 2. Ranidae. Annals of the Natal Museum, 27 (1), 115 - 181." type="journal article" year="1985">Poynton & Broadley (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mention ‘introgression’ of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB834D03FFC81869C9CB03DF736A63BE" box="[459,600,1480,1504]" class="Amphibia" family="Pyxicephalidae" genus="Pyxicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adspersus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFC81869C9CB03DF736A63BE" box="[459,600,1480,1504]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">P. adspersus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFC81869CA9403DF73C263BE" box="[660,752,1480,1504]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">P. e d u l i s</emphasis>
|
||
characteristics in material from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="54947610FFC81869CC6B03DF75EF63BE" box="[1131,1245,1481,1504]" name="Botswana" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">Botswana</collectingCountry>
|
||
. However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="48124B71FFC81869CD5F03DF71D3605A" author="Parry" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" refString="Parry, C. R. (1982) A revision of southern African Pyxicephalus Tschudi (Anura: Ranidae). Annals of the Natal Museum, 25 (1), 281 - 292." type="journal article" year="1982">Parry (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did not misidentify any adult material from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="54947610FFC81869CAE903FA724F605A" box="[745,893,1516,1540]" name="Mozambique" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB834D03FFC81869CBA703FB7507605A" box="[935,1077,1516,1540]" class="Amphibia" family="Pyxicephalidae" genus="Pyxicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adspersus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFC81869CBA703FB7507605A" box="[935,1077,1516,1540]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">P. adspersus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see Appendix 1). Our revised distribution data for re-examined adult museum specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="54947610FFC81869CB86000675286076" box="[902,1050,1552,1576]" name="Mozambique" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
|
||
corroborates the studies of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="48124B71FFC81869CD5F000771D36012" author="Parry" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" refString="Parry, C. R. (1982) A revision of southern African Pyxicephalus Tschudi (Anura: Ranidae). Annals of the Natal Museum, 25 (1), 281 - 292." type="journal article" year="1982">Parry (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="48124B71FFC81869C928002373496012" author="Poynton" box="[296,635,1588,1613]" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" refString="Poynton, J. C. & Broadley, D. G. (1985) Amphibia Zambesiaca 2. Ranidae. Annals of the Natal Museum, 27 (1), 115 - 181." type="journal article" year="1985">Poynton & Broadley (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, neither of which listed any specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB834D03FFC81869CC92002374176012" box="[1170,1317,1588,1612]" class="Amphibia" family="Pyxicephalidae" genus="Pyxicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adspersus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFC81869CC92002374176012" box="[1170,1317,1588,1612]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">P. adspersus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="54947610FFC81869C897004E7019602E" box="[151,299,1624,1648]" name="Mozambique" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
|
||
plain, despite examining all material available in several major collections. Based on this evidence, we conclude that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB834D03FFC81869C95C006B70D560CA" box="[348,487,1660,1684]" class="Amphibia" family="Pyxicephalidae" genus="Pyxicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adspersus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFC81869C95C006B70D560CA" box="[348,487,1660,1684]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">P. adspersus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not occur on the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="54947610FFC81869CAE5006A724B60CA" box="[741,889,1660,1684]" name="Mozambique" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
|
||
plain.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2C3C3680FFC81869C8C700B7730F6186" blockId="21.[151,1437,615,2008]" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">
|
||
We agree with
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="48124B71FFC81869C97D00B6737E60E6" author="Pickersgill" box="[381,588,1696,1720]" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" refString="Pickersgill, M. (2007) Frog Search. Results of Expeditions to Southern and Eastern Africa from 1993 - 1999. Frankfurt Contributions to Natural History Volume 28. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 574 pp." type="book chapter" year="2007">Pickersgill (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
that the apparent sympatry of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB834D03FFC81869CBBE00B7757D60E6" box="[958,1103,1696,1720]" class="Amphibia" family="Pyxicephalidae" genus="Pyxicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adspersus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFC81869CBBE00B7757D60E6" box="[958,1103,1696,1720]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">P. adspersus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB834D03FFC81869CC8F00B775C060E6" box="[1167,1266,1696,1720]" class="Amphibia" family="Pyxicephalidae" genus="Pyxicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="edulis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFC81869CC8F00B775C060E6" box="[1167,1266,1696,1720]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">P. edulis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mentioned by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="48124B71FFC81869C89700D270AC6082" box="[151,414,1732,1756]" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" refString="Channing, A., Du Preez, L. H. & Passmore, N. I. (1994) Status, vocalization and breeding biology of two species of African bullfrogs (Ranidae: Pyxicephalus). Journal of Zoology, London, 234, 141 - 148. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1994. tb 06061. x" type="journal article">
|
||
Channing
|
||
<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFC81869C90D00D3707A6082" box="[269,328,1732,1756]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1994)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, on the basis of an unspecified recording from Naboomspruit (Limpopo Province,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="54947610FFC81869CD5B00D271D360A1" name="South Africa" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
) wherein both species were allegedly present, remains to be verified. The only available published sonograph from the locality (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="B4B82A05FFC81869CA07011A7364617A" box="[519,598,1804,1828]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="19.[199,298,1807,1830]" captionTargetBox="[271,1306,515,1782]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[262,1319,501,1795]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 13. Spectrograms of Pyxicephalus Tschudi, 1838 produced via a DFT filter of 256 points. 13 A. Pyxicephalus adspersus Tschudi, 1838 from Bloemfontein, South Africa (recorded by Louis du Preez). 13 B. Pyxicephalus adspersus Tschudi, 1838 from Naboomspruit, South Africa (from collection of Alan Channing), with numerous calls of Kassina senegalensis Duméril & Bibron, 1841 visible above [published in Channing et al. 1994]. 13 C. Pyxicephalus edulis Peters, 1854 from ‘ Transvaal’ (from collection of Alan Channing). 13 D. Pyxicephalus edulis Peters, 1854 from Tschaneni, Swaziland (recorded by Vincent Carruthers). 13 E. Pyxicephalus angusticeps Parry, 1982 New Status from Beira, Mozambique (recorded by Alan Channing) [published in Channing et al. 1994]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/217107/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
B) indicates only the long call. This also applies to Channing’s (2001: 350) statement that both species occur together at Nylsvlei (near Naboomspruit) and at Beira in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="54947610FFC81869CCCB013974506119" box="[1227,1378,1839,1863]" name="Mozambique" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The recording(s) and/or sonographs which form the basis of these statements of sympatry need to be re-examined. In the absence of adult voucher specimens of both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB834D03FFC81869CACC016F726861CE" box="[716,858,1912,1936]" class="Amphibia" family="Pyxicephalidae" genus="Pyxicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adspersus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFC81869CACC016F726861CE" box="[716,858,1912,1936]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">P. adspersus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB834D03FFC81869CB97016F72CB61CE" box="[919,1017,1912,1936]" class="Amphibia" family="Pyxicephalidae" genus="Pyxicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="edulis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFC81869CB97016F72CB61CE" box="[919,1017,1912,1936]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">P. edulis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from these localities, and given the apparent confusion of
|
||
<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFC81869C998018B70C661EA" box="[408,500,1948,1972]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">P. e d u l i s</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB834D03FFC81869CA33018B73E761EA" box="[563,725,1949,1972]" class="Amphibia" family="Pyxicephalidae" genus="Pyxicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="angusticeps">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFC81869CA33018B73E761EA" box="[563,725,1949,1972]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">P. angusticeps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
documented above, it is more parsimonious to assume that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB834D03FFC81869CD87018B70356186" class="Amphibia" family="Pyxicephalidae" genus="Pyxicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adspersus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFC81869CD87018B70356186" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">P. adspersus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFC81869C93D01D770AA6186" box="[317,408,1984,2008]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">P. e d u l i s</emphasis>
|
||
are allopatric.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2C3C3680FFCB186AC8C7068E743264F9" blockId="22.[151,1436,151,679]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">
|
||
We suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB834D03FFCB186AC982068F731066EE" box="[386,546,153,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Pyxicephalidae" genus="Pyxicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="angusticeps">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFCB186AC982068F731066EE" box="[386,546,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">P. angusticeps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFCB186ACA5B068F738566EE" box="[603,695,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">P. e d u l i s</emphasis>
|
||
may be sympatric on the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="54947610FFCB186ACBE30681754566F1" box="[995,1143,151,175]" name="Mozambique" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
|
||
plain, although these two species have not yet been observed in the same microhabitat. If syntopy were the case, other isolating mechanisms must be in force separating
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB834D03FFCB186AC9D506F7730766A6" box="[469,565,224,248]" class="Amphibia" family="Pyxicephalidae" genus="Pyxicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="edulis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFCB186AC9D506F7730766A6" box="[469,565,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">P. edulis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB834D03FFCB186ACA6F06F7722266A6" box="[623,784,225,248]" class="Amphibia" family="Pyxicephalidae" genus="Pyxicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="angusticeps">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFCB186ACA6F06F7722266A6" box="[623,784,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">P. angusticeps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, e.g. differences in breeding phenology, diet and/or male vocalizations.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="48124B71FFCB186AC93A0712730E6742" box="[314,572,260,284]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" refString="Channing, A., Du Preez, L. H. & Passmore, N. I. (1994) Status, vocalization and breeding biology of two species of African bullfrogs (Ranidae: Pyxicephalus). Journal of Zoology, London, 234, 141 - 148. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1994. tb 06061. x" type="journal article">
|
||
Channing
|
||
<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFCB186AC9B0071370D86742" box="[432,490,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1994)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
documented differences in breeding phenology between the two species on the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="54947610FFCB186AC8C0073170666761" box="[192,340,295,319]" name="Mozambique" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
|
||
plain (discussed earlier), but clear differences in calls between these two taxa have not rigorously been established yet, requiring further investigation. Larger general size in concert with a wider gape in
|
||
<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFCB186ACD3C075B74AA673A" box="[1340,1432,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">P. e d u l i s</emphasis>
|
||
could theoretically be responsible for ecological niche differentiation in diet between adults of this species and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB834D03FFCB186ACD870767702967F2" class="Amphibia" family="Pyxicephalidae" genus="Pyxicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="angusticeps">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFCB186ACD870767702967F2" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">P. angusticeps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="48124B71FFCB186AC930078270FD67F2" author="Lynch" box="[304,463,404,428]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" refString="Lynch, J. D. (1975) A review of the broad-headed Eleutherodactyline frogs of South America (Leptodactylidae). Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, 38, 1 - 46." type="journal article" year="1975">Lynch (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentioned that wide gape of the wide-headed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB834D03FFCB186ACC160782759E67F2" box="[1046,1196,404,428]" class="Amphibia" family="Pyxicephalidae" genus="Pyxicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFCB186ACC160782759E67F2" box="[1046,1196,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Pyxicephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of Africa could be correlated with the specialized habit of predating on other frogs.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="48124B71FFCB186ACB8207A175296791" author="Lynch" box="[898,1051,439,463]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" refString="Lynch, J. D. (1975) A review of the broad-headed Eleutherodactyline frogs of South America (Leptodactylidae). Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, 38, 1 - 46." type="journal article" year="1975">Lynch (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
restated the views of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="48124B71FFCB186ACD1B07A171D367AA" author="Hutchinson" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" refString="Hutchinson, G. E. (1959) Homage to Santa Rosalia, or why are there so many kinds of animals. American Naturalist, 93, 145 - 159. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1086 / 282070" type="journal article" year="1959">Hutchinson (1959)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
that greater head width and concomitant gape size in frogs seems to be a means of affecting niche separation without having to become larger.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB834D03FFCB186ACA1A0416720F6446" box="[538,829,512,536]" class="Amphibia" family="Pyxicephalidae" genus="Pyxicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="angusticeps">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFCB186ACA1A0416720F6446" box="[538,829,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Pyxicephalus angusticeps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not as squat as its congeners, with relatively thin, long fingers and a slight increase in toe webbing, compared to
|
||
<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFCB186ACB71043372FC6462" box="[881,974,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">P. e d u l i s</emphasis>
|
||
. The narrower head, more gracile body form, slight increase in webbing and longer digits of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB834D03FFCB186ACAFB045F72AF643E" box="[763,925,585,608]" class="Amphibia" family="Pyxicephalidae" genus="Pyxicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="angusticeps">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFCB186ACAFB045F72AF643E" box="[763,925,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">P. angusticeps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as compared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB834D03FFCB186ACC7F045F75ED643E" box="[1151,1247,584,608]" class="Amphibia" family="Pyxicephalidae" genus="Pyxicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="edulis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFCB186ACC7F045F75ED643E" box="[1151,1247,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">P. edulis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, suggest a more aquatic lifestyle.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB834D03FFCB186AC958047A734B64DA" box="[344,633,620,644]" class="Amphibia" family="Pyxicephalidae" genus="Pyxicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="angusticeps">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EF7EA92FFCB186AC958047A734B64DA" box="[344,633,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Pyxicephalus angusticeps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may require more swamp-like habitats or flooded grasslands, based on the habitats (e.g. flooded rice paddies) in which it has predominantly been collected in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="54947610FFCB186ACC64049975CE64F9" box="[1124,1276,655,679]" name="Mozambique" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |