265 lines
30 KiB
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265 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.600.8580" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c1046a35-39bb-4887-9385-93b5dff4f013" ID-PMC="PMC4926680" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-600-35" ID-PubMed="27408599" ID-ZBK="E0DB91825877424D82C0546F72A01449" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1313-2970-600-35" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 600" ModsDocTitle="Description of a new troglomorphic species of Charinus Simon, 1892 from Brazil (Arachnida, Amblypygi, Charinidae)" checkinTime="1466665089527" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Vasconcelos, Ana Caroline Oliveira, Giupponi, Alessandro Ponce de Leao & Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes" docDate="2016" docId="9B25AED006BBFC9FA0AC29E05B17583B" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 600: 35-52" docOrigin="ZooKeys 600" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.600.8580" docTitle="Charinus taboa Vasconcelos, Giupponi & Ferreira, 2016, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="5F363344-B51E-4F55-872E-09AB75E8F2F3" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="44" masterDocId="FFBF550BFF89056FFFCDFFCFFF997165" masterDocTitle="Description of a new troglomorphic species of Charinus Simon, 1892 from Brazil (Arachnida, Amblypygi, Charinidae)" masterLastPageNumber="52" masterPageNumber="35" pageNumber="37" updateTime="1668163249089" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Description of a new troglomorphic species of Charinus Simon, 1892 from Brazil (Arachnida, Amblypygi, Charinidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Vasconcelos, Ana Caroline Oliveira</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Giupponi, Alessandro Ponce de Leao</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>600</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>35</mods:start>
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<mods:end>52</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.600.8580</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.600.8580</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-600-35</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">E0DB91825877424D82C0546F72A01449</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">E0DB91825877424D82C0546F72A01449</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127896988" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5F363344-B51E-4F55-872E-09AB75E8F2F3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9B25AED006BBFC9FA0AC29E05B17583B" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Taxon classification Animalia Amblypygi Charinidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/5F363344-B51E-4F55-872E-09AB75E8F2F3" class="Arachnida" family="Charinidae" genus="Charinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Charinus taboa" order="Amblypygi" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="taboa">Charinus taboa</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="2" pageNumber="37">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 1-3, 4-8, 9-13, 14-17, 18-19, 20-23
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="type-locality">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Type-locality.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
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BRAZIL, Minas Gerais: Sete Lagoas,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-19.47491">19°28'29.68"S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-44.32814">44°19'41.31"W</geoCoordinate>
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, Taboa Cave and BR 24 cave (
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-19.466637">19°27'59.89"S</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-44.330128">44°19'48.47"W</geoCoordinate>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="38" start="start">Type-material</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
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Holotype male (MNRJ 09091) from Taboa cave (
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-19.47491">19°28'29.68"S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-44.32814">44°19'41.31"W</geoCoordinate>
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), Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 15 Sept. 2005, R. L. Ferreira leg. Paratypes: juvenile female (MNRJ 09092), juvenile female (MNRJ 09092), female (ISLA 4019), female (ISLA 4020), female (ISLA 4021), male (ISLA 4022), male (ISLA 4023), juvenile male (ISLA 4024), juvenile male (ISLA 4030) with the same data as holotype, female and male (CAVAISC-ARAC 0007) from BR 24 cave (
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-19.466637">19°27'59.89"S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-44.330128">44°19'48.47"W</geoCoordinate>
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), Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais Brazil, 22 Jun. 2015, F. Bondezan leg. and female (CAVAISC-ARAC 0008) from BR 24 cave, Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais Brazil, 18 Dec. 2015, F. Bondezan leg.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Charinidae" genus="Charinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Charinus taboa" order="Amblypygi" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="taboa">Charinus taboa</taxonomicName>
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differs from other species of the genus by the following combination of characteristics: frontal process with thickened apex; median eyes reduced, with flattened tubercle; lateral eyes not developed and without pigmentation (little pigmentation in smaller individuals); tritosternum with a slightly forked apex; pedipalps sexually dimorphic; femur of the pedipalp with 4-5 dorsal spines (typically 5) and 5-6 ventral spines (typically 5); patella of the pedipalp with 6-7 dorsal spines (typically 6) and 4 ventral spines; distitibia of the leg IV with 16 trichobothria; female gonopod sucker-like, with irregular opening and edges with a small fold; male gonopod with pairs of Pi and LoL1 emerging from each side of the Fi with thin prolongations, and pairs of LoD and LoL2 claw-shaped emerging from the interior of the upper portion of Fi.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
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Carapace (Figs 1-3, 9): Flattened. Wider than long (ratio length/width a little less than 3/4). Anterior margin rounded with corners flattened downwards. Six strong setae on the anterior margin projected upwards (one extra seta is found centrally in a female), the central two setae usually located directly in front of the tubercle of the median eyes. Frontal process triangular in shape, with thickened apex and visible in dorsal view. Carina begins at the corners of the anterior margin and extends from the coxae of leg II to the corners of the posterior margin. Median eyes reduced, with flat tubercle. Lateral eyes not very developed, without pigmentation (less pigmentation in smaller specimens) and with one seta posterior to each triad. Frontal hump present at each side, starting just at the front of the lateral eyes and ending in a depression located at each side of the carapace. Fovea located posterior to the center, from which radiate two pairs of furrows in anterior and posterior orientation like an
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“X”">"X"</normalizedToken>
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. Median depression located on each side between these two pairs of furrows. A thin furrow follows medially from the median eye tubercle and reaches the posterior margin. Punctuations arranged in lines and spots, more densely in the anterior region.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
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Figures 1-3.
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Charinidae" genus="Charinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Charinus taboa" order="Amblypygi" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="taboa">Charinus taboa</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. Holotype: 1 Habitus. 2 Carapace 3 Frontal view of the carapace and frontal process. Scale bars: 1 = 2 mm; 2, 3 = 1 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Sternum (Figs 8, 11): Tri-segmented with all segments sclerotized and convex. Tritosternum projected anteriorly, elongated, cone-shaped, with slightly forked apex, with one apical pair of strong setae and three median strong setae in the holotype, and one apical, one medial and one basal pair of strong setae in the paratypes. Few setae along the tritoesternum. Second segment (mesosternum) rounded, with one strong seta at each upper corner and few setulae encircling the base. Third segment (metasternum) rounded, with one strong seta at each upper corner and few setulae encircling the base. The segments are separated from each other approximately by the diameter of the mesosternum.</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
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Figures 4-8.
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Charinidae" genus="Charinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Charinus taboa" order="Amblypygi" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="taboa">Charinus taboa</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. Holotype: 4 Right pedipalp in ventral view 5 Right pedipalp in dorsal view 6 Patella of the pedipalp in dorsal view with spines indicated 7 Femur of the pedipalp in dorsal view with spines indicated 8 Sternum. Scale bars: 4-7 = 2 mm; 8 = 500
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
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Figures 9-13.
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Charinidae" genus="Charinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Charinus taboa" order="Amblypygi" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="taboa">Charinus taboa</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. Female paratype: 9 Carapace 10 Right chelicerae 11 Sternum 12 Right pedipalp in ventral view 13 Right pedipalp in dorsal view. Scale bars: 9, 12, 13 = 1 mm; 10, 11 = 500
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="39" start="start">Abdomen</pageBreakToken>
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(Fig. 1): Oblong, with punctuations barely distinguishable.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Chelicera (Fig. 10): Cheliceral furrow with 4 inner teeth. The distal tooth is bifid, the distal cusp being larger than the proximal. Teeth length: IV>Ia>Ib=II>III. Claw with 8-9 denticles. Dorsal setae located distally and in the inner side of the chelicerae.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
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Pedipalp (Figs 4-7, 12, 13): Trochanter: ventral spiniform apophysis pointed forwards with a series of subequal setiferous tubercles; two spines of subequal length located aligned on the prolateral face, the first being near the medial region and the
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<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="40" start="start">second</pageBreakToken>
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dorsally to the projection of the apophysis and close to the femur; three setae aligned between the spines and two located basally to the first spine; dorsal oblique series of strong setae. Femur: dorsal portion with three strong setiferous tubercles on the basal region, one being located more ventrally; several strong setae along the segment; four-five dorsal spines (typically five) decreasing in size: F1>F2>F3>F4>F5; five-six ventral spines (typically five) of sizes: FI>FII>FIII>AI>FIV>FV; some secondary spines are present in males between the spines on the dorsal and ventral sides. Patella: some strong dorsal setae between the spines; six-seven dorsal spines (typically six) of sizes: 1>2>3>4>A1>5>6; large ventral setiferous tubercles located distally: four ventral spines of sizes: I>II>III>IV; some secondary spines between the ventral spines in males. Tibia: strong dorsal setae; two dorsal spines, the second being approximately two times larger than the first; strong ventral setae on the basal portion; one ventral spine located on the distal half of size slightly smaller than the dorsal spine one. Tarsus: strong dorsal setae and some long ventral setae; two dorsal spines on the cleaning organ, the second being approximately two times larger than the first spine. Cleaning organ occupies about half the length of the article. Claw (apotele): long with sharp curved tip.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="41" start="start">Legs</pageBreakToken>
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: all densely setose. Femur lengths: I>III>II>IV. Leg I: tibia with 23 articles and tarsus with 41 articles. Leg IV: basitibia with four pseudo-articles and one trichobothrium located basally on the last article. Distitibia (Fig. 17) with three basal and 13 distal trichobothria; frontal and caudal series with five trichobothria each. Basitibia-distitibia length: BTI>DT>BT4>BT3>BT2. Ratio tarsus/metatarsus approximately 3/4. Tarsus tetramerous.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
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Figures 14-17.
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Charinidae" genus="Charinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Charinus taboa" order="Amblypygi" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="taboa">Charinus taboa</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. Female paratype: 14 Gonopod. Holotype: 15 Dorsal view of the gonopod 16 Ventral view of the gonopod with structures indicated: Fi = fistula (gonopod tube), Pi = processus internus, LaM = lamina medialis, LoD = lobus dorsalis, LoL1 = lobus lateralis primus, LoL2 = lobus lateralis secundus 17 Distitibia of the right leg IV. Scale bars: 14, 16 = 500
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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; 15, 17 = 1 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Color in live specimens (Figs 18, 19): body light brown. In alcohol (Fig. 1): body yellowish; some specimens exhibit slightly reddish coloration on the carapace, pedipalps, chelicerae and legs.</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
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Figures 18-19.
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Charinidae" genus="Charinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Charinus taboa" order="Amblypygi" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="taboa">Charinus taboa</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. 18 Male inside the Taboa cave 19 Female preying a moth (
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<taxonomicName family="Noctuidae" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" rank="family">Noctuidae</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Male genitalia (Figs 15, 16): GO rounded with few scattered setae. Genitalia a little wider than long. Longitudinal split occupies about half of the genital organ. Fi exceeds the genital operculum margin. Sclerotized band surrounds each side of the Fi, reaching the Pi and LoL1. Pair of Pi and LoL1 emerges in thin prolongations from each side of the Fi. Pair of LoD and LoL2 claw-shaped emerges from the interior of the upper portion of Fi, with LoL2 being ventral to the LoD. Pair of LaM claw-shaped and smaller, located ventrally to the Fi.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="42" start="start">Female</pageBreakToken>
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genitalia (Fig. 14): Rounded genital operculum margin with many strong setae. Gonopods sucker-like, barrel shaped and slightly wider than long. Irregular gonopods opening, with edges with a small fold retracted in a portion between the gonopods and the operculum margin, and with a bottleneck below the edges. Gonopods separated from each other by a distance smaller than the diameter of each one and from the margin of the operculum by a distance larger than its length.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="43" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="43" start="start">Etymology</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="43">The specific epithet is treated as a noun in apposition and refers to the name of the cave (Taboa) where most of the specimens were collected.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="43" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="43">The new species is known from the Taboa and BR 24 caves, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" type="ecology">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Ecology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
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Amblypygids perform their vital activities, such as mating and feeding, in nocturnal periods. The most important sensory organ used by whip spiders for capturing prey is the antenniform leg, while the eyes are most important for avoiding light (
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<bibRefCitation author="Weygoldt, P" journalOrPublisher="Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" title="Whip spiders (Chelicerata: Amblypygi). Their biology, morphology and systematic." year="2000">Weygoldt 2000</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Pinto-da-Rocha, R" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" pagination="107 - 118" title="Two new species of Charinus Simon 1892 from Brazil with biological notes (Arachnida; Amblypygi; Charinidae)." url="10.1080/00222930110110152" volume="36" year="2002">Pinto-da-Rocha et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
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). This way, amblypygids can be considered pre-adapted to subterranean life, since they are able of searching for food in a completely darkness.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
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Eyes in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" order="Amblypygi" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" rank="order">Amblypygi</taxonomicName>
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are also important for adjusting to circadian rhythms (
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<bibRefCitation author="Weygoldt, P" journalOrPublisher="Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" title="Whip spiders (Chelicerata: Amblypygi). Their biology, morphology and systematic." year="2000">Weygoldt 2000</bibRefCitation>
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). After many generations living in a subterranean habitat, some hypogean animals might have their activity period modified, as shown for some species of fish (Menna-Barreto and Trajano, 2015). This possible change in behavior may have occurred in
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Charinidae" genus="Charinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Charinus taboa" order="Amblypygi" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="taboa">Charinus taboa</taxonomicName>
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, as one specimen was observed preying on a
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<taxonomicName family="Noctuidae" lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" rank="family">Noctuidae</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
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) during the day (Fig. 19). Nevertheless, we cannot discard the possible scenario where the common ancestral of the clade where
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Charinidae" genus="Charinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Charinus taboa" order="Amblypygi" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="taboa">Charinus taboa</taxonomicName>
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belongs was a species that have diurnal activity of alimentation.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
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Contrarily to that observed, moths were considered by
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<bibRefCitation author="Weygoldt, P" journalOrPublisher="Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" title="Whip spiders (Chelicerata: Amblypygi). Their biology, morphology and systematic." year="2000">Weygoldt (2000)</bibRefCitation>
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as typical preys of
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Phrynidae" genus="Heterophrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heterophrynus" order="Amblypygi" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Heterophrynus</taxonomicName>
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Pocock, 1894, which are agile "sit and wait" predators, as opposed to animals of small body size, as
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Charinidae" genus="Charinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Charinus" order="Amblypygi" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Charinus</taxonomicName>
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, which behave as active predators. In ground habitats, amblypygids also act as one of the largest predators in these environments, as the fauna of underground cavities consists mostly of small arthropods (
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<bibRefCitation author="Culver, DC" journalOrPublisher="Oxford University Press, New York" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" title="The Biology of Caves and Other Subterranean Habitats." year="2009">Culver and Pipan 2009</bibRefCitation>
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). Other invertebrates, as crickets and cockroaches, have been cited as potential preys of
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Charinidae" genus="Charinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Charinus" order="Amblypygi" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Charinus</taxonomicName>
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in caves (
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<bibRefCitation author="Vasconcelos, ACO" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" pagination="488 - 500" title="A new species of Charinus Simon, 1892 from northeastern Brazil with comments on the potential distribution of the genus in Central and South Americas (Arachnida: Amblypygi: Charinidae)." url="10.11646/zootaxa.3737.4.9" volume="3737" year="2013">Vasconcelos et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Vasconcelos, ACO" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" pagination="185 - 202" title="Description of two new species of Charinus Simon, 1892 from Brazilian caves with remarks on conservation (Arachnida: Amblypygi: Charinidae)." url="10.11646/zootaxa.4072.2.3" volume="4072" year="2016">Vasconcelos and Ferreira 2016</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
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Specimens of
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Charinidae" genus="Charinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Charinus taboa" order="Amblypygi" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="taboa">Charinus taboa</taxonomicName>
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were only found in two caves (Taboa cave and BR 24 cave), both located in the Bambui speleological group and near the city of Sete Lagoas (Fig. 20), in a zone with pronounced anthropization (Fig. 21). The external native vegetation was quite modified, with fragments of vegetation associated only with rocky outcrops, which comprises inappropriate areas for agriculture. Nevertheless, many outcrops were altered anthropically or completely destroyed by mining activities. Tens of caves were target of biospeleological inventories in the region where Taboa and BR 24 caves are located (R. Ferreira, data not published). Nonetheless, individuals of
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Charinidae" genus="Charinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Charinus taboa" order="Amblypygi" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="taboa">Charinus taboa</taxonomicName>
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were not found in other localities than the cited caves. Such caves are quite close to each other, with the distance between them less than 500 meters (both caves are associated to a continuous limestone outcrop) (Fig. 20). It is important to point that although both caves (Taboa and BR-24) are not connected by macro-spaces, it is plausible to assume the existence of meso-caverns in between them. Such small spaces would certainly allow the movements of individuals through the underground between those caves.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
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Figure 20-23. 20 Locality of Sete Lagoas (municipality where are located the Taboa and BR 24 caves) in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The blue area corresponds to the Bambui limestone group and the red area correspond to the Sete Lagoas municipality 21 Location of the Taboa cave (the arrow indicates the main entrance of Taboa cave and the circle the location where individuals of
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Charinidae" genus="Charinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Charinus taboa" order="Amblypygi" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="taboa">Charinus taboa</taxonomicName>
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were found) and BR-24 cave (star represents the entrance) 22 Portion of the Taboa cave where specimens were collected 23 Portion of the Taboa cave with a watercourse where most of the specimens were found.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
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The BR-24 cave is a small cave (33,8 meters long), with a single entrance and an isolated chamber in its deepest portion, where the specimens were found. This chamber is quite moist, even during the dry season. In total, 6 specimens were found in the
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<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="44" start="start">dry</pageBreakToken>
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season and only one specimen was observed in the rainy season. Specimens of
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Charinidae" genus="Charinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Charinus taboa" order="Amblypygi" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="taboa">Charinus taboa</taxonomicName>
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were observed in the cave walls and ceiling, always in the deepest portion of the cave. Potential preys include moths and crickets.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
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During the visit to the Taboa cave (which has around 800 meters long), about 15 adults and 10 juveniles were observed. The adults were mainly found between speleothems on walls and ceiling of the cave, while juveniles were seem frequently under rocks. This behavior of sheltering among speleothems and under rocks may eventually means a response to pressure of cannibalism or predation, since others predators of bigger size (as spiders of the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Ctenidae" genus="Isoctenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Isoctenus" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Isoctenus</taxonomicName>
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Bertkau, 1880) cohabit the cave. This type of behavior was also registered in
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Charinidae" genus="Charinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Charinus potiguar" order="Amblypygi" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="potiguar">Charinus potiguar</taxonomicName>
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and in juveniles of
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Phrynidae" genus="Heterophrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heterophrynus cheiracanthus" order="Amblypygi" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cheiracanthus">Heterophrynus cheiracanthus</taxonomicName>
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(Gervais, 1844) in the night (
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<bibRefCitation author="Ladle, RJ" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" url="10.1636/0161-8202(2003)031[0154:FBIAGW]2.0.CO;2" year="2003">Ladle and Velander 2003</bibRefCitation>
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). All individuals of
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Charinidae" genus="Charinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Charinus taboa" order="Amblypygi" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="taboa">Charinus taboa</taxonomicName>
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were found in the inner portion of the cave, near to a large watercourse (Figs 22, 23). Similar preference was also observed in
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Charinidae" genus="Charinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Charinus troglobius" order="Amblypygi" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="troglobius">Charinus troglobius</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Charinidae" genus="Charinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Charinus eleonorae" order="Amblypygi" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eleonorae">Charinus eleonorae</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Baptista, RLC" journalOrPublisher="Revista Iberica de Aracnologia" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" pagination="105 - 110" title="A new troglomorphic Charinus from Brazil (Arachnida: Amblypygi: Charinidae)." url="http://www.sea-entomologia.org/PDF/RIA_6/R06-010-105.pdf" volume="6" year="2002">Baptista and Giupponi 2002</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Baptista, RLC" journalOrPublisher="Revista Iberica de Aracnologia" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" pagination="79 - 84" title="A new troglomorphic Charinus Simon, 1892 from Minas Gerais state, Brazil (Arachnida: Amblypygi: Charinidae)." url="http://www.sea-entomologia.org/PDF/RIA_7/R07-006-079.pdf" volume="7" year="2003">2003</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |