671 lines
89 KiB
XML
671 lines
89 KiB
XML
<document id="61949A661DBDAB19AD904680CA27C218" ID-CLB-Dataset="5350" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d66f1b27-5891-4fa5-96e0-f75cb3ec2445" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10086256" ID-ZooBank="A3C10B34-7698-4C4D-94E5-DCF70B475603" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623272878632" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Schmidt, C. A. & Shattuck, S. O." docDate="2014" docId="03775906A6F42CACFF17FC32157BFE35" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03817p242.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3817 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Dinoponera Roger" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="143" masterDocId="FF4E217EA67F2C22FF80FFE61065FFFA" masterDocTitle="The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior" masterLastPageNumber="242" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="140" updateTime="1699920028738" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="678C0A4FD90F79E4BCC584DDFACE2EE0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="C7AE7611B2D741D822C6BB6DFCB426D6">
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<mods:title id="D70F1F5A36D58D94F82127A6944E9661">The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6E56D8095E782C340E35282214603F48">Schmidt, C. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A97744EB423FCFACD3973835A5BF4C0C">Shattuck, S. O.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="DD0D69F1448F0A406B19C5DAA881B352">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="8BF74C4A517376866437DF224DD33D6D">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="57AC38AAD5F3ABB5ED41617AA3D87D5A">
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<mods:date id="E83640709CA1509202587F73E1DE2D1B">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="1D75AB1A3170763B56EF11723069A20A">2014-06-18</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="FD227186A8505E1502243167667D59CC">3817</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="23CDCA77A05E78C621CBF9A7B4D4A99C">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="C48699579F0494883E279B73D52222A2" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03775906A6F42CACFF17FC32157BFE35" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5117540" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183709899" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5117540" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03775906A6F42CACFF17FC32157BFE35" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03775906A6F42CACFF17FC32157BFE35" lastPageId="142" lastPageNumber="143" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6F42CA9FF17FC32111EFC14" box="[151,379,980,1006]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F42CA9FF17FC32111EFC14" blockId="139.[151,379,980,1039]" box="[151,379,980,1006]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">
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<heading id="D0295F7CA6F42CA9FF17FC32111EFC14" bold="true" box="[151,379,980,1006]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FF17FC32111EFC14" ID-CoL="45TH" ID-ENA="369122" authority="Roger" authorityName="Roger" box="[151,379,980,1006]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FF17FC32111EFC14" bold="true" box="[151,379,980,1006]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FF17FC32114DFC14" bold="true" box="[151,296,980,1006]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Dinoponera</emphasis>
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Roger
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6F42CA9FF17FC101083FBF5" box="[151,230,1014,1039]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F42CA9FF17FC101083FBF5" blockId="139.[151,379,980,1039]" box="[151,230,1014,1039]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">
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<figureCitation id="13E5F495A6F42CA9FF17FC101083FBF5" box="[151,230,1014,1039]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="140.[151,250,1749,1771]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1716]" captionTargetId="figure-126@140.[151,1436,193,1728]" captionTargetPageId="140" captionText="FIGURE 28. Worker caste of Dinoponera australis: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0173381, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of Dinoponera australis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120876" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120876/files/figure.png" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6F42CA9FF17FBD9153EFAFA" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F42CA9FF17FBD912DAFB89" blockId="139.[151,1436,1086,1139]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="ABCECF3EA6F42CA9FF17FBD912DAFB89" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6F42CA9FF17FBD911A2FBAE" author="Roger, J." box="[151,455,1086,1108]" page="37" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" year="1861">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FF17FBD911A2FBAE" ID-CoL="45TH" authority="Roger, 1861: 37" authorityName="Roger" authorityPageNumber="37" authorityYear="1861" box="[151,455,1086,1108]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FF17FBD91174FBAE" box="[151,273,1087,1108]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Dinoponera</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F42CA9FE9CFBD911A2FBAE" author="Roger, J." box="[284,455,1086,1108]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" pagination="1 - 54" refId="ref160915" refString="Roger, J. (1861) Die Ponera-artigen Ameisen (Schluss). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 5, 1 - 54." type="journal article" year="1861">Roger, 1861: 37</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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(as genus). Type-species:
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<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6F42CA9FD65FBD914A1FBAE" author="Guerin-Meneville, F. E." box="[741,1220,1086,1108]" page="206" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" year="1838">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FD65FBD914A1FBAE" authority="Guerin-Meneville, 1838: 206" authorityName="Guerin-Meneville" authorityPageNumber="206" authorityYear="1838" box="[741,1220,1086,1108]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandis">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FD65FBD913EDFBAE" box="[741,904,1086,1108]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Ponera grandis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F42CA9FC13FBD814A1FBAE" author="Guerin-Meneville, F. E." box="[915,1220,1086,1108]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" refId="ref145068" refString="Guerin-Meneville, F. E. (1838) Premiere division. Crustaces, arachnides et insectes. In: Duperrey, L. I. (Ed.), Voyage autour du monde, execute par ordre du Roi, sur la corvette de sa Majeste, La Coquille, pendant les annees 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825. Zoologie. Tome deuxieme. Part 2. H. Bertrand, Paris, xii + 9 - 320 pp." type="book" year="1838">Guérin-Méneville, 1838: 206</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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(junior synonym of
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<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6F42CA9FF47FBB81245FB89" author="Perty, M." box="[199,544,1117,1139]" page="135" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" year="1833">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FF47FBB81245FB89" authority="Perty, 1833: 135" authorityName="Perty" authorityPageNumber="135" authorityYear="1833" box="[199,544,1117,1139]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FF47FBB81114FB89" box="[199,369,1118,1139]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Ponera gigantea</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F42CA9FEF6FBB81245FB89" author="Perty, M." box="[374,544,1117,1139]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" pagination="125 - 224" refId="ref159936" refString="Perty, M. (1833) Delectus animalium articulatorum, quae in itinere per Brasiliam annis MDCCCXVII-MDCCCXX jussu et auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I. Bavariae regis augustissimi peracto, collegerunt Dr. J. B. Spix et Dr. C. F. Ph. de Martius. Fasc. 3. Published by the author, Monachii [= Munich], pp. 125 - 224." type="book chapter" year="1833">Perty, 1833: 135</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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); by monotypy.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F42CA9FF17FB46153EFAFA" blockId="139.[151,1437,1183,2037]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FF17FB46117BFB4D" ID-CoL="45TH" box="[151,286,1184,1207]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FF17FB46117BFB4D" box="[151,286,1184,1207]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Dinoponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a small genus (ten described species and subspecies) found in rainforests to savannahs from southern
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<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6F42CA9FF7FFB221108FB27" box="[255,365,1220,1245]" name="Colombia" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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south to
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<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6F42CA9FE56FB221220FB27" box="[470,581,1220,1245]" name="Argentina" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Argentina</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6F42CA9FDFDFB221284FB26" box="[637,737,1220,1244]" name="Uruguay" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
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. It boasts the world’s largest monomorphic ant workers (up to
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<quantity id="4C2645F5A6F42CA9FF17FB011083FB05" box="[151,230,1255,1280]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
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or more). The genus is also notable for reproducing via gamergates (with the loss of the queen caste).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6F42CAEFF47FAEA1288F84C" lastPageId="140" lastPageNumber="141" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F42CA9FF47FAEA13D1F9DA" blockId="139.[151,1437,1183,2037]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FF47FAEA1124FADF" bold="true" box="[199,321,1292,1317]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FEC9FAEB11B5FADE" box="[329,464,1293,1316]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FEC9FAEB11B5FADE" box="[329,464,1293,1316]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Dinoponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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workers are unmistakable due to their enormous size. Other diagnostic characters (in combination) include: subtriangular mandibles, clypeal teeth, complex metapleural gland orifice, toothed tarsal claws, and stout hypopygial spines. Some of these characters are synapomorphic with
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FB0AFAB2154AFA97" box="[1162,1327,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FB0AFAB2154EFA97" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[1162,1323,1364,1389]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pachycondyla</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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which is sister to
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FF76FA9E1118FA75" box="[246,381,1400,1423]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FF76FA9E1118FA75" box="[246,381,1400,1423]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Dinoponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and the most similar genus morphologically.
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FC00FA91147BFA6A" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[896,1054,1399,1424]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FC00FA91147BFA6A" box="[896,1054,1399,1424]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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lacks the huge size, subtriangular mandibles, clypeal teeth, and toothed tarsal claws of
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FC91FA7B13FDFA4E" box="[785,920,1437,1460]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FC91FA7B13FDFA4E" box="[785,920,1437,1460]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Dinoponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FC2CFA7A1431FA4F" box="[940,1108,1436,1461]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Streblognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FC2CFA7A1431FA4F" box="[940,1108,1436,1461]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Streblognathus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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bears some resemblance to
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FF17FA26117BFA2D" box="[151,286,1472,1495]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FF17FA26117BFA2D" box="[151,286,1472,1495]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Dinoponera</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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, given its large size, subtriangular mandibles, clypeal teeth, and forward facing eyes, but
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FF17FA02115AFA07" box="[151,319,1508,1533]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Streblognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FF17FA02115AFA07" box="[151,319,1508,1533]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Streblognathus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a novel fin-shaped petiole and lacks the complex metapleural gland orifice, toothed tarsal claws, and hypopygial spines of
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FD84F9EE12EEF9E5" box="[516,651,1544,1567]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FD84F9EE12EEF9E5" box="[516,651,1544,1567]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Dinoponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and is somewhat smaller.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F42CA9FF47F9CA15F3F872" blockId="139.[151,1437,1183,2037]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FF47F9CA11A3F9BF" bold="true" box="[199,454,1580,1605]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Synoptic description.</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FE50F9CA1243F9BF" box="[464,550,1580,1605]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Worker.</emphasis>
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Huge (TL
|
||
<quantity id="4C2645F5A6F42CA9FD2CF9CA134EF9B9" box="[684,811,1580,1605]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" unit="mm" value="32.5" valueMax="40.0" valueMin="25.0">25–40 mm</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F42CA9FCBAF9CA13B1F9BF" author="Kempf, W. W." box="[826,980,1580,1605]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" pagination="369 - 394" refId="ref149282" refString="Kempf, W. W. (1971) A preliminary review of the ponerine ant genus Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Studia Entomologica, 14, 369 - 394." type="journal article" year="1971">Kempf, 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F42CA9FC63F9CA1491F9BF" author="Paiva, R. V. S. & Brandao, C. R. F." box="[995,1268,1580,1605]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" pagination="297 - 312" refId="ref158177" refString="Paiva, R. V. S. & Brandao, C. R. F. (1995) Nests, worker population, and reproductive status of workers, in the giant queenless ponerine ant Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera Formicidae). Ethology, Ecology and Evolution, 7, 297 - 312. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 08927014.1995.9522938" type="journal article" year="1995">Paiva & Brandão, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) ants with the standard characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FE14F9A91192F992" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[404,503,1615,1640]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Mandibles subtriangular, with roughly five teeth and without a distinct basal angle or basal groove. Anterior margin of clypeus with a pair of long anteriorly-directed teeth. Frontal lobes moderately large. Eyes moderately large, located anterior of head midline and relatively forward-facing. Posterolateral corners of head prominent. Metanotal groove reduced to a subtle suture. Propodeum broad dorsally. Propodeal spiracles slit-like. Metapleural gland orifice with a posterior U-shaped cuticular lip and a lateral groove. Tarsal claws with a single tooth. Metatibial spur formula (1s, 1p). Petiole nodiform, with a blunt dorsal longitudinal ridge. Gaster with a strong girdling constriction between pre- and postsclerites of A4. Stridulitrum present on pretergite of A4. Hypopygium with a row of stout spines on either side of the sting. Head and body smooth to sparsely punctate, with sparse to abundant pilosity and patchy pubescence. Color black.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6F42CA9FC24F88913A9F872" box="[932,972,1903,1928]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">See</collectingRegion>
|
||
also description in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F42CA9FB27F88915F7F872" author="Lenhart, P. A. & Dash, S. T. & Mackay, W. P." box="[1191,1426,1903,1928]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" pagination="119 - 164" refId="ref150749" refString="Lenhart, P. A., Dash, S. T. & Mackay, W. P. (2013) A revision of the giant Amazonian ants of the genus Dinoponera (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 31, 119 - 164. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / jhr. 31.4335" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Lenhart
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FA85F8971558F872" box="[1285,1341,1903,1928]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2013)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F42CA9FF47F87213B7F856" blockId="139.[151,1437,1183,2037]" box="[199,978,1940,1965]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FF47F8721172F851" box="[199,279,1940,1963]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Queen.</emphasis>
|
||
Absent, reproduction instead being performed by gamergates.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F42CA9FF47F85E12A8F82B" blockId="139.[151,1437,1183,2037]" box="[199,717,1976,2001]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FF47F85E116DF82B" box="[199,264,1976,2001]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Male.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6F42CA9FE8EF85E1153F82B" box="[270,310,1976,2001]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">See</collectingRegion>
|
||
description in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F42CA9FE5EF85E12ACF82B" author="Lenhart, P. A. & Dash, S. T. & Mackay, W. P." box="[478,713,1976,2001]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" pagination="119 - 164" refId="ref150749" refString="Lenhart, P. A., Dash, S. T. & Mackay, W. P. (2013) A revision of the giant Amazonian ants of the genus Dinoponera (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 31, 119 - 164. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / jhr. 31.4335" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Lenhart
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FDBCF85F1211F82B" box="[572,628,1976,2001]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2013)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F42CA9FF47F83B13C8F80F" blockId="139.[151,1437,1183,2037]" box="[199,941,2012,2037]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FF47F83B1174F80E" box="[199,273,2013,2036]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Larva.</emphasis>
|
||
Described for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FE38F83B1259F80E" authorityName="Perty" authorityYear="1833" box="[440,572,2013,2036]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FE38F83B1259F80E" box="[440,572,2013,2036]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">D. gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F42CA9FDE6F83A13CDF80F" author="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J." box="[614,936,2012,2037]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" pagination="387 - 391" refId="ref167321" refString="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. (1986 a) The larva of Dinoponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Psyche (Camb.), 92, 387 - 391. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 1985 / 38707" type="journal article" year="1986">Wheeler & Wheeler (1986a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DFA1B898A6F32CAEFF17F93314F7F8F0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120876" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120876" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120876/files/figure.png" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" startId="140.[151,250,1749,1771]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1716]" targetPageId="140">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F32CAEFF17F93314F7F8F0" blockId="140.[151,1436,1749,1802]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F32CAEFF17F933114CF910" bold="true" box="[151,297,1749,1771]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">FIGURE 28.</emphasis>
|
||
Worker caste of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F32CAEFE7AF93012B8F911" authorityName=": Fowler" authorityYear="1985" box="[506,733,1749,1771]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F32CAEFE7AF93012B8F911" box="[506,733,1749,1771]" italics="true" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Dinoponera australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0173381, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F32CAEFC33F91314E9F8F0" authorityName=": Fowler" authorityYear="1985" box="[947,1164,1780,1802]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F32CAEFC33F91314E9F8F0" box="[947,1164,1780,1802]" italics="true" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Dinoponera australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F32CAEFF47F8D71288F84C" blockId="140.[151,1436,1841,2010]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F32CAEFF47F8D7118AF8B0" bold="true" box="[199,495,1841,1866]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Geographic distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F32CAEFE76F8D41218F8B3" box="[502,637,1842,1865]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F32CAEFE76F8D41218F8B3" box="[502,637,1842,1865]" italics="true" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a strictly South American genus, found from montane rainforests on the eastern slope of the Andes in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6F32CAEFDACF8B31207F894" box="[556,610,1877,1902]" name="Peru" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Perú</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6F32CAEFDF2F8B312AAF894" box="[626,719,1877,1902]" name="Ecuador" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6F32CAEFC8FF8B31318F894" box="[783,893,1877,1902]" name="Colombia" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
to savannah and lowland rainforest in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6F32CAEFAD1F8B315FDF894" box="[1361,1432,1877,1902]" name="Brazil" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6F32CAEFF17F89F1094F868" box="[151,241,1913,1938]" name="Guyana" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Guyana</collectingCountry>
|
||
, south through
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6F32CAEFE24F89F119CF868" box="[420,505,1913,1938]" name="Bolivia" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6F32CAEFD87F89C120AF868" box="[519,623,1914,1938]" name="Paraguay" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6F32CAEFD2AF89F137CF868" box="[682,793,1913,1938]" name="Argentina" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F32CAEFCAAF89F1476F868" author="Lenhart, P. A. & Dash, S. T. & Mackay, W. P." box="[810,1043,1913,1938]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" pagination="119 - 164" refId="ref150749" refString="Lenhart, P. A., Dash, S. T. & Mackay, W. P. (2013) A revision of the giant Amazonian ants of the genus Dinoponera (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 31, 119 - 164. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / jhr. 31.4335" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Lenhart
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F32CAEFC0CF89C13A2F868" box="[908,967,1913,1938]" italics="true" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Lenhart
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F32CAEFB08F89C14A6F868" box="[1160,1219,1913,1938]" italics="true" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
also provide maps showing the distribution of each
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F32CAEFD86F8781288F84C" box="[518,749,1949,1974]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F32CAEFD86F87812E8F84F" box="[518,653,1950,1973]" italics="true" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
species.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6F32CACFF47F827157BFE35" lastPageId="142" lastPageNumber="143" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F32CAFFF47F827147BFE9F" blockId="140.[151,1436,1841,2010]" lastBlockId="141.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="141" lastPageNumber="142" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F32CAEFF47F82711B0F820" bold="true" box="[199,469,1985,2010]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Ecology and behavior.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F32CAEFE5EF8241200F823" box="[478,613,1986,2009]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F32CAEFE5EF8241200F823" box="[478,613,1986,2009]" italics="true" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is one of the best studied ponerine genera, due to its interesting social behaviors and large body size, which makes it relatively easy to work with. In particular, the papers by Monnin and colleagues document in unprecedented detail the social and reproductive behaviors of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F22CAFFBD8FF5B14BAFF2E" box="[1112,1247,189,212]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFBD8FF5B14BAFF2E" box="[1112,1247,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, especially of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F22CAFFA01FF5B1171FF02" authorityName="Kempf" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadriceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFA01FF5B1171FF02" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">D. quadriceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFEA7FF071133FF02" box="[295,342,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">e.g.,</emphasis>
|
||
Monnin
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFE44FF07119AFF02" box="[452,511,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1998, 2002, 2003;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFD6DFF39146BFF02" author="Monnin, T. & Peeters, C." box="[749,1038,223,248]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="499 - 502" refId="ref155878" refString="Monnin, T. & Peeters, C. (1997) Cannibalism of subordinates' eggs in the monogynous queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps. Naturwissenschaften, 84, 499 - 502. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 001140050433" type="journal article" year="1997">Monnin & Peeters, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1998, 1999;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFB30FF3910B7FEE7" author="Monnin, T. & Ratnieks, F. L. W." pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="413 - 422" refId="ref155971" refString="Monnin, T. & Ratnieks, F. L. W. (1999) Reproduction versus work in queenless ants: when to join a hierarchy of hopeful reproductives? Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 46, 413 - 422. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 002650050637" type="journal article" year="1999">Monnin & Ratnieks, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFF63FEE2117BFEE7" author="Monnin, T. & Ratnieks, F. L. W." box="[227,286,260,285]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="97 - 108" refId="ref156027" refString="Monnin, T. & Ratnieks, F. L. W. (2001) Policing in queenless ponerine ants. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 50, 97 - 108. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 002650100351" type="journal article" year="2001">2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFEAFFEE2127DFEE7" author="Peeters, C. & Monnin, T. & Malosse, C." box="[303,536,260,285]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="1323 - 1327" refId="ref159697" refString="Peeters, C., Monnin, T. & Malosse, C. (1999) Cuticular hydrocarbons correlated with reproductive status in a queenless ant. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B - Biological Sciences, 266 (1426), 1323 - 1327. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 1999.0782" type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Peeters
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFE0CFEE311AFFEE7" box="[396,458,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFDAAFEE21356FEE7" author="Hart, A. G. & Monnin, T." box="[554,819,260,285]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="375 - 389" refId="ref145212" refString="Hart, A. G. & Monnin, T. (2006) Conflict over the timing of breeder replacement in vertebrate and invertebrate societies. Insectes Sociaux, 53, 375 - 389. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00040 - 005 - 0895 - 4" type="journal article" year="2006">Hart & Monnin, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFCFEFEE214F4FEE7" author="Hart, A. G. & Ratnieks, F. L. W." box="[894,1169,260,285]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="383 - 395" refId="ref145267" refString="Hart, A. G. & Ratnieks, F. L. W. (2005) Crossing the taxonomic divide: conflict and its resolution in societies of reproductively totipotent individuals. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 18, 383 - 395. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1420 - 9101.2004.00832. x" type="journal article" year="2005">Hart & Ratnieks, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We will only briefly summarize their results here, with the caveat that much of this information stems from studies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F22CAFFB7BFECF15F9FEBA" authorityName="Kempf" authorityYear="1971" box="[1275,1436,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadriceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFB7BFECF15F9FEBA" box="[1275,1436,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">D. quadriceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
alone, and its general applicability to the entire genus is in some cases uncertain.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F22CAFFF47FE9613EFFD0A" blockId="141.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F22CAFFF47FE96112BFE7D" box="[199,334,368,391]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFF47FE96112BFE7D" box="[199,334,368,391]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colonies generally contain fewer than
|
||
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A6F22CAFFC9BFE8913C8FE72" box="[795,941,367,392]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" type="worker">100 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
, though colony size varies among species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFF1EFE721152FE57" author="Fowler, H. G." box="[158,311,404,429]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="443 - 447" refId="ref143445" refString="Fowler, H. G. (1985) Populations, foraging and territoriality in Dinoponera australis (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 29, 443 - 447." type="journal article" year="1985">Fowler, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFEC3FE721229FE57" author="Paiva, R. V. S. & Brandao, C. R. F." box="[323,588,404,429]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="297 - 312" refId="ref158177" refString="Paiva, R. V. S. & Brandao, C. R. F. (1995) Nests, worker population, and reproductive status of workers, in the giant queenless ponerine ant Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera Formicidae). Ethology, Ecology and Evolution, 7, 297 - 312. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 08927014.1995.9522938" type="journal article" year="1995">Paiva & Brandão, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFDD8FE7213F2FE57" author="Fourcassie, V. & Oliveira, P. S." box="[600,919,404,429]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="2211 - 2227" refId="ref143330" refString="Fourcassie, V. & Oliveira, P. S. (2002) Foraging ecology of the giant Amazonian ant Dinoponera gigantea (Hymnoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae): activity schedule, diet and spatial foraging patterns. Journal of Natural History, 36, 2211 - 2227. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930110097149" type="journal article" year="2002">Fourcassié & Oliveira, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFC23FE7214D8FE57" author="Vasconcellos, A. & Santana, G. G. & Souza, A. K." box="[931,1213,404,429]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="357 - 362" refId="ref165185" refString="Vasconcellos, A., Santana, G. G. & Souza, A. K. (2004) Nest spacing and architecture, and swarming of males of Dinoponera quadriceps (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in a remnant of the Atlantic forest in northeast Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 64 (2), 357 - 362. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 1519 - 69842004000200022" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Vasconcellos
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFBBCFE731411FE57" box="[1084,1140,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFB48FE7210B1FE2A" author="Monnin, T. & Peeters, C." pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="109 - 116" refId="ref156256" refString="Monnin, T. & Peeters, C. (2008) How many gamergates is an ant queen worth? Naturwissenschaften, 95, 109 - 116. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00114 - 007 - 0297 - 0" type="journal article" year="2008">Monnin & Peeters, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F22CAFFF67FE5E110BFE35" box="[231,366,440,463]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFF67FE5E110BFE35" box="[231,366,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has completely lost the queen caste and reproduction in each colony is instead performed by a single mated gamergate worker who is the top (alpha) individual in a ranked dominance hierarchy (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFAA0FE3A1177FDE2" author="Haskins, C. P. & Zahl, P. A." pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref145916" refString="Haskins, C. P. & Zahl, P. A. (1971) The reproductive pattern of Dinoponera grandis Roger (Hymenoptera, Ponerinae) with notes on the ethology of the species. Psyche (Camb.), 78 (1 - 2), 1 - 11." type="journal article" year="1971">Haskins & Zahl, 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFE9DFE19119BFDE2" author="Monnin, T. & Ratnieks, F. L. W. & Brandao, C. R. F." box="[285,510,511,536]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="71 - 79" refId="ref156073" refString="Monnin, T., Ratnieks, F. L. W. & Brandao, C. R. F. (2003) Reproductive conflict in animal societies: hierarchy length increases with colony size in queenless ponerine ants. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 54, 71 - 79. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00265 - 003 - 0600 - 9" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Monnin
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFEFCFDE711D1FDE2" box="[380,436,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Below her in the hierarchy are three to five subordinate workers who vie with one another for the opportunity to succeed the alpha once she dies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFCECFDC21436FDC7" author="Monnin, T. & Ratnieks, F. L. W. & Jones, G. R. & Beard, R." box="[876,1107,548,573]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="61 - 65" refId="ref156145" refString="Monnin, T., Ratnieks, F. L. W., Jones, G. R. & Beard, R. (2002) Pretender punishment induced by chemical signalling in a queenless ant. Nature, 419, 61 - 65. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1038 / nature 00932" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Monnin
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFC4FFDC3146CFDC7" box="[975,1033,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFBE1FDC21520FDC7" author="Peixoto, A. V. & Campiolo, S. & Lemes, T. N. & Delabie, J. H. C. & Hora, R. R." box="[1121,1349,548,573]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="88 - 94" refId="ref159817" refString="Peixoto, A. V., Campiolo, S., Lemes, T. N., Delabie, J. H. C. & Hora, R. R. (2008) Comportamento e estrutura reprodutiva da formiga Dinoponera lucida Emery (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 52 (1), 88 - 94. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 0085 - 56262008000100016" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Peixoto
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFB3FFDC3149CFDC7" box="[1215,1273,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These “hopeful reproductives” perform little work in the colony and represent a drain on the colony’s resources (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFAC2FDA11105FD7F" author="Monnin, T. & Ratnieks, F. L. W." pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="413 - 422" refId="ref155971" refString="Monnin, T. & Ratnieks, F. L. W. (1999) Reproduction versus work in queenless ants: when to join a hierarchy of hopeful reproductives? Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 46, 413 - 422. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 002650050637" type="journal article" year="1999">Monnin & Ratnieks, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFEEBFD8A11C3FD7F" author="Monnin, T. & Ratnieks, F. L. W." box="[363,422,620,645]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="97 - 108" refId="ref156027" refString="Monnin, T. & Ratnieks, F. L. W. (2001) Policing in queenless ponerine ants. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 50, 97 - 108. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 002650100351" type="journal article" year="2001">2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFE32FD8A12F1FD7F" author="Monnin, T. & Ratnieks, F. L. W. & Brandao, C. R. F." box="[434,660,620,645]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="71 - 79" refId="ref156073" refString="Monnin, T., Ratnieks, F. L. W. & Brandao, C. R. F. (2003) Reproductive conflict in animal societies: hierarchy length increases with colony size in queenless ponerine ants. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 54, 71 - 79. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00265 - 003 - 0600 - 9" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Monnin
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFD92FD8B122EFD7F" box="[530,587,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFD20FD8A13FEFD7F" author="Hart, A. G. & Monnin, T." box="[672,923,620,645]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="375 - 389" refId="ref145212" refString="Hart, A. G. & Monnin, T. (2006) Conflict over the timing of breeder replacement in vertebrate and invertebrate societies. Insectes Sociaux, 53, 375 - 389. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00040 - 005 - 0895 - 4" type="journal article" year="2006">Hart & Monnin, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The remaining workers perform most of the work for the colony and also police the colony, punishing high-ranking workers who attempt to prematurely overthrow the alpha (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFE0EFD5212A4FD37" author="Monnin, T. & Ratnieks, F. L. W." box="[398,705,692,717]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="97 - 108" refId="ref156027" refString="Monnin, T. & Ratnieks, F. L. W. (2001) Policing in queenless ponerine ants. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 50, 97 - 108. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 002650100351" type="journal article" year="2001">Monnin & Ratnieks, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFD4FFD5213DEFD37" author="Monnin, T. & Ratnieks, F. L. W. & Jones, G. R. & Beard, R." box="[719,955,692,717]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="61 - 65" refId="ref156145" refString="Monnin, T., Ratnieks, F. L. W., Jones, G. R. & Beard, R. (2002) Pretender punishment induced by chemical signalling in a queenless ant. Nature, 419, 61 - 65. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1038 / nature 00932" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Monnin
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFCB2FD531308FD37" box="[818,877,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This policing is quite effective, as early replacement of the alpha is apparently rare (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFD03FD31131BFD0A" author="Hart, A. G. & Monnin, T." box="[643,894,727,752]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="375 - 389" refId="ref145212" refString="Hart, A. G. & Monnin, T. (2006) Conflict over the timing of breeder replacement in vertebrate and invertebrate societies. Insectes Sociaux, 53, 375 - 389. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00040 - 005 - 0895 - 4" type="journal article" year="2006">Hart & Monnin, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F22CAFFF47FD1A112AFBEA" blockId="141.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">
|
||
A newly annointed alpha worker briefly leaves the colony and mates with a single male (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFB43FD1A10B6FCC2" author="Monnin, T. & Peeters, C." pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="299 - 306" refId="ref155923" refString="Monnin, T. & Peeters, C. (1998) Monogyny and regulation of worker mating in the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps. Animal Behaviour, 55, 299 - 306. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1006 / anbe. 1997.0601" type="journal article" year="1998">Monnin & Peeters, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Subordinate workers do not mate, but sometimes lay haploid eggs which will develop into males if the alpha does not discover and cannibalize them (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFDDFFCA213CBFCA7" author="Dantas de Araujo, C. Z. & Lachaud, J. - P. & Fresneau, D." box="[607,942,836,861]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="101 - 111" refId="ref136779" refString="Dantas de Araujo, C. Z., Lachaud, J. - P. & Fresneau, D. (1990) Le systeme reproductif chez une ponerine sans reine: Dinoponera quadriceps Santschi. Behavioral Processes, 22, 101 - 111. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / 0376 - 6357 (90) 90011 - 4" type="journal article" year="1990">
|
||
Dantas de Araujo
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFCACFCA31300FCA7" box="[812,869,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1990
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFC3AFCA21486FCA7" author="Monnin, T. & Ratnieks, F. L. W." box="[954,1251,836,861]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="97 - 108" refId="ref156027" refString="Monnin, T. & Ratnieks, F. L. W. (2001) Policing in queenless ponerine ants. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 50, 97 - 108. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 002650100351" type="journal article" year="2001">Monnin & Ratnieks, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Alpha workers have a different cuticular hydrocarbon profile from other workers, and this profile is transferred to their eggs, allowing them to identify the eggs of subordinates (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFC9BFC6A1428FC5F" author="Monnin, T. & Peeters, C." box="[795,1101,908,933]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="499 - 502" refId="ref155878" refString="Monnin, T. & Peeters, C. (1997) Cannibalism of subordinates' eggs in the monogynous queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps. Naturwissenschaften, 84, 499 - 502. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 001140050433" type="journal article" year="1997">Monnin & Peeters, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFBE1FC6A1530FC5F" author="Peeters, C. & Monnin, T. & Malosse, C." box="[1121,1365,908,933]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="1323 - 1327" refId="ref159697" refString="Peeters, C., Monnin, T. & Malosse, C. (1999) Cuticular hydrocarbons correlated with reproductive status in a queenless ant. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B - Biological Sciences, 266 (1426), 1323 - 1327. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 1999.0782" type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Peeters
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFB42FC6B1567FC5F" box="[1218,1282,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The hydrocarbon profile is apparently related to ovarian activity, and allows workers to assess the rank and reproductive status of each member of the colony (Monnin
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFD19FC3312B4FC17" box="[665,721,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1998;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFCA4FC32145CFC17" author="Peeters, C. & Monnin, T. & Malosse, C." box="[804,1081,980,1005]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="1323 - 1327" refId="ref159697" refString="Peeters, C., Monnin, T. & Malosse, C. (1999) Cuticular hydrocarbons correlated with reproductive status in a queenless ant. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B - Biological Sciences, 266 (1426), 1323 - 1327. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 1999.0782" type="journal article" year="1999">Monnin & Peeters, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFBC4FC321579FC17" author="Peeters, C. & Monnin, T. & Malosse, C." box="[1092,1308,980,1005]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="1323 - 1327" refId="ref159697" refString="Peeters, C., Monnin, T. & Malosse, C. (1999) Cuticular hydrocarbons correlated with reproductive status in a queenless ant. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B - Biological Sciences, 266 (1426), 1323 - 1327. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 1999.0782" type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Peeters
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFB1CFC3314B1FC17" box="[1180,1236,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFAA7FC321126FBEA" author="Monnin, T. & Ratnieks, F. L. W." pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="97 - 108" refId="ref156027" refString="Monnin, T. & Ratnieks, F. L. W. (2001) Policing in queenless ponerine ants. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 50, 97 - 108. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 002650100351" type="journal article" year="2001">Monnin & Ratnieks, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F22CAFFF47FBFA108CFA3A" blockId="141.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">
|
||
As with most ponerines lacking winged queens, colony reproduction in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F22CAFFB81FBFB14EDFBCE" box="[1025,1160,1053,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFB81FBFB14EDFBCE" box="[1025,1160,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs via fission, with workers carrying brood and males to new nest sites and recruiting other workers via tandem running, with apparently no chemical trail (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F22CAFFE65FB831376FB87" authority=": Fowler, 1985" authorityName=": Fowler" authorityYear="1985" box="[485,787,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFE65FB83120EFB87" box="[485,619,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">D. australis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFDFBFB821376FB87" author="Fowler, H. G." box="[635,787,1124,1149]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="443 - 447" refId="ref143445" refString="Fowler, H. G. (1985) Populations, foraging and territoriality in Dinoponera australis (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 29, 443 - 447." type="journal article" year="1985">Fowler, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F22CAFFCA0FB831428FB87" authority=": Overal, 1980" authorityName=": Overal" authorityYear="1980" box="[800,1101,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFCA0FB8313C3FB86" box="[800,934,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">D. gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFC36FB821428FB87" author="Overal, W. L." box="[950,1101,1124,1149]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="466 - 469" refId="ref158105" refString="Overal, W. L. (1980) Observations on colony founding and migration of Dinoponera gigantea. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society, 15 (4), 466 - 469." type="journal article" year="1980">Overal, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Nests are built into the soil, can be quite extensive, and house diverse communities of myrmecophiles including inquiline
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F22CAFFB5DFB6115F9FB5A" box="[1245,1436,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFB5DFB611524FB5A" box="[1245,1345,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Pheidole</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Zahl, 1957;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFEAAFB4A127BFB3F" author="Hermann, H. R. & Blum, M. S. & Wheeler, J. W. & Overal, W. L. & Schmidt, J. O. & Chao, J. - T." box="[298,542,1196,1221]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="272 - 279" refId="ref146242" refString="Hermann, H. R., Blum, M. S., Wheeler, J. W., Overal, W. L., Schmidt, J. O. & Chao, J. - T. (1994) Comparative anatomy and chemistry of the venom apparatus and mandibular glands in Dinoponera grandis (Guerin) and Paraponera clavata (F.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 77 (3), 272 - 279." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
Hermann
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFE1BFB4B11B1FB3F" box="[411,468,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFDAAFB4A135DFB3F" author="Paiva, R. V. S. & Brandao, C. R. F." box="[554,824,1196,1221]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="297 - 312" refId="ref158177" refString="Paiva, R. V. S. & Brandao, C. R. F. (1995) Nests, worker population, and reproductive status of workers, in the giant queenless ponerine ant Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera Formicidae). Ethology, Ecology and Evolution, 7, 297 - 312. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 08927014.1995.9522938" type="journal article" year="1995">Paiva & Brandão, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFCC4FB4A1401FB3F" author="Vasconcellos, A. & Santana, G. G. & Souza, A. K." box="[836,1124,1196,1221]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="357 - 362" refId="ref165185" refString="Vasconcellos, A., Santana, G. G. & Souza, A. K. (2004) Nest spacing and architecture, and swarming of males of Dinoponera quadriceps (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in a remnant of the Atlantic forest in northeast Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 64 (2), 357 - 362. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 1519 - 69842004000200022" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Vasconcellos
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFC5FFB4B147DFB3F" box="[991,1048,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Workers are not generally aggressive but can deliver a painful sting if provoked (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFCC1FB2913BEFB12" author="Allard, H. A." box="[833,987,1231,1256]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="88 - 90" refId="ref131098" refString="Allard, H. A. (1951) Dinoponera gigantea (Perty), a vicious stinging ant. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 41, 88 - 90." type="journal article" year="1951">Allard, 1951</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Zahl, 1957;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFB07FB3615F5FB12" author="Hermann, H. R. & Blum, M. S. & Wheeler, J. W. & Overal, W. L. & Schmidt, J. O. & Chao, J. - T." box="[1159,1424,1231,1256]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="272 - 279" refId="ref146242" refString="Hermann, H. R., Blum, M. S., Wheeler, J. W., Overal, W. L., Schmidt, J. O. & Chao, J. - T. (1994) Comparative anatomy and chemistry of the venom apparatus and mandibular glands in Dinoponera grandis (Guerin) and Paraponera clavata (F.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 77 (3), 272 - 279." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
Hermann
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFB7EFB37155BFB12" box="[1278,1342,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F22CAFFF17FB13117BFAF6" box="[151,286,1269,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFF17FB13117BFAF6" box="[151,286,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers forage diurnally or crepuscularly on the ground, and are generalist predators of insects and opportunistic scavengers of fruits and other food sources (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFCB9FAF1144DFACA" author="Oldham, N. J. & Keegans, S. J. & Morgan, E. D. & Paiva, R. V. S. & Brandao, C. R. F. & Schoeters, E. & Billen, J." box="[825,1064,1303,1328]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="313 - 316" refId="ref157157" refString="Oldham, N. J., Keegans, S. J., Morgan, E. D., Paiva, R. V. S., Brandao, C. R. F., Schoeters, E. & Billen, J. (1994) Mandibular gland contents of a colony of the queenless ponerine ant Dinoponera australis. Naturwissenschaften, 81, 313 - 316. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 001140050077" type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6F22CAFFCB9FAF113F0FACA" box="[825,917,1303,1328]" country="United Kingdom" name="Oldham" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Oldham</collectingRegion>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFC1FFAFF13BEFACA" box="[927,987,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFBB5FAFE1555FACA" author="Hermann, H. R. & Blum, M. S. & Wheeler, J. W. & Overal, W. L. & Schmidt, J. O. & Chao, J. - T." box="[1077,1328,1303,1328]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="272 - 279" refId="ref146242" refString="Hermann, H. R., Blum, M. S., Wheeler, J. W., Overal, W. L., Schmidt, J. O. & Chao, J. - T. (1994) Comparative anatomy and chemistry of the venom apparatus and mandibular glands in Dinoponera grandis (Guerin) and Paraponera clavata (F.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 77 (3), 272 - 279." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
Hermann
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFB28FAFF1486FACA" box="[1192,1251,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFABEFAF11124FAAF" author="Paiva, R. V. S. & Brandao, C. R. F." pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="297 - 312" refId="ref158177" refString="Paiva, R. V. S. & Brandao, C. R. F. (1995) Nests, worker population, and reproductive status of workers, in the giant queenless ponerine ant Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera Formicidae). Ethology, Ecology and Evolution, 7, 297 - 312. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 08927014.1995.9522938" type="journal article" year="1995">Paiva & Brandão, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFECFFADA12F2FAAF" author="Fourcassie, V. & Oliveira, P. S." box="[335,663,1340,1365]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="2211 - 2227" refId="ref143330" refString="Fourcassie, V. & Oliveira, P. S. (2002) Foraging ecology of the giant Amazonian ant Dinoponera gigantea (Hymnoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae): activity schedule, diet and spatial foraging patterns. Journal of Natural History, 36, 2211 - 2227. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930110097149" type="journal article" year="2002">Fourcassié & Oliveira, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFD25FADA13E8FAAF" author="Monnin, T. & Ratnieks, F. L. W. & Brandao, C. R. F." box="[677,909,1340,1365]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="71 - 79" refId="ref156073" refString="Monnin, T., Ratnieks, F. L. W. & Brandao, C. R. F. (2003) Reproductive conflict in animal societies: hierarchy length increases with colony size in queenless ponerine ants. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 54, 71 - 79. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00265 - 003 - 0600 - 9" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Monnin
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFC87FADB1327FAAF" box="[775,834,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFC1BFADA14B7FAAF" author="Araujo, A. & Rodrigues, Z." box="[923,1234,1340,1365]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="159 - 164" refId="ref131554" refString="Araujo, A. & Rodrigues, Z. (2006) Foraging behavior of the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps Santschi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Neotropical Entomology, 35 (2), 159 - 164. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 1519 - 566 x 2006000200002" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Araújo &
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6F22CAFFB91FADA14E2FAAF" box="[1041,1159,1340,1365]" country="Mauritius" name="Rodrigues" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Rodrigues</collectingRegion>
|
||
, 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Workers always forage individually (Zahl, 1957;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFD94FAB9137CFA82" author="Haskins, C. P. & Zahl, P. A." box="[532,793,1375,1400]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref145916" refString="Haskins, C. P. & Zahl, P. A. (1971) The reproductive pattern of Dinoponera grandis Roger (Hymenoptera, Ponerinae) with notes on the ethology of the species. Psyche (Camb.), 78 (1 - 2), 1 - 11." type="journal article" year="1971">Haskins & Zahl, 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFCA9FAB913A6FA82" author="Fowler, H. G." box="[809,963,1375,1400]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="443 - 447" refId="ref143445" refString="Fowler, H. G. (1985) Populations, foraging and territoriality in Dinoponera australis (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 29, 443 - 447." type="journal article" year="1985">Fowler, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFC53FAB9157BFA82" author="Fourcassie, V. & Oliveira, P. S." box="[979,1310,1375,1400]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="2211 - 2227" refId="ref143330" refString="Fourcassie, V. & Oliveira, P. S. (2002) Foraging ecology of the giant Amazonian ant Dinoponera gigantea (Hymnoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae): activity schedule, diet and spatial foraging patterns. Journal of Natural History, 36, 2211 - 2227. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930110097149" type="journal article" year="2002">Fourcassié & Oliveira, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFAAEFAB91132FA67" author="Araujo, A. & Rodrigues, Z." pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="159 - 164" refId="ref131554" refString="Araujo, A. & Rodrigues, Z. (2006) Foraging behavior of the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps Santschi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Neotropical Entomology, 35 (2), 159 - 164. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 1519 - 566 x 2006000200002" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Araújo &
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6F22CAFFF17FA621168FA67" box="[151,269,1412,1437]" country="Mauritius" name="Rodrigues" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Rodrigues</collectingRegion>
|
||
, 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Orientation and navigation by foraging
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F22CAFFCB1FA6313D2FA66" authorityName=": Overal" authorityYear="1980" box="[817,951,1413,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFCB1FA6313D2FA66" box="[817,951,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">D. gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers were studied by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFB61FA621081FA3A" author="Fourcassie, V. & Henriques, A. & Fontella, C." pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="505 - 524" refId="ref143278" refString="Fourcassie, V., Henriques, A. & Fontella, C. (1999) Route fidelity and spatial orientation in the ant Dinoponera gigantea (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in a primary forest: a preliminary study. Sociobiology, 34 (3), 505 - 524." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Fourcassié
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFAE2FA6315F9FA67" box="[1378,1436,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1999)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F22CAFFF47FA2A1404F91A" blockId="141.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">
|
||
The large size and interesting behaviors of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F22CAFFD5EFA2B1300FA1E" box="[734,869,1485,1508]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFD5EFA2B1300FA1E" box="[734,869,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have made them attractive model systems for histological and biochemical research, including studies of the mandibular gland (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFBE5FA0915F2F9F2" author="Oldham, N. J. & Morgan, E. D." box="[1125,1431,1519,1544]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="2713 - 2716" refId="ref157243" refString="Oldham, N. J. & Morgan, E. D. (1993) Structures of the pyrazines from the mandibular gland secretion of the ponerine ant Dinoponera australis. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1, 2713 - 2716. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1039 / p 19930002713" type="journal article" year="1993">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6F22CAFFBE5FA0914A4F9F2" box="[1125,1217,1519,1544]" country="United Kingdom" name="Oldham" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Oldham</collectingRegion>
|
||
& Morgan, 1993
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFF17F9F211E4F9D7" author="Oldham, N. J. & Keegans, S. J. & Morgan, E. D. & Paiva, R. V. S. & Brandao, C. R. F. & Schoeters, E. & Billen, J." box="[151,385,1556,1581]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="313 - 316" refId="ref157157" refString="Oldham, N. J., Keegans, S. J., Morgan, E. D., Paiva, R. V. S., Brandao, C. R. F., Schoeters, E. & Billen, J. (1994) Mandibular gland contents of a colony of the queenless ponerine ant Dinoponera australis. Naturwissenschaften, 81, 313 - 316. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 001140050077" type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6F22CAFFF17F9F21094F9D7" box="[151,241,1556,1581]" country="United Kingdom" name="Oldham" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Oldham</collectingRegion>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFF7BF9F31153F9D7" box="[251,310,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFE10F9F212ECF9D7" author="Hermann, H. R. & Blum, M. S. & Wheeler, J. W. & Overal, W. L. & Schmidt, J. O. & Chao, J. - T." box="[400,649,1556,1581]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="272 - 279" refId="ref146242" refString="Hermann, H. R., Blum, M. S., Wheeler, J. W., Overal, W. L., Schmidt, J. O. & Chao, J. - T. (1994) Comparative anatomy and chemistry of the venom apparatus and mandibular glands in Dinoponera grandis (Guerin) and Paraponera clavata (F.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 77 (3), 272 - 279." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
Hermann
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFD82F9F31258F9D7" box="[514,573,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Dufour’s gland (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFCDEF9F21432F9D7" author="Hermann, H. R. & Blum, M. S. & Wheeler, J. W. & Overal, W. L. & Schmidt, J. O. & Chao, J. - T." box="[862,1111,1556,1581]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="272 - 279" refId="ref146242" refString="Hermann, H. R., Blum, M. S., Wheeler, J. W., Overal, W. L., Schmidt, J. O. & Chao, J. - T. (1994) Comparative anatomy and chemistry of the venom apparatus and mandibular glands in Dinoponera grandis (Guerin) and Paraponera clavata (F.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 77 (3), 272 - 279." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
Hermann
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFC51F9F31469F9D7" box="[977,1036,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFBE6F9F2152AF9D7" author="Morgan, E. D. & Jungnickel, H. & Keegans, S. J. & do Nascimento, R. R. & Billen, J. & Gobin, B. & Ito, F." box="[1126,1359,1556,1581]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="95 - 114" refId="ref156304" refString="Morgan, E. D., Jungnickel, H., Keegans, S. J., do Nascimento, R. R., Billen, J., Gobin, B. & Ito, F. (2003) Comparative survey of abdominal gland secretions of the ant subfamily Ponerinae. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 29 (1), 95 - 114. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1023 / a: 1021928630441" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Morgan
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFB48F9F31566F9D7" box="[1224,1283,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), sting apparatus and venom gland (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFE56F9D112A2F9AA" author="Hermann, H. R. & Blum, M. S. & Wheeler, J. W. & Overal, W. L. & Schmidt, J. O. & Chao, J. - T." box="[470,711,1591,1616]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="272 - 279" refId="ref146242" refString="Hermann, H. R., Blum, M. S., Wheeler, J. W., Overal, W. L., Schmidt, J. O. & Chao, J. - T. (1994) Comparative anatomy and chemistry of the venom apparatus and mandibular glands in Dinoponera grandis (Guerin) and Paraponera clavata (F.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 77 (3), 272 - 279." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
Hermann
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFDC6F9DF121BF9AA" box="[582,638,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFD52F9DE13D4F9AA" author="Morgan, E. D. & Jungnickel, H. & Keegans, S. J. & do Nascimento, R. R. & Billen, J. & Gobin, B. & Ito, F." box="[722,945,1591,1616]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="95 - 114" refId="ref156304" refString="Morgan, E. D., Jungnickel, H., Keegans, S. J., do Nascimento, R. R., Billen, J., Gobin, B. & Ito, F. (2003) Comparative survey of abdominal gland secretions of the ant subfamily Ponerinae. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 29 (1), 95 - 114. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1023 / a: 1021928630441" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Morgan
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFCB0F9DF130DF9AA" box="[816,872,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), convoluted gland (inside venom reservoir;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFF17F9BA11D9F98F" author="Schoeters, E. & Billen, J." box="[151,444,1628,1653]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="323 - 332" refId="ref161855" refString="Schoeters, E. & Billen, J. (1995) Morphology and ultrastructure of the convoluted gland in the ant Dinoponera australis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology, 24 (3), 323 - 332. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / 0020 - 7322 (94) 00024 - k" type="journal article" year="1995">Schoeters & Billen, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), post-pharyngeal gland (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFD60F9BA1462F98F" author="Schoeters, E. & Billen, J." box="[736,1031,1628,1653]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="443 - 447" refId="ref161922" refString="Schoeters, E. & Billen, J. (1997) The post-pharyngeal gland in Dinoponera ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): unusual morphology and changes during the secretory process. International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology, 25 (4), 443 - 447. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0020 - 7322 (96) 00016 - 5" type="journal article" year="1997">Schoeters & Billen, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and antennal sensillae and glands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFF1EF99911B9F962" author="Marques-Silva, S. & Matiello-Guss, C. P. & Delabie, J. H. C. & Mariano, C. S. F. & Zanuncio, J. C. & Serrao, J. E." box="[158,476,1663,1688]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="885 - 890" refId="ref153360" refString="Marques-Silva, S., Matiello-Guss, C. P., Delabie, J. H. C., Mariano, C. S. F., Zanuncio, J. C. & Serrao, J. E. (2006) Sensilla and secretory glands in the antennae of a primitive ant: Dinoponera lucida (Formicidae: Ponerinae). Microscopy Research and Technique, 69, 885 - 890. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / jemt. 20356" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Marques-Silva
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFED0F96711E8F962" box="[336,397,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Interestingly,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F22CAFFD12F967129BF962" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" box="[658,766,1663,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucida">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFD12F967129BF962" box="[658,766,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">D. lucida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has the highest number of chromosomes known for any hymenopteran (2n=120), though the total number ranges from 2n=106 to 2n=120 and the significance or cause of this large number and variation is unknown (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFD0CF9211311F91A" author="Mariano, C. S. F. & Delabie, J. H. C. & Ramos, L. S. & Lacau, S. & Pompolo, S. G." box="[652,884,1735,1760]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="182 - 185" refId="ref153141" refString="Mariano, C. S. F., Delabie, J. H. C., Ramos, L. S., Lacau, S. & Pompolo, S. G. (2004) Dinoponera lucida Emery (Formicidae: Ponerinae): the highest number of chromosomes known in Hymenoptera. Naturwissenschaften, 91, 182 - 185. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00114 - 004 - 0514 - z" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Mariano
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFD73F92F1349F91A" box="[755,812,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFC00F92E1430F91A" author="Barros, L. A. C. & Mariano, C. S. F. & Pompolo, S. G. & Delabie, J. H. C." box="[896,1109,1735,1760]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="97 - 102" refId="ref132397" refString="Barros, L. A. C., Mariano, C. S. F., Pompolo, S. G. & Delabie, J. H. C. (2009) Hsc-FA and NOR bandings on chromosomes of the giant ant Dinoponera lucida Emery, 1901 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Comparative Cytogenetics, 3, 97 - 102. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / compcytogen. v 3 i 2.16" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Barros
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFC52F92F146FF91A" box="[978,1034,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F22CACFF47F90A11A7FEE1" blockId="141.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="142.[151,1437,151,464]" lastPageId="142" lastPageNumber="143" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFF47F90A12B7F8FF" bold="true" box="[199,722,1772,1797]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Phylogenetic and taxonomic considerations.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F22CAFFD59F90B1305F8FE" box="[729,864,1773,1796]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFD59F90B1305F8FE" box="[729,864,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was erected by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFB95F90A14C6F8FF" author="Mayr, G." box="[1045,1187,1772,1797]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" refId="ref155059" refString="Mayr, G. 1861. Die europaischen Formiciden. Nach der analytischen Methode bearbeitet. C. Gerolds Sohn, Wien, 80 pp." type="book" year="1861">Mayr (1861)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as a monotypic genus to house
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F22CAFFE94F8F712CCF8D2" authority="Guerin-Meneville" authorityName="Guerin-Meneville" authorityYear="1838" box="[276,681,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFE94F8F711ABF8D2" box="[276,462,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Ponera grandis</emphasis>
|
||
Guérin-Méneville
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(now
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F22CAFFC89F8F61463F8DD" baseAuthorityName="Perty" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[777,1030,1808,1831]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFC89F8F61463F8DD" box="[777,1030,1808,1831]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Dinoponera gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The enormous size and other morphological apomorphies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F22CAFFD85F8D312E9F8B6" box="[517,652,1845,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFD85F8D312E9F8B6" box="[517,652,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
led to a stable taxonomic history for the genus.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFB58F8D215F9F8B7" author="Schmidt, C." box="[1240,1436,1844,1869]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt's (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
molecular phylogeny strongly indicates that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F22CAFFD0DF8BE1371F895" box="[653,788,1880,1903]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFD0DF8BE1371F895" box="[653,788,1880,1903]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a close sister genus to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F22CAFFBB7F8B114B3F88A" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[1079,1238,1879,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFBB7F8B114B3F88A" box="[1079,1238,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F22CAFFB64F8BE150EF895" box="[1252,1387,1880,1903]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFB64F8BE150EF895" box="[1252,1387,1880,1903]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F22CAFFF17F89A1153F86F" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[151,310,1916,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFF17F89A1153F86F" box="[151,310,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are morphologically quite similar, and the presence of a row of stout spines on either side of the hypopygium is a strong synapomorphy linking the two genera. Ironically, though W. L. Brown (in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F22CAFFB7FF84615F1F843" author="Bolton, B." box="[1279,1428,1952,1977]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" refId="ref133404" refString="Bolton, B. (1995) A new general catalogue of the ants of the world. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 504 pp." type="book" year="1995">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6F22CAFFB7FF846152BF843" box="[1279,1358,1952,1977]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Bolton</collectingRegion>
|
||
, 1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) synonymized numerous unrelated ponerine genera under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F22CAFFC9BF82213DCF827" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[795,953,1988,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFC9BF82213DCF827" box="[795,953,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, he failed to include
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F22CAFFB28F8231553F826" box="[1192,1334,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F22CAFFB28F8231557F826" box="[1192,1330,1989,2012]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dinoponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
which is the only ponerine genus closely related enough to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F12CACFD48FF711303FF4A" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[712,870,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F12CACFD48FF711303FF4A" box="[712,870,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to actually justify synonymy. Given the numerous morphological apomorphies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F12CACFE76FF5B1218FF2E" box="[502,637,189,212]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F12CACFE76FF5B1218FF2E" box="[502,637,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(including their huge body size, subtriangular mandibles, clypeal teeth, and toothed tarsal claws) and their highly derived social behaviors, we are retaining
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F12CACFBF5FF061499FF0D" box="[1141,1276,224,247]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F12CACFBF5FF061499FF0D" box="[1141,1276,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a separate genus from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F12CACFE9CFEE211DEFEE7" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[284,443,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F12CACFE9CFEE211DEFEE7" box="[284,443,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F12CACFF47FECE157BFE35" blockId="142.[151,1437,151,464]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F12CACFF47FECE112BFEC5" box="[199,334,296,319]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F12CACFF47FECE112BFEC5" box="[199,334,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has at times been considered closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F12CACFCEEFEC11470FEBA" box="[878,1045,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Streblognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F12CACFCEEFEC11470FEBA" box="[878,1045,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Streblognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see discussion under that genus), but neither morphological or molecular evidence supports this hypothesis. The fossil genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F12CACFB27FEAA1551FE9F" authorityName="Carpenter" authorityYear="1930" box="[1191,1332,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Archiponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F12CACFB27FEAA1551FE9F" box="[1191,1332,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Archiponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was also considered by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F12CACFEBCFE89119BFE72" author="Carpenter, F. M." box="[316,510,367,392]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" pagination="1 - 66" refId="ref135108" refString="Carpenter, F. M. (1930) The fossil ants of North America. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 70, 1 - 66." type="journal article" year="1930">Carpenter (1930)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to be closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F12CACFC90FE9613F2FE7D" box="[784,919,368,391]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F12CACFC90FE9613F2FE7D" box="[784,919,368,391]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F12CACFC50FE891412FE72" box="[976,1143,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Streblognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F12CACFC50FE891412FE72" box="[976,1143,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Streblognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. While
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F12CACFB54FE891505FE72" authorityName="Carpenter" authorityYear="1930" box="[1236,1376,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Archiponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F12CACFB54FE891505FE72" box="[1236,1376,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Archiponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does bear some superficial resemblance to these genera, and especially to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F12CACFC28FE73144AFE56" box="[936,1071,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F12CACFC28FE73144AFE56" box="[936,1071,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the purported age of this fossil genus makes it unlikely to represent an ancestor or sister group to either
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F12CACFC43FE51140EFE2A" box="[963,1131,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Streblognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F12CACFC43FE51140EFE2A" box="[963,1131,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Streblognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F12CACFB10FE5E1572FE35" box="[1168,1303,440,463]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F12CACFB10FE5E1572FE35" box="[1168,1303,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |