317 lines
46 KiB
XML
317 lines
46 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a28" ID-ISSN="1638-9395" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7145305" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2611B0BC-F569-4135-A09C-6E527C2565A4" approvalRequired="4" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="4" checkinTime="1664918879762" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Gentis, Nicolas, Licht, Alexis, Boura, Anaïs, Aung, Dario De Franceschi Zaw Win Day Wa & Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume" docDate="2022" docId="03B787F6A223FF958908F92FE572E973" docLanguage="en" docName="Geodiversitas.44.28.853-909.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Geodiversitas 44 (28)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00.4:Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleId="F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00" docStyleName="Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Shoreoxylon undefined-1" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="888" masterDocId="FF8EFF8EA200FFB08864FFDDE74BEA43" masterDocTitle="Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications" masterLastPageNumber="909" masterPageNumber="853" pageNumber="886" updateTime="1665148313485" updateUser="diego" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Gentis, Nicolas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Licht, Alexis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Boura, Anaïs</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Aung, Dario De Franceschi Zaw Win Day Wa</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>Geodiversitas</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-09-29</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>44</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>28</mods:number>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>853</mods:start>
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<mods:end>909</mods:end>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a28</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1638-9395</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">7145305</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2611B0BC-F569-4135-A09C-6E527C2565A4</mods:identifier>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B787F6A223FF958908F92FE572E973" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B787F6A223FF958908F92FE572E973" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="888" pageId="35" pageNumber="886">
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<subSubSection box="[364,543,1778,1805]" pageId="35" pageNumber="886" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="35.[364,543,1778,1805]" box="[364,543,1778,1805]" pageId="35" pageNumber="886">
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<heading box="[364,543,1778,1805]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="35" pageNumber="886" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName box="[364,543,1778,1805]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Shoreoxylon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="35" pageNumber="886" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undefined-1">
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<emphasis box="[364,486,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="886">Shoreoxylon</emphasis>
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sp. 1
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[407,500,1810,1837]" pageId="35" pageNumber="886" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="35.[407,500,1810,1837]" box="[407,500,1810,1837]" pageId="35" pageNumber="886">
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(
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<figureCitation box="[416,491,1810,1836]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="36.[132,157,1348,1365]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-314@36.[698,1267,760,1308]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIG. 17. — Shoreoxylon sp. 1, MNHN.F.50194: A, Ts, vessels often grouped, sometimes in clusters (white arrows), abundant parenchyma, aliform to aliformconfluent, short lines and diffuse secretory canals (black arrows); B, C, Tls, 1-5-seriate rays, tyloses (arrow); D, Ts, zoom in on secretory canals in short lines and vessels in clusters with vasicentric tracheids or small vessels; E, Rls, weakly heterocellular rays with one row of larger procumbent cells (white arrow) or square to upright cells (black arrow); F, Tls, vasicentric tracheid (black arrow) and vasicentric parenchyma (white arrow); G, Ts synthetic drawing of the transverse section (only a few vessels and rays are displayed); secretory canals are displayed as red dots, very few are preserved. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, F, 200 µm; C, E, 500 µm; D, 250 µm; G, 1 cm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7145335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7145335/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="886">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="35" pageNumber="886" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="35.[132,775,1872,1923]" pageId="35" pageNumber="886">
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MATERIAL. —
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<materialsCitation collectionCode="MNHN" pageId="35" pageNumber="886" specimenCode="MNHN.F.50194" specimenCount="1">
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<specimenCode box="[277,447,1872,1896]" pageId="35" pageNumber="886">MNHN.F.50194</specimenCode>
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(field number: 19NAT03-1). Estimated minimal diameter:
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<quantity box="[401,499,1899,1923]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="35" pageNumber="886" unit="cm" value="15.0" valueMax="17.0" valueMin="13.0">13-17 cm</quantity>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="35.[132,721,1951,1975]" box="[132,721,1951,1975]" pageId="35" pageNumber="886">
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LOCALITY. — Kalewa Township,
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<collectingRegion box="[456,609,1951,1975]" country="Myanmar" name="Sagaing" pageId="35" pageNumber="886">Sagaing Region</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[619,717,1951,1975]" name="Myanmar" pageId="35" pageNumber="886">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="35" pageNumber="886" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="35.[132,648,2003,2028]" box="[132,957,216,2028]" lastBlockId="35.[811,1457,216,1294]" pageId="35" pageNumber="886">AGE. — Upper lower to lowermost middle Miocene. DESCRIPTION</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="35.[811,1457,216,1294]" pageId="35" pageNumber="886">
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Wood diffuse-porous. Growth rings indistinct. Vessels solitary (55-60%) or in groups of 2-4, sometimes in clusters made of a mix of small vessels and vasicentric tracheids (
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<figureCitation box="[1313,1441,311,337]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="36.[132,157,1348,1365]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-314@36.[698,1267,760,1308]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIG. 17. — Shoreoxylon sp. 1, MNHN.F.50194: A, Ts, vessels often grouped, sometimes in clusters (white arrows), abundant parenchyma, aliform to aliformconfluent, short lines and diffuse secretory canals (black arrows); B, C, Tls, 1-5-seriate rays, tyloses (arrow); D, Ts, zoom in on secretory canals in short lines and vessels in clusters with vasicentric tracheids or small vessels; E, Rls, weakly heterocellular rays with one row of larger procumbent cells (white arrow) or square to upright cells (black arrow); F, Tls, vasicentric tracheid (black arrow) and vasicentric parenchyma (white arrow); G, Ts synthetic drawing of the transverse section (only a few vessels and rays are displayed); secretory canals are displayed as red dots, very few are preserved. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, F, 200 µm; C, E, 500 µm; D, 250 µm; G, 1 cm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7145335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7145335/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="886">Fig. 17A, D</figureCitation>
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), round to oval due to radial compression, 4-16 per mm² (average: 9); tangential diameter 70-270 µm (average: 180 µm). Tyloses present and common, especially in tangential section (
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<figureCitation box="[822,920,438,465]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="36.[132,157,1348,1365]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-314@36.[698,1267,760,1308]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIG. 17. — Shoreoxylon sp. 1, MNHN.F.50194: A, Ts, vessels often grouped, sometimes in clusters (white arrows), abundant parenchyma, aliform to aliformconfluent, short lines and diffuse secretory canals (black arrows); B, C, Tls, 1-5-seriate rays, tyloses (arrow); D, Ts, zoom in on secretory canals in short lines and vessels in clusters with vasicentric tracheids or small vessels; E, Rls, weakly heterocellular rays with one row of larger procumbent cells (white arrow) or square to upright cells (black arrow); F, Tls, vasicentric tracheid (black arrow) and vasicentric parenchyma (white arrow); G, Ts synthetic drawing of the transverse section (only a few vessels and rays are displayed); secretory canals are displayed as red dots, very few are preserved. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, F, 200 µm; C, E, 500 µm; D, 250 µm; G, 1 cm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7145335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7145335/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="886">Fig. 17C</figureCitation>
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). Vessel elements 150-400 µm (average: 300 µm) long. Perforation plates simple (
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<figureCitation box="[1171,1270,470,497]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="36.[132,157,1348,1365]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-314@36.[698,1267,760,1308]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIG. 17. — Shoreoxylon sp. 1, MNHN.F.50194: A, Ts, vessels often grouped, sometimes in clusters (white arrows), abundant parenchyma, aliform to aliformconfluent, short lines and diffuse secretory canals (black arrows); B, C, Tls, 1-5-seriate rays, tyloses (arrow); D, Ts, zoom in on secretory canals in short lines and vessels in clusters with vasicentric tracheids or small vessels; E, Rls, weakly heterocellular rays with one row of larger procumbent cells (white arrow) or square to upright cells (black arrow); F, Tls, vasicentric tracheid (black arrow) and vasicentric parenchyma (white arrow); G, Ts synthetic drawing of the transverse section (only a few vessels and rays are displayed); secretory canals are displayed as red dots, very few are preserved. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, F, 200 µm; C, E, 500 µm; D, 250 µm; G, 1 cm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7145335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7145335/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="886">Fig. 17E</figureCitation>
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). Intervessel pits alternate, 4-7 µm. Vasicentric tracheids present, interspaced with parenchyma (
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<figureCitation box="[1019,1114,534,561]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="36.[132,157,1348,1365]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-314@36.[698,1267,760,1308]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIG. 17. — Shoreoxylon sp. 1, MNHN.F.50194: A, Ts, vessels often grouped, sometimes in clusters (white arrows), abundant parenchyma, aliform to aliformconfluent, short lines and diffuse secretory canals (black arrows); B, C, Tls, 1-5-seriate rays, tyloses (arrow); D, Ts, zoom in on secretory canals in short lines and vessels in clusters with vasicentric tracheids or small vessels; E, Rls, weakly heterocellular rays with one row of larger procumbent cells (white arrow) or square to upright cells (black arrow); F, Tls, vasicentric tracheid (black arrow) and vasicentric parenchyma (white arrow); G, Ts synthetic drawing of the transverse section (only a few vessels and rays are displayed); secretory canals are displayed as red dots, very few are preserved. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, F, 200 µm; C, E, 500 µm; D, 250 µm; G, 1 cm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7145335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7145335/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="886">Fig. 17F</figureCitation>
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). Parenchyma frequent, mostly aliform or aliform-confluent, crossing rays and joining vessels together but without any particular arrangement (
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<figureCitation box="[1347,1443,598,624]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="36.[132,157,1348,1365]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-314@36.[698,1267,760,1308]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIG. 17. — Shoreoxylon sp. 1, MNHN.F.50194: A, Ts, vessels often grouped, sometimes in clusters (white arrows), abundant parenchyma, aliform to aliformconfluent, short lines and diffuse secretory canals (black arrows); B, C, Tls, 1-5-seriate rays, tyloses (arrow); D, Ts, zoom in on secretory canals in short lines and vessels in clusters with vasicentric tracheids or small vessels; E, Rls, weakly heterocellular rays with one row of larger procumbent cells (white arrow) or square to upright cells (black arrow); F, Tls, vasicentric tracheid (black arrow) and vasicentric parenchyma (white arrow); G, Ts synthetic drawing of the transverse section (only a few vessels and rays are displayed); secretory canals are displayed as red dots, very few are preserved. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, F, 200 µm; C, E, 500 µm; D, 250 µm; G, 1 cm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7145335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7145335/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="886">Fig. 17A</figureCitation>
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), diffuse-in-aggregate or drawing a network between rays in the form of small bands or groups; 4 cells sheath around canals (
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<figureCitation box="[894,994,693,720]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="36.[132,157,1348,1365]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-314@36.[698,1267,760,1308]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIG. 17. — Shoreoxylon sp. 1, MNHN.F.50194: A, Ts, vessels often grouped, sometimes in clusters (white arrows), abundant parenchyma, aliform to aliformconfluent, short lines and diffuse secretory canals (black arrows); B, C, Tls, 1-5-seriate rays, tyloses (arrow); D, Ts, zoom in on secretory canals in short lines and vessels in clusters with vasicentric tracheids or small vessels; E, Rls, weakly heterocellular rays with one row of larger procumbent cells (white arrow) or square to upright cells (black arrow); F, Tls, vasicentric tracheid (black arrow) and vasicentric parenchyma (white arrow); G, Ts synthetic drawing of the transverse section (only a few vessels and rays are displayed); secretory canals are displayed as red dots, very few are preserved. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, F, 200 µm; C, E, 500 µm; D, 250 µm; G, 1 cm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7145335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7145335/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="886">Fig. 17D</figureCitation>
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); parenchyma cells 40-110 µm long (average: 80 µm), 13-26 µm wide (average: 20 µm) in tangential section, 4-5 cells (possibly more) per parenchyma strand, possibly subdivided (
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<figureCitation box="[1043,1138,789,816]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="36.[132,157,1348,1365]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-314@36.[698,1267,760,1308]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIG. 17. — Shoreoxylon sp. 1, MNHN.F.50194: A, Ts, vessels often grouped, sometimes in clusters (white arrows), abundant parenchyma, aliform to aliformconfluent, short lines and diffuse secretory canals (black arrows); B, C, Tls, 1-5-seriate rays, tyloses (arrow); D, Ts, zoom in on secretory canals in short lines and vessels in clusters with vasicentric tracheids or small vessels; E, Rls, weakly heterocellular rays with one row of larger procumbent cells (white arrow) or square to upright cells (black arrow); F, Tls, vasicentric tracheid (black arrow) and vasicentric parenchyma (white arrow); G, Ts synthetic drawing of the transverse section (only a few vessels and rays are displayed); secretory canals are displayed as red dots, very few are preserved. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, F, 200 µm; C, E, 500 µm; D, 250 µm; G, 1 cm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7145335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7145335/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="886">Fig. 17F</figureCitation>
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). Rays 1- to 5-seriate (dominantly 4-seriate) (
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<figureCitation box="[1006,1135,821,848]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="36.[132,157,1348,1365]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-314@36.[698,1267,760,1308]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIG. 17. — Shoreoxylon sp. 1, MNHN.F.50194: A, Ts, vessels often grouped, sometimes in clusters (white arrows), abundant parenchyma, aliform to aliformconfluent, short lines and diffuse secretory canals (black arrows); B, C, Tls, 1-5-seriate rays, tyloses (arrow); D, Ts, zoom in on secretory canals in short lines and vessels in clusters with vasicentric tracheids or small vessels; E, Rls, weakly heterocellular rays with one row of larger procumbent cells (white arrow) or square to upright cells (black arrow); F, Tls, vasicentric tracheid (black arrow) and vasicentric parenchyma (white arrow); G, Ts synthetic drawing of the transverse section (only a few vessels and rays are displayed); secretory canals are displayed as red dots, very few are preserved. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, F, 200 µm; C, E, 500 µm; D, 250 µm; G, 1 cm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7145335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7145335/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="886">Fig. 17B, C</figureCitation>
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), uniseriate few (<10%) and short (mainly less than 10 cells high), 4-8 rays per mm (average: 6), 130-800 µm (average: 460 µm) or 6-50 cells high. Heterocellular made of procumbent cells with 1-2 upright cells at the ends (
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<figureCitation box="[1009,1108,949,975]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="36.[132,157,1348,1365]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-314@36.[698,1267,760,1308]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIG. 17. — Shoreoxylon sp. 1, MNHN.F.50194: A, Ts, vessels often grouped, sometimes in clusters (white arrows), abundant parenchyma, aliform to aliformconfluent, short lines and diffuse secretory canals (black arrows); B, C, Tls, 1-5-seriate rays, tyloses (arrow); D, Ts, zoom in on secretory canals in short lines and vessels in clusters with vasicentric tracheids or small vessels; E, Rls, weakly heterocellular rays with one row of larger procumbent cells (white arrow) or square to upright cells (black arrow); F, Tls, vasicentric tracheid (black arrow) and vasicentric parenchyma (white arrow); G, Ts synthetic drawing of the transverse section (only a few vessels and rays are displayed); secretory canals are displayed as red dots, very few are preserved. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, F, 200 µm; C, E, 500 µm; D, 250 µm; G, 1 cm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7145335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7145335/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="886">Fig. 17E</figureCitation>
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), rarely more (up to 7). Sometimes rays appear weakly heterocellular as the marginal rows are composed of enlarged procumbent cells (
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<figureCitation box="[1297,1392,1012,1039]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="36.[132,157,1348,1365]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-314@36.[698,1267,760,1308]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIG. 17. — Shoreoxylon sp. 1, MNHN.F.50194: A, Ts, vessels often grouped, sometimes in clusters (white arrows), abundant parenchyma, aliform to aliformconfluent, short lines and diffuse secretory canals (black arrows); B, C, Tls, 1-5-seriate rays, tyloses (arrow); D, Ts, zoom in on secretory canals in short lines and vessels in clusters with vasicentric tracheids or small vessels; E, Rls, weakly heterocellular rays with one row of larger procumbent cells (white arrow) or square to upright cells (black arrow); F, Tls, vasicentric tracheid (black arrow) and vasicentric parenchyma (white arrow); G, Ts synthetic drawing of the transverse section (only a few vessels and rays are displayed); secretory canals are displayed as red dots, very few are preserved. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, F, 200 µm; C, E, 500 µm; D, 250 µm; G, 1 cm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7145335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7145335/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="886">Fig. 17E</figureCitation>
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); rays homogeneous in shape (fusiform) and size (
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<figureCitation box="[1276,1371,1044,1070]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="36.[132,157,1348,1365]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-314@36.[698,1267,760,1308]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIG. 17. — Shoreoxylon sp. 1, MNHN.F.50194: A, Ts, vessels often grouped, sometimes in clusters (white arrows), abundant parenchyma, aliform to aliformconfluent, short lines and diffuse secretory canals (black arrows); B, C, Tls, 1-5-seriate rays, tyloses (arrow); D, Ts, zoom in on secretory canals in short lines and vessels in clusters with vasicentric tracheids or small vessels; E, Rls, weakly heterocellular rays with one row of larger procumbent cells (white arrow) or square to upright cells (black arrow); F, Tls, vasicentric tracheid (black arrow) and vasicentric parenchyma (white arrow); G, Ts synthetic drawing of the transverse section (only a few vessels and rays are displayed); secretory canals are displayed as red dots, very few are preserved. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, F, 200 µm; C, E, 500 µm; D, 250 µm; G, 1 cm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7145335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7145335/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="886">Fig. 17C</figureCitation>
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), all ray cells filled with dark content. Fibres non-septate, 12-20 µm in diameter (average: 17 µm), (lumina 1 times the double wall thickness on average). Secretory canals few and small (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[822,955,1172,1198]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="36.[132,157,1348,1365]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-314@36.[698,1267,760,1308]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIG. 17. — Shoreoxylon sp. 1, MNHN.F.50194: A, Ts, vessels often grouped, sometimes in clusters (white arrows), abundant parenchyma, aliform to aliformconfluent, short lines and diffuse secretory canals (black arrows); B, C, Tls, 1-5-seriate rays, tyloses (arrow); D, Ts, zoom in on secretory canals in short lines and vessels in clusters with vasicentric tracheids or small vessels; E, Rls, weakly heterocellular rays with one row of larger procumbent cells (white arrow) or square to upright cells (black arrow); F, Tls, vasicentric tracheid (black arrow) and vasicentric parenchyma (white arrow); G, Ts synthetic drawing of the transverse section (only a few vessels and rays are displayed); secretory canals are displayed as red dots, very few are preserved. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, F, 200 µm; C, E, 500 µm; D, 250 µm; G, 1 cm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7145335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7145335/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="886">Fig. 17A, D</figureCitation>
|
||
), in irregularly spaced short (to long) tangential bands up to 4-6 canals, embedded in parenchyma bands (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[822,920,1236,1262]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="36.[132,157,1348,1365]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-314@36.[698,1267,760,1308]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIG. 17. — Shoreoxylon sp. 1, MNHN.F.50194: A, Ts, vessels often grouped, sometimes in clusters (white arrows), abundant parenchyma, aliform to aliformconfluent, short lines and diffuse secretory canals (black arrows); B, C, Tls, 1-5-seriate rays, tyloses (arrow); D, Ts, zoom in on secretory canals in short lines and vessels in clusters with vasicentric tracheids or small vessels; E, Rls, weakly heterocellular rays with one row of larger procumbent cells (white arrow) or square to upright cells (black arrow); F, Tls, vasicentric tracheid (black arrow) and vasicentric parenchyma (white arrow); G, Ts synthetic drawing of the transverse section (only a few vessels and rays are displayed); secretory canals are displayed as red dots, very few are preserved. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, F, 200 µm; C, E, 500 µm; D, 250 µm; G, 1 cm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7145335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7145335/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="886">Fig. 17G</figureCitation>
|
||
), canals possibly crushed, 30-50 µm in tangential diameter (average: 40 µm).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="888" pageId="35" pageNumber="886" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="35.[810,1457,1332,2027]" box="[813,942,1332,1358]" pageId="35" pageNumber="886">DISCUSSION</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="35.[810,1457,1332,2027]" lastBlockId="36.[131,777,1554,2028]" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="887" pageId="35" pageNumber="886">
|
||
This specimen is characterized by: 1) diffuse-porous wood; 2) high density of vessels, often in groups and sometimes in clusters; 3) short fusiform rays; 4) short lines of very small secretory canals; 5) abundant parenchyma, mostly aliformconfluent and diffuse-in-aggregate; and 6) vasicentric tracheids. Like for previous specimens (from p. 873), secretory canals and vasicentric tracheids are diagnostic of the
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Metcalfe & Chalk" baseAuthorityYear="1950" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="35" pageNumber="886" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Dipterocarpaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
family. Few canals are distinguishable, and it is hard to determine if they are arranged in short or long lines. Our specimen is only compatible with genera
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roxb. (Soerianegara & Lemmens" authorityYear="1993" box="[1264,1330,1651,1676]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" genus="Hopea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="35" pageNumber="886" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1264,1330,1651,1676]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="886">Hopea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1344,1455,1650,1676]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" genus="Parashorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="35" pageNumber="886" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1344,1455,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="886">Parashorea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[857,925,1682,1708]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" genus="Shorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="35" pageNumber="886" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[857,925,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="886">Shorea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as they have vessels smaller than 150 µm of average diameter, not exclusively solitary vessels, no fibre-tracheids, and canals in short or long lines. A closer affinity to
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1388,1457,1746,1772]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" genus="Shorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="35" pageNumber="886" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1388,1457,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="886">Shorea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
genus is indicated because of its homogeneous rays, common tyloses, vessel density sometimes more than 10/mm². Following the discussion of the page 882, the sections ‘Pentacme’ and ‘Shorea’ are the closest to this fossil although ‘Shorea’ is the best option with short rays sometimes weakly heterocellular, with frequent tyloses, a variable frequency of groups of vessels, sometimes short lines of canals and frequent apotracheal parenchyma. This specimen recalls:
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="C. F. Gaertn." authorityName="C. F. Gaertn." box="[1179,1456,2001,2027]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" genus="Shorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="35" pageNumber="886" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="robusta">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1179,1323,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="886">Shorea robusta</emphasis>
|
||
C.F.Gaertn.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for its abundant parenchyma, 4-5-seriate and short fusiform rays, and vessels often in groups and clusters;
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Wall." authorityName="Wall." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" genus="Shorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="36" pageNumber="887" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="obtusa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[633,776,1586,1612]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="887">Shorea obtusa</emphasis>
|
||
Wall.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ex Blume) for abundant parenchyma, rays with only one upright marginal ray cell, vessels often in group and in radially aligned clusters;
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Miq." authorityName="Miq." box="[392,621,1682,1708]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" genus="Shorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="36" pageNumber="887" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="siamensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[392,560,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="887">Shorea siamensis</emphasis>
|
||
Miq.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for the mostly aliform parenchyma, yet without a defined arrangement, abundant diffuse to diffuse-in-aggregate parenchyma, short (yet shorter than 50 cells high) and fusiform rays. All of them have few and short uniseriate rays (often less than 10 cells high). In a lesser extend, we can find some similarities with
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[133,310,1873,1899]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" genus="Shorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="36" pageNumber="887" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parvifolia">
|
||
<emphasis box="[133,310,1873,1899]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="887">Shorea parvifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for aliform parenchyma forming very thin lateral lines, rays up to 5-seriate, quite short and fusiform with few marginal cells.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7145335" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7145335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7145335/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="887" startId="36.[132,157,1348,1365]" targetBox="[132,1455,215,1307]" targetPageId="36">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="36.[132,1457,1348,1479]" pageId="36" pageNumber="887">
|
||
FIG. 17. —
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[224,376,1348,1365]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Shoreoxylon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="36" pageNumber="887" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undefined-1">
|
||
<emphasis box="[224,327,1348,1365]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="887">Shoreoxylon</emphasis>
|
||
sp. 1
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, MNHN.F.50194:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[527,540,1348,1365]" pageId="36" pageNumber="887">A</emphasis>
|
||
, Ts, vessels often grouped, sometimes in clusters (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[974,1090,1348,1365]" pageId="36" pageNumber="887">white arrows</emphasis>
|
||
), abundant parenchyma, aliform to aliformconfluent, short lines and diffuse secretory canals (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[558,674,1371,1388]" pageId="36" pageNumber="887">black arrows</emphasis>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[690,703,1371,1388]" pageId="36" pageNumber="887">B</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[714,728,1371,1388]" pageId="36" pageNumber="887">C</emphasis>
|
||
, Tls, 1-5-seriate rays, tyloses (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[985,1037,1371,1388]" pageId="36" pageNumber="887">arrow</emphasis>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1052,1066,1371,1388]" pageId="36" pageNumber="887">D</emphasis>
|
||
, Ts, zoom in on secretory canals in short lines and vessels in clusters with vasicentric tracheids or small vessels;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[693,705,1394,1411]" pageId="36" pageNumber="887">E</emphasis>
|
||
, Rls, weakly heterocellular rays with one row of larger procumbent cells (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1321,1428,1394,1411]" pageId="36" pageNumber="887">white arrow</emphasis>
|
||
) or square to upright cells (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[327,432,1417,1434]" pageId="36" pageNumber="887">black arrow</emphasis>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[447,458,1417,1434]" pageId="36" pageNumber="887">F</emphasis>
|
||
, Tls, vasicentric tracheid (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[674,779,1417,1434]" pageId="36" pageNumber="887">black arrow</emphasis>
|
||
) and vasicentric parenchyma (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1033,1138,1417,1434]" pageId="36" pageNumber="887">white arrow</emphasis>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1153,1167,1417,1434]" pageId="36" pageNumber="887">G</emphasis>
|
||
, Ts synthetic drawing of the transverse section (only a few vessels and rays are displayed); secretory canals are displayed as red dots, very few are preserved. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, F, 200 µm; C, E, 500 µm; D, 250 µm; G, 1 cm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="36.[131,777,1554,2028]" lastBlockId="37.[131,778,215,816]" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="888" pageId="36" pageNumber="887">
|
||
The specimen shares all diagnostic features of fossil genus
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[133,255,2001,2027]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Shoreoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="36" pageNumber="887" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[133,255,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="887">Shoreoxylon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Three fossil species with 1-5-seriate rays display similar features to the ones of our fossil (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1215,1333,1554,1581]" captionStart="APPENDIX" captionStartId="55.[61,73,447,464]" captionTargetPageId="55" captionText="APPENDIX 1. — Synthetic summary of main characters of the Dipterocarp fossil woods mentioned in the article, as described by the original authors (first name), the authors who redescribed a specimen of the same species or emmended the original diagnosis (second name), or as extracted from another publication (in parenthesis). Features in parenthesis are less commun." pageId="36" pageNumber="887">Appendix 1</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="SCHWEITZER H. - J." pageId="36" pageNumber="887" pagination="1 - 66" refId="ref47790" refString="SCHWEITZER H. - J. 1958. - Die fossilen Dipterocarpaceen-Holzer. Palaeontographica Abteilung B 105 (1 - 4): 1 - 66." type="journal article" year="1958">Schweitzer 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="PRAKASH U." box="[885,1045,1586,1613]" pageId="36" pageNumber="887" pagination="181 - 182" refId="ref45731" refString="PRAKASH U. 1965 a. - Fossil wood of Dipterocarpaceae from the Tertiary of Burma. Current Science 34 (6): 181 - 182. https: // www. jstor. org / stable / 24062074" type="journal article" year="1965">Prakash 1965a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="RAMANUJAM C. G. K. & RAO M. R. R." box="[1061,1343,1586,1613]" pageId="36" pageNumber="887" pagination="439 - 441" refId="ref47192" refString="RAMANUJAM C. G. K. & RAO M. R. R. 1967. - A new species of Shoreoxylon S. krauseli sp. nov. from the Tertiary of South India. Current Science 36 (16): 439 - 441. https: // www. jstor. org / stable / 24064157" type="journal article" year="1967">Ramanujam & Rao 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="SUKIMAN S." pageId="36" pageNumber="887" pagination="197 - 209" refId="ref48206" refString="SUKIMAN S. 1977. - Sur deux bois fossiles du gisement de la region Pachitan a Java, in 102 eme Congres national des societes savantes, Limoges (Section des Sciences). Bibliotheque nationale: 197 - 209." type="book chapter" year="1977">Sukiman 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="PRAKASH U. & BANDE M. B." box="[885,1142,1618,1644]" pageId="36" pageNumber="887" pagination="261 - 278" refId="ref46302" refString="PRAKASH U. & BANDE M. B. 1980. - Some more fossil woods from the Tertiary of Burma. The Palaeobotanist 26 (3): 261 - 278 (1977). https: // doi. org / 10.54991 / jop. 1977.1071" type="journal article" year="1980">Prakash & Bande 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="GURUSAMY V. & KUMARASAMY D." pageId="36" pageNumber="887" pagination="165 - 167" refId="ref41954" refString="GURUSAMY V. & KUMARASAMY D. 2007. - A new species of Shoreoxylon from the Cuddalore Series, Tamilnadu, India. Plant Archives 7 (1): 165 - 167." type="journal article" year="2007">Gurusamy & Kumarasamy 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
):
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Awasthi" authorityYear="1974" box="[890,1002,1650,1677]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Shoreoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="36" pageNumber="887" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indicum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[890,1002,1650,1677]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="887">S. indicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for parenchyma, rays and crystals but with bigger canals, less frequent but more commonly solitary vessels;
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schweitzer" authorityYear="1958" box="[811,932,1714,1740]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Shoreoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="36" pageNumber="887" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="posthumi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[811,932,1714,1740]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="887">S. posthumi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has short and fusiform rays but broader (mainly 5-seriate), enlarged parenchyma cells are frequent (idioblasts) and clearly visible in figures and secretory canals are wider;
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[814,938,1810,1836]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Shoreoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="36" pageNumber="887" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="burmense">
|
||
<emphasis box="[814,938,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="887">S. burmense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has similar rays although slightly broader but its vessels are more solitary and canal lines are often grouped by 2-5. In a lesser extent:
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Pakash & Bande" authorityName="Pakash & Bande" box="[1064,1431,1873,1900]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Shoreoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="36" pageNumber="887" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="irrawaddiensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1064,1243,1873,1900]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="887">S. irrawaddiensis</emphasis>
|
||
Pakash & Bande
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is described with larger vessels (up to 6-(7)-seriate) although mostly 3-5-seriate and solitary vessels, however the rays in the figures seem to be mainly 4-5-seriate. Even though it is probable that our fossil might belong to one of these spe- cies, their descriptions are overlapping, often incomplete or lack clear figures; they do not allow us to attribute a clear identification to our specimen with confidence, nor to create a new species. As a consequence, we attribute this fossil to
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[160,318,343,369]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Shoreoxylon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="37" pageNumber="888" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis box="[160,282,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="888">Shoreoxylon</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with a noted resemblance with
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Awasthi" authorityYear="1974" box="[654,767,343,369]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Shoreoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="37" pageNumber="888" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indicum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[654,767,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="888">S. indicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schweitzer" authorityYear="1958" box="[132,254,375,401]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Shoreoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="37" pageNumber="888" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="posthumi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[132,254,375,401]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="888">S. posthumi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<emphasis box="[291,424,375,401]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="888">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[291,420,375,401]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Shoreoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="37" pageNumber="888" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="burmense">S. burmense</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="37.[131,778,215,816]" pageId="37" pageNumber="888">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[155,334,406,432]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" genus="Shorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="37" pageNumber="888" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parvifolia">
|
||
<emphasis box="[155,334,406,432]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="888">Shorea parvifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is common in dipterocarp forests up to
|
||
<quantity box="[134,220,439,465]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="37" pageNumber="888" unit="m" value="1100.0">1100 m</quantity>
|
||
altitude (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="SOERIANEGARA I. & LEMMENS R. H. M. J." box="[327,672,438,465]" pageId="37" pageNumber="888" refId="ref47964" refString="SOERIANEGARA I. & LEMMENS R. H. M. J. (eds) 1993. - Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen, 610 p. (Plant resources of South-East Asia [PRO- SEA], 5 [1]). https: // www. sudoc. fr / 013093835" type="book" year="1993">Soerianegara & Lemmens 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="TROPICAL PLANTS DATABASE" pageId="37" pageNumber="888" refId="ref48619" refString="TROPICAL PLANTS DATABASE 2014 - onward. - Ken Fern. Available from https: // tropical. theferns. info." type="url" year="2014">Tropical Plants Database 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
-onward;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="BARSTOW M." box="[458,617,470,497]" pageId="37" pageNumber="888" pagination="68074947" refId="ref39128" refString="BARSTOW M. 2018 b. - Shorea parvifolia. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e. T 63045 A 68074947. https: // doi. org / 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2018 - 1. RLTS. T 63045 A 68074947. en" type="journal article" year="2018">Barstow 2018b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[638,775,470,496]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" genus="Shorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="37" pageNumber="888" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="obtusa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[638,775,470,496]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="888">Shorea obtusa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lives in dry lowland deciduous dipterocarp forests, in savannas and in monsoonal forests with a marked dry season and waterlogged periods, up to
|
||
<quantity box="[422,506,566,593]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="37" pageNumber="888" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</quantity>
|
||
altitude (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="SOERIANEGARA I. & LEMMENS R. H. M. J." pageId="37" pageNumber="888" refId="ref47964" refString="SOERIANEGARA I. & LEMMENS R. H. M. J. (eds) 1993. - Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen, 610 p. (Plant resources of South-East Asia [PRO- SEA], 5 [1]). https: // www. sudoc. fr / 013093835" type="book" year="1993">Soerianegara & Lemmens 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="GHAZOUL J." box="[311,464,598,624]" pageId="37" pageNumber="888" refId="ref41276" refString="GHAZOUL J. 2016. - Dipterocarp Biology, Ecology, and Conservation. Oxford, Oxford University Press. 307 p. http: // doi. org / 10.1093 / acprof: oso / 9780199639656.001.0001" type="book" year="2016">Ghazoul 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[485,634,598,624]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" genus="Shorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="37" pageNumber="888" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="robusta">
|
||
<emphasis box="[485,634,598,624]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="888">Shorea robusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a common semi-deciduous tree in South Asia in areas with a dry season lasting 4 to 8 months (a monsoon climate). Thus, it is mainly found in dry deciduous forests and savannas, but also in evergreen moist forests on well-drained soil and riverbanks. It is usually found below
|
||
<quantity box="[417,491,757,784]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="37" pageNumber="888" unit="m" value="800.0">800 m</quantity>
|
||
altitude (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="WU Z. - Y. & RAVEN P. H. & HONG D. - Y." box="[601,767,757,784]" pageId="37" pageNumber="888" refId="ref49605" refString="WU Z. - Y., RAVEN P. H. & HONG D. - Y. (eds) 2007. - Clusiaceae through Araliaceae. Beijing, Science Press, Beijing; Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 548 p. (Flora of China; 13)." type="book" year="2007">
|
||
Wu
|
||
<emphasis box="[649,703,757,783]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="888">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="TIMILSINA N. & ROSS M. S. & HEINEN J. T." box="[132,356,789,815]" pageId="37" pageNumber="888" pagination="223 - 234" refId="ref48391" refString="TIMILSINA N., ROSS M. S. & HEINEN J. T. 2007. - A community analysis of sal (Shorea robusta) forests in the western Terai of Nepal. Forest Ecology and Management 241 (1 - 3): 223 - 234. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. foreco. 2007.01.012" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Timilsina
|
||
<emphasis box="[242,294,789,815]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="888">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="ORWA C. & MUTUA A. & KINDT R. & JAMNADASS R. & SIMONS A." box="[370,553,789,815]" pageId="37" pageNumber="888" refId="ref45165" refString="ORWA C., MUTUA A., KINDT R., JAMNADASS R. & SIMONS A. 2009. - Agroforestree Database: a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0. World Agroforestry Centre, Kenya. Available from http: // apps. worldagroforestry. org / treedb 2 /" type="url" year="2009">
|
||
Orwa
|
||
<emphasis box="[439,490,789,815]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="888">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |