365 lines
82 KiB
XML
365 lines
82 KiB
XML
<document id="A42BB465C8CC99F28716FEE45D17793A" ID-CLB-Dataset="30684" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4382.3.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8b8357bc-5a0f-44af-bb96-a54448ec8547" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1183052" ID-ZooBank="24FC59DE-4C3E-443B-B397-16E9C26DC941" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1519301614352" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Novák, Martin" docDate="2018" docId="9B0B7019895DFFBCFF64FC69C5A67EB8" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4382.3.2.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4382 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Phosphaenus hemipterus" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="460" masterDocId="67320861895CFFB6FFF3FFE3C7407D54" masterDocTitle="Redescription of immature stages of central European fireflies, Part 3: Phosphaenus hemipterus (Goeze, 1777) larva, and notes on its life cycle and behaviour, with a key to three central European lampyrid larvae (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)" masterLastPageNumber="464" masterPageNumber="450" pageNumber="451" updateTime="1698524006525" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="7C6D4EE6D1D89B493ADFB0B00F48FBBC">Redescription of immature stages of central European fireflies, Part 3: Phosphaenus hemipterus (Goeze, 1777) larva, and notes on its life cycle and behaviour, with a key to three central European lampyrid larvae (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2139BB32C5566DA40D112B4C2B3AD2C7">Novák, Martin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="3FFF19CC7A7FB3D0B695ECA0ACCE18B0">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="AD1E3CEDDF5C363D5AA36DC29866BD5F">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="70BADDDEDC6F79A69F58A8924005F0BA">2018-02-22</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="52B9DC1FD8875FDA7A09552F8F225C05">4382</mods:number>
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<treatment id="9B0B7019895DFFBCFF64FC69C5A67EB8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5985356" ID-GBIF-Taxon="141118918" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5985356" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9B0B7019895DFFBCFF64FC69C5A67EB8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9B0B7019895DFFBCFF64FC69C5A67EB8" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="460" pageId="1" pageNumber="451">
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<subSubSection id="5BB89284895DFFB7FF64FC69C5387EF0" box="[151,632,906,932]" pageId="1" pageNumber="451" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="131DC10F895DFFB7FF64FC69C5387EF0" blockId="1.[151,632,906,932]" box="[151,632,906,932]" pageId="1" pageNumber="451">
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<heading id="48557663895DFFB7FF64FC69C5387EF0" bold="true" box="[151,632,906,932]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="451" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="D4A2BA8C895DFFB7FF64FC69C5387EF0" ID-CoL="4GSDH" authority="(Goeze, 1777)" baseAuthorityName="Goeze" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[151,632,906,932]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Phosphaenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="451" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hemipterus">
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<emphasis id="21D61D1D895DFFB7FF64FC69C5387EF0" bold="true" box="[151,632,906,932]" pageId="1" pageNumber="451">
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<emphasis id="21D61D1D895DFFB7FF64FC69C6887EF0" bold="true" box="[151,456,906,932]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="451">Phosphaenus hemipterus</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="7733BCFE895DFFB7FE24FC69C5307EF0" box="[471,624,906,932]" pageId="1" pageNumber="451" refId="ref5360" refString="Goeze, J. A. E. (1777) Entomologische beytrage zu des ritter Linne zwolften ausgabe des natursystems von Joh. Aug. Ephraim Goeze. Erster theil. Weidmanns Erben und Reich, Leipzig, 736 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 45974" type="book">Goeze, 1777</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5BB89284895DFFB7FF64FC32C23E7EBE" box="[151,1406,977,1002]" pageId="1" pageNumber="451" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="131DC10F895DFFB7FF64FC32C23E7EBE" blockId="1.[151,1437,977,2010]" box="[151,1406,977,1002]" pageId="1" pageNumber="451">
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<materialsCitation id="A3CACB52895DFFB7FF64FC32C23E7EBE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1820860139" box="[151,1406,977,1002]" collectingDate="1987-04" country="Czech Republic" location="Material" municipality="Lednice" pageId="1" pageNumber="451" specimenCount="1">
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<emphasis id="21D61D1D895DFFB7FF64FC32C6C07EBE" bold="true" box="[151,384,977,1002]" pageId="1" pageNumber="451">
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<location id="167D97D4895DFFB7FF64FC32C7BF7EBE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9B0B7019895DFFBCFF64FC69C5A67EB8:167D97D4895DFFB7FF64FC32C7BF7EBE" box="[151,255,977,1002]" country="Czech Republic" municipality="Lednice" name="Material" pageId="1" pageNumber="451">Material</location>
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examined.
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</emphasis>
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<collectingMunicipality id="F3795B75895DFFB7FE74FC32C6A17EBE" box="[391,481,977,1002]" pageId="1" pageNumber="451">Lednice</collectingMunicipality>
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(
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<collectingCountry id="6BB5819F895DFFB7FE1CFC32C5E87EBE" box="[495,680,977,1002]" name="Czech Republic" pageId="1" pageNumber="451">CZech Republic</collectingCountry>
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), three higher-instar larvae out of eleven collected in
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<collectingDate id="77581E27895DFFB7FB0EFC32C23A7EBE" box="[1277,1402,977,1002]" pageId="1" pageNumber="451" value="1987-04">
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<date id="671CE7CF895DFFB7FB0EFC32C23A7EBE" box="[1277,1402,977,1002]" pageId="1" pageNumber="451" value="1987-04">April 1987</date>
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</collectingDate>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5BB89284895DFFB7FF34FC16C41D79B1" pageId="1" pageNumber="451" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="131DC10F895DFFB7FF34FC16C41D79B1" blockId="1.[151,1437,977,2010]" pageId="1" pageNumber="451">
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<emphasis id="21D61D1D895DFFB7FF34FC16C601795A" bold="true" box="[199,321,1013,1038]" pageId="1" pageNumber="451">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Larvae oblong and slender; thoracic tergites subdivided with one parasagittal line of light pigmentation on each side subparallel to sagittal line; inner ventrolateral area of second antennomere with distinct longitudinal cleft; in addition to second antennomere, sensoria present also on third antennomere and distal segments of maxillary and labial palpi; mandible with short and blunt retinaculum; mandibular channel opening covered by a small hyaline appendage forming a subtriangular valve with fringing at the distal end; short fibrous setae growing from slightly sunken toroidal base covering antennae, legs and sclerites; photic organ consisting of a pair of white spots placed laterally on abdominal segment VIII.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5BB89284895DFFBCFF34FB12C5A67EB8" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="460" pageId="1" pageNumber="451" type="description">
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<paragraph id="131DC10F895DFFB7FF34FB12C55C78B5" blockId="1.[151,1437,977,2010]" pageId="1" pageNumber="451">
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<emphasis id="21D61D1D895DFFB7FF34FB12C558785E" bold="true" box="[199,536,1265,1290]" pageId="1" pageNumber="451">Description of mature larva</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A895DFFB7FDDAFB12C5D0785E" box="[553,656,1265,1290]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–9" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1840,1862]" captionTargetBox="[167,1411,190,1799]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[167,1411,190,1799]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1–9. Phosphaenus hemipterus. General habitus of mature larva photographed in alcohol in dorsal (1); ventral (2) and lateral (3) views. General habitus of mature larva photographed dry indorsal (4); ventral (5) and lateral (6) views. Detail of distal abdominal segments VI to X in dorsal (7); ventral (8) and lateral (9) views. Abbreviations: alt—anterior laterotergite; em—epimeron; is—intersternite; ls—laterosternite; lt—laterotergite; ms—median sternite; plt—posterior laterotergite; pophotic organ; ps—prosternum;ptl—light-pigmented lines on protergum;sg—parasagittal line. Scalebars:Figs 1-6, 5 mm; Figs 7-9, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183054/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="451">Figs 1–6</figureCitation>
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). Oblong and slender, cylindrical. Body length ca.
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<quantity id="D45A6CEA895DFFB7FB29FB11C214785D" box="[1242,1364,1266,1290]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.1" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="451" unit="mm" value="10.5" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="10.0">10–11 mm</quantity>
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(from the anterior margin of protergum to the apex of caudal segment); with 3 thoracic and 10 abdominal segments. Tergites from protergum to abdominal segment VIII divided by sagittal line in dorsal view (
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<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A895DFFB7FB25FADAC25C7806" box="[1238,1308,1337,1362]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–9" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1840,1862]" captionTargetBox="[167,1411,190,1799]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[167,1411,190,1799]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1–9. Phosphaenus hemipterus. General habitus of mature larva photographed in alcohol in dorsal (1); ventral (2) and lateral (3) views. General habitus of mature larva photographed dry indorsal (4); ventral (5) and lateral (6) views. Detail of distal abdominal segments VI to X in dorsal (7); ventral (8) and lateral (9) views. Abbreviations: alt—anterior laterotergite; em—epimeron; is—intersternite; ls—laterosternite; lt—laterotergite; ms—median sternite; plt—posterior laterotergite; pophotic organ; ps—prosternum;ptl—light-pigmented lines on protergum;sg—parasagittal line. Scalebars:Figs 1-6, 5 mm; Figs 7-9, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183054/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="451">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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). Thoracic tergites then subdivided with one parasagittal line of light pigmentation on each side, subparallel to sagittal line (
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<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A895DFFB7FF6CFA62C7A778CE" box="[159,231,1409,1434]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–9" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1840,1862]" captionTargetBox="[167,1411,190,1799]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[167,1411,190,1799]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1–9. Phosphaenus hemipterus. General habitus of mature larva photographed in alcohol in dorsal (1); ventral (2) and lateral (3) views. General habitus of mature larva photographed dry indorsal (4); ventral (5) and lateral (6) views. Detail of distal abdominal segments VI to X in dorsal (7); ventral (8) and lateral (9) views. Abbreviations: alt—anterior laterotergite; em—epimeron; is—intersternite; ls—laterosternite; lt—laterotergite; ms—median sternite; plt—posterior laterotergite; pophotic organ; ps—prosternum;ptl—light-pigmented lines on protergum;sg—parasagittal line. Scalebars:Figs 1-6, 5 mm; Figs 7-9, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183054/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="451">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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; sg). Colouration: dorsally dark reddish-brown, ventrally pink/ochre/light brown with darker plates on laterotergites and sternum. Spiracles on laterotergites of light colouration. Paired photic organs placed laterally on venter of abdominal segment VIII.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="131DC10F895DFFB7FF34FA0DC5557B1A" blockId="1.[151,1437,977,2010]" pageId="1" pageNumber="451">
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||
<emphasis id="21D61D1D895DFFB7FF34FA0DC5957B52" box="[199,725,1517,1542]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="451">
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<typeStatus id="CC197FAD895DFFB7FF34FA0DC6467B51" box="[199,262,1518,1541]" pageId="1" pageNumber="451">Types</typeStatus>
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of general cuticular outgrowth observed.
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</emphasis>
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1. Short, blunt, setae lying on surface (
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<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A895DFFB7FB74FA0EC39D7B52" box="[1159,1245,1517,1542]" captionStart="FIGURES 15–17" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1756,1778]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 15–17. Phosphaenus hemipterus. SEM image of head in dorsal (15); anterior (16) and ventral (17) views. Abbreviations: bs—short, blunt, setae lying on surface; ls—stout, long setae; ts—toroidal setae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183058/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="451">Figs 15</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A895DFFB7FB1AFA0DC2487B52" box="[1257,1288,1518,1542]" captionStart="FIGURES 27–29" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1756,1778]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 27–29. Phosphaenus hemipterus. SEM image of left prothoracic leg in general view (27); pretarsus (28); detail of distal end of femur (29). Abbreviations: bs—short, blunt, setae lying on surface; ls—stout, long setae; ts—toroidal setae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183066/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="451">29</figureCitation>
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; bs); 2. stout, long setae (
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<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A895DFFB7FEEDF9F2C6397B7E" box="[286,377,1553,1578]" captionStart="FIGURES 15–17" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1756,1778]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 15–17. Phosphaenus hemipterus. SEM image of head in dorsal (15); anterior (16) and ventral (17) views. Abbreviations: bs—short, blunt, setae lying on surface; ls—stout, long setae; ts—toroidal setae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183058/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="451">Figs 15</figureCitation>
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,
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||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A895DFFB7FE7AF9F1C6E87B7E" box="[393,424,1554,1578]" captionStart="FIGURES 27–29" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1756,1778]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 27–29. Phosphaenus hemipterus. SEM image of left prothoracic leg in general view (27); pretarsus (28); detail of distal end of femur (29). Abbreviations: bs—short, blunt, setae lying on surface; ls—stout, long setae; ts—toroidal setae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183066/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="451">27</figureCitation>
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; ls); 3. flagellar setae growing from a slightly sunken toroidal socket (hereafter called toroidal setae;
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<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A895DFFB7FECFF9D6C6D17B1A" box="[316,401,1589,1614]" captionStart="FIGURES 15–17" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1756,1778]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 15–17. Phosphaenus hemipterus. SEM image of head in dorsal (15); anterior (16) and ventral (17) views. Abbreviations: bs—short, blunt, setae lying on surface; ls—stout, long setae; ts—toroidal setae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183058/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="451">Figs 15</figureCitation>
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,
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||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A895DFFB7FE6EF9D5C6FC7B1A" box="[413,444,1590,1614]" captionStart="FIGURES 18–20" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1792,1814]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,211,1753]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,211,1753]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 18–20. Phosphaenus hemipterus. SEM image of maxillolabial complex in anterior view (18); detail of mandibles (19); detail of body surface on protergum (20). Abbreviations: ha—hyaline appendage; lp1, lp2—labial palpus 1, 2; ls—labial sensorium; mp1, 2—maxillary palpus 1, 2; ms—maxillary sensorium; pf—maxillary palpifer; sc—sensillum coeloconicum; ss—solitary seta, ts—toroidal seta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183060/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="451">20</figureCitation>
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||
,
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||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A895DFFB7FE34F9D5C6A67B1A" box="[455,486,1590,1614]" captionStart="FIGURES 27–29" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1756,1778]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 27–29. Phosphaenus hemipterus. SEM image of left prothoracic leg in general view (27); pretarsus (28); detail of distal end of femur (29). Abbreviations: bs—short, blunt, setae lying on surface; ls—stout, long setae; ts—toroidal setae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183066/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="451">29</figureCitation>
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; ts).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="131DC10F895DFFB7FF34F9BAC2497AC6" blockId="1.[151,1437,977,2010]" pageId="1" pageNumber="451">
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||
<emphasis id="21D61D1D895DFFB7FF34F9BAC6257B26" box="[199,357,1625,1650]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="451">Head capsule</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A895DFFB7FE8BF9BAC6BF7B26" box="[376,511,1625,1650]" captionStart="FIGURES10–14" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES10–14. Phosphaenus hemipterus. Detail of head inanterior (10);ventral (11) and dorsal (12) views; right maxilla in dorsal view (13); right mandible in dorsal view (14). Abbreviations: fa—frontal arms; pe—penicillus; re—retinaculum. Scale bars:0.25 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183056/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="451">Figs 10–12</figureCitation>
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,
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A895DFFB7FDFCF9BAC5167B26" box="[527,598,1625,1650]" captionStart="FIGURES 15–17" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1756,1778]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 15–17. Phosphaenus hemipterus. SEM image of head in dorsal (15); anterior (16) and ventral (17) views. Abbreviations: bs—short, blunt, setae lying on surface; ls—stout, long setae; ts—toroidal setae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183058/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="451">15–17</figureCitation>
|
||
). Prognathous; retractable within prothorax, extensible neck membrane covered in extremely short spines and forming a two-layered envelope around retracted head; wider than long. Epicranial plate laterally about 1/3 of the width of the head capsule, slightly concave, with one stout seta anterolateraly, close to the base of antennae. Head capsule dorsally covered with short blunt setae lying on its surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A895DFFB7FF0BF90AC60B7A56" box="[248,331,1769,1794]" captionStart="FIGURES 15–17" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1756,1778]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 15–17. Phosphaenus hemipterus. SEM image of head in dorsal (15); anterior (16) and ventral (17) views. Abbreviations: bs—short, blunt, setae lying on surface; ls—stout, long setae; ts—toroidal setae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183058/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="451">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
; bs). Epicranial suture dark, Y-shaped, frontal arms U-shaped (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A895DFFB7FBE6F90AC3297A56" box="[1045,1129,1769,1794]" captionStart="FIGURES10–14" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES10–14. Phosphaenus hemipterus. Detail of head inanterior (10);ventral (11) and dorsal (12) views; right maxilla in dorsal view (13); right mandible in dorsal view (14). Abbreviations: fa—frontal arms; pe—penicillus; re—retinaculum. Scale bars:0.25 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183056/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="451">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
; fa). Gula not present (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A895DFFB7FA9CF90AC7F47A72" captionStart="FIGURES10–14" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES10–14. Phosphaenus hemipterus. Detail of head inanterior (10);ventral (11) and dorsal (12) views; right maxilla in dorsal view (13); right mandible in dorsal view (14). Abbreviations: fa—frontal arms; pe—penicillus; re—retinaculum. Scale bars:0.25 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183056/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="451">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
). One stemma on each side of the head. Labrum fused with clypeus forming clypeolabrum, covering base of mandibles in dorsal view. Clypeolabrum flat in anterior view, with two setae reaching one fourth of the length of mandibles, positioned on outer lateral sides (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A895DFFB7FD66F8B6C5AA7A3A" box="[661,746,1877,1902]" captionStart="FIGURES 15–17" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1756,1778]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 15–17. Phosphaenus hemipterus. SEM image of head in dorsal (15); anterior (16) and ventral (17) views. Abbreviations: bs—short, blunt, setae lying on surface; ls—stout, long setae; ts—toroidal setae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183058/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="451">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
). Epipharynx formed by two plates, and an anterior brush of long setae, which project centrally past anterior margin of the head. Hypopharynx with short setation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="131DC10F895DFFB3FF34F87DC2DB7C30" blockId="1.[151,1437,977,2010]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="455" pageId="1" pageNumber="451">
|
||
<emphasis id="21D61D1D895DFFB7FF34F87DC6657AE1" box="[199,293,1950,1973]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="451">Antenna</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A895DFFB7FEC4F87EC6FB7AE2" box="[311,443,1949,1974]" captionStart="FIGURES 24–26" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1756,1778]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 24–26. Phosphaenus hemipterus. SEM image of antenna in general view (24); detail of sensorium and third antennomere (25); anterior view (26). Abbreviations: a3—third antennomere; as1, 2—antennal sensorium 1, 2; cp1–3— cuticular projections 1–3; ses—sensory slot; sc—sensillum coeloconicum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183064/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="451">Figs 24–26</figureCitation>
|
||
). Trimerous, inserted on lateral distal margin of epicranial plate; partially retractable within membranous socket. Basal antennomere widest, poorly sclerotiZed, slightly bulging on the dorsal side, densely covered by three
|
||
<typeStatus id="CC197FAD8958FFB2FE13F8DDC55B7A02" box="[480,539,1854,1878]" pageId="4" pageNumber="454">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of setae; short blunt setae lying on surface and toroidal setae mainly posterolaterally, and several stout, almost perpendicular long setae around apical region (which are longest on this antennomere in comparison with the other antennomeres) easily observable under high magnification (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A8958FFB2FACBF866C2D07ACA" box="[1336,1424,1925,1950]" captionStart="FIGURES 24–26" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1756,1778]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 24–26. Phosphaenus hemipterus. SEM image of antenna in general view (24); detail of sensorium and third antennomere (25); anterior view (26). Abbreviations: a3—third antennomere; as1, 2—antennal sensorium 1, 2; cp1–3— cuticular projections 1–3; ses—sensory slot; sc—sensillum coeloconicum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183064/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="454">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
|
||
). Second antennomere slightly longer, narrower and laterally flattened in comparison to basal antennomere; bearing only toroidal setae and blunt setae equally and abundantly spread across the antennomere. Inner ventrolateral area of second antennomere with sensillum consisting of distinct longitudinal cleft; a sensory slot (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A8959FFB3FB43FF74C2437DE4" box="[1200,1283,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURES 24–26" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1756,1778]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 24–26. Phosphaenus hemipterus. SEM image of antenna in general view (24); detail of sensorium and third antennomere (25); anterior view (26). Abbreviations: a3—third antennomere; as1, 2—antennal sensorium 1, 2; cp1–3— cuticular projections 1–3; ses—sensory slot; sc—sensillum coeloconicum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183064/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
|
||
; ses). Several sensilla coeloconica are present apically (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A8959FFB3FD82FF5FC5867D81" box="[625,710,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURES 24–26" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1756,1778]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 24–26. Phosphaenus hemipterus. SEM image of antenna in general view (24); detail of sensorium and third antennomere (25); anterior view (26). Abbreviations: a3—third antennomere; as1, 2—antennal sensorium 1, 2; cp1–3— cuticular projections 1–3; ses—sensory slot; sc—sensillum coeloconicum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183064/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
|
||
; sc). Sensorium of second antennomere oval (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A8959FFB3FB25FF5FC2197D81" box="[1238,1369,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURES 24–26" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1756,1778]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 24–26. Phosphaenus hemipterus. SEM image of antenna in general view (24); detail of sensorium and third antennomere (25); anterior view (26). Abbreviations: a3—third antennomere; as1, 2—antennal sensorium 1, 2; cp1–3— cuticular projections 1–3; ses—sensory slot; sc—sensillum coeloconicum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183064/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">Figs 24–26</figureCitation>
|
||
; as1), widest at the base, closely adhering to the second antennomere, slightly longer than the third antennomere, with very fine helical ridges from apex to bottom. Third antennomere (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A8959FFB3FC87FEE7C4877C48" box="[884,967,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURES 24–26" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1756,1778]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 24–26. Phosphaenus hemipterus. SEM image of antenna in general view (24); detail of sensorium and third antennomere (25); anterior view (26). Abbreviations: a3—third antennomere; as1, 2—antennal sensorium 1, 2; cp1–3— cuticular projections 1–3; ses—sensory slot; sc—sensillum coeloconicum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183064/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
|
||
; a3) shortest, reaching about 1/2 of length of the sensorium of second antennomere and adjoining it, bearing a small sensorium, three short setae and three cuticular projections (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A8959FFB3FE7FFEAFC69F7C31" box="[396,479,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURES 24–26" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1756,1778]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 24–26. Phosphaenus hemipterus. SEM image of antenna in general view (24); detail of sensorium and third antennomere (25); anterior view (26). Abbreviations: a3—third antennomere; as1, 2—antennal sensorium 1, 2; cp1–3— cuticular projections 1–3; ses—sensory slot; sc—sensillum coeloconicum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183064/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
|
||
); first longer and thick (cp1), second longer and thin (cp2) and third very short (cp3).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="47DD9187895EFFB4FF64F8D3C6477AB4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183054/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="452" startId="2.[151,264,1840,1862]" targetBox="[167,1411,190,1799]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="131DC10F895EFFB4FF64F8D3C6477AB4" blockId="2.[151,1436,1840,2016]" pageId="2" pageNumber="452">
|
||
<emphasis id="21D61D1D895EFFB4FF64F8D3C67B7A12" bold="true" box="[151,315,1840,1862]" pageId="2" pageNumber="452">FIGURES 1–9.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4A2BA8C895EFFB4FEB7F8D3C5037A12" baseAuthorityName="Goeze" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[324,579,1840,1862]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Phosphaenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="452" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hemipterus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21D61D1D895EFFB4FEB7F8D3C5037A12" box="[324,579,1840,1862]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="452">Phosphaenus hemipterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. General habitus of mature larva photographed in alcohol in dorsal (1); ventral (2) and lateral (3) views. General habitus of mature larva photographed dry in dorsal (4); ventral (5) and lateral (6) views. Detail of distal abdominal segments VI to X in dorsal (7); ventral (8) and lateral (9) views. Abbreviations: alt—anterior laterotergite; em—epimeron; is—intersternite; ls—laterosternite; lt—laterotergite; ms—median sternite; plt—posterior laterotergite; pophotic organ; ps—prosternum; ptl—light-pigmented lines on protergum; sg—parasagittal line. Scale bars: Figs 1-6, 5 mm; Figs 7-9, 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="47DD9187895FFFB5FF64F8B6C6707AFC" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183056/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="453" startId="3.[151,264,1877,1899]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1856]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="131DC10F895FFFB5FF64F8B6C6707AFC" blockId="3.[151,1436,1877,1960]" pageId="3" pageNumber="453">
|
||
<emphasis id="21D61D1D895FFFB5FF64F8B6C6137A3F" bold="true" box="[151,339,1877,1899]" pageId="3" pageNumber="453">FIGURES 10–14.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4A2BA8C895FFFB5FEAAF8B6C5167A3F" baseAuthorityName="Goeze" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[345,598,1877,1899]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Phosphaenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="453" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hemipterus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21D61D1D895FFFB5FEAAF8B6C5167A3F" box="[345,598,1877,1899]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="453">Phosphaenus hemipterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Detail of head in anterior (10); ventral (11) and dorsal (12) views; right maxilla in dorsal view (13); right mandible in dorsal view (14). Abbreviations: fa—frontal arms; pe—penicillus; re—retinaculum. Scale bars: 0.25 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="47DD91878958FFB2FF64F93FC3217A45" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183058/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="454" startId="4.[151,264,1756,1778]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1735]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="131DC10F8958FFB2FF64F93FC3217A45" blockId="4.[151,1437,1756,1809]" pageId="4" pageNumber="454">
|
||
<emphasis id="21D61D1D8958FFB2FF64F93FC61A7BA6" bold="true" box="[151,346,1756,1778]" pageId="4" pageNumber="454">FIGURES 15–17.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4A2BA8C8958FFB2FE95F93FC5297BA6" baseAuthorityName="Goeze" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[358,617,1756,1778]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Phosphaenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="454" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hemipterus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21D61D1D8958FFB2FE95F93FC5297BA6" box="[358,617,1756,1778]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="454">Phosphaenus hemipterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. SEM image of head in dorsal (15); anterior (16) and ventral (17) views. Abbreviations: bs—short, blunt, setae lying on surface; ls—stout, long setae; ts—toroidal setae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="131DC10F8959FFB3FF34FE8CC4EF7FFC" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<emphasis id="21D61D1D8959FFB3FF34FE8CC65E7CDC" box="[199,286,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">Maxilla</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A8959FFB3FEC0FE8CC6CA7CDC" box="[307,394,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURES10–14" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES10–14. Phosphaenus hemipterus. Detail of head inanterior (10);ventral (11) and dorsal (12) views; right maxilla in dorsal view (13); right mandible in dorsal view (14). Abbreviations: fa—frontal arms; pe—penicillus; re—retinaculum. Scale bars:0.25 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183056/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
). Consisting of five parts, attached to labium forming a maxillo-labial complex. Cardo vertical, bulbous, with wider side adjacent to stipes. Stipes elongated, subtrapeZoidal, ventrally covered with short blunt setae lying on its surface and four long and stout setae, three anteriorly and one medially. Galea bimerous, with basal part larger than distal, subtriangular in anterior view (with the tip of subtriangle aiming ventrally). Distal part conical, rotated medially with setae shorter than its body. Lacinia covered with brush of long setae on outer lateral margin. Maxillary palpifer large (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A8959FFB3FD95FDC7C5FB7F68" box="[614,699,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURES 21–23" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1756,1778]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 21–23. Phosphaenus hemipterus. SEM image of detail of maxillolabial complex in anterior view (21); detail of maxillary palpus 2 (22); detail of labial palpus (23). Abbreviations: lp1, 2—labial palpus 1, 2; ls—labial sensorium; mp1, 2— maxillary palpus 1, 2; ms—maxillary sensorium; pf—maxillary palpifer." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183062/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
|
||
; pf), subrectangular, slightly longer than wide. Maxillary palpus bimerous (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A8959FFB3FEFCFDA4C6247F34" box="[271,356,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURES 21–23" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1756,1778]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 21–23. Phosphaenus hemipterus. SEM image of detail of maxillolabial complex in anterior view (21); detail of maxillary palpus 2 (22); detail of labial palpus (23). Abbreviations: lp1, 2—labial palpus 1, 2; ls—labial sensorium; mp1, 2— maxillary palpus 1, 2; ms—maxillary sensorium; pf—maxillary palpifer." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183062/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
|
||
; mp1, mp2), basal palpomere short and wide. Palpifer and basal palpomere covered with setae. Palpomere II (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A8959FFB3FECAFD8FC6CD7FD0" box="[313,397,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURES 21–23" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1756,1778]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 21–23. Phosphaenus hemipterus. SEM image of detail of maxillolabial complex in anterior view (21); detail of maxillary palpus 2 (22); detail of labial palpus (23). Abbreviations: lp1, 2—labial palpus 1, 2; ls—labial sensorium; mp1, 2— maxillary palpus 1, 2; ms—maxillary sensorium; pf—maxillary palpifer." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183062/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
|
||
; mp2) bearing two setae, one thin and sharp placed dorsally and second slightly thicker and blunt, paired with sensorium near base on lateral surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A8959FFB3FCEDFD6CC4327FFC" box="[798,882,655,680]" captionStart="FIGURES 21–23" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1756,1778]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 21–23. Phosphaenus hemipterus. SEM image of detail of maxillolabial complex in anterior view (21); detail of maxillary palpus 2 (22); detail of labial palpus (23). Abbreviations: lp1, 2—labial palpus 1, 2; ls—labial sensorium; mp1, 2— maxillary palpus 1, 2; ms—maxillary sensorium; pf—maxillary palpifer." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183062/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
|
||
; ms).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="131DC10F8959FFB3FF34FD57C2427E9C" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<emphasis id="21D61D1D8959FFB3FF34FD57C65D7F99" box="[199,285,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">Labium</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A8959FFB3FEC1FD57C6FB7F98" box="[306,443,692,717]" captionStart="FIGURES 21–23" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1756,1778]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 21–23. Phosphaenus hemipterus. SEM image of detail of maxillolabial complex in anterior view (21); detail of maxillary palpus 2 (22); detail of labial palpus (23). Abbreviations: lp1, 2—labial palpus 1, 2; ls—labial sensorium; mp1, 2— maxillary palpus 1, 2; ms—maxillary sensorium; pf—maxillary palpifer." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183062/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">Fig. 21, 23</figureCitation>
|
||
). Closely attached to maxilla, formed by a short prementum, mentum and mostly membranous submentum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A8959FFB3FE33FD34C5517FA4" box="[448,529,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURES10–14" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES10–14. Phosphaenus hemipterus. Detail of head inanterior (10);ventral (11) and dorsal (12) views; right maxilla in dorsal view (13); right mandible in dorsal view (14). Abbreviations: fa—frontal arms; pe—penicillus; re—retinaculum. Scale bars:0.25 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183056/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
). Glossae absent. Prementum narrow, heart-shaped in ventral view; bearing three
|
||
<typeStatus id="CC197FAD8959FFB3FF64FD1EC7927E41" box="[151,210,765,789]" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of setae: blunt short setae lying on surface, sensory setae and a pair of long and stout setae underneath the palpi. Labial palpus bimerous (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A8959FFB3FE0AFCFCC50E7E6C" box="[505,590,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURES 21–23" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1756,1778]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 21–23. Phosphaenus hemipterus. SEM image of detail of maxillolabial complex in anterior view (21); detail of maxillary palpus 2 (22); detail of labial palpus (23). Abbreviations: lp1, 2—labial palpus 1, 2; ls—labial sensorium; mp1, 2— maxillary palpus 1, 2; ms—maxillary sensorium; pf—maxillary palpifer." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183062/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
|
||
; lp1, lp2); basal palpomere wide and short, bearing several setae dorsally; second palpomere short, bearing a large sensorium ventrally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A8959FFB3FC71FCA7C49D7E08" box="[898,989,836,861]" captionStart="FIGURES 21–23" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1756,1778]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 21–23. Phosphaenus hemipterus. SEM image of detail of maxillolabial complex in anterior view (21); detail of maxillary palpus 2 (22); detail of labial palpus (23). Abbreviations: lp1, 2—labial palpus 1, 2; ls—labial sensorium; mp1, 2— maxillary palpus 1, 2; ms—maxillary sensorium; pf—maxillary palpifer." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183062/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
|
||
; ls), one thin seta between the apex and the sensorium, and two stout setae laterally around the apex: one sharp on the inner side and one blunt on the outer side. Mentum elongated, subtriangular, unsclerotiZed on lateral margins, ventrally bearing numerous short, blunt, setae lying on surface, numerous toroidal setae and a pair of large, stout setae posteromedially.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="131DC10F8959FFB3FF34FC37C2D57858" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<emphasis id="21D61D1D8959FFB3FF34FC37C6737EB9" box="[199,307,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">Mandible</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A8959FFB3FEB2FC37C6D17EB8" box="[321,401,980,1005]" captionStart="FIGURES10–14" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES10–14. Phosphaenus hemipterus. Detail of head inanterior (10);ventral (11) and dorsal (12) views; right maxilla in dorsal view (13); right mandible in dorsal view (14). Abbreviations: fa—frontal arms; pe—penicillus; re—retinaculum. Scale bars:0.25 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183056/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
). Symmetrical, falcate, with an internal channel opening subapically on outer edge (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A8959FFB3FACFFC37C2CF7EB8" box="[1340,1423,980,1005]" captionStart="FIGURES 18–20" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1792,1814]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,211,1753]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,211,1753]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 18–20. Phosphaenus hemipterus. SEM image of maxillolabial complex in anterior view (18); detail of mandibles (19); detail of body surface on protergum (20). Abbreviations: ha—hyaline appendage; lp1, lp2—labial palpus 1, 2; ls—labial sensorium; mp1, 2—maxillary palpus 1, 2; ms—maxillary sensorium; pf—maxillary palpifer; sc—sensillum coeloconicum; ss—solitary seta, ts—toroidal seta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183060/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
|
||
). Penicillus well developed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A8959FFB3FE34FC14C55A7944" box="[455,538,1015,1040]" captionStart="FIGURES10–14" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES10–14. Phosphaenus hemipterus. Detail of head inanterior (10);ventral (11) and dorsal (12) views; right maxilla in dorsal view (13); right mandible in dorsal view (14). Abbreviations: fa—frontal arms; pe—penicillus; re—retinaculum. Scale bars:0.25 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183056/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
; pe). Retinaculum present, forming one thin and blunt hyaline process on apical third of mandible (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A8959FFB3FE9EFBFFC6837960" box="[365,451,1052,1077]" captionStart="FIGURES10–14" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES10–14. Phosphaenus hemipterus. Detail of head inanterior (10);ventral (11) and dorsal (12) views; right maxilla in dorsal view (13); right mandible in dorsal view (14). Abbreviations: fa—frontal arms; pe—penicillus; re—retinaculum. Scale bars:0.25 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183056/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
; re). Inner margin of mandible from retinaculum to the base covered with stout setae, lengthening towards the base of mandible (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A8959FFB3FD7AFBDCC59F790C" box="[649,735,1087,1112]" captionStart="FIGURES10–14" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES10–14. Phosphaenus hemipterus. Detail of head inanterior (10);ventral (11) and dorsal (12) views; right maxilla in dorsal view (13); right mandible in dorsal view (14). Abbreviations: fa—frontal arms; pe—penicillus; re—retinaculum. Scale bars:0.25 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183056/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ventrally, basal two-thirds of mandible covered with dense setation lying on surface, aimed medially. Dorsally, basal two thirds with sagittal line of dense, stout, setation lying on surface, of equal length, erect in its last third, aiming medially (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A8959FFB3FC44FB64C34F79F4" box="[951,1039,1159,1184]" captionStart="FIGURES 15–17" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1756,1778]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 15–17. Phosphaenus hemipterus. SEM image of head in dorsal (15); anterior (16) and ventral (17) views. Abbreviations: bs—short, blunt, setae lying on surface; ls—stout, long setae; ts—toroidal setae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183058/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
). Lateral margin without setation. Sensory (hyaline) appendage on outer margin of mandible present before channel opening, forming a subtriangular valve with fringing at the distal end (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A8959FFB3FDCBFB2CC5CD79BC" box="[568,653,1231,1256]" captionStart="FIGURES 18–20" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1792,1814]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,211,1753]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,211,1753]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 18–20. Phosphaenus hemipterus. SEM image of maxillolabial complex in anterior view (18); detail of mandibles (19); detail of body surface on protergum (20). Abbreviations: ha—hyaline appendage; lp1, lp2—labial palpus 1, 2; ls—labial sensorium; mp1, 2—maxillary palpus 1, 2; ms—maxillary sensorium; pf—maxillary palpifer; sc—sensillum coeloconicum; ss—solitary seta, ts—toroidal seta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183060/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
|
||
; ha). A thin stout short seta present dorsally in retinaculum region on both mandibles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A8959FFB3FEA1FB17C6E57858" box="[338,421,1268,1293]" captionStart="FIGURES 18–20" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1792,1814]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,211,1753]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,211,1753]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 18–20. Phosphaenus hemipterus. SEM image of maxillolabial complex in anterior view (18); detail of mandibles (19); detail of body surface on protergum (20). Abbreviations: ha—hyaline appendage; lp1, lp2—labial palpus 1, 2; ls—labial sensorium; mp1, 2—maxillary palpus 1, 2; ms—maxillary sensorium; pf—maxillary palpifer; sc—sensillum coeloconicum; ss—solitary seta, ts—toroidal seta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183060/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
|
||
; ss). Several sensilla coeloconica present on the post-retinaculum apical part (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A8959FFB3FAFCFB17C2227858" box="[1295,1378,1268,1293]" captionStart="FIGURES 18–20" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1792,1814]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,211,1753]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,211,1753]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 18–20. Phosphaenus hemipterus. SEM image of maxillolabial complex in anterior view (18); detail of mandibles (19); detail of body surface on protergum (20). Abbreviations: ha—hyaline appendage; lp1, lp2—labial palpus 1, 2; ls—labial sensorium; mp1, 2—maxillary palpus 1, 2; ms—maxillary sensorium; pf—maxillary palpifer; sc—sensillum coeloconicum; ss—solitary seta, ts—toroidal seta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183060/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
; sc).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="131DC10F8959FFB3FF34FAF4C2DC7BCC" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<emphasis id="21D61D1D8959FFB3FF34FAF4C6587864" box="[199,280,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A8959FFB3FED8FAF4C6D27864" box="[299,402,1303,1328]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–9" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1840,1862]" captionTargetBox="[167,1411,190,1799]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[167,1411,190,1799]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1–9. Phosphaenus hemipterus. General habitus of mature larva photographed in alcohol in dorsal (1); ventral (2) and lateral (3) views. General habitus of mature larva photographed dry indorsal (4); ventral (5) and lateral (6) views. Detail of distal abdominal segments VI to X in dorsal (7); ventral (8) and lateral (9) views. Abbreviations: alt—anterior laterotergite; em—epimeron; is—intersternite; ls—laterosternite; lt—laterotergite; ms—median sternite; plt—posterior laterotergite; pophotic organ; ps—prosternum;ptl—light-pigmented lines on protergum;sg—parasagittal line. Scalebars:Figs 1-6, 5 mm; Figs 7-9, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183054/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">Figs 1–6</figureCitation>
|
||
). Protergum wider than long, subsemicircular, wider posteriorly. Meso- and metatergum suboval, wider than long, with rounded margins. Venter of prothorax composed of subquadrate prosternum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A8959FFB3FAA1FADFC2D77800" box="[1362,1431,1340,1365]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–9" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1840,1862]" captionTargetBox="[167,1411,190,1799]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[167,1411,190,1799]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1–9. Phosphaenus hemipterus. General habitus of mature larva photographed in alcohol in dorsal (1); ventral (2) and lateral (3) views. General habitus of mature larva photographed dry indorsal (4); ventral (5) and lateral (6) views. Detail of distal abdominal segments VI to X in dorsal (7); ventral (8) and lateral (9) views. Abbreviations: alt—anterior laterotergite; em—epimeron; is—intersternite; ls—laterosternite; lt—laterotergite; ms—median sternite; plt—posterior laterotergite; pophotic organ; ps—prosternum;ptl—light-pigmented lines on protergum;sg—parasagittal line. Scalebars:Figs 1-6, 5 mm; Figs 7-9, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183054/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
; ps), subdivided into three well sclerotiZed areas; lateral ones narrow and transverse, extending above and to the sides of coxae fusing with episterna; medial area subrhomboid. Epimera forming thin sclerotiZed strands (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A8959FFB3FAA3FA67C2D778C8" box="[1360,1431,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–9" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1840,1862]" captionTargetBox="[167,1411,190,1799]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[167,1411,190,1799]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1–9. Phosphaenus hemipterus. General habitus of mature larva photographed in alcohol in dorsal (1); ventral (2) and lateral (3) views. General habitus of mature larva photographed dry indorsal (4); ventral (5) and lateral (6) views. Detail of distal abdominal segments VI to X in dorsal (7); ventral (8) and lateral (9) views. Abbreviations: alt—anterior laterotergite; em—epimeron; is—intersternite; ls—laterosternite; lt—laterotergite; ms—median sternite; plt—posterior laterotergite; pophotic organ; ps—prosternum;ptl—light-pigmented lines on protergum;sg—parasagittal line. Scalebars:Figs 1-6, 5 mm; Figs 7-9, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183054/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
; em). Lateral areas of meso- and metathorax composed of two laterotergites; anterior one sclerotiZed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A8959FFB3FAE8FA44C2227894" box="[1307,1378,1447,1472]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–9" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1840,1862]" captionTargetBox="[167,1411,190,1799]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[167,1411,190,1799]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1–9. Phosphaenus hemipterus. General habitus of mature larva photographed in alcohol in dorsal (1); ventral (2) and lateral (3) views. General habitus of mature larva photographed dry indorsal (4); ventral (5) and lateral (6) views. Detail of distal abdominal segments VI to X in dorsal (7); ventral (8) and lateral (9) views. Abbreviations: alt—anterior laterotergite; em—epimeron; is—intersternite; ls—laterosternite; lt—laterotergite; ms—median sternite; plt—posterior laterotergite; pophotic organ; ps—prosternum;ptl—light-pigmented lines on protergum;sg—parasagittal line. Scalebars:Figs 1-6, 5 mm; Figs 7-9, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183054/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
; alt), bearing a well-developed bilabiate spiracle in mesothorax; posterior one membranous (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A8959FFB3FB97FA2FC3E978B0" box="[1124,1193,1484,1509]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–9" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1840,1862]" captionTargetBox="[167,1411,190,1799]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[167,1411,190,1799]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1–9. Phosphaenus hemipterus. General habitus of mature larva photographed in alcohol in dorsal (1); ventral (2) and lateral (3) views. General habitus of mature larva photographed dry indorsal (4); ventral (5) and lateral (6) views. Detail of distal abdominal segments VI to X in dorsal (7); ventral (8) and lateral (9) views. Abbreviations: alt—anterior laterotergite; em—epimeron; is—intersternite; ls—laterosternite; lt—laterotergite; ms—median sternite; plt—posterior laterotergite; pophotic organ; ps—prosternum;ptl—light-pigmented lines on protergum;sg—parasagittal line. Scalebars:Figs 1-6, 5 mm; Figs 7-9, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183054/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
; plt). Anterior ventral area of meso- and metathorax formed by mostly membranous intersternite (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A8959FFB3FC01FA0CC3787B5C" box="[1010,1080,1519,1544]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–9" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1840,1862]" captionTargetBox="[167,1411,190,1799]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[167,1411,190,1799]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1–9. Phosphaenus hemipterus. General habitus of mature larva photographed in alcohol in dorsal (1); ventral (2) and lateral (3) views. General habitus of mature larva photographed dry indorsal (4); ventral (5) and lateral (6) views. Detail of distal abdominal segments VI to X in dorsal (7); ventral (8) and lateral (9) views. Abbreviations: alt—anterior laterotergite; em—epimeron; is—intersternite; ls—laterosternite; lt—laterotergite; ms—median sternite; plt—posterior laterotergite; pophotic organ; ps—prosternum;ptl—light-pigmented lines on protergum;sg—parasagittal line. Scalebars:Figs 1-6, 5 mm; Figs 7-9, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183054/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
; is) with two darker-pigmented sagittal bands centrally, margined by paired anterior laterotergites. Posterior ventral area subdivided into triangular, wider than long basisternum and smaller sternellum. Basisternum subdivided into three darker-pigmented areas; lateral ones extending anteriorly and laterally to coxae, joining episterna; medial subrhomboid. Sternellum membranous, with sclerotiZed triangular centre touching with medial subrhomboid area of basisternum with its tip.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="131DC10F8959FFB3FF34F946C4EE7A88" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<emphasis id="21D61D1D8959FFB3FF34F946C7BC7BE8" box="[199,252,1701,1724]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">Legs</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A8959FFB3FEF9F947C6CA7BE8" box="[266,394,1700,1725]" captionStart="FIGURES 27–29" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1756,1778]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 27–29. Phosphaenus hemipterus. SEM image of left prothoracic leg in general view (27); pretarsus (28); detail of distal end of femur (29). Abbreviations: bs—short, blunt, setae lying on surface; ls—stout, long setae; ts—toroidal setae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183066/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">Figs 27–29</figureCitation>
|
||
). Pentamerous, all pairs similar in shape and siZe. Coxa large, stout, bearing short blunt setae lying on its surface, toroidal setae and stout long setae. Coxal-trochanteral membrane reaching more than 1/2 of coxal longitudinal length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A8959FFB3FE31F90FC5487A50" box="[450,520,1772,1797]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–9" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1840,1862]" captionTargetBox="[167,1411,190,1799]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[167,1411,190,1799]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1–9. Phosphaenus hemipterus. General habitus of mature larva photographed in alcohol in dorsal (1); ventral (2) and lateral (3) views. General habitus of mature larva photographed dry indorsal (4); ventral (5) and lateral (6) views. Detail of distal abdominal segments VI to X in dorsal (7); ventral (8) and lateral (9) views. Abbreviations: alt—anterior laterotergite; em—epimeron; is—intersternite; ls—laterosternite; lt—laterotergite; ms—median sternite; plt—posterior laterotergite; pophotic organ; ps—prosternum;ptl—light-pigmented lines on protergum;sg—parasagittal line. Scalebars:Figs 1-6, 5 mm; Figs 7-9, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183054/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). Trochanter smaller, subtriangular in lateral view, about the same siZe as femur, bearing short blunt setae lying on its surface, toroidal setae, and stout long setae, with long stout seta on distal venter, together with several shorter stout setae radially on distal end. Femur fusiform in lateral view, bearing short blunt setae lying on its surface, toroidal setae, and stout long setae, with one very long stout seta on the centre of ventral area (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A8959FFB3FED8F89FC63D7AC0" box="[299,381,1916,1941]" captionStart="FIGURES 27–29" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1756,1778]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 27–29. Phosphaenus hemipterus. SEM image of left prothoracic leg in general view (27); pretarsus (28); detail of distal end of femur (29). Abbreviations: bs—short, blunt, setae lying on surface; ls—stout, long setae; ts—toroidal setae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183066/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
|
||
) and several shorter stout setae radially on distal end. Tibiotarsus as long as femur, narrower, tapering towards distal end, covered predominantly by stout sharp setae, lengthening dorsally. Pretarsus composed of a claw with fine ridges, ventrally bearing three short setae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A8959FFB3FCBEF827C4E17A88" box="[845,929,1988,2013]" captionStart="FIGURES 27–29" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1756,1778]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1735]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 27–29. Phosphaenus hemipterus. SEM image of left prothoracic leg in general view (27); pretarsus (28); detail of distal end of femur (29). Abbreviations: bs—short, blunt, setae lying on surface; ls—stout, long setae; ts—toroidal setae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183066/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="455">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="47DD9187895AFFB0FF64F8E3C6B87A26" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183060/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="456" startId="6.[151,264,1792,1814]" targetBox="[151,1436,211,1753]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="131DC10F895AFFB0FF64F8E3C6B87A26" blockId="6.[151,1436,1792,1906]" pageId="6" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<emphasis id="21D61D1D895AFFB0FF64F8E3C6157A42" bold="true" box="[151,341,1792,1814]" pageId="6" pageNumber="456">FIGURES 18–20.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4A2BA8C895AFFB0FEAFF8E3C51B7A42" baseAuthorityName="Goeze" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[348,603,1792,1814]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Phosphaenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hemipterus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21D61D1D895AFFB0FEAFF8E3C51B7A42" box="[348,603,1792,1814]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="456">Phosphaenus hemipterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. SEM image of maxillolabial complex in anterior view (18); detail of mandibles (19); detail of body surface on protergum (20). Abbreviations: ha—hyaline appendage; lp1, lp2—labial palpus 1, 2; ls—labial sensorium; mp1, 2—maxillary palpus 1, 2; ms—maxillary sensorium; pf—maxillary palpifer; sc—sensillum coeloconicum; ss—solitary seta, ts—toroidal seta.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="47DD9187895BFFB1FF64F93FC4387A7B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183062/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="457" startId="7.[151,264,1756,1778]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1735]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="131DC10F895BFFB1FF64F93FC4387A7B" blockId="7.[151,1436,1756,1839]" pageId="7" pageNumber="457">
|
||
<emphasis id="21D61D1D895BFFB1FF64F93FC6167BA6" bold="true" box="[151,342,1756,1778]" pageId="7" pageNumber="457">FIGURES 21–23.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4A2BA8C895BFFB1FEACF93FC51F7BA6" baseAuthorityName="Goeze" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[351,607,1756,1778]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Phosphaenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="457" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hemipterus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21D61D1D895BFFB1FEACF93FC51F7BA6" box="[351,607,1756,1778]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="457">Phosphaenus hemipterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. SEM image of detail of maxillolabial complex in anterior view (21); detail of maxillary palpus 2 (22); detail of labial palpus (23). Abbreviations: lp1, 2—labial palpus 1, 2; ls—labial sensorium; mp1, 2— maxillary palpus 1, 2; ms—maxillary sensorium; pf—maxillary palpifer.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="47DD91878954FFBEFF64F93FC4C97A7B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183064/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="458" startId="8.[151,264,1756,1778]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1735]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="131DC10F8954FFBEFF64F93FC4C97A7B" blockId="8.[151,1436,1756,1839]" pageId="8" pageNumber="458">
|
||
<emphasis id="21D61D1D8954FFBEFF64F93FC6187BA6" bold="true" box="[151,344,1756,1778]" pageId="8" pageNumber="458">FIGURES 24–26.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4A2BA8C8954FFBEFE90F93FC5267BA6" baseAuthorityName="Goeze" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[355,614,1756,1778]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Phosphaenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="458" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hemipterus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21D61D1D8954FFBEFE90F93FC5267BA6" box="[355,614,1756,1778]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="458">Phosphaenus hemipterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. SEM image of antenna in general view (24); detail of sensorium and third antennomere (25); anterior view (26). Abbreviations: a3—third antennomere; as1, 2—antennal sensorium 1, 2; cp1–3— cuticular projections 1–3; ses—sensory slot; sc—sensillum coeloconicum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="47DD91878955FFBFFF64F93FC21E7A45" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183066/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="459" startId="9.[151,264,1756,1778]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1735]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="131DC10F8955FFBFFF64F93FC21E7A45" blockId="9.[151,1436,1756,1809]" pageId="9" pageNumber="459">
|
||
<emphasis id="21D61D1D8955FFBFFF64F93FC6147BA6" bold="true" box="[151,340,1756,1778]" pageId="9" pageNumber="459">FIGURES 27–29.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4A2BA8C8955FFBFFEAFF93FC51B7BA6" baseAuthorityName="Goeze" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[348,603,1756,1778]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Phosphaenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="459" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hemipterus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21D61D1D8955FFBFFEAFF93FC51B7BA6" box="[348,603,1756,1778]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="459">Phosphaenus hemipterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. SEM image of left prothoracic leg in general view (27); pretarsus (28); detail of distal end of femur (29). Abbreviations: bs—short, blunt, setae lying on surface; ls—stout, long setae; ts—toroidal setae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="131DC10F8955FFBCFF34F8DEC3EF7C6B" blockId="9.[151,1436,1853,2022]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,151,1005]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="460" pageId="9" pageNumber="459">
|
||
<emphasis id="21D61D1D8955FFBFFF34F8DEC6717A02" box="[199,305,1853,1878]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="459">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A8955FFBFFECCF8DEC6E17A02" box="[319,417,1853,1878]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–9" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1840,1862]" captionTargetBox="[167,1411,190,1799]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[167,1411,190,1799]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1–9. Phosphaenus hemipterus. General habitus of mature larva photographed in alcohol in dorsal (1); ventral (2) and lateral (3) views. General habitus of mature larva photographed dry indorsal (4); ventral (5) and lateral (6) views. Detail of distal abdominal segments VI to X in dorsal (7); ventral (8) and lateral (9) views. Abbreviations: alt—anterior laterotergite; em—epimeron; is—intersternite; ls—laterosternite; lt—laterotergite; ms—median sternite; plt—posterior laterotergite; pophotic organ; ps—prosternum;ptl—light-pigmented lines on protergum;sg—parasagittal line. Scalebars:Figs 1-6, 5 mm; Figs 7-9, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183054/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="459">Figs 1–9</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ten-segmented, slightly tapering towards posterior end, segments I to VIII subdivided by fine sagittal line in dorsal view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A8955FFBFFDD0F882C52A7A2E" box="[547,618,1889,1914]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–9" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1840,1862]" captionTargetBox="[167,1411,190,1799]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[167,1411,190,1799]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1–9. Phosphaenus hemipterus. General habitus of mature larva photographed in alcohol in dorsal (1); ventral (2) and lateral (3) views. General habitus of mature larva photographed dry indorsal (4); ventral (5) and lateral (6) views. Detail of distal abdominal segments VI to X in dorsal (7); ventral (8) and lateral (9) views. Abbreviations: alt—anterior laterotergite; em—epimeron; is—intersternite; ls—laterosternite; lt—laterotergite; ms—median sternite; plt—posterior laterotergite; pophotic organ; ps—prosternum;ptl—light-pigmented lines on protergum;sg—parasagittal line. Scalebars:Figs 1-6, 5 mm; Figs 7-9, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183054/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="459">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Tergites of segments I to VII subrectangular, similar in shape and colouration, wider than long; tergite of segment VIII suboval; segment IX subrectangular, wider than long; segment X forming a narrow sclerotiZed dark ring, bearing the holdfast organ—pygopod—with several eversible processes. Segments I to VIII have single laterotergites (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A8955FFBFFCDBF82EC42F7AB2" box="[808,879,1997,2022]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–9" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1840,1862]" captionTargetBox="[167,1411,190,1799]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[167,1411,190,1799]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1–9. Phosphaenus hemipterus. General habitus of mature larva photographed in alcohol in dorsal (1); ventral (2) and lateral (3) views. General habitus of mature larva photographed dry indorsal (4); ventral (5) and lateral (6) views. Detail of distal abdominal segments VI to X in dorsal (7); ventral (8) and lateral (9) views. Abbreviations: alt—anterior laterotergite; em—epimeron; is—intersternite; ls—laterosternite; lt—laterotergite; ms—median sternite; plt—posterior laterotergite; pophotic organ; ps—prosternum;ptl—light-pigmented lines on protergum;sg—parasagittal line. Scalebars:Figs 1-6, 5 mm; Figs 7-9, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183054/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="459">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
; lt) on each side with sclerotiZed plates bearing bilabiate spiracles; the venter of segments I to VII consists of median sternite, margined by paired narrow weakly sclerotiZed laterosternites (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A8956FFBCFE3DFF5FC5577D80" box="[462,535,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–9" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1840,1862]" captionTargetBox="[167,1411,190,1799]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[167,1411,190,1799]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1–9. Phosphaenus hemipterus. General habitus of mature larva photographed in alcohol in dorsal (1); ventral (2) and lateral (3) views. General habitus of mature larva photographed dry indorsal (4); ventral (5) and lateral (6) views. Detail of distal abdominal segments VI to X in dorsal (7); ventral (8) and lateral (9) views. Abbreviations: alt—anterior laterotergite; em—epimeron; is—intersternite; ls—laterosternite; lt—laterotergite; ms—median sternite; plt—posterior laterotergite; pophotic organ; ps—prosternum;ptl—light-pigmented lines on protergum;sg—parasagittal line. Scalebars:Figs 1-6, 5 mm; Figs 7-9, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183054/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="460">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
; ls). Sternites of segments I to VIII subrectangular, well sclerotiZed (except segment VIII) wider than long, with a pair of long stout setae on posterolateral margins. Venter and laterotergites of segment VIII membranous, bearing laterally a pair of white spots representing a functioning photic organ (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B99DD8A8956FFBCFAA2FEE7C2D67C48" box="[1361,1430,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–9" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1840,1862]" captionTargetBox="[167,1411,190,1799]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[167,1411,190,1799]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1–9. Phosphaenus hemipterus. General habitus of mature larva photographed in alcohol in dorsal (1); ventral (2) and lateral (3) views. General habitus of mature larva photographed dry indorsal (4); ventral (5) and lateral (6) views. Detail of distal abdominal segments VI to X in dorsal (7); ventral (8) and lateral (9) views. Abbreviations: alt—anterior laterotergite; em—epimeron; is—intersternite; ls—laterosternite; lt—laterotergite; ms—median sternite; plt—posterior laterotergite; pophotic organ; ps—prosternum;ptl—light-pigmented lines on protergum;sg—parasagittal line. Scalebars:Figs 1-6, 5 mm; Figs 7-9, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183054/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="460">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
; po). Sternite of segment IX sclerotiZed posteriorly, forming a thin ring supporting segment X.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="131DC10F8956FFBCFF34FEAFC5627CA0" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="10" pageNumber="460">
|
||
<emphasis id="21D61D1D8956FFBCFF34FEAFC51D7C31" bold="true" box="[199,605,332,357]" pageId="10" pageNumber="460">Notes on life cycle and behaviour.</emphasis>
|
||
The life cycle of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4A2BA8C8956FFBCFCD9FEAFC3057C31" baseAuthorityName="Goeze" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[810,1093,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Phosphaenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hemipterus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21D61D1D8956FFBCFCD9FEAFC3057C31" box="[810,1093,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="460">Phosphaenus hemipterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lasts two or three years. Eggs are white, spherical, with a diameter of ca. 0.6 mm (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7733BCFE8956FFBCFD09FE93C4E97CDC" box="[762,937,367,392]" pageId="10" pageNumber="460" refId="ref5113" refString="De Cock, R. (2000) Rare, or simply overlooked? Practical notes for survey and monitoring of the small glow-worm Phosphaenus hemipterus (Coleoptera: Lampyridae). Belgian Journal of Zoology, 130, 93 - 101." type="journal article">De Cock 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). According to De Cock, late-instar female larvae tend to be larger and fatter than males and are easily recognised in the field (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7733BCFE8956FFBCFBCEFE77C3A57CF8" box="[1085,1253,404,429]" pageId="10" pageNumber="460" refId="ref5156" refString="De Cock, R. (2003) Larval and Adult Emission Spectra of Bioluminescence in Three European Firefly Species. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 79, 339 - 342. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1751 - 1097.2004. tb 00018. x" type="journal article">De Cock 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Pupation takes place in April–May, the pupal stage lasts ca. 2 weeks. Mature individuals are collected occasionally and rarely from July to August (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7733BCFE8956FFBCFEBBFE3FC5567CA0" box="[328,534,476,501]" pageId="10" pageNumber="460" refId="ref5043" refString="Burakowski, B. (2003) Klucze do oznaczania owadow Polski, Czesc XIX Chraszcze - Coleoptera, Zeszyt 29, 30 Karmazynkowate - Lycidae, Swietlikowate - Lampyridae. [Key to identification of insects of Poland, Part XIX - Beetles (Coleoptera), Issue 29, 30 Lycidae, Lampyridae]. Polskie Towarzystwo Entomologiczne, Torun, 39 pp. [in Polish]" type="book">Burakowski 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="131DC10F8956FFBCFF34FE1CC7AF7FA4" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="10" pageNumber="460">
|
||
Unlike most of the firefly species, whose larvae feed on snails and slugs, larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4A2BA8C8956FFBCFB72FE1CC2DC7F4C" baseAuthorityName="Goeze" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[1153,1436,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Phosphaenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hemipterus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21D61D1D8956FFBCFB72FE1CC2DC7F4C" box="[1153,1436,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="460">Phosphaenus hemipterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are obligate earthworm (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4A2BA8C8956FFBCFE45FDC7C56E7F69" box="[438,558,548,573]" class="Clitellata" family="Lumbricidae" genus="Lumbricus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="10" pageNumber="460" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21D61D1D8956FFBCFE45FDC7C56E7F69" box="[438,558,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="460">Lumbricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4A2BA8C8956FFBCFD8BFDC7C4497F69" box="[632,777,548,573]" class="Clitellata" family="Lumbricidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="10" pageNumber="460" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Lumbricidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) predators (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7733BCFE8956FFBCFC65FDC7C3F37F68" box="[918,1203,548,573]" pageId="10" pageNumber="460" refId="ref5940" refString="Majka, C. G. & MacIvor, J. S. (2009) The European lesser glow worm, Phosphaenus hemipterus (Goeze), in North America (Coleoptera, Lampyridae). ZooKeys, 29, 35 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 29.279" type="journal article">Majka & MacIvor 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7733BCFE8956FFBCFB3AFDC7C7A17F34" pageId="10" pageNumber="460" refId="ref5940" refString="Majka, C. G. & MacIvor, J. S. (2009) The European lesser glow worm, Phosphaenus hemipterus (Goeze), in North America (Coleoptera, Lampyridae). ZooKeys, 29, 35 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 29.279" type="journal article">Majka & MacIvor (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed the larvae while feeding, using tarsal claws of the legs to anchor themselves to the body of the earthworm and their extended antennae moving over the surface of the earthworm’s body. The process of injecting a toxin into its prey in order to kill it, as observed in other species of fireflies (Schwalb 1961), has not yet been observed for this species. However, the presence of a mandibular channel suggests that a toxin is also used by this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="131DC10F8956FFBCFF34FD1FC5CB7E6C" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="10" pageNumber="460">
|
||
Like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4A2BA8C8956FFBCFEF2FD1EC6997E41" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[257,473,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Lampyris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="noctiluca">
|
||
<emphasis id="21D61D1D8956FFBCFEF2FD1EC6997E41" box="[257,473,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="460">Lampyris noctiluca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4A2BA8C8956FFBCFE14FD1FC4407E41" baseAuthorityName="Goeze" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[487,768,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Phosphaenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hemipterus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21D61D1D8956FFBCFE14FD1FC4407E41" box="[487,768,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="460">Phosphaenus hemipterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae also glow spontaneously by emitting bioluminescent pulses while active at night (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7733BCFE8956FFBCFE24FCC3C53F7E6C" box="[471,639,799,824]" pageId="10" pageNumber="460" refId="ref5156" refString="De Cock, R. (2003) Larval and Adult Emission Spectra of Bioluminescence in Three European Firefly Species. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 79, 339 - 342. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1751 - 1097.2004. tb 00018. x" type="journal article">De Cock 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="131DC10F8956FFBCFF34FCA7C5A67EB8" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="10" pageNumber="460">
|
||
Both adult sexes are flightless. Neotenic females stay in litter or lower parts of plants, are active mainly at dusk (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7733BCFE8956FFBCFF6DFC8BC60D7ED4" box="[158,333,871,896]" pageId="10" pageNumber="460" refId="ref5113" refString="De Cock, R. (2000) Rare, or simply overlooked? Practical notes for survey and monitoring of the small glow-worm Phosphaenus hemipterus (Coleoptera: Lampyridae). Belgian Journal of Zoology, 130, 93 - 101." type="journal article">De Cock 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7733BCFE8956FFBCFEAEFC84C5697ED4" box="[349,553,871,896]" pageId="10" pageNumber="460" refId="ref5043" refString="Burakowski, B. (2003) Klucze do oznaczania owadow Polski, Czesc XIX Chraszcze - Coleoptera, Zeszyt 29, 30 Karmazynkowate - Lycidae, Swietlikowate - Lampyridae. [Key to identification of insects of Poland, Part XIX - Beetles (Coleoptera), Issue 29, 30 Lycidae, Lampyridae]. Polskie Towarzystwo Entomologiczne, Torun, 39 pp. [in Polish]" type="book">Burakowski 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and are very rarely found (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7733BCFE8956FFBCFC8AFC84C30A7ED4" box="[889,1098,871,896]" pageId="10" pageNumber="460" refId="ref5043" refString="Burakowski, B. (2003) Klucze do oznaczania owadow Polski, Czesc XIX Chraszcze - Coleoptera, Zeszyt 29, 30 Karmazynkowate - Lycidae, Swietlikowate - Lampyridae. [Key to identification of insects of Poland, Part XIX - Beetles (Coleoptera), Issue 29, 30 Lycidae, Lampyridae]. Polskie Towarzystwo Entomologiczne, Torun, 39 pp. [in Polish]" type="book">Burakowski 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In contrast, the males have vestigial elytra, are diurnal, and can often be found on herbaceous plants and shrubs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7733BCFE8956FFBCFBBBFC6FC2547EF0" box="[1096,1300,908,933]" pageId="10" pageNumber="460" refId="ref5043" refString="Burakowski, B. (2003) Klucze do oznaczania owadow Polski, Czesc XIX Chraszcze - Coleoptera, Zeszyt 29, 30 Karmazynkowate - Lycidae, Swietlikowate - Lampyridae. [Key to identification of insects of Poland, Part XIX - Beetles (Coleoptera), Issue 29, 30 Lycidae, Lampyridae]. Polskie Towarzystwo Entomologiczne, Torun, 39 pp. [in Polish]" type="book">Burakowski 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The larvae are predominantly nocturnal. Both adult sexes are feebly bioluminescent, although they appear only to glow in response to disturbance (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7733BCFE8956FFBCFE3AFC37C59B7EB8" box="[457,731,980,1005]" pageId="10" pageNumber="460" refId="ref5940" refString="Majka, C. G. & MacIvor, J. S. (2009) The European lesser glow worm, Phosphaenus hemipterus (Goeze), in North America (Coleoptera, Lampyridae). ZooKeys, 29, 35 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 29.279" type="journal article">Majka & MacIvor 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |