treatments-xml/data/03/77/59/03775906A6F12CB2FF17FBD313B8FBEA.xml

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<mods:title id="D73AC7E1BE505E6EFC16CC5E5FD85A66">The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="47BBA990941D36FB17AA86C7A03F662F">Schmidt, C. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B26176D9057A3BC61E9F0C746BB97091">Shattuck, S. O.</mods:namePart>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6F12CACFF17FBD311C0FBB5" box="[151,421,1077,1103]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F12CACFF17FBD311C0FBB5" blockId="142.[151,421,1077,1136]" box="[151,421,1077,1103]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">
<heading id="D0295F7CA6F12CACFF17FBD311C0FBB5" bold="true" box="[151,421,1077,1103]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" reason="4">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F12CACFF17FBD311C0FBB5" bold="true" box="[151,421,1077,1103]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F12CACFF17FBD31155FBB5" authorityName="Schmidt &amp; Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,304,1077,1103]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mayaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F12CACFF17FBD31155FBB5" bold="true" box="[151,304,1077,1103]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Mayaponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2998979A6F12CACFEB7FBD311C0FBB5" box="[311,421,1077,1103]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6F12CACFF17FBB111E0FAE5" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F12CACFF17FBB11083FB8A" blockId="142.[151,421,1077,1136]" box="[151,230,1111,1136]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">
<figureCitation id="13E5F495A6F12CACFF17FBB11083FB8A" box="[151,230,1111,1136]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="143.[151,250,1665,1687]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1631]" captionTargetId="figure-162@143.[151,1436,193,1643]" captionTargetPageId="143" captionText="FIGURE 29. Worker caste of Mayaponera constricta: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0249137, Ryan Perry and www.antweb.org); world distribution of Mayaponera." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120878" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120878/files/figure.png" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Fig. 29</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F12CACFF17FB46137FFB4F" blockId="142.[151,794,1184,1206]" box="[151,794,1184,1206]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">
Type-species: 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F12CACFEA8FB4712E6FB4C" authority="Mayr, 1884: 31" authorityName="Mayr" authorityPageNumber="31" authorityYear="1884" box="[296,643,1184,1206]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="constricta">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F12CACFEA8FB4711BBFB4C" box="[296,478,1185,1206]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Ponera constricta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F12CACFE64FB4612E6FB4C" author="Mayr, G." box="[484,643,1184,1206]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" pagination="31 - 38" refId="ref155241" refString="Mayr, G. (1884) [Untitled. Descriptions of eight new species.] In: Radoszkowsky, O. Fourmis de Cayenne Francaise. Trudy Russkago Entomologicheskago Obshchestva, 18, 31 - 38." type="journal article" year="1884">Mayr, 1884: 31</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; by monotypy.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F12CACFF17FB0511E0FAE5" blockId="142.[151,1437,1250,2031]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F12CACFF17FB051143FB00" authorityName="Schmidt &amp; Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,294,1251,1274]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mayaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F12CACFF17FB051143FB00" box="[151,294,1251,1274]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Mayaponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a monotypic genus widespread in Central and South America. It is found in wide range of natural and farming habitats.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6F12CACFF47FACC1255FA71" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F12CACFF47FACC1255FA71" blockId="142.[151,1437,1250,2031]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F12CACFF47FACC1122FAB9" bold="true" box="[199,327,1322,1347]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Etymology</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F12CACFED4FACD1186FAB8" authorityName="Schmidt &amp; Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[340,483,1323,1346]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mayaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F12CACFED4FACD1186FAB8" box="[340,483,1323,1346]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Mayaponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is named in memory of the first author’s daughter Maya and for the Maya peoples of southern 
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6F12CACFF7FFAA81131FA9D" box="[255,340,1358,1383]" name="Mexico" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Mexico</collectingCountry>
and northern Central America, included in the range of the genus. The suffix - 
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F12CACFB56FAA91540FA9C" box="[1238,1317,1359,1382]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">ponera</emphasis>
is derived from the subfamily name 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F12CACFE38FA941249FA71" box="[440,556,1394,1419]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6F12CADFF47FA70136CF853" lastPageId="143" lastPageNumber="144" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F12CACFF47FA7010BBF951" blockId="142.[151,1437,1250,2031]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F12CACFF47FA701124FA55" bold="true" box="[199,321,1430,1455]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F12CACFEC9FA7111BDFA54" authorityName="Schmidt &amp; Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[329,472,1431,1454]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mayaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F12CACFEC9FA7111BDFA54" box="[329,472,1431,1454]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Mayaponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
workers lack any obvious autapomorphies and superficially have a very generalized appearance. They are most likely to be confused with some 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F12CACFCC0FA5D13D8FA28" box="[832,957,1467,1490]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F12CACFCC0FA5D13D8FA28" box="[832,957,1467,1490]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Neoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F12CACFC75FA5D14E4FA28" box="[1013,1153,1467,1490]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mesoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F12CACFC75FA5D14E4FA28" box="[1013,1153,1467,1490]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Mesoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F12CACFB3CFA5D152EFA28" authorityName="Schmidt &amp; Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[1212,1355,1467,1490]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mayaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F12CACFB3CFA5D152EFA28" box="[1212,1355,1467,1490]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Mayaponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F12CACFF5AFA391132FA0C" box="[218,343,1503,1526]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F12CACFF5AFA391132FA0C" box="[218,343,1503,1526]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Neoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in its round propodeal spiracles, deeply impressed metanotal groove (at most only slightly impressed in 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F12CACFEACF9E511CDF9E0" box="[300,424,1539,1562]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F12CACFEACF9E511CDF9E0" box="[300,424,1539,1562]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Neoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and strongly narrowed propodeum with a dorsal longitudinal groove. It can be separated from the handful of 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F12CACFEFBF9C11235F9C5" box="[379,592,1574,1599]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F12CACFEFBF9C1119DF9C4" box="[379,504,1575,1598]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Neoponera</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
in which the propodeal spiracle is round (some members of the 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F12CACFAA8F9C115F9F9C5" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1902" box="[1320,1436,1574,1599]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="emiliae">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F12CACFAA8F9C115F9F9C5" box="[1320,1436,1574,1599]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">N. emiliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group) by the presence of narrow and fang-like metasternal processes (the processes are triangular-shaped in 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F12CACFF17F9891176F97C" box="[151,275,1647,1670]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F12CACFF17F9891176F97C" box="[151,275,1647,1670]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Neoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F12CACFEACF98911DEF97C" authorityName="Schmidt &amp; Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[300,443,1647,1670]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mayaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F12CACFEACF98911DEF97C" box="[300,443,1647,1670]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Mayaponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F12CACFDD2F98912BBF97C" box="[594,734,1647,1670]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mesoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F12CACFDD2F98912BBF97C" box="[594,734,1647,1670]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Mesoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having a complex metapleural gland orifice and prominent arolia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F12CACFF47F95012BCF815" blockId="142.[151,1437,1250,2031]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F12CACFF47F95011A2F935" bold="true" box="[199,455,1718,1743]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Synoptic description.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F12CACFE52F950124DF935" box="[466,552,1718,1743]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Worker.</emphasis>
Medium-sized (TL 
<quantity id="4C2645F5A6F12CACFC95F95013E8F935" box="[789,909,1718,1743]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.75" metricValueMax="7.5" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" unit="mm" value="6.75" valueMax="7.5" valueMin="6.0">6–7.5 mm</quantity>
) slender ants with the standard characters of 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F12CACFF17F93C109FF909" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[151,250,1754,1779]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
. Mandibles triangular, with about a dozen teeth on the masticatory margin. Clypeus with a broadly convex anterior margin and a subtle median emargination. Frontal lobes of moderate size. Eyes of moderate size, placed anterior of head midline. Metanotal groove deeply impressed. Propodeal dorsum strongly narrowed and with a longitudinal groove. Propodeal spiracles round. Metapleural gland orifice complex, with a posterior U-shaped cuticular lip and a shallow lateral groove. Metatibial spur formula (1s, 1p). Arolia prominent. Petiole a thick scale. Gaster with only a weak girdling constriction between pre- and postsclerites of A4. Stridulitrum present on pretergite of A4. Head and body finely punctate, with scattered pilosity and dense pubescence. Color dark brownish gray. 
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6F12CACFEC4F8301108F815" box="[324,365,2006,2031]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">See</collectingRegion>
also 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F12CACFE27F83012B0F815" author="Mackay, W. P. &amp; Mackay, E. E." box="[423,725,2006,2031]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" refId="ref152898" refString="Mackay, W. P. &amp; Mackay, E. E. (2010) The systematics and biology of the New World ants of the genus Pachycondyla (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Edwin Mellon Press, Lewiston, 642 pp." type="book" year="2010">Mackay &amp; Mackay (2010)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DFA1B898A6F02CADFF17F967144EF94F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120878" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120878" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120878/files/figure.png" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" startId="143.[151,250,1665,1687]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1631]" targetPageId="143">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F02CADFF17F967144EF94F" blockId="143.[151,1436,1665,1717]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F02CADFF17F967114DF96C" bold="true" box="[151,296,1665,1687]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">FIGURE 29.</emphasis>
Worker caste of 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F02CADFE74F964128CF96D" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[500,745,1666,1687]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mayaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="constricta">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F02CADFE74F964128CF96D" box="[500,745,1666,1687]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Mayaponera constricta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0249137, Ryan Perry and www.antweb.org); world distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F02CADFC24F9461440F94F" authorityName="Schmidt &amp; Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[932,1061,1696,1717]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mayaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F02CADFC24F9461440F94F" box="[932,1061,1696,1717]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Mayaponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F02CADFF47F93B15F9F8E3" blockId="143.[151,1436,1756,2033]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F02CADFF47F93B1172F90E" box="[199,279,1757,1780]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Queen.</emphasis>
Both alate and ergatoid queens are known for 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F02CADFCD7F9381397F90F" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[855,1010,1758,1781]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mayaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="constricta">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F02CADFCD7F9381397F90F" box="[855,1010,1758,1781]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">M. constricta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Ergatoids lack a deeply impressed metanotal groove and have a bulkier mesosoma than workers (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F02CADFCCEF8E6139CF8E3" author="Longino, J. T." box="[846,1017,1792,1817]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" refId="ref152255" refString="Longino, J. T. (2013) Ants of Costa Rica. Available from: http: // academic. evergreen. edu / projects / ants / AntsofCostaRica. html (accessed 10 November 2013)" type="url" year="2013">Longino, 2013</bibRefCitation>
). 
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6F02CADFB8BF8E61456F8E3" box="[1035,1075,1792,1817]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">See</collectingRegion>
also 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F02CADFBEDF8E615FDF8E3" author="Mackay, W. P. &amp; Mackay, E. E." box="[1133,1432,1792,1817]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" refId="ref152898" refString="Mackay, W. P. &amp; Mackay, E. E. (2010) The systematics and biology of the New World ants of the genus Pachycondyla (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Edwin Mellon Press, Lewiston, 642 pp." type="book" year="2010">Mackay &amp; Mackay (2010)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F02CADFF47F8C213B6F8C7" blockId="143.[151,1436,1756,2033]" box="[199,979,1828,1853]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F02CADFF47F8C2116DF8C7" box="[199,264,1828,1853]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Male.</emphasis>
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6F02CADFE8EF8C21153F8C7" box="[270,310,1828,1853]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">See</collectingRegion>
description in 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F02CADFE5EF8C2120FF8C7" author="Forel, A." box="[478,618,1828,1853]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" pagination="35 - 72" refId="ref142979" refString="Forel, A. (1908) Fourmis de Costa-Rica recoltees par M. Paul Biolley. Bulletin de la Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, 44, 35 - 72." type="journal article" year="1908">Forel (1908)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F02CADFD21F8C213ABF8C7" author="Mackay, W. P. &amp; Mackay, E. E." box="[673,974,1828,1853]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" refId="ref152898" refString="Mackay, W. P. &amp; Mackay, E. E. (2010) The systematics and biology of the New World ants of the genus Pachycondyla (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Edwin Mellon Press, Lewiston, 642 pp." type="book" year="2010">Mackay &amp; Mackay (2010)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F02CADFF47F8AF1356F89A" blockId="143.[151,1436,1756,2033]" box="[199,819,1864,1889]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F02CADFF47F8AF1174F89A" box="[199,273,1865,1888]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Larva.</emphasis>
Described by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F02CADFE33F8AE1285F89B" author="Wheeler, G. C. &amp; Wheeler, J." box="[435,736,1864,1889]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" pagination="604 - 672" refId="ref166964" refString="Wheeler, G. C. &amp; Wheeler, J. (1952) The ant larvae of the subfamily Ponerinae - Part II. American Midland Naturalist, 48, 604 - 672. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2422200" type="journal article" year="1952">Wheeler &amp; Wheeler (1952</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F02CADFD6BF8AE1341F89B" author="Wheeler, G. C. &amp; Wheeler, J." box="[747,804,1864,1889]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" pagination="41 - 64" refId="ref167213" refString="Wheeler, G. C. &amp; Wheeler, J. (1976) Supplementary studies on ant larvae: Ponerinae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 102, 41 - 64." type="journal article" year="1976">1976</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F02CADFF47F88A136CF853" blockId="143.[151,1436,1756,2033]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F02CADFF47F88A1194F87F" bold="true" box="[199,497,1900,1925]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Geographic distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F02CADFE7AF8881366F87F" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[506,771,1902,1925]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mayaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="constricta">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F02CADFE7AF8881366F87F" box="[506,771,1902,1925]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Mayaponera constricta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is widespread in the Neotropics from Central America to 
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6F02CADFF17F876108FF853" box="[151,234,1936,1961]" name="Bolivia" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
and southern 
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6F02CADFE07F87611AEF853" box="[391,459,1936,1961]" name="Brazil" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F02CADFE5AF8761298F853" author="Mackay, W. P. &amp; Mackay, E. E." box="[474,765,1936,1961]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" refId="ref152898" refString="Mackay, W. P. &amp; Mackay, E. E. (2010) The systematics and biology of the New World ants of the genus Pachycondyla (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Edwin Mellon Press, Lewiston, 642 pp." type="book" year="2010">Mackay &amp; Mackay, 2010</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6F02CB2FF47F85213B8FBEA" lastPageId="144" lastPageNumber="145" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F02CB2FF47F85211E0FDC6" blockId="143.[151,1436,1756,2033]" lastBlockId="144.[151,1437,151,1040]" lastPageId="144" lastPageNumber="145" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F02CADFF47F85211BCF837" bold="true" box="[199,473,1972,1997]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Ecology and behavior.</emphasis>
Very little is known about the habits of 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F02CADFC43F8501437F837" authorityName="Schmidt &amp; Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[963,1106,1974,1997]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mayaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F02CADFC43F8501437F837" box="[963,1106,1974,1997]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Mayaponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F02CADFBE4F85215F9F837" author="Mackay, W. P. &amp; Mackay, E. E." box="[1124,1436,1972,1997]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" refId="ref152898" refString="Mackay, W. P. &amp; Mackay, E. E. (2010) The systematics and biology of the New World ants of the genus Pachycondyla (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Edwin Mellon Press, Lewiston, 642 pp." type="book" year="2010">Mackay &amp; Mackay (2010)</bibRefCitation>
reviewed 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F02CADFE88F83F11C4F80A" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[264,417,2009,2032]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mayaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="constricta">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F02CADFE88F83F11C4F80A" box="[264,417,2009,2032]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">M. constricta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as part of their study of New World &quot; 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F02CADFCE7F83E1463F80B" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[871,1030,2008,2033]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F02CADFCE7F83E1463F80B" box="[871,1030,2008,2033]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot; while 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F02CADFBE4F83E157DF80B" author="Longino, J. T." box="[1124,1304,2008,2033]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" refId="ref152255" refString="Longino, J. T. (2013) Ants of Costa Rica. Available from: http: // academic. evergreen. edu / projects / ants / AntsofCostaRica. html (accessed 10 November 2013)" type="url" year="2013">Longino (2013)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F02CB2FAD6F83F1084FF4A" author="Baena, M. L." lastPageId="144" lastPageNumber="145" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" pagination="13 - 21" refId="ref132002" refString="Baena, M. L. (1993) Hormigas cazadoras del genero Pachycondyla (Hymenoptera; Ponerinae) de la Isla Gorgona y la planicie Pacifica Colombiana. Boletin del Museo de Entomologi'a de la Universidad del Valle, 1 (1), 13 - 21." type="journal article" year="1993">Baena (1993)</bibRefCitation>
summarized their observations on the species in 
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6EF2CB2FCADFF7113C8FF4A" box="[813,941,151,176]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6EF2CB2FC6CFF711438FF4A" box="[1004,1117,151,176]" name="Colombia" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Colombia</collectingCountry>
, respectively. The genus is common in a range of habitats from mature rainforests to cocoa plantations and other farm habitats, where it is frequently collected in leaf litter samples (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EF2CB2FD0BFF39135DFF02" author="Longino, J. T." box="[651,824,223,248]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" refId="ref152255" refString="Longino, J. T. (2013) Ants of Costa Rica. Available from: http: // academic. evergreen. edu / projects / ants / AntsofCostaRica. html (accessed 10 November 2013)" type="url" year="2013">Longino, 2013</bibRefCitation>
) and pitfall traps (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EF2CB2FB96FF391522FF02" author="Mackay, W. P. &amp; Mackay, E. E." box="[1046,1351,223,248]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" refId="ref152898" refString="Mackay, W. P. &amp; Mackay, E. E. (2010) The systematics and biology of the New World ants of the genus Pachycondyla (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Edwin Mellon Press, Lewiston, 642 pp." type="book" year="2010">Mackay &amp; Mackay, 2010</bibRefCitation>
). Nests usually occur in rotting wood but can also be found directly in soil (often under stones), and workers forage predominantly at night on and among leaf litter (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EF2CB2FD59FEC11308FEBA" author="Baena, M. L." box="[729,877,295,320]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" pagination="13 - 21" refId="ref132002" refString="Baena, M. L. (1993) Hormigas cazadoras del genero Pachycondyla (Hymenoptera; Ponerinae) de la Isla Gorgona y la planicie Pacifica Colombiana. Boletin del Museo de Entomologi'a de la Universidad del Valle, 1 (1), 13 - 21." type="journal article" year="1993">Baena, 1993</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EF2CB2FCFDFEC1144FFEBA" author="Longino, J. T." box="[893,1066,295,320]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" refId="ref152255" refString="Longino, J. T. (2013) Ants of Costa Rica. Available from: http: // academic. evergreen. edu / projects / ants / AntsofCostaRica. html (accessed 10 November 2013)" type="url" year="2013">Longino, 2013</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EF2CB2FBB9FEC11502FEBA" author="Mackay, W. P. &amp; Mackay, E. E." box="[1081,1383,295,320]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" refId="ref152898" refString="Mackay, W. P. &amp; Mackay, E. E. (2010) The systematics and biology of the New World ants of the genus Pachycondyla (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Edwin Mellon Press, Lewiston, 642 pp." type="book" year="2010">Mackay &amp; Mackay, 2010</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FAFDFECF1162FE9E" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1884" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mayaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="constricta">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FAFDFECF1162FE9E" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">M. constricta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
apparently uses tandem running to recruit nestmates to food sources (S. Levings, pers. comm. cited in 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EF2CB2FF17FE8911B5FE72" author="Holldobler, B. &amp; Wilson, E. O." box="[151,464,367,392]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" refId="ref146902" refString="Holldobler, B. &amp; Wilson, E. O. (1990) The ants. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., xii + 732 pp." type="book" year="1990">Hölldobler &amp; Wilson, 1990</bibRefCitation>
). Both alate and ergatoid queens occur (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EF2CB2FC14FE89145AFE72" author="Longino, J. T." box="[916,1087,367,392]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" refId="ref152255" refString="Longino, J. T. (2013) Ants of Costa Rica. Available from: http: // academic. evergreen. edu / projects / ants / AntsofCostaRica. html (accessed 10 November 2013)" type="url" year="2013">Longino, 2013</bibRefCitation>
), and reported colony sizes are small (up to 
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A6EF2CB2FEA9FE7211CEFE57" box="[297,427,404,429]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" type="worker">29 workers</specimenCount>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EF2CB2FE38FE721222FE57" author="Baena, M. L." box="[440,583,404,429]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" pagination="13 - 21" refId="ref132002" refString="Baena, M. L. (1993) Hormigas cazadoras del genero Pachycondyla (Hymenoptera; Ponerinae) de la Isla Gorgona y la planicie Pacifica Colombiana. Boletin del Museo de Entomologi'a de la Universidad del Valle, 1 (1), 13 - 21." type="journal article" year="1993">Baena, 1993</bibRefCitation>
) though nothing else is known about their reproductive or social behavior. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EF2CB2FF17FE5111C2FE2A" author="Orivel, J. &amp; Dejean, A." box="[151,423,439,464]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" pagination="195 - 201" refId="ref157656" refString="Orivel, J. &amp; Dejean, A. (2001) Comparative effect of the venoms of ants of the genus Pachycondyla (Hymenoptera: Ponerinae). Toxicon, 39 (2 - 3), 195 - 201. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0041 - 0101 (00) 00113 - 6" type="journal article" year="2001">Orivel &amp; Déjean (2001)</bibRefCitation>
measured the toxicity of 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FD4BFE5F1304FE35" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[715,865,440,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mayaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="constricta">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FD4BFE5F1304FE35" box="[715,865,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">M. constricta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
venom. Given that it holds a critical phylogenetic position in the midst of several taxa with highly derived characteristics, additional observations on the ecological and behavioral traits of 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FE32FDE71224FDE2" authorityName="Schmidt &amp; Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[434,577,513,536]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mayaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FE32FDE71224FDE2" box="[434,577,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Mayaponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
would be of great assistance in reconstructing character evolution in the 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FF17FDC21153FDC7" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[151,310,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FF17FDC21153FDC7" box="[151,310,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6EF2CB2FF47FDA113B8FBEA" blockId="144.[151,1437,151,1040]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FF47FDA112B8FD9A" bold="true" box="[199,733,583,608]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Phylogenetic and taxonomic considerations.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FD68FDAF1397FDA5" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[744,1010,584,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mayaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="constricta">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FD68FDAF1397FDA5" box="[744,1010,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Mayaponera constricta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(originally 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FBFEFDAF15F1FD9A" authority="Mayr" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1884" box="[1150,1428,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="constricta">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FBFEFDAF152EFDA5" box="[1150,1355,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Ponera constricta</emphasis>
Mayr
</taxonomicName>
) has traditionally been associated with the genus 
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FD48FD8B133EFD7E" box="[712,859,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FD48FD8B1332FD7E" box="[712,855,621,644]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mesoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mesoponera</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
in all of its iterations as a subgenus of 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FAADFD8B115EFD52" authority="(Emery, 1901)" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FAADFD8B15FEFD7E" box="[1325,1435,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Euponera</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EF2CB2FF1EFD691157FD52" author="Emery, C." box="[158,306,655,680]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" pagination="32 - 54" refId="ref141230" refString="Emery, C. (1901) Notes sur les sous-familles des Dorylines et Ponerines (Famille des Formicides). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 45, 32 - 54." type="journal article" year="1901">Emery, 1901</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, a full genus (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EF2CB2FE58FD691217FD52" author="Kempf, W. W." box="[472,626,655,680]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" pagination="3 - 344" refId="ref149316" refString="Kempf, W. W. (1972) Catalogo abreviado das formigas da regiao Neotropical. Studia Entomologica, 15, 3 - 344." type="journal article" year="1972">Kempf, 1972</bibRefCitation>
), or a junior synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FC0DFD69144EFD52" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[909,1067,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FC0DFD69144EFD52" box="[909,1067,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(W. L. Brown, in 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EF2CB2FB79FD6915F5FD52" author="Bolton, B." box="[1273,1424,655,680]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" refId="ref133404" refString="Bolton, B. (1995) A new general catalogue of the ants of the world. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 504 pp." type="book" year="1995">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6EF2CB2FB79FD69152DFD52" box="[1273,1352,655,680]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Bolton</collectingRegion>
, 1995
</bibRefCitation>
). This has presumably been based on the generalized structure and superficial similarities of 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FB4EFD53150DFD36" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1884" box="[1230,1384,693,716]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="constricta">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FB4EFD53150DFD36" box="[1230,1384,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">M. constricta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FF17FD3F1146FD0A" box="[151,291,729,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mesoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FF17FD3F1146FD0A" box="[151,291,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Mesoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. These taxa lack obvious autapomorphies and exhibit a suite of largely plesiomorphic characters, including weak sculpturing, moderate pilosity, triangular mandibles, medium-sized frontal lobes and eyes, a distinct metanotal groove, two metatibial spurs, and a squamiform petiole. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EF2CB2FC67FCF914C3FCC2" author="Schmidt, C." box="[999,1190,799,824]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt's (2013)</bibRefCitation>
molecular phylogeny clearly distances 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FEE9FCA31262FCA6" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1884" box="[361,519,837,860]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="constricta">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FEE9FCA31262FCA6" box="[361,519,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">M. constricta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FDDEFCA3128FFCA6" box="[606,746,837,860]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mesoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FDDEFCA3128FFCA6" box="[606,746,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Mesoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, instead reconstructing it as a novel lineage within the 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FF17FC811153FC7A" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[151,310,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FF17FC811153FC7A" box="[151,310,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group and sister to 
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FDA7FC8E133BFC7A" box="[551,862,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FDA7FC8E12D4FC85" box="[551,689,872,895]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dinoponera</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FD40FC81133BFC7A" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[704,862,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pachycondyla</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FC1DFC8F147CFC7A" box="[925,1049,873,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FC1DFC8F147CFC7A" box="[925,1049,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Neoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This result is also supported by morphology, as 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FED5FC6B1195FC5E" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1884" box="[341,496,909,932]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="constricta">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FED5FC6B1195FC5E" box="[341,496,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">M. constricta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has the complex metapleural gland orifice and prominent arolia typical of the 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FF17FC491153FC32" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[151,310,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FF17FC491153FC32" box="[151,310,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group, but has round propodeal spiracles in contrast to the apparently derived slit-shaped spiracles of the 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FF44FC33112EFC16" box="[196,331,981,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FF44FC33112EFC16" box="[196,331,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Dinoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FEF3FC321277FC17" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[371,530,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FEF3FC321277FC17" box="[371,530,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FDB9FC3312D3FC16" box="[569,694,981,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FDB9FC3312D3FC16" box="[569,694,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Neoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clade. Given the strength of this molecular and morphological evidence, we are erecting a new genus, 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FDD3FC1F1287FBEA" authorityName="Schmidt &amp; Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[595,738,1017,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mayaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FDD3FC1F1287FBEA" box="[595,738,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Mayaponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, to house this species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>