190 lines
21 KiB
XML
190 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document id="C795873D5C9A52AEED4718D32CA718E8" ID-CLB-Dataset="3337" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.5721014" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e1da6e7b-2faa-4ac3-a4f0-99d827a27611" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5721014" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1633651340880" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="038087E8553856368EBE0C7B1244F3C2" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Suidae_0248.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Babyrousa babyrussa" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="276" masterDocId="FFB9FF90553B56358E7B0F4A1178FFAF" masterDocTitle="Suidae" masterLastPageNumber="291" masterPageNumber="248" pageNumber="276" updateTime="1699458912207" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="659A00E145BD20B45E29DEC6CB5413A4" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="EF588E71FE8A91059F42E073559FDCF5">
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<mods:title id="2C88F36F06A969B03131EA1F95223579">Suidae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="9D3438A4F481A94F585E411D603EBAA3" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="4FB1158A0B170589DBE226480F8DE175">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="EEDAD8E6C3EF834D3D6934A9EC088169" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="8B271C7FC9A6FA78FA416F562950D326">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="34833DB42A5418838453656BCA563569">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="8A68B5EEA8CD2ECD3D45FD234292BA65">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="846F58D80EDADF246633E9BA11D595CA">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="58EAA7CFEC8ED99CCEEE6D0865CCB8B1" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="B58A219BA02E54E116A7C940CB6DFBB0">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="029C7F90407AD9F00AEAD4693928C694">
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<mods:placeTerm id="C81BDF19959056531E72147A217F71AA">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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<mods:titleInfo id="151D9227337B23169C1F1C9D397A5BE0">
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<mods:title id="F49D891B45414D601FE1131320546AB8">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="B15321DF14FBA6CB315F0B08EC1672CF">
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<mods:start id="6AEE9A6E7D08EB17D6FB6BEEF6A6A38A">248</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="22202F8ADE450F1E380C0FCFD59A667A">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="867F61B22D5353E399E79C15A24F7941" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-77-4</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="038087E8553856368EBE0C7B1244F3C2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5721063" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190600653" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5721063" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038087E8553856368EBE0C7B1244F3C2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038087E8553856368EBE0C7B1244F3C2" lastPageNumber="276" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">
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<subSubSection id="C3336575553856368EBE0C7B119DFCF0" box="[197,229,817,863]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8B9636FE553856368EBE0C7B119DFCF0" blockId="3.[195,1207,817,905]" box="[197,229,817,863]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">
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<heading id="D0DE8192553856368EBE0C7B119DFCF0" box="[197,229,817,863]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">
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<figureCitation id="13122A7B553856368EBE0C7B119DFCF0" box="[197,229,817,863]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="2.[100,132,3394,3415]" captionTargetBox="[13,2751,15,3635]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="On following pages 2 Moluccan Babırusa (Babyrousa babyrussa) 3 Tog an Babırusa (Babyrousa rogeanensıs) 4 Common Warthog (Phacochoorus alncanus) 5 Desert Warthog (Phacochoerus aethıopıcus) 6 Forest Hog (Hylochoerus maınenzhagenı) Bushpıg (Pommochoeıus Iarvalusl 8 Red Rıver Hog (Poramochoerus porcas)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6513864" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6513864/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">2.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3336575553856368E8D0C7B13FDFCF0" box="[246,645,817,863]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8B9636FE553856368E8D0C7B13FDFCF0" blockId="3.[195,1207,817,905]" box="[246,645,817,863]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">
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<heading id="D0DE8192553856368E8D0C7B13FDFCF0" box="[246,645,817,863]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">
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<vernacularName id="052A46D0553856368E8D0C7B13FDFCF0" box="[246,645,817,863]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">Moluccan Babirusa</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3336575553856368CB00C7B1545FCF0" box="[715,1085,817,863]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9636FE553856368CB00C7B1545FCF0" blockId="3.[195,1207,817,905]" box="[715,1085,817,863]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">
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<heading id="D0DE8192553856368CB00C7B1545FCF0" box="[715,1085,817,863]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">
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<taxonomicName id="4C294D7D553856368CB00C7B1545FCF0" ID-CoL="K6LZ" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[715,1085,817,863]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Babyrousa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="babyrussa">
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<emphasis id="B95DEAEC553856368CB00C7B1545FCF0" box="[715,1085,817,863]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">Babyrousa babyrussa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3336575553856368EBE0C3B15CEFC29" box="[197,1206,881,902]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph id="8B9636FE553856368EBE0C3B15CEFC29" blockId="3.[195,1207,817,905]" box="[197,1206,881,902]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">
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<heading id="D0DE8192553856368EBE0C3B15CEFC29" box="[197,1206,881,902]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">
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<emphasis id="B95DEAEC553856368EBE0C3B1069FC29" bold="true" box="[197,273,881,902]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="052A46D0553856368F600C3B1366FC29" box="[283,542,881,902]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">
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Babiroussa des
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<collectingCountry id="F33E766E553856368FC70C3B1366FC29" box="[444,542,881,902]" name="Indonesia" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">Moluques</collectingCountry>
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</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B95DEAEC553856368C490C3B13F5FC29" bold="true" box="[562,653,881,902]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="052A46D0553856368CE30C3B1215FC29" box="[664,877,881,902]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">Molukken-Hirscheber</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B95DEAEC553856368DFA0C3B12A4FC29" bold="true" box="[897,988,881,902]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="052A46D0553856368D9D0C3B1541FC29" box="[998,1081,881,902]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">Babirusa</vernacularName>
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de
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<collectingRegion id="49EDF81C553856368A1F0C3B15CEFC29" box="[1124,1206,881,902]" country="Indonesia" name="Maluku Utara" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">Molucas</collectingRegion>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3336575553856368D510CF9140AFC7B" box="[810,1394,947,980]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9636FE553856368D510CF9140AFC7B" blockId="3.[810,1397,947,1372]" box="[810,1394,947,980]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">
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<emphasis id="B95DEAEC553856368D510CF912BDFC7B" bold="true" box="[810,965,947,980]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C294D7D553856368DAE0CF91415FC7B" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[981,1389,947,980]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="babyrussa">Sus babyrussa Linnaeus, 1758</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3336575553856368D500C94144BFC54" box="[811,1331,990,1019]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B9636FE553856368D500C94144BFC54" blockId="3.[810,1397,947,1372]" box="[811,1331,990,1019]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">
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<materialsCitation id="3B413CA3553856368D500C94144BFC54" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3761200306" box="[811,1331,990,1019]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">
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“Borneo” (= Buru Island,
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<collectingCountry id="F33E766E553856368AEE0C94145EFC54" box="[1173,1318,990,1019]" name="Indonesia" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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).
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3336575553856368D500B4815EBFB8C" box="[811,1171,1026,1059]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B9636FE553856368D500B4815EBFB8C" blockId="3.[810,1397,947,1372]" box="[811,1171,1026,1059]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">This species is monotypic.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3336575553856368D500B631433FBDE" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF566676553856368D500B631433FBDE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5721019" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5721019" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5721019/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" targetBox="[193,786,958,1372]" targetPageId="3">
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<paragraph id="8B9636FE553856368D500B631433FBDE" blockId="3.[810,1397,947,1372]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">
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<emphasis id="B95DEAEC553856368D500B6312A2FBE5" bold="true" box="[811,986,1065,1098]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">Distribution.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="F33E766E553856368D8F0B63150EFBE5" box="[1012,1142,1065,1098]" name="Indonesia" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">Moluccas</collectingCountry>
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Archipelago, in Sula ls (Mangole & Taliabu) and Buru.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3336575553856368D500B3D15E6FA56" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9636FE553856368D500B3D15E6FA56" blockId="3.[810,1397,947,1372]" lastBlockId="3.[195,1403,1379,3181]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">
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<emphasis id="B95DEAEC553856368D500B3D155AFB37" bold="true" box="[811,1058,1143,1176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body 85-110 cm, tail 20-32 cm, shoulder height 65-80 cm; weight 43-100 kg.
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<taxonomicName id="4C294D7D553856368A550B8F15B4FB49" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1070,1228,1221,1254]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="babyrussa">B. babyrussa</taxonomicName>
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is a relatively small species, with long, thick body hair and well-developed tail tuft. The upper canines of males are short and slender and cross the lower caninesin lateral view. The upper canines tend to diverge or be subparallel, but they may be weakly convergent. Based on tooth measurements,
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<taxonomicName id="4C294D7D553856368AC70AC01422FA04" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1212,1370,1418,1451]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="babyrussa">B. babyrussa</taxonomicName>
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is similar to
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<taxonomicName id="4C294D7D553856368F290AFB1367FA7D" authorityName="Hooijer" authorityYear="1950" box="[338,543,1457,1490]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Babyrousa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bolabatuensis">B. bolabatuensis</taxonomicName>
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, a presumably extinct
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<taxonomicName id="4C294D7D553856368D210AFB1557FA7D" box="[858,1071,1457,1490]" form="described" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" rank="form">form described</taxonomicName>
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from subfossil remains retrieved from various sites in the south-western peninsula of
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<collectingRegion id="49EDF81C553856368A5F0A9215E3FA56" box="[1060,1179,1496,1529]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3336575553856368EB8094A1540F8A2" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8B9636FE553856368EB8094A1540F8A2" blockId="3.[195,1403,1379,3181]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">
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<emphasis id="B95DEAEC553856368EB8094A104BF98E" bold="true" box="[195,307,1536,1569]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Buru’s natural vegetation is largely tropical lowland evergreen and semi-evergreen rainforest, with tropical montane rainforest occurring above
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<quantity id="4CD19B1B553856368AF109611599F9E7" box="[1162,1249,1579,1608]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" unit="m" value="800.0">800 m</quantity>
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above sea level; the only known exception to this pattern is a complex patchwork of monsoon forest, gallery forest, and savanna in the north and north-east section of the island, the result of repeated anthropogenic burnings. No surveys have been done on the habitat use of babirusas on Buru Island, but the local Rana people report that babirusas are most often found in rocky habitat in hilly areas and mountains.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3336575553856368EBF08591511F804" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8B9636FE553856368EBF08591511F804" blockId="3.[195,1403,1379,3181]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">
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<emphasis id="B95DEAEC553856368EBF085910ACF89B" bold="true" box="[196,468,1811,1844]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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[Local people on Buru report that babirusas primarily feed on leaves, roots, and fruits in the forest, but never enter people’s gardens to feed on crops, unlike the other pig species on Buru, which causes considerable damage to crops. The species is also said to feed along the shoreline when the tide is out.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3336575553856368EBE08FA13CFF855" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" type="breeding">
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<paragraph id="8B9636FE553856368EBE08FA13CFF855" blockId="3.[195,1403,1379,3181]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">
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<emphasis id="B95DEAEC553856368EBE08FA1032F87E" bold="true" box="[197,330,1968,2001]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Nothing is known about the breeding behavior ofthis species, but it is likely to be similar to other
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<taxonomicName id="4C294D7D553856368F8D089313CFF855" box="[502,695,2009,2042]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Babyrousa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">Babyrousa spp.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3336575553856368EB8074913A1F7E7" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" type="activity">
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<paragraph id="8B9636FE553856368EB8074913A1F7E7" blockId="3.[195,1403,1379,3181]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">
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<emphasis id="B95DEAEC553856368EB8074910C9F78F" bold="true" box="[195,433,2051,2080]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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On Buru,
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<taxonomicName id="4C294D7D553856368C2D07491380F78F" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[598,760,2051,2080]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="babyrussa">B. babyrussa</taxonomicName>
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is mostly seen during the morning and late afternoons, but rarely around midday.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3336575553856368EBE0712141AF712" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8B9636FE553856368EBE0712141AF712" blockId="3.[195,1403,1379,3181]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">
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<emphasis id="B95DEAEC553856368EBE0712120CF7D7" box="[197,884,2135,2168]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">Movements, Home ma@ nnd Social organintion</emphasis>
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. On Buru, babirusas are reported to be mostlv solitary or may occasionally be encountered in small groups. When in a group they regularlv emit a long and high pitched sound described as “suirii....suuuuuiiiriiii. "
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3336575553856368EBD078E15DAF3B1" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" type="conservation">
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<paragraph id="8B9636FE553856368EBD078E15DAF3B1" blockId="3.[195,1403,1379,3181]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">
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<emphasis id="B95DEAEC553856368EBD078E1352F74A" bold="true" box="[198,554,2244,2277]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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CITES Appendix I. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The speciesis reported to be extinct on Sanana Island (formerly Xulla Besi). Some workers seem to believe babirusas were introduced to these islands, though if this is true these same workers provide no indication of their likely place of origin. Unfortunately, the systematic relationships of babirusas from adjacent eastern and south-eastern parts of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EDF81C553856368C7106C61305F606" box="[522,637,2444,2473]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
remain unknown, so it is also not possible to assess their presumed or potential close affinities to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D7D553856368D3606FE1296F67E" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[845,1006,2484,2513]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="babyrussa">B. babyrussa</taxonomicName>
|
||
. During extensive survey efforts on Buru in 1995, no direct evidence of babirusas was found, although a pair of pig mandibles found inland from Fogi, in logged forest at an elevation of
|
||
<quantity id="4CD19B1B553856368AF506B4159CF5B0" box="[1166,1252,2558,2591]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" unit="m" value="670.0">670 m</quantity>
|
||
, indicated that the species had been recently hunted. Village interviews in 1997 about the species’ presence suggested that on Buru its range had become fragmented by the 1990s,although locally the animals were still relatively common. The species reportedly was not uncommon on the slopes of Gunung Kepala Mada, the highest mountain on Buru. No surveys have been conducted since, however, and the present status is unclear. The people of Buru differentiate babirusas from other suid species, though it is presently unclear whether any other suids occurring on Buru are of S.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D7D553856368A5E045F15EFF49D" authorityName="Muller & Schlegel" authorityYear="1843" box="[1061,1175,2837,2866]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="celebensis">celebensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
or feral S.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D7D553856368B4A045F140FF49D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1329,1399,2837,2866]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scrofa">scrofa</taxonomicName>
|
||
origin, nor whether any such populations (assuming they exist) are naturally occurring or introduced forms.With half the people of Buru being Christian and therefore willing to eat pork, hunting pressure on pigs is likely to be high. The Rana people of Buru frequently hunt babirusas with dogs and snares. Although the northern portions of Buru island have been degraded by repeated burning and the coastal lowlands have been cleared, the remaining forest forms two large, contiguous blocks.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3336575553856368EB303661244F3C2" pageId="3" pageNumber="276" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9636FE553856368EB303661244F3C2" blockId="3.[195,1403,1379,3181]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEAEC553856368EB30366101AF3EA" bold="true" box="[200,354,3116,3141]" pageId="3" pageNumber="276">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Deninger (1909), Groves (1980), Macdonald et al. (2008), Meijaard & Groves (2002a, 2002b), Sody (1949), Tomie & Persulessy (1996), Verbelen (2003).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |