1784 lines
234 KiB
XML
1784 lines
234 KiB
XML
<document id="5E7A56741A83629D95A27D63664B04DF" ID-CLB-Dataset="5350" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d66f1b27-5891-4fa5-96e0-f75cb3ec2445" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10086256" ID-ZooBank="A3C10B34-7698-4C4D-94E5-DCF70B475603" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623272878632" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Schmidt, C. A. & Shattuck, S. O." docDate="2014" docId="03775906A6EF2CB7FF17FB121192F88A" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03817p242.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3817 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Neoponera Emery" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="150" masterDocId="FF4E217EA67F2C22FF80FFE61065FFFA" masterDocTitle="The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior" masterLastPageNumber="242" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="145" updateTime="1699920028738" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="470154EBC3E6F97BDA88EDD80F286029" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="066CD29AF3513905553204F86D26A876">
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<mods:title id="6432626F7DEB59BEE9F8A3AEA8E7FB23">The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="004CE42B38D8E83BDCEAA8EDC56C930F" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="8747747931B494BC92823A870C337535">Schmidt, C. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="DC28433705AA631E8BC0F5DF37894BCA" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="7958F2826D9A22265951C78FA6CBB51E">Shattuck, S. O.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="BFA2EB0EE2069F7201F9F3F400C56636">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="B696FBE2A0931BCCFB57E78B129D9532">
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<mods:title id="CEA2816D3B91D348A92E62BD75114DFF">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="AB41F8A42074C86E1CCD4A1F4BAF4F97">
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<mods:date id="393E686B5EBD51E60D98C467E04A831C">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="61680FEA2D0D4345EB13E6E82050E6FA">2014-06-18</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="273D5DA10947B7DDDD3566E0E83530F7" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="2FF5794F9801F5B1404F023A49AD2397">3817</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="1B4A949E21D96CE22E290FCAAE5CE0DC" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03775906A6EF2CB7FF17FB121192F88A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5117550" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183709910" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5117550" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03775906A6EF2CB7FF17FB121192F88A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03775906A6EF2CB7FF17FB121192F88A" lastPageId="149" lastPageNumber="150" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6EF2CB2FF17FB12111CFAF4" box="[151,377,1268,1294]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6EF2CB2FF17FB12111CFAF4" blockId="144.[151,377,1268,1327]" box="[151,377,1268,1294]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">
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<heading id="D0295F7CA6EF2CB2FF17FB12111CFAF4" bold="true" box="[151,377,1268,1294]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FF17FB12111CFAF4" authority="Emery" authorityName="Emery" box="[151,377,1268,1294]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FF17FB12111CFAF4" bold="true" box="[151,377,1268,1294]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FF17FB121179FAF4" bold="true" box="[151,284,1268,1294]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Neoponera</emphasis>
|
||
Emery
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6EF2CB2FF17FAF01083FAD5" box="[151,230,1302,1327]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6EF2CB2FF17FAF01083FAD5" blockId="144.[151,377,1268,1327]" box="[151,230,1302,1327]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">
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<figureCitation id="13E5F495A6EF2CB2FF17FAF01083FAD5" box="[151,230,1302,1327]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="145.[151,250,1964,1986]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,337,1931]" captionTargetId="figure-101@145.[151,1436,337,1943]" captionTargetPageId="145" captionText="FIGURE 30. Worker caste of Neoponera villosa: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0178188, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of Neoponera." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120880" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120880/files/figure.png" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Fig. 30</figureCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6EF2CB2FF17FABC110FF94F" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6EF2CB2FF17FABC15FEFA94" blockId="144.[151,1436,1369,1575]" box="[151,1435,1369,1391]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="ABCECF3EA6EF2CB2FF17FABC15FEFA94" box="[151,1435,1369,1391]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6EF2CB2FF17FABC11D0FA95" author="Emery, C." box="[151,437,1369,1391]" page="43" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" year="1901">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FF17FABC11D0FA95" authority="Emery, 1901: 43" authorityName="Emery" authorityPageNumber="43" authorityYear="1901" box="[151,437,1369,1391]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FF17FABC116DFA95" box="[151,264,1370,1391]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Neoponera</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EF2CB2FE8DFABC11D0FA95" author="Emery, C." box="[269,437,1369,1391]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" pagination="32 - 54" refId="ref141230" refString="Emery, C. (1901) Notes sur les sous-familles des Dorylines et Ponerines (Famille des Formicides). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 45, 32 - 54." type="journal article" year="1901">Emery, 1901: 43</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(as genus). Type-species:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6EF2CB2FD40FABC145EFA95" author="Fabricius, J. C." box="[704,1083,1369,1391]" page="409" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" year="1804">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FD40FABC145EFA95" authority="Fabricius, 1804: 409" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityPageNumber="409" authorityYear="1804" box="[704,1083,1369,1391]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="villosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FD40FABC1304FA95" box="[704,865,1369,1391]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Formica villosa</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EF2CB2FCE7FABF145EFA95" author="Fabricius, J. C." box="[871,1083,1369,1391]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" pagination="15 - 439" refId="ref141697" refString="Fabricius, J. C. (1804) Systema Piezatorum secundum ordines, genera, species, adjectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. C. Reichard, Brunswick, xiv + 15 - 439 + 30 pp." type="book chapter" year="1804">Fabricius, 1804: 409</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
; by original designation.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FABBFABF15FEFA94" bold="true" box="[1339,1435,1369,1391]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Gen. rev.</emphasis>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6EF2CB2FF17FA9F1419FA56" blockId="144.[151,1436,1369,1575]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="ABCECF3EA6EF2CB2FF17FA9F1419FA56" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FF17FA9F11B6FA74" authority="Forel, 1901b: 335" authorityName="Forel" authorityPageNumber="335" authorityYear="1901" box="[151,467,1400,1422]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eumecopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FF17FA9F117FFA74" box="[151,282,1401,1422]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Eumecopone</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6EF2CB2FE9FFA9E11B6FA74" author="Forel, A." box="[287,467,1400,1422]" page="335" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" year="1901">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EF2CB2FE9FFA9E11B6FA74" author="Forel, A." box="[287,467,1400,1422]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" pagination="334 - 382" refId="ref142885" refString="Forel, A. (1901 b) Varietes myrmecologiques. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 45, 334 - 382." type="journal article" year="1901">Forel, 1901b: 335</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as subgenus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FDFCFA9F1289FA74" box="[636,748,1401,1422]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FDFCFA9F1289FA74" box="[636,748,1401,1422]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Neoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Type-species:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6EF2CB2FC12FA9F15FDFA74" author="Forel, A." box="[914,1432,1400,1422]" page="336" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" year="1901">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FC12FA9F15FDFA74" authority="Forel, 1901 b: 336" authorityName="Forel" authorityPageNumber="336" authorityYear="1901" box="[914,1432,1400,1422]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="agilis" subGenus="Eumecopone">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FC12FA9F1466FA74" box="[914,1027,1401,1422]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Neoponera</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FB91FA9F14F1FA74" box="[1041,1172,1401,1422]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Eumecopone</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FB23FA9E14BEFA74" box="[1187,1243,1400,1422]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">agilis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EF2CB2FB61FA9E15FDFA74" author="Forel, A." box="[1249,1432,1400,1422]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" pagination="334 - 382" refId="ref142885" refString="Forel, A. (1901 b) Varietes myrmecologiques. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 45, 334 - 382." type="journal article" year="1901">Forel, 1901b: 336</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
; by monotypy.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6EF2CB2FED8FA711275FA56" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[344,528,1430,1452]" page="180" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" year="1973">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EF2CB2FED8FA711275FA56" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[344,528,1430,1452]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" pagination="161 - 185" refId="ref134603" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1973) A comparison of the Hylean and Congo-West African rain forest ant faunas. In: Meggers, B. J., Ayensu, E. S. & Duckworth, W. D. (Eds.), Tropical forest ecosystems in Africa and South America: a comparative review. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., pp. 161 - 185." type="book chapter" year="1973">Brown, 1973: 180</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FD9EFA7112C4FA56" box="[542,673,1431,1452]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eumecopone">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FD9EFA7112C4FA56" box="[542,673,1431,1452]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Eumecopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as provisional junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FC7CFA711409FA56" box="[1020,1132,1431,1452]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FC7CFA711409FA56" box="[1020,1132,1431,1452]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Neoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6EF2CB2FF17FA5013ECFA13" blockId="144.[151,1436,1369,1575]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FF17FA50122DFA31" authority="Wheeler, W. M., 1936: 159" authorityName="Wheeler, W. M." authorityPageNumber="159" authorityYear="1936" box="[151,584,1461,1483]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Termitopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FF17FA501173FA31" box="[151,278,1462,1483]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Termitopone</emphasis>
|
||
Wheeler, W.M., 1936: 159
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as genus). Type-species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FCF3FA501576FA31" authority="Smith, F., 1858: 98" authorityName="Smith, F." authorityPageNumber="98" authorityYear="1858" box="[883,1299,1461,1483]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevigata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FCF3FA50144CFA31" box="[883,1065,1461,1483]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Ponera laevigata</emphasis>
|
||
Smith, F., 1858: 98
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; by original designation.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FEC8FA3211A2FA13" box="[328,455,1492,1513]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Termitopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FEC8FA3211A2FA13" box="[328,455,1492,1513]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Termitopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FD2AFA32137FFA13" box="[682,794,1492,1513]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FD2AFA32137FFA13" box="[682,794,1492,1513]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Neoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FCA8FA3513ECFA13" bold="true" box="[808,905,1491,1514]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Syn. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6EF2CB2FF17FA14147BF9DC" blockId="144.[151,1436,1369,1575]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="ABCECF3EA6EF2CB2FF17FA14147BF9DC" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FF17FA14122FF9F2" authority="Wheeler, W. M., 1936: 169" authorityName="Wheeler, W. M." authorityPageNumber="169" authorityYear="1936" box="[151,586,1522,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Syntermitopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FF17FA141153F9F2" box="[151,310,1522,1544]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Syntermitopone</emphasis>
|
||
Wheeler, W.M., 1936: 169
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as subgenus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FD76FA151310F9F2" box="[758,885,1523,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Termitopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FD76FA151310F9F2" box="[758,885,1523,1544]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Termitopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Type-species:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6EF2CB2FB9DFA1515F2F9F2" author="Roger, J." box="[1053,1431,1522,1544]" page="311" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" year="1860">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FB9DFA1515F2F9F2" authority="Roger, 1860: 311" authorityName="Roger" authorityPageNumber="311" authorityYear="1860" box="[1053,1431,1522,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="commutata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FB9DFA1514BAF9F2" box="[1053,1247,1523,1544]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Ponera commutata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EF2CB2FB65FA1515F2F9F2" author="Roger, J." box="[1253,1431,1522,1544]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" pagination="278 - 312" refId="ref160894" refString="Roger, J. (1860) Die Ponera-artigen Ameisen. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 4, 278 - 312." type="journal article" year="1860">Roger, 1860: 311</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
; by original designation.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FE3DF9F71239F9DD" box="[445,604,1553,1575]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Syntermitopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FE3DF9F71239F9DD" box="[445,604,1553,1575]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Syntermitopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FCBFF9F413D5F9DD" box="[831,944,1554,1575]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FCBFF9F413D5F9DD" box="[831,944,1554,1575]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Neoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FC3CF9F6147BF9DC" bold="true" box="[956,1054,1552,1575]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Syn. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6EF2CB2FF17F9B3110FF94F" blockId="144.[151,1436,1620,2005]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FF17F9B31171F996" box="[151,276,1621,1644]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FF17F9B31171F996" box="[151,276,1621,1644]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Neoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a large (54 described species) Neotropical genus, and is one of the most morphologically and behaviorally diverse of all ponerine genera. Many
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FD52F99F132AF96A" box="[722,847,1657,1680]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FD52F99F132AF96A" box="[722,847,1657,1680]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Neoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are arboreal, and some species are specialized mass raiders of termites.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6EF2CB0FF47F9591571FBCF" lastPageId="146" lastPageNumber="147" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6EF2CB3FF47F959119FFEE6" blockId="144.[151,1436,1620,2005]" lastBlockId="145.[151,1436,151,285]" lastPageId="145" lastPageNumber="146" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FF47F9591124F922" bold="true" box="[199,321,1727,1752]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FEC8F92711A0F922" box="[328,453,1729,1752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FEC8F92711A0F922" box="[328,453,1729,1752]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Neoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is morphologically diverse. Its workers can be most readily identified by the following combination of characters: eyes relatively large and located at or near the midline of the head, metapleural gland orifice with a U-shaped posterior cuticular lip and lateral groove, arolia prominent, stridulitrum present on pretergite of A4, and hypopygium without a row of stout spines on either side of the sting. Many
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FB6AF8CB1502F8BE" box="[1258,1383,1837,1860]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FB6AF8CB1502F8BE" box="[1258,1383,1837,1860]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Neoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also have distinct preocular carinae. Members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FD49F8B71323F892" box="[713,838,1873,1896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FD49F8B71323F892" box="[713,838,1873,1896]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Neoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are superficially most similar to
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FB76F8A911AEF876" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FB76F8A915FDF892" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[1270,1432,1871,1896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pachycondyla</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FF17F893114CF876" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,297,1909,1932]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mayaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mayaponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FEB8F89311A2F876" box="[312,455,1909,1932]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mesoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mesoponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and perhaps
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FDECF893129EF876" box="[620,763,1909,1932]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Megaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FDECF893129EF876" box="[620,763,1909,1932]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Megaponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FC8CF89313ECF876" box="[780,905,1909,1932]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FC8CF89313ECF876" box="[780,905,1909,1932]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Neoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers differ most obviously from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FF17F8711153F84A" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[151,310,1943,1968]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FF17F8711153F84A" box="[151,310,1943,1968]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having prominent arolia, a stridulitrum on the pretergite of A4, and an unarmed hypopygium, and differ from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EF2CB2FEFAF85B126CF82E" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[378,521,1981,2004]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mayaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EF2CB2FEFAF85B126CF82E" box="[378,521,1981,2004]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Mayaponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having slit-shaped propodeal spiracles and at most only a shallowly impressed metanotal groove.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EE2CB3FEE9FF7F1258FF4A" box="[361,573,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EE2CB3FEE9FF7F1183FF4A" box="[361,486,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Neoponera</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with round propodeal spiracles (some members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EE2CB3FB28FF7F1579FF4A" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1902" box="[1192,1308,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="emiliae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EE2CB3FB28FF7F1579FF4A" box="[1192,1308,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">N. emiliae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group) can be separated from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EE2CB3FEE6FF5B1190FF2E" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[358,501,189,212]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mayaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EE2CB3FEE6FF5B1190FF2E" box="[358,501,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Mayaponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the triangular-shaped metasternal processes (the processes are narrow and fanglike in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EE2CB3FF75FF0711E1FF02" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[245,388,225,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mayaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EE2CB3FF75FF0711E1FF02" box="[245,388,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Mayaponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EE2CB3FE6AFF071213FF02" box="[490,630,225,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mesoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EE2CB3FE6AFF071213FF02" box="[490,630,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Mesoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EE2CB3FD3CFF07132EFF02" box="[700,843,225,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Megaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EE2CB3FD3CFF07132EFF02" box="[700,843,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Megaponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lack the complex metapleural gland orifice and prominent arolia of
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EE2CB3FEF6FEE3119FFEE6" box="[374,506,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EE2CB3FEF6FEE31193FEE6" box="[374,502,261,284]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neoponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DFA1B898A6EE2CB3FF17F84A144CF81B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120880" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120880" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120880/files/figure.png" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" startId="145.[151,250,1964,1986]" targetBox="[151,1436,337,1931]" targetPageId="145">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6EE2CB3FF17F84A144CF81B" blockId="145.[151,1436,1964,2017]" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EE2CB3FF17F84A114EF83B" bold="true" box="[151,299,1964,1986]" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">FIGURE 30.</emphasis>
|
||
Worker caste of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EE2CB3FD84F84B12ACF838" authorityName=": Dejean" authorityYear="1990" box="[516,713,1964,1986]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="villosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EE2CB3FD84F84B12ACF838" box="[516,713,1964,1986]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Neoponera villosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0178188, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EE2CB3FC33F82A1446F81B" box="[947,1059,1996,2017]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EE2CB3FC33F82A1446F81B" box="[947,1059,1996,2017]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Neoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6ED2CB0FF47FF7111D6FD0A" blockId="146.[151,1440,151,2013]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FF47FF7111A1FF4A" bold="true" box="[199,452,151,176]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">Synoptic description.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FE4CFF711247FF4A" box="[460,546,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">Worker.</emphasis>
|
||
Medium to large (TL
|
||
<quantity id="4C2645F5A6ED2CB0FCA1FF7113C6FF4A" box="[801,931,151,176]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.275" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="0.65" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" unit="mm" value="12.75" valueMax="19.0" valueMin="6.5">6.5–19 mm</quantity>
|
||
) slender ants with the standard characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FF17FF5A109FFF2F" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[151,250,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Usually monomorphic, but size polymorphic in
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FCAFFF5B1404FF2E" box="[815,1121,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FCAFFF5B13D8FF2F" box="[815,957,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevigata">N. laevigata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FC4BFF5B1404FF2E" baseAuthorityName="Leal & Oliveira" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[971,1121,189,212]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginata">N. marginata</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FB24FF5B1570FF2F" authorityName=": Yu & Davidson" authorityYear="1997" box="[1188,1301,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FB24FF5B1570FF2F" box="[1188,1301,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">N. luteola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Mandibles triangular, with numerous teeth on the masticatory margins and often with a faint basal groove. Anterior clypeal margin convex, sometimes emarginate or coming to a point medially. Frontal lobes of moderate size. Preocular carinae present (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FED6FECF1265FEBA" box="[342,512,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FED6FECF11B6FEBA" box="[342,467,297,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Neoponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2998979A6ED2CB0FE5DFECF1265FEBA" box="[477,512,297,320]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) or absent (“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FD1DFECE134FFEC5" box="[669,810,296,319]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Termitopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FD1DFECE134FFEC5" box="[669,810,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">Termitopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” and relatives). Eyes large to very large, placed at or anterior to head midline. Pronotum often with sharp humeral margins (rounded in “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FBD9FEAB1480FE9E" box="[1113,1253,333,356]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Termitopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FBD9FEAB1480FE9E" box="[1113,1253,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">Termitopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” and relatives). Mesopleuron often divided by a transverse groove, but sometimes undivided. Metanotal groove sometimes shallowly impressed but usually reduced to a simple suture. Propodeum moderately narrowed dorsally and often with shallowly ridged posterior margins. Propodeal spiracles slit-shaped in most species, round in a few (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FA07FE5F1091FE0E" authorityName="Willey & Brown" authorityYear="1983" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myopias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="concava">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FA07FE5F1091FE0E" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">P. concava</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FE82FE3B110AFE0F" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1902" box="[258,367,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="emiliae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FE82FE3B110AFE0F" box="[258,367,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">P. emiliae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FEFEFE3B118AFE0F" baseAuthorityName="Mackay & Mackay" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[382,495,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schultzi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FEFEFE3B118AFE0F" box="[382,495,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">P. schultzi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FE7DFE3B120BFE0E" authorityName="Bolton & Fisher" authorityYear="2011" box="[509,622,477,500]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FE7DFE3B120BFE0E" box="[509,622,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">P. venusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Metapleural gland orifice with a U-shaped posterior cuticular lip and a lateral groove. Metatibial spur formula (1s, 1p). Arolia prominent. Petiole nodiform but highly variable, in
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FF17FDC31125FDC6" box="[151,320,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FF17FDC31171FDC6" box="[151,276,549,572]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Neoponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2998979A6ED2CB0FE9CFDC31125FDC6" box="[284,320,549,572]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
the node usually with a vertical or sloped anterior face and a sloping posterodorsal face, the two faces meeting along a sharp edge; the node is more rounded in
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FC02FDAE144BFDA5" box="[898,1070,584,607]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FC09FDAE1440FDA5" box="[905,1061,584,607]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Termitopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Termitopone</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and its relatives. Gaster with a strong to moderate girdling constriction between pre- and postsclerites of A4. Stridulitrum present on pretergite of A4. Head and body usually finely punctate, sometimes striate, pruinose, or smooth and shiny (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FB60FD7615EEFD5D" box="[1248,1419,656,679]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">
|
||
”
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FB68FD7615E1FD5D" box="[1256,1412,656,679]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Termitopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Termitopone</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
). Head and body with sparse to scattered pilosity, and with absent (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FC02FD52144BFD31" box="[898,1070,692,715]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">
|
||
”
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FC0AFD521443FD31" box="[906,1062,692,715]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Termitopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Termitopone</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) to abundant pubescence. Color variable, orange to black.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6ED2CB0FF47FD1A12E5FCCD" blockId="146.[151,1440,151,2013]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FF47FD1A1172FCE9" box="[199,279,764,787]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">Queen.</emphasis>
|
||
Very similar to worker but winged, slightly larger, and with ocelli and the modifications of the mesosoma typical of alate ponerine queens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6ED2CB0FF47FCA212ADFC7A" blockId="146.[151,1440,151,2013]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FF47FCA2116DFCA7" box="[199,264,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">Male.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6ED2CB0FE90FCA2115DFCA7" box="[272,312,836,861]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">See</collectingRegion>
|
||
descriptions for individual species in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6ED2CB0FD70FCA213E4FCA7" author="Forel, A." box="[752,897,836,861]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref142729" refString="Forel, A. (1899) Formicidae. [part]. Biologia Centrali-Americana Hym, 3, 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="1899">Forel (1899)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6ED2CB0FC0FFCA2145FFCA7" author="Santschi, F." box="[911,1082,836,861]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" pagination="81 - 103" refId="ref161277" refString="Santschi, F. (1921) Ponerinae, Dorylinae et quelques autres formicides neotropiques. Bulletin de la Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, 54, 81 - 103." type="journal article" year="1921">Santschi (1921</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6ED2CB0FBC8FCA214E6FCA7" author="Santschi, F." box="[1096,1155,836,861]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" pagination="245 - 273" refId="ref161308" refString="Santschi, F. (1923) Solenopsis et autres fourmis neotropicales. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 30, 245 - 273." type="journal article" year="1923">1923</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Wheeler (1925, 1936),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6ED2CB0FF17FC811105FC7A" author="Borgmeier, T." box="[151,352,871,896]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" pagination="309 - 319" refId="ref134023" refString="Borgmeier, T. (1959) Myrmecologische Studien. II. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 31, 309 - 319." type="journal article" year="1959">Borgmeier (1959)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6ED2CB0FE16FC8112A6FC7A" author="Mackay, W. P. & Mackay, E. E." box="[406,707,871,896]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" refId="ref152898" refString="Mackay, W. P. & Mackay, E. E. (2010) The systematics and biology of the New World ants of the genus Pachycondyla (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Edwin Mellon Press, Lewiston, 642 pp." type="book" year="2010">Mackay & Mackay (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6ED2CB0FF47FC6B119DFC32" blockId="146.[151,1440,151,2013]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FF47FC6B1174FC5E" box="[199,273,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">Larva.</emphasis>
|
||
Described for individual species by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6ED2CB0FD2AFC6A13B3FC5F" author="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J." box="[682,982,908,933]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" pagination="604 - 672" refId="ref166964" refString="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. (1952) The ant larvae of the subfamily Ponerinae - Part II. American Midland Naturalist, 48, 604 - 672. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2422200" type="journal article" year="1952">Wheeler & Wheeler (1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6ED2CB0FC61FC6A144DFC5F" author="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J." box="[993,1064,908,933]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" pagination="1197 - 1217" refId="ref167087" refString="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. (1971 a) Ant larvae of the subfamily Ponerinae: second supplement. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 6, 64, 1197 - 1217." type="journal article" year="1971">1971a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6ED2CB0FBB3FC6A140AFC5F" author="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J." box="[1075,1135,908,933]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" pagination="278 - 281" refId="ref167170" refString="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. (1974) Ant larvae of the subfamily Ponerinae: third supplement (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 76, 278 - 281." type="journal article" year="1974">1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6ED2CB0FB02FC6A15F9FC5F" author="Petralia, R. S. & Vinson, S. B." box="[1154,1436,908,933]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" pagination="375 - 394" refId="ref160007" refString="Petralia, R. S. & Vinson, S. B. (1980) Comparative anatomy of the ventral region of ant larvae, and its relation to feeding behavior. Psyche (Camb.), 86, 375 - 394." type="journal article" year="1980">Petralia & Vinson (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6ED2CB0FF46FC491196FC32" author="Mackay, W. P. & Mackay, E. E." box="[198,499,943,968]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" refId="ref152898" refString="Mackay, W. P. & Mackay, E. E. (2010) The systematics and biology of the New World ants of the genus Pachycondyla (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Edwin Mellon Press, Lewiston, 642 pp." type="book" year="2010">Mackay & Mackay (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6ED2CB0FF47FC321571FBCF" blockId="146.[151,1440,151,2013]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FF47FC321196FC17" bold="true" box="[199,499,980,1005]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">Geographic distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FE7EFC33121EFC16" box="[510,635,981,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FE7EFC33121EFC16" box="[510,635,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">Neoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a strictly Neotropical genus and ranges from southern Texas and northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6ED2CB0FF7DFC111137FBEA" box="[253,338,1015,1040]" name="Mexico" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
to northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6ED2CB0FE5DFC111229FBEA" box="[477,588,1015,1040]" name="Argentina" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
and southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6ED2CB0FD6CFC111356FBEA" box="[748,819,1015,1040]" name="Brazil" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, with some species spanning virtually that entire range and others with more restricted distributions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6ED2CB0FD15FBFA1342FBCF" author="Emery, C." box="[661,807,1052,1077]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" pagination="1 - 125" refId="ref141346" refString="Emery, C. (1911) Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae. Genera Insectorum, 118, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1911">Emery, 1911</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6ED2CB0FCB3FBFA13BEFBCF" author="Longino, J. T." box="[819,987,1052,1077]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" refId="ref152255" refString="Longino, J. T. (2013) Ants of Costa Rica. Available from: http: // academic. evergreen. edu / projects / ants / AntsofCostaRica. html (accessed 10 November 2013)" type="url" year="2013">Longino, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6ED2CB0FC67FBFA156DFBCF" author="Mackay, W. P. & Mackay, E. E." box="[999,1288,1052,1077]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" refId="ref152898" refString="Mackay, W. P. & Mackay, E. E. (2010) The systematics and biology of the New World ants of the genus Pachycondyla (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Edwin Mellon Press, Lewiston, 642 pp." type="book" year="2010">Mackay & Mackay, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6ED2CB7FF47FBD91192F88A" lastPageId="149" lastPageNumber="150" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6ED2CB0FF47FBD911F1FB3F" blockId="146.[151,1440,151,2013]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FF47FBD911BDFBA2" bold="true" box="[199,472,1087,1112]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">Ecology and behavior.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FE63FBA71205FBA2" box="[483,608,1089,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FE63FBA71205FBA2" box="[483,608,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">Neoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is among the most behaviorally diverse of all ponerine genera. While relatively little is known about most members of the genus, certain species groups (especially the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FB77FB831516FB87" authorityName=": Fresneau & Dupuy" authorityYear="1988" box="[1271,1395,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FB77FB831516FB87" box="[1271,1395,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">N. apicalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FA02FB831163FB5A" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FA02FB831167FB5A" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevigata">N. laevigata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FEBFFB6F11C9FB5A" authorityName=": Dejean" authorityYear="1990" box="[319,428,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="villosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FEBFFB6F11C9FB5A" box="[319,428,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">N. villosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
groups) have been heavily studied and have become model systems for studies of social and foraging behavior.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6ED2CB0FF47FB29109FFA3A" blockId="146.[151,1440,151,2013]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">
|
||
Phylogenetic evidence suggests that the ancestral
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FD75FB371317FB12" box="[757,882,1233,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FD75FB371317FB12" box="[757,882,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">Neoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was an epigeic generalist predator and scavenger that foraged on the ground (see discussion of phylogenetic relationships within
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FBAEFB1314D7FAF6" box="[1070,1202,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FBAEFB1314C8FAF6" box="[1070,1197,1269,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neoponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
below). This is still apparently the pattern followed by those
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FDDFFAFF1356FACA" box="[607,819,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FDDFFAFF12B9FACA" box="[607,732,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">Neoponera</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
formerly placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FB8EFAFF14FFFACA" box="[1038,1178,1305,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mesoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FB8EFAFF14FFFACA" box="[1038,1178,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">Mesoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FA82FAFF15F0FACA" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[1282,1429,1305,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aenescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FA82FAFF15F0FACA" box="[1282,1429,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">N. aenescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6ED2CB0FF17FADA115AFAAF" author="Longino, J. T." box="[151,319,1340,1365]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" refId="ref152255" refString="Longino, J. T. (2013) Ants of Costa Rica. Available from: http: // academic. evergreen. edu / projects / ants / AntsofCostaRica. html (accessed 10 November 2013)" type="url" year="2013">Longino, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), as well as members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FDF8FADB1295FAAF" authorityName=": Fresneau & Dupuy" authorityYear="1988" box="[632,752,1340,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FDF8FADB1295FAAF" box="[632,752,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">N. apicalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group (see below). From this ancestral condition two major deviations occurred: the ancestor of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FD32FA871358FA82" box="[690,829,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevigata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FD32FA871358FA82" box="[690,829,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">N. laevigata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group became a specialized mass raider of termites, while the ancestor of most members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FDEEFA63128EFA66" box="[622,747,1413,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FDEEFA63128EFA66" box="[622,747,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">Neoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FD7FFA631347FA66" box="[767,802,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">s.s.</emphasis>
|
||
) took the unusual step among ponerines of becoming arboreal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6ED2CB0FF47FA2A12B1F88A" blockId="146.[151,1440,151,2013]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">
|
||
Colonies of most
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FE10FA2B1203FA1F" box="[400,614,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FE10FA2B1268FA1E" box="[400,525,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">Neoponera</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are small, with typically fewer than
|
||
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A6ED2CB0FB88FA2A14F1FA1F" box="[1032,1172,1484,1509]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" type="worker">200 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FB5DFA2B11F9F9F2" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FB5DFA2B1513FA1F" baseAuthorityName="Roger" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[1245,1398,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinulata">N. carinulata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FA02FA2B108BF9F2" authorityName=": Wild" authorityYear="2002" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crenata">N. crenata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FF7AFA1711FDF9F2" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[250,408,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lineaticeps">N. lineaticeps</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FE54FA171343F9F2" authority=": Longino, 2013" authorityName=": Longino" authorityYear="2013" box="[468,806,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="unidentata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FE54FA171208F9F2" box="[468,621,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">N. unidentata</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6ED2CB0FDFDFA091343F9F2" author="Longino, J. T." box="[637,806,1519,1544]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" refId="ref152255" refString="Longino, J. T. (2013) Ants of Costa Rica. Available from: http: // academic. evergreen. edu / projects / ants / AntsofCostaRica. html (accessed 10 November 2013)" type="url" year="2013">Longino, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FCB2FA1713C8F9F2" authorityName=": Fresneau & Dupuy" authorityYear="1988" box="[818,941,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FCB2FA1713C8F9F2" box="[818,941,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">N. apicalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6ED2CB0FBDEFA161568F9F2" author="Fresneau, D." box="[1118,1293,1519,1544]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" pagination="109 - 116" refId="ref143588" refString="Fresneau, D. (1985) Individual foraging and path fidelity in a ponerine ant. Insectes Sociaux, 32 (2), 109 - 116. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 02224226" type="journal article" year="1985">Fresneau, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6ED2CB0FA99FA161155F9D7" author="Fresneau, D. & Dupuy, P." pageId="146" pageNumber="147" pagination="1389 - 1399" refId="ref143630" refString="Fresneau, D. & Dupuy, P. (1988) A study of polyethism in a ponerine ant: Neoponera apicalis (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Animal Behaviour, 36, 1389 - 1399. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0003 - 3472 (88) 80209 - 4" type="journal article" year="1988">Fresneau & Dupuy, 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6ED2CB0FEC1F9F2122AF9D7" author="Dussmann, O. & Peeters, C. & Holldobler, B." box="[321,591,1556,1581]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" pagination="421 - 425" refId="ref140261" refString="Dussmann, O., Peeters, C. & Holldobler, B. (1996) Morphology and reproductive behaviour of intercastes in the ponerine ant Pachycondyla obscuricornis. Insectes Sociaux, 43, 421 - 425. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01258414" type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Düssmann
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FE43F9F31264F9D7" box="[451,513,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6ED2CB0FDE0F9F2132EF9D7" author="Gobin, B. & Heinze, J. & Stratz, M. & Roces, F." box="[608,843,1556,1581]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" pagination="747 - 752" refId="ref143987" refString="Gobin, B., Heinze, J., Stratz, M. & Roces, F. (2003 a) The energetic cost of reproductive conflicts in the ant Pachycondyla obscuricornis. Journal of Insect Physiology, 49, 747 - 752. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0022 - 1910 (03) 00111 - 2" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Gobin
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FD32F9F31295F9D7" box="[690,752,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2003a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FCDCF9F313A8F9D7" authorityName=": Dejean" authorityYear="1990" box="[860,973,1556,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="villosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FCDCF9F313A8F9D7" box="[860,973,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">N. villosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6ED2CB0FB0BF9F215F4F9D7" author="D'Ettorre, P. & Tofilski, A. & Heinze, J. & Ranieks, F. L. W." box="[1163,1425,1556,1581]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" pagination="136 - 140" refId="ref139087" refString="D'Ettorre, P., Tofilski, A., Heinze, J. & Ranieks, F. L. W. (2006) Non-transferable signals on ant queen eggs. Naturwissenschaften, 93, 136 - 140. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00114 - 005 - 0075 - 9" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
D’Ettorre
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FA83F9F31524F9D7" box="[1283,1345,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Exceptions include
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FEF5F9DF1180F9AA" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1912" box="[373,485,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="goeldii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FEF5F9DF1180F9AA" box="[373,485,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">N. goeldii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whose colonies can have at least
|
||
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A6ED2CB0FCEAF9D11393F9AA" box="[874,1014,1591,1616]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" type="worker">500 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6ED2CB0FB86F9D114B1F9AA" author="Denis, D. & Pezon, A. & Fresneau, D." box="[1030,1236,1591,1616]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" pagination="289 - 295" refId="ref138802" refString="Denis, D., Pezon, A. & Fresneau, D. (2007) Reproductive allocation in multinest colonies of the ponerine ant Pachycondyla goeldii. Ecological Entomology, 32, 289 - 295. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.2007.00873. x" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Denis
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FBD0F9DF14EFF9AA" box="[1104,1162,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FA92F9DF15F9F9AA" box="[1298,1436,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevigata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FA92F9DF15F9F9AA" box="[1298,1436,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">N. laevigata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group, which have colony sizes of up to at least 1,800 workers (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6ED2CB0FC32F9BA14C8F98F" author="Leal, I. R. & Oliveira, P. S." box="[946,1197,1628,1653]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" pagination="373 - 383" refId="ref150429" refString="Leal, I. R. & Oliveira, P. S. (1995) Behavioral ecology of the neotropical termite-hunting ant Pachycondyla (= Termitopone) marginata: colony founding, group-raiding and migratory patterns. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 37, 373 - 383. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00170584" type="journal article" year="1995">Leal & Oliveira, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6ED2CB0FB39F9BA1504F98F" author="Longino, J. T." box="[1209,1377,1628,1653]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" refId="ref152255" refString="Longino, J. T. (2013) Ants of Costa Rica. Available from: http: // academic. evergreen. edu / projects / ants / AntsofCostaRica. html (accessed 10 November 2013)" type="url" year="2013">Longino, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FF17F9671163F962" authorityName=": Yu & Davidson" authorityYear="1997" box="[151,262,1663,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FF17F9671163F962" box="[151,262,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">N. luteola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which reportedly has colonies with tens or hundreds of thousands of workers (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6ED2CB0FB11F99915F5F962" author="Yu, D. W. & Davidson, D. W." box="[1169,1424,1663,1688]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" pagination="273 - 294" refId="ref169647" refString="Yu, D. W. & Davidson, D. W. (1997) Experimental studies of species-specificity in Cecropia - ant relationships. Ecological Monographs, 67 (3), 273 - 294. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2963456" type="journal article" year="1997">Yu & Davidson, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). An interesting behavior observed in some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FD09F9431304F947" box="[649,865,1700,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FD09F9431363F946" box="[649,774,1701,1724]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">Neoponera</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the collection of drops of water or honeydew between the mandibles (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FE2DF92F11B9F91A" box="[429,476,1737,1760]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">e.g.,</emphasis>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FD84F92F13D7F91A" authority=": Fresneau & Dupuy, 1988" authorityName=": Fresneau & Dupuy" authorityYear="1988" box="[516,946,1735,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FD84F92F121BF91A" box="[516,638,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">N. apicalis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6ED2CB0FD0FF92E13D7F91A" author="Fresneau, D. & Dupuy, P." box="[655,946,1735,1760]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" pagination="1389 - 1399" refId="ref143630" refString="Fresneau, D. & Dupuy, P. (1988) A study of polyethism in a ponerine ant: Neoponera apicalis (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Animal Behaviour, 36, 1389 - 1399. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0003 - 3472 (88) 80209 - 4" type="journal article" year="1988">Fresneau & Dupuy, 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FC47F92F1450F91A" authorityName=": Dejean" authorityYear="1990" box="[967,1077,1735,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="villosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FC47F92F1450F91A" box="[967,1077,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">N. villosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers collect drops of liquid between their mandibles and act as “social buckets” by distributing the liquid to their nestmates (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6ED2CB0FAA8F90A112CF8D2" author="Dejean, A. & Corbara, B." pageId="146" pageNumber="147" pagination="117 - 124" refId="ref137490" refString="Dejean, A. & Corbara, B. (1990 b) Glucidic food for the larvae of Pachycondyla villosa (Formicidae, Ponerinae). Biology of Behavior, 15 (3 - 4), 117 - 124." type="journal article" year="1990">Déjean & Corbara, 1990b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6ED2CB0FED5F8E912E8F8D2" author="Holldobler, B. & Wilson, E. O." box="[341,653,1807,1832]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" refId="ref146902" refString="Holldobler, B. & Wilson, E. O. (1990) The ants. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., xii + 732 pp." type="book" year="1990">Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6ED2CB0FD18F8E9131AF8D2" author="Paul, J. & Roces, F." box="[664,895,1807,1832]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" pagination="347 - 357" refId="ref158596" refString="Paul, J. & Roces, F. (2003) Fluid intake rates in ants correlate with their feeding habits. Journal of Insect Physiology, 49, 347 - 357. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0022 - 1910 (03) 00019 - 2" type="journal article" year="2003">Paul & Roces, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); some of the liquid may be used to control nest humidity (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6ED2CB0FE8CF8D2122CF8B7" author="Holldobler, B. & Wilson, E. O." box="[268,585,1844,1869]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" refId="ref146902" refString="Holldobler, B. & Wilson, E. O. (1990) The ants. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., xii + 732 pp." type="book" year="1990">Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The ants use their mandibles as an external crop, to compensate for their lack of proper structures for internal liquid storage.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6ED2CB1FF47F89A118AFD9A" blockId="146.[151,1440,151,2013]" lastBlockId="147.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="147" lastPageNumber="148" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">
|
||
Among those
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FEE6F89B125EF86F" box="[358,571,1916,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FEE6F89B1186F86E" box="[358,483,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">Neoponera</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that are terrestrial generalist predators and scavengers, only the members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FF40F847115DF843" authorityName=": Fresneau & Dupuy" authorityYear="1988" box="[192,312,1952,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FF40F847115DF843" box="[192,312,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">N. apicalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FE69F847134FF843" box="[489,810,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FE69F8471201F843" authorityName=": Fresneau & Dupuy" authorityYear="1988" box="[489,612,1952,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">N. apicalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FDF0F8471343F843" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[624,806,1952,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscuricornis">N obscuricornis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FCE0F84713BDF842" authorityName=": Traniello & Holldobler" authorityYear="1984" box="[864,984,1953,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verenae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FCE0F84713BDF842" box="[864,984,1953,1976]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">N. verenae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) have been heavily studied, though they are behaviorally quite derived and should not necessarily be considered typical of terrestrial generalist
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6ED2CB0FA98F82315F1F826" box="[1304,1428,1989,2012]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6ED2CB0FA98F82315F1F826" box="[1304,1428,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">Neoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EC2CB1FF4BFF7F1123FF4A" authorityName=": Fresneau & Dupuy" authorityYear="1988" box="[203,326,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FF4BFF7F1123FF4A" box="[203,326,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">N. apicalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group was revised by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FD26FF711357FF4A" author="Wild, A. L." box="[678,818,151,176]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref168316" refString="Wild, A. L. (2005) Taxonomic revision of the Pachycondyla apicalis species complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 834, 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="2005">Wild (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who provided a good summary of the habits of these species and noted that most published studies on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EC2CB1FD3AFF5B1311FF2F" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[698,884,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscuricornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FD3AFF5B1311FF2F" box="[698,884,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">N. obscuricornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
actually involved
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EC2CB1FBC3FF5B14DFFF2E" authorityName=": Traniello & Holldobler" authorityYear="1984" box="[1091,1210,189,212]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verenae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FBC3FF5B14DFFF2E" box="[1091,1210,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">N. verenae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Individual workers forage diurnally among leaf litter or on low vegetation for live and dead insects, vertebrate carcasses, fruit, and nectar sources, and look and behave similarly to pompilid wasps (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FCFAFEE2144FFEE7" author="Fresneau, D." box="[890,1066,260,285]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="109 - 116" refId="ref143588" refString="Fresneau, D. (1985) Individual foraging and path fidelity in a ponerine ant. Insectes Sociaux, 32 (2), 109 - 116. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 02224226" type="journal article" year="1985">Fresneau, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FBB6FEE21537FEE7" author="Fresneau, D. & Dupuy, P." box="[1078,1362,260,285]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="1389 - 1399" refId="ref143630" refString="Fresneau, D. & Dupuy, P. (1988) A study of polyethism in a ponerine ant: Neoponera apicalis (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Animal Behaviour, 36, 1389 - 1399. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0003 - 3472 (88) 80209 - 4" type="journal article" year="1988">Fresneau & Dupuy, 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FADEFEE210B6FEBA" author="Wild, A. L." pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref168276" refString="Wild, A. L. (2002) The genus Pachycondyla (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Paraguay. Boletin del MuseoNacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay, 14 (1 - 2), 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="2002">Wild, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FF60FEC111C6FEBA" author="Sujii, E. R. & Garcia, M. A. & Fontes, E. M. G. & O'Neil, R. J." box="[224,419,295,320]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="607 - 609" refId="ref163493" refString="Sujii, E. R., Garcia, M. A., Fontes, E. M. G. & O'Neil, R. J. (2004) Pachycondyla obscuricornis as natural enemy of the spittlebug Deois flavopicta. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira, 39 (6), 607 - 609. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 0100 - 204 x 2004000600014" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Sujii
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FE9DFECF113DFEBA" box="[285,344,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FE31FEC11239FEBA" author="Longino, J. T." box="[433,604,295,320]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" refId="ref152255" refString="Longino, J. T. (2013) Ants of Costa Rica. Available from: http: // academic. evergreen. edu / projects / ants / AntsofCostaRica. html (accessed 10 November 2013)" type="url" year="2013">Longino, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The foraging behavior of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EC2CB1FC19FECF1471FEBA" authorityName=": Fresneau & Dupuy" authorityYear="1988" box="[921,1044,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FC19FECF1471FEBA" box="[921,1044,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">N. apicalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was studied in detail by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FAB7FECE1086FE9F" author="Fresneau, D." pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="109 - 116" refId="ref143588" refString="Fresneau, D. (1985) Individual foraging and path fidelity in a ponerine ant. Insectes Sociaux, 32 (2), 109 - 116. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 02224226" type="journal article" year="1985">Fresneau (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and modeled by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FE2AFEAA1213FE9F" author="Goss, S. & Fresneau, D. & Deneubourg, J. L. & Lachaud, J. - P. & Valenzuela-Gonzalez, J." box="[426,630,332,357]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="65 - 69" refId="ref144306" refString="Goss, S., Fresneau, D., Deneubourg, J. L., Lachaud, J. - P. & Valenzuela-Gonzalez, J. (1989) Individual foraging in the ant Pachycondyla apicalis. Oecologia, 80, 65 - 69. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00789933" type="journal article" year="1989">
|
||
Goss
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FE69FEAB1247FE9F" box="[489,546,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1989)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Computer scientists have used models of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EC2CB1FBD3FEAB14A9FE9F" authorityName=": Fresneau & Dupuy" authorityYear="1988" box="[1107,1228,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FBD3FEAB14A9FE9F" box="[1107,1228,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">N. apicalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
foraging behavior to develop highly efficient search algorithms for complex problems in computer science (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FB19FE9714A4FE72" box="[1177,1217,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FB4BFE8910B6FE57" author="Monmarche, N. & Venturini, G. & Slimane, M." pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="937 - 946" refId="ref155770" refString="Monmarche, N., Venturini, G. & Slimane, M. (2000) On how Pachycondyla apicalis ants suggest a new search algorithm. Future Generation Computer Systems, 16, 937 - 946. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0167 - 739 x (00) 00047 - 9" type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
Monmarché
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FADBFE9715F0FE72" box="[1371,1429,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FF5EFE7211C6FE57" author="Wang, D. & Ip, W. H." box="[222,419,404,429]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="951 - 959" refId="ref166290" refString="Wang, D. & Ip, W. H. (2005) Ant search based control optimisation strategy for a class of chaotic system. International Journal of Systems Science, 36 (15), 951 - 959. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00207720500327444" type="journal article" year="2005">Wang & Ip, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FE2FFE7212F2FE57" author="Admane, L. & Benatchba, K. & Koudil, M. & Siad, L. & Maziz, S." box="[431,663,404,429]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="16 - 28" refId="ref130641" refString="Admane, L., Benatchba, K., Koudil, M., Siad, L. & Maziz, S. (2006) AntPart: an algorithm for the unsupervised classification problem using ants. Applied Mathematics and Computation 180, 16 - 28. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. amc. 2005.11.130" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Admane
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FD95FE731228FE57" box="[533,589,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FD22FE721300FE57" author="Luh, G. - C. & Lin, C. - Y." box="[674,869,404,429]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="365 - 379" refId="ref152664" refString="Luh, G. - C. & Lin, C. - Y. (2008) Optimal design of truss structures using ant algorithm. Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, 36, 365 - 379. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00158 - 007 - 0175 - 6" type="journal article" year="2008">Luh & Lin, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FCF8FE7214A4FE57" author="Duelli, P. & Duelli-Klein, R." box="[888,1217,404,429]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="409 - 420" refId="ref139964" refString="Duelli, P. & Duelli-Klein, R. (1976) Field studies on homing ability in South American ants. Studia Entomologica, 19, 409 - 420." type="journal article" year="1976">Duelli & Duelli-Klein (1976)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EC2CB1FF38FE5F114BFE2A" authorityName=": Traniello & Holldobler" authorityYear="1984" box="[184,302,441,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verenae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FF38FE5F114BFE2A" box="[184,302,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">P. verenae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can navigate using patterns of polarization of sunlight. Members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EC2CB1FBFAFE5F1493FE2A" authorityName=": Fresneau & Dupuy" authorityYear="1988" box="[1146,1270,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FBFAFE5F1493FE2A" box="[1146,1270,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">N. apicalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group construct small nests in rotting wood or soil (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FD11FE3A13B8FE0F" author="Traniello, J. F. A. & Holldobler, B." box="[657,989,476,501]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="783 - 794" refId="ref164681" refString="Traniello, J. F. A. & Holldobler, B. (1984) Chemical communication during tandem running in Pachycondyla obscuricornis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Chemical Ecology, 10 (5), 783 - 794." type="journal article" year="1984">Traniello & Hölldobler, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FC69FE3A1563FE0F" author="Fresneau, D. & Dupuy, P." box="[1001,1286,476,501]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="1389 - 1399" refId="ref143630" refString="Fresneau, D. & Dupuy, P. (1988) A study of polyethism in a ponerine ant: Neoponera apicalis (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Animal Behaviour, 36, 1389 - 1399. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0003 - 3472 (88) 80209 - 4" type="journal article" year="1988">Fresneau & Dupuy, 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FA92FE3A10B6FDE2" author="Pezon, A. & Denis, D. & Cerdan, P. & Valenzuela, J. & Fresneau, D." pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="35 - 39" refId="ref160052" refString="Pezon, A., Denis, D., Cerdan, P., Valenzuela, J. & Fresneau, D. (2005) Queen movement during colony emigration in the facultatively polygynous ant Pachycondyla obscuricornis. Naturwissenschaften, 92, 35 - 39. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00114 - 004 - 0583 - z" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Pezon
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FADDFE3B15F0FE0F" box="[1373,1429,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FF62FE191100FDE2" author="Wild, A. L." box="[226,357,511,536]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref168276" refString="Wild, A. L. (2002) The genus Pachycondyla (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Paraguay. Boletin del MuseoNacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay, 14 (1 - 2), 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="2002">Wild, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FEF4FE1911D4FDE2" author="Wild, A. L." box="[372,433,511,536]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref168316" refString="Wild, A. L. (2005) Taxonomic revision of the Pachycondyla apicalis species complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 834, 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="2005">2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Colonies emigrate frequently to new nest sites via tandem running (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FB64FE1915FDFDE2" author="Fresneau, D." box="[1252,1432,511,536]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="109 - 116" refId="ref143588" refString="Fresneau, D. (1985) Individual foraging and path fidelity in a ponerine ant. Insectes Sociaux, 32 (2), 109 - 116. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 02224226" type="journal article" year="1985">Fresneau, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FF17FDC2110BFDC7" author="Pezon, A. & Denis, D. & Cerdan, P. & Valenzuela, J. & Fresneau, D." box="[151,366,548,573]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="35 - 39" refId="ref160052" refString="Pezon, A., Denis, D., Cerdan, P., Valenzuela, J. & Fresneau, D. (2005) Queen movement during colony emigration in the facultatively polygynous ant Pachycondyla obscuricornis. Naturwissenschaften, 92, 35 - 39. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00114 - 004 - 0583 - z" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Pezon
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FF65FDC31144FDC7" box="[229,289,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which is mediated by a pheromone produced in the pygidial gland (studied in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EC2CB1FA99FDC31187FD9A" authority=": Traniello & Holldobler, 1984" authorityName=": Traniello & Holldobler" authorityYear="1984" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verenae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FA99FDC315F1FDC6" box="[1305,1428,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">N. verenae</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FF17FDA11187FD9A" author="Traniello, J. F. A. & Holldobler, B." box="[151,482,583,608]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="783 - 794" refId="ref164681" refString="Traniello, J. F. A. & Holldobler, B. (1984) Chemical communication during tandem running in Pachycondyla obscuricornis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Chemical Ecology, 10 (5), 783 - 794." type="journal article" year="1984">Traniello & Hölldobler, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6EC2CB1FF47FD8A1562FC17" blockId="147.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">
|
||
The reproductive and social behaviors of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EC2CB1FD54FD8B1335FD7F" authorityName=": Fresneau & Dupuy" authorityYear="1988" box="[724,848,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FD54FD8B1335FD7F" box="[724,848,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">N. apicalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group have been extensively studied. Colonies are facultatively polygynous (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EC2CB1FE42FD771310FD52" authority=": Fresneau & Dupuy, 1988" authorityName=": Fresneau & Dupuy" authorityYear="1988" box="[450,885,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FE42FD77125AFD52" box="[450,575,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">N. apicalis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FDD0FD761310FD52" author="Fresneau, D. & Dupuy, P." box="[592,885,655,680]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="1389 - 1399" refId="ref143630" refString="Fresneau, D. & Dupuy, P. (1988) A study of polyethism in a ponerine ant: Neoponera apicalis (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Animal Behaviour, 36, 1389 - 1399. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0003 - 3472 (88) 80209 - 4" type="journal article" year="1988">Fresneau & Dupuy, 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EC2CB1FC04FD771504FD52" authority=": Traniello & Holldobler, 1984" authorityName=": Traniello & Holldobler" authorityYear="1984" box="[900,1377,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verenae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FC04FD77139BFD52" box="[900,1022,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">N. verenae</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FB90FD691504FD52" author="Traniello, J. F. A. & Holldobler, B." box="[1040,1377,655,680]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="783 - 794" refId="ref164681" refString="Traniello, J. F. A. & Holldobler, B. (1984) Chemical communication during tandem running in Pachycondyla obscuricornis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Chemical Ecology, 10 (5), 783 - 794." type="journal article" year="1984">Traniello & Hölldobler, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and may include intercaste queens which both mate and lay eggs (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EC2CB1FC0CFD531541FD37" authority=": Dussman et al., 1996" authorityName="Dussman" authorityYear="1996" box="[908,1316,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verenae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FC0CFD53146EFD36" box="[908,1035,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">N. verenae</emphasis>
|
||
: Düssman
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FB15FD5314B1FD37" box="[1173,1236,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1996
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Workers apparently are unable to mate and in queenright colonies will usually only lay trophic eggs (queens largely suppress worker reproduction), but in queenless nests workers will lay haploid eggs (Düssman
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FA8BFD1B152CFCEF" box="[1291,1353,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1996;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FF17FCF911B4FCC2" author="Dietemann, V. & Peeters, C." box="[151,465,799,824]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="223 - 228" refId="ref139279" refString="Dietemann, V. & Peeters, C. (2000) Queen influence on the shift from trophic to reproductive eggs laid by workers of the ponerine ant Pachycondyla apicalis. Insectes Sociaux, 47, 223 - 228. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / pl 00001707" type="journal article" year="2000">Dietemann & Peeters, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Workers form dominance hierarchies in both queenright and queenless colonies, with the highest ranked individuals dominating the egg laying (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FCC0FCA214E8FCA7" author="Oliveira, P. S. & Holldobler, B." box="[832,1165,836,861]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="385 - 393" refId="ref157366" refString="Oliveira, P. S. & Holldobler, B. (1990) Dominance orders in the ponerine ant Pachycondyla apicalis (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 27, 385 - 393. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00164064" type="journal article" year="1990">Oliveira & Hölldobler, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FB1CFCA214B2FCA7" author="Oliveira, P. S. & Holldobler, B." box="[1180,1239,836,861]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="215 - 226" refId="ref157418" refString="Oliveira, P. S. & Holldobler, B. (1991) Agonistic interactions and reproductive dominance in Pachycondyla obscuricornis (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Psyche (Camb.), 98, 215 - 226. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 1991 / 64635" type="journal article" year="1991">1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Düssman
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FAD9FCA315F0FCA7" box="[1369,1429,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1996;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FF62FC8111AEFC7A" author="Gobin, B. & Heinze, J. & Stratz, M. & Roces, F." box="[226,459,871,896]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="747 - 752" refId="ref143987" refString="Gobin, B., Heinze, J., Stratz, M. & Roces, F. (2003 a) The energetic cost of reproductive conflicts in the ant Pachycondyla obscuricornis. Journal of Insect Physiology, 49, 747 - 752. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0022 - 1910 (03) 00111 - 2" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Gobin
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FEB3FC8F1115FC7A" box="[307,368,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2003a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FE62FC8112B7FC7A" author="Gobin, B. & Heinze, J. & Stratz, M. & Roces, F." box="[482,722,871,896]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="747 - 752" refId="ref143987" refString="Gobin, B., Heinze, J., Stratz, M. & Roces, F. (2003 a) The energetic cost of reproductive conflicts in the ant Pachycondyla obscuricornis. Journal of Insect Physiology, 49, 747 - 752. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0022 - 1910 (03) 00111 - 2" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Gobin
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FDB3FC8F1215FC7A" box="[563,624,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2003a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that such dominance interactions impose a significant energetic cost on the colony. Ovarian development in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EC2CB1FD6FFC6B1302FC5E" box="[751,871,909,932]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verenae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FD6FFC6B1302FC5E" box="[751,871,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">N. verenae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers and queens is related to their social status (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FF1EFC491130FC32" author="Fresneau, D." box="[158,341,943,968]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="387 - 402" refId="ref143536" refString="Fresneau, D. (1984) Developpement ovarien et status social chez une fourmi primitive Neoponera obscuricornis Emery (Hym. Formicidae, Ponerinae). Insectes Sociaux, 31 (4), 387 - 402. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 02223655" type="journal article" year="1984">Fresneau, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The division of labor among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EC2CB1FD4FFC571328FC32" authorityName=": Fresneau & Dupuy" authorityYear="1988" box="[719,845,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FD4FFC571328FC32" box="[719,845,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">N. apicalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers is similar to that of most ants, with the exception that queens engage in colony work to an unusually high degree (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FC5BFC32149FFC17" author="Fresneau, D. & Dupuy, P." box="[987,1274,980,1005]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="1389 - 1399" refId="ref143630" refString="Fresneau, D. & Dupuy, P. (1988) A study of polyethism in a ponerine ant: Neoponera apicalis (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Animal Behaviour, 36, 1389 - 1399. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0003 - 3472 (88) 80209 - 4" type="journal article" year="1988">Fresneau & Dupuy, 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6EC2CB1FF47FC1114C8FB39" blockId="147.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">
|
||
Several studies have examined the structure and secretions of glands in members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EC2CB1FB45FC1F1524FBEA" authorityName=": Fresneau & Dupuy" authorityYear="1988" box="[1221,1345,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FB45FC1F1524FBEA" box="[1221,1345,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">N. apicalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group, including the labial glands (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EC2CB1FDB1FBFB1470FBCF" authority=": Lommelen et al., 2002" authorityName="Lommelen" authorityYear="2002" box="[561,1045,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verenae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FDB1FBFB12C8FBCE" box="[561,685,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">N. verenae</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FD3FFBFA13AEFBCF" author="Lommelen, E. & Schoeters, E. & Billen, J." box="[703,971,1052,1077]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="61 - 68" refId="ref151657" refString="Lommelen, E., Schoeters, E. & Billen, J. (2002) Ultrastructure of the labial gland in the ant Pachycondyla obscuricornis (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Netherlands Journal of Zoology, 52 (1), 61 - 68. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 156854202760405186" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Lommelen
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FCC3FBFB131BFBCF" box="[835,894,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FC59FBFA1470FBCF" author="Lommelen, E. & Schoeters, E. & Billen, J." box="[985,1045,1052,1077]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="209 - 217" refId="ref151716" refString="Lommelen, E., Schoeters, E. & Billen, J. (2003) Development of the labial gland of the ponerine ant Pachycondyla obscuricornis (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) during the pupal stage. Arthropod Structure and Development, 32, 209 - 217. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / s 1467 - 8039 (03) 00052 - 5" type="journal article" year="2003">2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Dufour’s and venom glands (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EC2CB1FA02FBFB1192FBA2" authority=": Schmidt et al., 1984" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1984" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FA02FBFB1095FBA2" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">N. apicalis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FE83FBD91192FBA2" author="Schmidt, J. O. & Blum, M. S. & Overal, W. L." box="[259,503,1087,1112]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="155 - 160" refId="ref161798" refString="Schmidt, J. O., Blum, M. S. & Overal, W. L. (1984) Hemolytic activities of stinging insect venoms. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, 1, 155 - 160. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / arch. 940010205" type="journal article" year="1984">
|
||
Schmidt
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FEEDFBA711CFFBA2" box="[365,426,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1984
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FD88FBA61347FBA2" author="Lopez, L. C. & Morgan, E. D." box="[520,802,1087,1112]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="705 - 712" refId="ref152294" refString="Lopez, L. C. & Morgan, E. D. (1997) Explanation of bitter taste of venom of ponerine ant, Pachycondyla apicalis. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 23 (3), 705 - 712. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1023 / b: joec. 0000006405.26872. ef" type="journal article" year="1997">Lopez & Morgan, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EC2CB1FCB4FBA714D0FBA2" authority=": Morgan et al., 2003" authorityName="Morgan" authorityYear="2003" box="[820,1205,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verenae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FCB4FBA713D4FBA2" box="[820,945,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">N. verenae</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FC45FBA614D0FBA2" author="Morgan, E. D. & Jungnickel, H. & Keegans, S. J. & do Nascimento, R. R. & Billen, J. & Gobin, B. & Ito, F." box="[965,1205,1087,1112]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="95 - 114" refId="ref156304" refString="Morgan, E. D., Jungnickel, H., Keegans, S. J., do Nascimento, R. R., Billen, J., Gobin, B. & Ito, F. (2003) Comparative survey of abdominal gland secretions of the ant subfamily Ponerinae. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 29 (1), 95 - 114. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1023 / a: 1021928630441" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Morgan
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FBA9FBA71403FBA2" box="[1065,1126,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), metapleural gland (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FF1EFB82127BFB87" author="Holldobler, B. & Engel-Siegel, H." box="[158,542,1124,1149]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="201 - 224" refId="ref146647" refString="Holldobler, B. & Engel-Siegel, H. (1994) On the metapleural gland of ants. Psyche (Camb.), 91 (3 / 4), 201 - 224." type="journal article" year="1994">Hölldobler & Engel-Siegel, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), postpharyngeal gland and cuticular hydrocarbons (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EC2CB1FBF5FB83117DFB5A" authority="Soroker et al., 1998" authorityName="Soroker" authorityYear="1998" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FBF5FB831494FB87" box="[1141,1265,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">N. apicalis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FB79FB8210B7FB5A" author="Soroker, V. & Fresneau, D. & Hefetz, A." pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="1077 - 1090" refId="ref163114" refString="Soroker, V., Fresneau, D. & Hefetz, A. (1998) Formation of colony odor in ponerine ant Pachycondyla apicalis. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 24 (6), 1077 - 1090." type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
Soroker
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FADBFB8315F0FB87" box="[1371,1429,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1998
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FF5DFB61117DFB5A" author="Soroker, V. & Lucas, C. & Simon, T. & Fresneau, D. & Durand, J. L. & Hefetz, A." box="[221,280,1159,1184]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="212 - 217" refId="ref163155" refString="Soroker, V., Lucas, C., Simon, T., Fresneau, D., Durand, J. L. & Hefetz, A. (2003) Hydrocarbon distribution and colony odour homogenisation in Pachycondyla apicalis. Insectes Sociaux, 50, 212 - 217. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00040 - 003 - 0669 - 1" type="journal article" year="2003">2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FEA5FB61119FFB5A" author="Hefetz, A. & Soroker, V. & Dahbi, A. & Malherbe, M. C. & Fresneau, D." box="[293,506,1159,1184]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="17 - 24" refId="ref146002" refString="Hefetz, A., Soroker, V., Dahbi, A., Malherbe, M. C. & Fresneau, D. (2001) The front basitarsal brush in Pachycondyla apicalis and its role in hydrocarbon circulation. Chemoecology, 11, 17 - 24. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / pl 00001827" type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Hefetz
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FEF7FB6F11D5FB5A" box="[375,432,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and mandibular gland (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EC2CB1FC94FB6F14E5FB5A" authority=": Morgan et al., 1999" authorityName="Morgan" authorityYear="1999" box="[788,1152,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verenae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FC94FB6F13EBFB5A" box="[788,910,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">N. verenae</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FC1DFB6E14E5FB5A" author="Morgan, E. D. & do Nascimento, R. R. & Keegans, S. J. & Billen, J." box="[925,1152,1159,1184]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="1395 - 1409" refId="ref156388" refString="Morgan, E. D., do Nascimento, R. R., Keegans, S. J. & Billen, J. (1999) Comparative study of mandibular gland secretions of workers of ponerine ants. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 25 (6), 1395 - 1409. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1023 / a: 1020987028163" type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Morgan
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FC7CFB6F1450FB5A" box="[1020,1077,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FB14FB611509FB5A" author="Giovannotti, M." box="[1172,1388,1159,1184]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="157 - 165" refId="ref143954" refString="Giovannotti, M. (1996) The stridulatory organ of five Ponerinae species: a SEM study (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Fragmenta Entomologica, 28, 157 - 165." type="journal article" year="1996">Giovannotti (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FF17FB4A1109FB3F" author="Pavan, G. & Priano, M. & de Carli, P. & Fanfani, A. & Giovannotti, M." box="[151,364,1196,1221]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="209 - 221" refId="ref158651" refString="Pavan, G., Priano, M., de Carli, P., Fanfani, A. & Giovannotti, M. (1997) Stridulatory organ and ultrasonic emission in certain species of ponerine ants (genus: Ectatomma and Pachycondyla, Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Bioacoustics, 8, 209 - 221. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 09524622.1997.9753363" type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
Pavan
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FF62FB4B117EFB3F" box="[226,283,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1997)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
studied the structure and acoustics of the stridulatory organ in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EC2CB1FBACFB4B14C3FB3F" box="[1068,1190,1196,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FBACFB4B14C3FB3F" box="[1068,1190,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">N. apicalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6EC2CB1FF47FB2914E3F9D7" blockId="147.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">
|
||
Species related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EC2CB1FE12FB371269FB12" box="[402,524,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FE12FB371269FB12" box="[402,524,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">N. apicalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were used to explore the role of acoustics in the speciation process.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FA85FB291084FAF7" author="Ferreira, R. S. & Poteaux, C. & Delabie, J. H. C. & Fresneau, D. & Rybak, F." pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="15363" refId="ref141932" refString="Ferreira, R. S., Poteaux, C., Delabie, J. H. C., Fresneau, D. & Rybak, F. (2010) Stridulations reveal cryptic speciation in Neotropical sympatric Ants. PloS ONE, 5 (12), e 15363. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0015363" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Ferreira
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FAE4FB3715F9FB12" box="[1380,1436,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2010)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that what had been considered to be a single species actually consisted of several distinct but cryptic species. A close examination of the stridulatory organ, both morphologically and acoustically, revealed that each of the identified morphs within “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EC2CB1FE72FADB120BFAAF" box="[498,622,1340,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FE72FADB120BFAAF" box="[498,622,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">N. apicalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” possessed a distinct morphology and that all sympatric morphs made distinctive sounds. The differentiation observed in the stridulatory organs were the result of both worker size and intrinsic features of the organ and the distinct acoustic signals produced were the result of differences in both organ morphology and the behaviour of the ants.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FDF8FA411304FA3A" author="Ferreira, R. S. & Poteaux, C. & Delabie, J. H. C. & Fresneau, D. & Rybak, F." box="[632,865,1447,1472]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="15363" refId="ref141932" refString="Ferreira, R. S., Poteaux, C., Delabie, J. H. C., Fresneau, D. & Rybak, F. (2010) Stridulations reveal cryptic speciation in Neotropical sympatric Ants. PloS ONE, 5 (12), e 15363. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0015363" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Ferreira
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FD58FA4F1375FA3A" box="[728,784,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2010)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also found that divergence in acoustic signals only occurred among sympatric morphs and that in cases where morphs were allopatric their signals were similar. They conclude that the acoustic signals may be the result of inter-specific competitive interactions and that this character system is a useful tool in identifying and diagnosing complexes of closely related species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6EC2CB1FF47F9D115F9F86F" blockId="147.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">
|
||
Excepting the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EC2CB1FEE9F9DF1186F9AA" box="[361,483,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FEE9F9DF1186F9AA" box="[361,483,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">N. apicalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, most species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EC2CB1FD6EF9DF130EF9AA" box="[750,875,1593,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FD6EF9DF130EF9AA" box="[750,875,1593,1616]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">Neoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FCFCF9DF13FAF9AA" box="[892,927,1593,1616]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">s.s.</emphasis>
|
||
) are arboreal, nesting in dead branches, stem internodes, among epiphytes, or in other suitable microhabitats in trees, and primarily foraging arboreally (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FACBF9BB151FF98E" box="[1355,1402,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">e.g.,</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EC2CB1FA02F9BB11EDF962" authority=": Wild, 2002" authorityName=": Wild" authorityYear="2002" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crenata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FA02F9BB108EF962" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">N. crenata</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FE81F99911EDF962" author="Wild, A. L." box="[257,392,1663,1688]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref168276" refString="Wild, A. L. (2002) The genus Pachycondyla (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Paraguay. Boletin del MuseoNacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay, 14 (1 - 2), 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="2002">Wild, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FE19F999122DF962" author="Longino, J. T." box="[409,584,1663,1688]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" refId="ref152255" refString="Longino, J. T. (2013) Ants of Costa Rica. Available from: http: // academic. evergreen. edu / projects / ants / AntsofCostaRica. html (accessed 10 November 2013)" type="url" year="2013">Longino, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FDDAF967148DF962" box="[602,1256,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EC2CB1FDDAF96712B7F962" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[602,722,1663,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="foetida">N. foetida</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EC2CB1FD64F96713E2F962" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[740,903,1663,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lineaticeps">N. lineaticeps</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EC2CB1FC19F9671427F962" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[921,1090,1663,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="striatinodis">N. striatinodis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EC2CB1FBD4F9671481F962" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[1108,1252,1663,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="theresiae">N. theresiae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EC2CB1FB75F9671127F947" authority=": Longino, 2013" authorityName=": Longino" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="unidentata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FB75F96715F1F962" box="[1269,1428,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">N. unidentata</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FF17F9421127F947" author="Longino, J. T." box="[151,322,1700,1725]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" refId="ref152255" refString="Longino, J. T. (2013) Ants of Costa Rica. Available from: http: // academic. evergreen. edu / projects / ants / AntsofCostaRica. html (accessed 10 November 2013)" type="url" year="2013">Longino, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EC2CB1FED1F94311A6F947" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1912" box="[337,451,1700,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="goeldii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FED1F94311A6F947" box="[337,451,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">N. goeldii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: see below;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EC2CB1FDDAF9431460F947" authority=": Davidson & Fisher, 1991" authorityName=": Davidson & Fisher" authorityYear="1991" box="[602,1029,1700,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FDDAF94312AEF947" box="[602,715,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">N. luteola</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FD5EF9421460F947" author="Davidson, D. W. & Fisher, B. F." box="[734,1029,1700,1725]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="289 - 309" refId="ref136845" refString="Davidson, D. W. & Fisher, B. F. (1991) Symbiosis of ants with Cecropia as a function of light regime. In: Huxley, C. R. & Cutler, D. F. (Eds.), Ant-plant Interactions. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 289 - 309." type="book chapter" year="1991">Davidson & Fisher, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FB95F9421573F947" author="Yu, D. W. & Davidson, D. W." box="[1045,1302,1700,1725]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="273 - 294" refId="ref169647" refString="Yu, D. W. & Davidson, D. W. (1997) Experimental studies of species-specificity in Cecropia - ant relationships. Ecological Monographs, 67 (3), 273 - 294. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2963456" type="journal article" year="1997">Yu & Davidson, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EC2CB1FAA5F943114AF91A" authority=": Dejean, 1990" authorityName=": Dejean" authorityYear="1990" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="villosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FAA5F94315F1F947" box="[1317,1428,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">N. villosa</emphasis>
|
||
: Déjean, 1990
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FEBAF9211274F91A" author="Heinze, J. & Trunzer, B. & Oliveira, P. S. & Holldobler, B." box="[314,529,1735,1760]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="441 - 450" refId="ref146179" refString="Heinze, J., Trunzer, B., Oliveira, P. S. & Holldobler, B. (1996) Regulation of reproduction in the neotropical ponerine ant, Pachycondyla villosa. Journal of Insect Behavior, 9 (3), 441 - 450. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 02214021" type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Heinze
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FE10F92F11ADF91A" box="[400,456,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FD9CF9211352F91A" author="Dejean, A. & Olmsted, I." box="[540,823,1735,1760]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="1313 - 1334" refId="ref138058" refString="Dejean, A. & Olmsted, I. (1997) Ecological studies on Aechmea bracteata (Swartz) (Bromeliaceae). Journal of Natural History, 31, 1313 - 1334. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939700770741" type="journal article" year="1997">Déjean & Olmsted, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FCC2F92E1444F91A" author="Trunzer, B. & Heinze, J. & Holldobler, B." box="[834,1057,1735,1760]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="1093 - 1105" refId="ref164842" refString="Trunzer, B., Heinze, J. & Holldobler, B. (1999) Social status and reproductive success in queenless ant colonies. Behaviour, 136, 1093 - 1105. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 156853999501775" type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Trunzer
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FC20F92F13BDF91A" box="[928,984,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FBACF92114C9F91A" author="Wild, A. L." box="[1068,1196,1735,1760]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref168276" refString="Wild, A. L. (2002) The genus Pachycondyla (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Paraguay. Boletin del MuseoNacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay, 14 (1 - 2), 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="2002">Wild, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FB37F92110B6F8FF" author="D'Ettorre, P. & Heinze, J." pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="2170 - 2174" refId="ref138858" refString="D'Ettorre, P. & Heinze, J. (2005) Individual recognition in ant queens. Current Biology, 15, 2170 - 2174. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cub. 2005.10.067" type="journal article" year="2005">D’Ettorre & Heinze, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FF5DF90A11E3F8FF" author="Longino, J. T." box="[221,390,1772,1797]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" refId="ref152255" refString="Longino, J. T. (2013) Ants of Costa Rica. Available from: http: // academic. evergreen. edu / projects / ants / AntsofCostaRica. html (accessed 10 November 2013)" type="url" year="2013">Longino, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; multiple species frequently collected in trees:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FC12F90A140CF8FF" author="Morini, M. S. C. & Kamazuka, N. & Leung, R. & Suguituru, S. S. & da Silva, L. F." box="[914,1129,1772,1797]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="433 - 444" refId="ref156457" refString="Morini, M. S. C., Kamazuka, N., Leung, R., Suguituru, S. S. & da Silva, L. F. (2006) Ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Magnoliophyta native to the Atlantic forest. Sociobiology, 47 (2), 433 - 444." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Morini
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FC67F90B147AF8FF" box="[999,1055,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In at least some cases, the relationships between arboreal
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EC2CB1FD86F8F71285F8D2" box="[518,736,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FD86F8F712E6F8D2" box="[518,643,1809,1832]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">Neoponera</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and their host trees seem to be mutualistic, with the ants effectively defending their hosts from herbivores and the ants in return receiving nest sites and food from extrafloral nectaries and Müllerian bodies (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FD16F8BF1323F88A" box="[662,838,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">
|
||
e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EC2CB1FD52F8BF1323F88A" authorityName=": Davidson & Fisher" authorityYear="1991" box="[722,838,1879,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteola">N. luteola</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EC2CB1FCF4F8BE146EF895" box="[884,1035,1880,1903]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Cecropia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FCF4F8BE13BEF895" box="[884,987,1880,1903]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">Cecropia</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FB9CF8B1152CF88A" author="Davidson, D. W. & Fisher, B. F." box="[1052,1353,1879,1904]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="289 - 309" refId="ref136845" refString="Davidson, D. W. & Fisher, B. F. (1991) Symbiosis of ants with Cecropia as a function of light regime. In: Huxley, C. R. & Cutler, D. F. (Eds.), Ant-plant Interactions. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 289 - 309." type="book chapter" year="1991">Davidson & Fisher, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FADBF8BE1129F86F" author="Yu, D. W. & Davidson, D. W." pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="273 - 294" refId="ref169647" refString="Yu, D. W. & Davidson, D. W. (1997) Experimental studies of species-specificity in Cecropia - ant relationships. Ecological Monographs, 67 (3), 273 - 294. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2963456" type="journal article" year="1997">Yu & Davidson, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EC2CB1FED7F89B11A6F86F" authorityName=": Dejean" authorityYear="1990" box="[343,451,1916,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="villosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FED7F89B11A6F86F" box="[343,451,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">N. villosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in various host species:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FD55F89A139DF86F" author="Dejean, A. & Corbara, B." box="[725,1016,1916,1941]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="271 - 286" refId="ref137450" refString="Dejean, A. & Corbara, B. (1990 a) Predatory behavior of a Neotropical arboricolous ant - Pachycondyla villosa (Formicidae, Ponerinae). Sociobiology, 17 (2), 271 - 286." type="journal article" year="1990">Déjean & Corbara, 1990a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FB83F89A14BFF86F" author="Dejean, A. & Olmsted, I. & Camal, J. F." box="[1027,1242,1916,1941]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="57 - 76" refId="ref138105" refString="Dejean, A., Olmsted, I. & Camal, J. F. (1992) Interaction between Atta cephalotes and arboreal ants in the Biosphere reserve Sian Ka'an (Quintana Roo, Mexico): efficient protection of the trees (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Sociobiology, 20 (1), 57 - 76." type="journal article" year="1992">
|
||
Déjean
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FBD9F89B14F7F86F" box="[1113,1170,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1992
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FB66F89A15F5F86F" author="Longino, J. T." box="[1254,1424,1916,1941]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" refId="ref152255" refString="Longino, J. T. (2013) Ants of Costa Rica. Available from: http: // academic. evergreen. edu / projects / ants / AntsofCostaRica. html (accessed 10 November 2013)" type="url" year="2013">Longino, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6EC2CB6FF47F847114EFE2A" blockId="147.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="148.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="148" lastPageNumber="149" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EC2CB1FF47F8471150F843" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1912" box="[199,309,1952,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="goeldii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FF47F8471150F843" box="[199,309,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">N. goeldii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is an interesting arboreal species which colonizes disturbed areas, encourages the growth of certain epiphytes, and then nests in the resulting ant-gardens (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FC81F822146EF827" author="Orivel, J. & Dejean, A." box="[769,1035,1988,2013]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="51 - 55" refId="ref157560" refString="Orivel, J. & Dejean, A. (1999) Selection of epiphyte seeds by ant-garden ants. Ecoscience, 6 (1), 51 - 55." type="journal article" year="1999">Orivel & Déjean, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FB98F82214CAF827" author="Marini, O. J." box="[1048,1199,1988,2013]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="289 - 296" refId="ref153307" refString="Marini, O. J. (1999) Distribution, composition, and dispersal of ant gardens and tending ants in three kinds of central Amazonian habitats. Tropical Zoology, 12 (2), 289 - 296. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 03946975.1999.10539395" type="journal article" year="1999">Marini, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EC2CB1FB3CF82215F2F827" author="Dejean, A. & Corbara, B. & Orivel, J. & Snelling, R. R. & Delabie, J. H. C. & Belin-Depoux, M." box="[1212,1431,1988,2013]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="425 - 439" refId="ref137648" refString="Dejean, A., Corbara, B., Orivel, J., Snelling, R. R., Delabie, J. H. C. & Belin-Depoux, M. (2000) The importance of ant gardens in the pioneer vegetal formations of French Guiana (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology, 35 (3), 425 - 439." type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
Déjean
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EC2CB1FA93F8231528F827" box="[1299,1357,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB6FF17FF7111C2FF4A" author="Orivel, J. & Dejean, A." box="[151,423,151,176]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" pagination="705 - 715" refId="ref157591" refString="Orivel, J. & Dejean, A. (2000) Myrmecophily in Hesperiidae. The case of Vettius tertianus in ant gardens. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Serie III-Sciences de la vie-Life Sciences, 323, 705 - 715. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0764 - 4469 (00) 01216 - 6" type="journal article" year="2000">Orivel & Déjean, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB6FE37FF7112FEFF4A" author="Denis, D. & Orivel, J. & Hora, R. R. & Chameron, S. & Fresneau, D." box="[439,667,151,176]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" pagination="279 - 291" refId="ref138584" refString="Denis, D., Orivel, J., Hora, R. R., Chameron, S. & Fresneau, D. (2006 a) First record of polydomy in a monogynous ponerine ant: a means to allow emigration between Pachycondyla goeldii nests. Journal of Insect Behavior, 19 (3), 279 - 291. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10905 - 006 - 9024 - 5" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Denis
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FD83FF7F1225FF4A" box="[515,576,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2006a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A single monogynous colony will occupy several such gardens, clustered within a small area (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB6FE65FF5A12D8FF2F" author="Denis, D. & Orivel, J. & Hora, R. R. & Chameron, S. & Fresneau, D." box="[485,701,188,213]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" pagination="279 - 291" refId="ref138584" refString="Denis, D., Orivel, J., Hora, R. R., Chameron, S. & Fresneau, D. (2006 a) First record of polydomy in a monogynous ponerine ant: a means to allow emigration between Pachycondyla goeldii nests. Journal of Insect Behavior, 19 (3), 279 - 291. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10905 - 006 - 9024 - 5" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Denis
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FDAEFF5B1203FF2F" box="[558,614,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2006a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Workers occupying queenless nests form dominance hierarchies and have increased ovarian activity relative to those in queenright nests (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB6FC4EFF3914CCFF02" author="Denis, D. & Blatrix, R. & Fresneau, D." box="[974,1193,223,248]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" pagination="1647 - 1661" refId="ref138667" refString="Denis, D., Blatrix, R. & Fresneau, D. (2006 b) How an ant manages to display individual and colonial signals by using the same channel. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 32, 1647 - 1661. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10886 - 006 - 9099 - 7" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Denis
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FB98FF071437FF02" box="[1048,1106,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2006b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2008). As with most or all
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FF5FFEE31107FEE6" box="[223,354,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EB2CB6FF5FFEE3113BFEE6" box="[223,350,261,284]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neoponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EB2CB6FE72FEE31206FEE7" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1912" box="[498,611,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="goeldii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FE72FEE31206FEE7" box="[498,611,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">N. goeldii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lack spermathecae and can only lay haploid eggs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB6FB3AFEE215F4FEE7" author="Denis, D. & Pezon, A. & Fresneau, D." box="[1210,1425,260,285]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" pagination="289 - 295" refId="ref138802" refString="Denis, D., Pezon, A. & Fresneau, D. (2007) Reproductive allocation in multinest colonies of the ponerine ant Pachycondyla goeldii. Ecological Entomology, 32, 289 - 295. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.2007.00873. x" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Denis
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FA87FEE31526FEE7" box="[1287,1347,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Worker reproductive status is conveyed by their cuticular hydrocarbon profile (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB6FBAFFEC11570FEBA" author="Denis, D. & Blatrix, R. & Fresneau, D." box="[1071,1301,295,320]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" pagination="1647 - 1661" refId="ref138667" refString="Denis, D., Blatrix, R. & Fresneau, D. (2006 b) How an ant manages to display individual and colonial signals by using the same channel. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 32, 1647 - 1661. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10886 - 006 - 9099 - 7" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Denis
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FBFCFECF14DDFEBA" box="[1148,1208,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2006b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EB2CB6FAAAFECF15F9FEBA" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1912" box="[1322,1436,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="goeldii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FAAAFECF15F9FEBA" box="[1322,1436,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">N. goeldii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers are aggressive toward members of other colonies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB6FCB7FEAA1470FE9F" author="Denis, D. & Blatrix, R. & Fresneau, D." box="[823,1045,332,357]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" pagination="1647 - 1661" refId="ref138667" refString="Denis, D., Blatrix, R. & Fresneau, D. (2006 b) How an ant manages to display individual and colonial signals by using the same channel. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 32, 1647 - 1661. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10886 - 006 - 9099 - 7" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Denis
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FC02FEAB13D9FE9F" box="[898,956,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2006b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The hunting strategies employed by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EB2CB6FF3BFE97114FFE72" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1912" box="[187,298,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="goeldii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FF3BFE97114FFE72" box="[187,298,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">N. goeldii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(a generalist predator) were reported by Orivel
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FCCAFE9713E6FE72" box="[842,899,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2000). Orivel
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FBB3FE971409FE72" box="[1075,1132,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2001) discovered that the venom of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EB2CB6FE8DFE73111AFE57" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1912" box="[269,383,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="goeldii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FE8DFE73111AFE57" box="[269,383,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">N. goeldii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
contains a suite of novel anti-bacterial and anti-insecticidal compounds, which they named “ponericins.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6EB2CB6FF47FE3A123BFD37" blockId="148.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB6FF47FE3A11B0FE0F" author="Orivel, J. & Dejean, A." box="[199,469,476,501]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" pagination="195 - 201" refId="ref157656" refString="Orivel, J. & Dejean, A. (2001) Comparative effect of the venoms of ants of the genus Pachycondyla (Hymenoptera: Ponerinae). Toxicon, 39 (2 - 3), 195 - 201. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0041 - 0101 (00) 00113 - 6" type="journal article" year="2001">Orivel & Déjean (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
measured the toxicity of venom from several
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EB2CB6FC60FE3B14D0FE0F" box="[992,1205,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FC60FE3B1438FE0E" box="[992,1117,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">Neoponera</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and found that their venom tended to be much more potent than that of measured
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FC19FDE71156FDC7" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EB2CB6FC19FDE7144EFDE2" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[921,1067,513,536]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mayaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mayaponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EB2CB6FBBDFE191485FDE2" box="[1085,1248,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Brachyponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EB2CB6FB73FE1915F2FDE2" box="[1267,1431,511,536]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pseudoponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EB2CB6FF17FDC21156FDC7" baseAuthorityName="Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[151,307,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Bothroponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EB2CB6FEF7FDC2121DFDC7" box="[375,632,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FEF7FDC21273FDC7" box="[375,534,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
species.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Their study suffered from a lack of phylogenetic consideration (they treated all tested species as congeners in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EB2CB6FDE0FDA1129BFD9A" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[608,766,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FDE0FDA1129BFD9A" box="[608,766,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with no underlying phylogeny), but they hypothesized that the high venom toxicity of some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EB2CB6FD92FD8B128DFD7F" box="[530,744,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FD92FD8B12EAFD7E" box="[530,655,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">Neoponera</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is an adaptation to hunting prey in an arboreal environment. Their hypothesis may very well be correct, but a phylogenetically-corrected analysis of their data would likely lack the power to find statistical significance.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6EB2CB6FF47FD311250FB87" blockId="148.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">
|
||
The most thoroughly studied arboreal
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EB2CB6FDF3FD3F1322FD0A" box="[627,839,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FDF3FD3F1295FD0A" box="[627,752,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">Neoponera</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EB2CB6FCF7FD3F1386FD0A" authorityName=": Dejean" authorityYear="1990" box="[887,995,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="villosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FCF7FD3F1386FD0A" box="[887,995,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">N. villosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and its close relative
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EB2CB6FB56FD3F1147FCEF" authority="(Lucas et al., 2002)" baseAuthorityName="Lucas" baseAuthorityYear="2002" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inversa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FB56FD3F152DFD15" box="[1238,1352,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">N. inversa</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB6FAD7FD31117FFCEF" author="Lucas, C. & Fresneau, D. & Kolmer, K. & Heinze, J. & Delabie, J. H. C. & Phom, D. B." pageId="148" pageNumber="149" pagination="249 - 259" refId="ref152411" refString="Lucas, C., Fresneau, D., Kolmer, K., Heinze, J., Delabie, J. H. C. & Phom, D. B. (2002) A multidisciplinary approach to discriminating different taxa in the species complex Pachycondyla villosa (Formicidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 75, 249 - 259. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.2002. tb 01425. x" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Lucas
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FF17FD1B10B5FCEF" box="[151,208,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whose social behaviors have attracted a great deal of attention. Colonies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EB2CB6FB04FD1B1495FCEF" authorityName=": Dejean" authorityYear="1990" box="[1156,1264,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="villosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FB04FD1B1495FCEF" box="[1156,1264,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">N. villosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EB2CB6FAA8FD1B15F9FCEE" box="[1320,1436,765,788]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inversa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FAA8FD1B15F9FCEE" box="[1320,1436,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">N. inversa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are often co-founded by multiple queens, who organize themselves into dominance hierarchies and stay together even after the first workers eclose, in a rare example of stable primary polygyny (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB6FBB7FCA21579FCA7" author="Trunzer, B. & Heinze, J. & Holldobler, B." box="[1079,1308,836,861]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" pagination="267 - 276" refId="ref164789" refString="Trunzer, B., Heinze, J. & Holldobler, B. (1998) Cooperative colony founding and experimental primary polygyny in the ponerine ant Pachycondyla villosa. Insectes Sociaux, 45, 267 - 276. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 000400050087" type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
Trunzer
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FB18FCA314B4FCA7" box="[1176,1233,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1998
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB6FAA8FCA21154FC7A" author="Kolmer, K. & Heinze, J." pageId="148" pageNumber="149" pagination="1729 - 1734" refId="ref149698" refString="Kolmer, K. & Heinze, J. (2000) Rank orders and division of labour among unrelated cofounding ant queens. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 267, 1729 - 1734. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2000.1202" type="journal article" year="2000">Kolmer & Heinze, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB6FEBFFC811224FC7A" author="Tentschert, J. & Kolmer, K. & Holldobler, B. & Bestmann, H. - J. & Delabie, J. H. C. & Heinze, J." box="[319,577,871,896]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" pagination="175 - 178" refId="ref164026" refString="Tentschert, J., Kolmer, K., Holldobler, B., Bestmann, H. - J., Delabie, J. H. C. & Heinze, J. (2001) Chemical profiles, division of labor and social status in Pachycondyla queens (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Naturwissenschaften, 88, 175 - 178. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 001140100218" type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Tentschert
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FE3CFC8F1193FC7A" box="[444,502,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB6FDCEFC811356FC7A" author="Kolmer, K. & Holldobler, B. & Heinze, J." box="[590,819,871,896]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" pagination="157 - 164" refId="ref149749" refString="Kolmer, K., Holldobler, B. & Heinze, J. (2002) Colony and population structure in Pachycondyla cf. inversa, a ponerine ant. Monitore Zoologico Italiano, 14 (2), 157 - 164. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 08927014.2002.9522754" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Kolmer
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FD2DFC8F1282FC7A" box="[685,743,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; D’Ettorre
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FC34FC8F138BFC7A" box="[948,1006,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2005). In such polygynous colonies, subordinate queens forage and dominant queens stay in the nest and guard the brood, though they all lay eggs at the same rate. Queens of these species are unusual in that they often (or usually) mate with more than
|
||
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A6EB2CB6FAB2FC5615F9FC32" box="[1330,1436,943,968]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" type="male">one male</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB6FF1EFC3211E6FC17" author="Kolmer, K. & Holldobler, B. & Heinze, J." box="[158,387,980,1005]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" pagination="157 - 164" refId="ref149749" refString="Kolmer, K., Holldobler, B. & Heinze, J. (2002) Colony and population structure in Pachycondyla cf. inversa, a ponerine ant. Monitore Zoologico Italiano, 14 (2), 157 - 164. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 08927014.2002.9522754" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Kolmer
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FF7EFC33115CFC17" box="[254,313,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB6FE11FC321210FC17" author="Kellner, K. & Trindl, A. & Heinze, J. & D'Ettorre, P." box="[401,629,980,1005]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" pagination="2363 - 2369" refId="ref149081" refString="Kellner, K., Trindl, A., Heinze, J. & D'Ettorre, P. (2007) Polygyny and polyandry in small ant societies. Molecular Ecology, 16, 2363 - 2369. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 x. 2007.03297. x" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Kellner
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FE6EFC33124DFC17" box="[494,552,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Colonies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EB2CB6FC95FC3313E6FC17" authorityName=": Dejean" authorityYear="1990" box="[789,899,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="villosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FC95FC3313E6FC17" box="[789,899,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">N. villosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have from one to five queens, with two-queen colonies being the most common and the most stable (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB6FC8AFC111396FBEA" author="Trunzer, B. & Heinze, J. & Holldobler, B." box="[778,1011,1015,1040]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" pagination="267 - 276" refId="ref164789" refString="Trunzer, B., Heinze, J. & Holldobler, B. (1998) Cooperative colony founding and experimental primary polygyny in the ponerine ant Pachycondyla villosa. Insectes Sociaux, 45, 267 - 276. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 000400050087" type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
Trunzer
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FCEDFC1F13CDFBEA" box="[877,936,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1998
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; D’Ettorre
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FBF5FC1F14D5FBEA" box="[1141,1200,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2005), while single queen colonies are most common in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EB2CB6FDB1FBFB13D4FBCF" authority="(D'Ettorre et al., 2006)" baseAuthorityName="D'Ettorre" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[561,945,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inversa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FDB1FBFB12C0FBCE" box="[561,677,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">N. inversa</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB6FD32FBFA13CCFBCF" author="D'Ettorre, P. & Tofilski, A. & Heinze, J. & Ranieks, F. L. W." box="[690,937,1052,1077]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" pagination="136 - 140" refId="ref139087" refString="D'Ettorre, P., Tofilski, A., Heinze, J. & Ranieks, F. L. W. (2006) Non-transferable signals on ant queen eggs. Naturwissenschaften, 93, 136 - 140. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00114 - 005 - 0075 - 9" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
D’Ettorre
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FCA6FBFB133AFBCF" box="[806,863,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Queens can distinguish between individual nestmate queens using chemical cues, and at least in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EB2CB6FD65FBA7133DFBAD" box="[741,856,1088,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inversa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FD65FBA7133DFBAD" box="[741,856,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">N. inversa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can remember them for at least 24 hours (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB6FAAFFBD91129FB87" author="D'Ettorre, P. & Heinze, J." pageId="148" pageNumber="149" pagination="2170 - 2174" refId="ref138858" refString="D'Ettorre, P. & Heinze, J. (2005) Individual recognition in ant queens. Current Biology, 15, 2170 - 2174. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cub. 2005.10.067" type="journal article" year="2005">D’Ettorre & Heinze, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB6FED8FB82124CFB87" author="Dreier, S. & van Zweden, J. S. & D'Ettorre, P." box="[344,553,1124,1149]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" pagination="459 - 462" refId="ref139912" refString="Dreier, S., van Zweden, J. S. & D'Ettorre, P. (2007) Long-term memory of individual identity in ant queens. Biology Letters, 3, 459 - 462. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rsbl. 2007.0224" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Dreier
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FE26FB8311BBFB87" box="[422,478,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6EB2CB6FF47FB61138CF925" blockId="148.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">
|
||
Queens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EB2CB6FEC4FB6F11DFFB65" box="[324,442,1160,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inversa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FEC4FB6F11DFFB65" box="[324,442,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">N. inversa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
suppress worker reproduction, as workers separated from the queens will begin to lay eggs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB6FF59FB4A1194FB3F" author="van Zweden, J. S. & Furst, M. A. & Heinze, J. & D'Ettorre, P." box="[217,497,1196,1221]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" pagination="1421 - 1428" refId="ref165079" refString="van Zweden, J. S., Furst, M. A., Heinze, J. & D'Ettorre, P. (2007) Specialization in policing behavior among workers in the ant Pachycondyla inversa. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 274, 1421 - 1428. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2007.0113" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
van Zweden
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FEECFB4B11C0FB3F" box="[364,421,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Workers police each other through aggression and by eating worker-derived eggs, which have a distinct chemical profile from queen-derived eggs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB6FCEEFB291422FB12" author="Heinze, J. & Trunzer, B. & Oliveira, P. S. & Holldobler, B." box="[878,1095,1231,1256]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" pagination="441 - 450" refId="ref146179" refString="Heinze, J., Trunzer, B., Oliveira, P. S. & Holldobler, B. (1996) Regulation of reproduction in the neotropical ponerine ant, Pachycondyla villosa. Journal of Insect Behavior, 9 (3), 441 - 450. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 02214021" type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Heinze
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FC46FB37139BFB12" box="[966,1022,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; D’Ettorre
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FB44FB371499FB12" box="[1220,1276,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2004a, 2006;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB6FF17FB1211DCFAF7" author="van Zweden, J. S. & Furst, M. A. & Heinze, J. & D'Ettorre, P." box="[151,441,1268,1293]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" pagination="1421 - 1428" refId="ref165079" refString="van Zweden, J. S., Furst, M. A., Heinze, J. & D'Ettorre, P. (2007) Specialization in policing behavior among workers in the ant Pachycondyla inversa. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 274, 1421 - 1428. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2007.0113" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
van Zweden
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FEAFFB13110EFAF7" box="[303,363,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Some workers seem to be behaviorally specialized for policing (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB6FB40FB1210B1FACA" author="van Zweden, J. S. & Furst, M. A. & Heinze, J. & D'Ettorre, P." pageId="148" pageNumber="149" pagination="1421 - 1428" refId="ref165079" refString="van Zweden, J. S., Furst, M. A., Heinze, J. & D'Ettorre, P. (2007) Specialization in policing behavior among workers in the ant Pachycondyla inversa. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 274, 1421 - 1428. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2007.0113" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
van Zweden
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FAD9FB1315F0FAF7" box="[1369,1429,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Workers of a species near
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EB2CB6FD8BFAFF121BFAD5" box="[523,638,1304,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inversa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FD8BFAFF121BFAD5" box="[523,638,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">N. inversa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lack spermathecae and do not mate, but in orphaned colonies will form linear dominance hierarchies and begin laying haploid eggs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB6FCCBFADA144CFAAF" author="Heinze, J. & Stengl, B. & Sledge, M. F." box="[843,1065,1340,1365]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" pagination="59 - 65" refId="ref146112" refString="Heinze, J., Stengl, B. & Sledge, M. F. (2002) Worker rank, reproductive status and cuticular hydrocarbon signature in the ant, Pachycondyla cf. inversa. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 52, 59 - 65. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00265 - 002 - 0491 - 1" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Heinze
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FC24FADB13B8FAAF" box="[932,989,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Similarly, workers in orphaned colonies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EB2CB6FEA8FA8711FEFA82" authorityName=": Dejean" authorityYear="1990" box="[296,411,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="villosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FEA8FA8711FEFA82" box="[296,411,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">N. villosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
aggressively compete through biting and antennal boxing, forming linear dominance hierarchies in which dominant individuals lay eggs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB6FD5CFA6213D1FA67" author="Heinze, J. & Trunzer, B. & Oliveira, P. S. & Holldobler, B." box="[732,948,1412,1437]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" pagination="441 - 450" refId="ref146179" refString="Heinze, J., Trunzer, B., Oliveira, P. S. & Holldobler, B. (1996) Regulation of reproduction in the neotropical ponerine ant, Pachycondyla villosa. Journal of Insect Behavior, 9 (3), 441 - 450. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 02214021" type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Heinze
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FCB4FA63130EFA67" box="[820,875,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB6FC3FFA6214FBFA67" author="Trunzer, B. & Heinze, J. & Holldobler, B." box="[959,1182,1412,1437]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" pagination="1093 - 1105" refId="ref164842" refString="Trunzer, B., Heinze, J. & Holldobler, B. (1999) Social status and reproductive success in queenless ant colonies. Behaviour, 136, 1093 - 1105. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 156853999501775" type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Trunzer
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FB9DFA631431FA67" box="[1053,1108,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Workers in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EB2CB6FAB1FA6315F9FA67" authorityName=": Dejean" authorityYear="1990" box="[1329,1436,1412,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="villosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FAB1FA6315F9FA67" box="[1329,1436,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">N. villosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can also lay trophic eggs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB6FE53FA411376FA3A" author="Mathias, M. I. C. & Caetano, F. H." box="[467,787,1447,1472]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" pagination="62 - 66" refId="ref154534" refString="Mathias, M. I. C. & Caetano, F. H. (1995 a) Trophic eggs in workers of Neoponera villosa ants (Hymenoptera: Ponerinae). Journal of Advanced Zoology, 16 (2), 62 - 66." type="journal article" year="1995">Mathias & Caetano, 1995a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The fertility and rank of both queens and workers is communicated by their cuticular hydrocarbon profiles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB6FC80FA2A139BFA1F" author="Tentschert, J. & Kolmer, K. & Holldobler, B. & Bestmann, H. - J. & Delabie, J. H. C. & Heinze, J." box="[768,1022,1484,1509]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" pagination="175 - 178" refId="ref164026" refString="Tentschert, J., Kolmer, K., Holldobler, B., Bestmann, H. - J., Delabie, J. H. C. & Heinze, J. (2001) Chemical profiles, division of labor and social status in Pachycondyla queens (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Naturwissenschaften, 88, 175 - 178. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 001140100218" type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Tentschert
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FCFDFA2B13D0FA1F" box="[893,949,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Heinze
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FBDFFA2B14F2FA1F" box="[1119,1175,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2003; D’Ettorre
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FADDFA2B15F0FA1F" box="[1373,1429,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2004b). The role of cuticular hydrocarbons in nestmate recognition has been studied in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EB2CB6FB0DFA1710B9F9D7" authority="(Lucas et al., 2004)" baseAuthorityName="Lucas" baseAuthorityYear="2004" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="villosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FB0DFA17149EF9F2" box="[1165,1275,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">N. villosa</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB6FA8CFA0910B1F9D7" author="Lucas, C. & Pho, D. B. & Fresneau, D. & Jallon, J. M." pageId="148" pageNumber="149" pagination="595 - 607" refId="ref152500" refString="Lucas, C., Pho, D. B., Fresneau, D. & Jallon, J. M. (2004) Hydrocarbon circulation and colonial signature in Pachycondyla villosa. Journal of Insect Physiology, 50, 595 - 607. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jinsphys. 2004.04.006" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Lucas
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FADAFA1715F0F9F2" box="[1370,1429,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Foraging workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EB2CB6FE5BF9F3122DF9D7" box="[475,584,1556,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="villosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FE5BF9F3122DF9D7" box="[475,584,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">N. villosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibit great flexibility in predatory behaviors depending on the
|
||
<typeStatus id="546556B2A6EB2CB6FABAF9F2150FF9D6" box="[1338,1386,1556,1580]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">type</typeStatus>
|
||
and status of prey encountered (Déjean
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FDDAF9DF12F8F9AA" box="[602,669,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1990;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB6FC87F9D1142EF9AA" author="Dejean, A. & Corbara, B." box="[775,1099,1591,1616]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" pagination="271 - 286" refId="ref137450" refString="Dejean, A. & Corbara, B. (1990 a) Predatory behavior of a Neotropical arboricolous ant - Pachycondyla villosa (Formicidae, Ponerinae). Sociobiology, 17 (2), 271 - 286." type="journal article" year="1990">Déjean & Corbara, 1990a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1998). Morphological and ultrastructural studies have examined
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EB2CB6FDC6F9BB12D1F98F" box="[582,692,1628,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="villosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FDC6F9BB12D1F98F" box="[582,692,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">N. villosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larval fat body cells (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB6FC30F9BA1416F98F" author="Zara, F. J. & Caetano, F. H. & Cabrera, A. C. G. & Jaffe, K." box="[944,1139,1628,1653]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref169863" refString="Zara, F. J., Caetano, F. H., Cabrera, A. C. G. & Jaffe, K. (2003) Ultrastructure of last larval instar fat body cells of Pachycondyla (= Neoponera) villosa (Formicidae: Ponerinae): cytochemical and chemical analysis. Animal Biology, 53 (1), 1 - 16. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 157075603769682530" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6EB2CB6FC30F9BA1380F98F" box="[944,997,1628,1653]" country="Germany" name="Saarland" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">Zara</collectingRegion>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FC6DF9BB1442F98F" box="[1005,1063,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), larvae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB6FB5DF9BA10B6F962" author="Zara, F. J. & Caetano, F. H." pageId="148" pageNumber="149" pagination="679 - 686" refId="ref169795" refString="Zara, F. J. & Caetano, F. H. (2001) Number of larval instars of the ant Pachycondyla (= Neoponera) villosa (Formicidae: Ponerinae) determined by the rule of Dyar. Sociobiology, 37 (3 B), 679 - 686. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 1519 - 69842004000400022" type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6EB2CB6FB5DF9BA1577F98F" box="[1245,1298,1628,1653]" country="Germany" name="Saarland" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">Zara</collectingRegion>
|
||
& Caetano, 2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), oocytes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB6FED6F99912E9F962" author="Mathias, M. I. C. & Caetano, F. H." box="[342,652,1663,1688]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" pagination="53 - 60" refId="ref154680" refString="Mathias, M. I. C. & Caetano, F. H. (1998) Ultrastructural study of the follicular epithelium in oocytes of Pachycondyla (Neoponera) villosa ants (Hymenoptera: Ponerinae). Biocell, 22 (1), 53 - 60." type="journal article" year="1998">Mathias & Caetano, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB6FD1EF999138CF962" author="Caperucci, D. & Mathias, M. I. C." box="[670,1001,1663,1688]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" pagination="531 - 541" refId="ref135008" refString="Caperucci, D. & Mathias, M. I. C. (2006) Lipids in oocytes of ants Neoponera villosa (Hymenoptera: Ponerinae). Sociobiology, 47 (2), 531 - 541." type="journal article" year="2006">Caperucci & Mathias, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), corpora alata (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB6FB2EF9991085F947" author="Mathias, M. I. C. & Caetano, F. H." pageId="148" pageNumber="149" pagination="283 - 289" refId="ref154581" refString="Mathias, M. I. C. & Caetano, F. H. (1995 b) Corpora allata in females of Neoponera villosa ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) - relations with ovarian development. Sociobiology, 26 (3), 283 - 289." type="journal article" year="1995">Mathias & Caetano, 1995b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), ovarioles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB6FEF1F94212C4F947" author="Mathias, M. I. C. & Caetano, F. H." box="[369,673,1700,1725]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" pagination="64 - 67" refId="ref154630" refString="Mathias, M. I. C. & Caetano, F. H. (1996) Histochemical and ultrastructural cytochemistry of glycogen on ovarioles of Neoponera villosa ants (Hymenoptera: Ponerinae). Journal of Advanced Zoology, 17 (2), 64 - 67." type="journal article" year="1996">Mathias & Caetano, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and mandibular glands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB6FC4FF9421480F947" author="Duffield, R. M. & Blum, M. S." box="[975,1253,1700,1725]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" pagination="1357" refId="ref139995" refString="Duffield, R. M. & Blum, M. S. (1973) 4 - methyl- 3 - heptanone - identification and function in Neoponera villosa (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 66 (6), 1357." type="journal article" year="1973">Duffield & Blum, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB6FB75F94210B6F91A" author="Mathias, M. I. C. & Landim, C. C. & Caetano, F. H." pageId="148" pageNumber="149" pagination="72 - 80" refId="ref154730" refString="Mathias, M. I. C., Landim, C. C. & Caetano, F. H. (1991) Ultrastructural aspects of the mandibular glands of Neoponera villosa workers (Hymenoptera: Ponerinae). Journal of Advanced Zoology, 12 (2), 72 - 80." type="journal article" year="1991">
|
||
Mathias
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FAD9F94315F0F947" box="[1369,1429,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1991
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB6FF66F92111D9F91A" author="Trindl, A. & Heinze, J. & D'Ettorre, P." box="[230,444,1735,1760]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" pagination="583 - 585" refId="ref164725" refString="Trindl, A., Heinze, J. & D'Ettorre, P. (2004) Isolation and characterization of five microsatellite loci in the ponerine ant Pachycondyla inversa (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Molecular Ecology Notes, 4, 583 - 585. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1471 - 8286.2004.00743. x" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Trindl
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FEB2F92F110FF91A" box="[306,362,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2004)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
isolated several microsatellite loci for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EB2CB6FCEFF92F1386F925" box="[879,995,1736,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inversa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FCEFF92F1386F925" box="[879,995,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">N. inversa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6EB2CB6FF47F90A14ACF843" blockId="148.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">
|
||
The three
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EB2CB6FEBCF90B1276F8FF" box="[316,531,1772,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FEBCF90B11DCF8FE" box="[316,441,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">Neoponera</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
formerly placed in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EB2CB6FCEEF90B139EF8FE" box="[878,1019,1773,1796]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Termitopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FCEEF90B139EF8FE" box="[878,1019,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">Termitopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FB8DF90B1522F8FF" box="[1037,1351,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EB2CB6FB8DF90B14CAF8FE" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1860" box="[1037,1199,1773,1796]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="commutata">N. commutata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EB2CB6FB3DF90B1522F8FF" box="[1213,1351,1772,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevigata">N. laevigata</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EB2CB6FA02F90B116EF8DD" baseAuthorityName="Leal & Oliveira" baseAuthorityYear="1995" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FA02F90B116EF8DD" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">N. marginata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) are mass-raiding termite specialists. The prey preferences of these species correlate with their body size, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EB2CB6FF6DF8D311EFF8B6" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1860" box="[237,394,1845,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="commutata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FF6DF8D311EFF8B6" box="[237,394,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">N. commutata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(which is far larger than the other two species) preys exclusively on the very large termites of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EB2CB6FE8CF8BE111AF895" baseAuthorityName="Mill" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[268,383,1880,1903]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Syntermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FE8CF8BE111AF895" box="[268,383,1880,1903]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">Syntermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EB2CB6FE56F8BF1204F88A" box="[470,609,1879,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevigata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FE56F8BF1204F88A" box="[470,609,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">N. laevigata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EB2CB6FD1CF8BF1357F895" baseAuthorityName="Leal & Oliveira" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[668,818,1880,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FD1CF8BF1357F895" box="[668,818,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">N. marginata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
prey on a variety of smaller termites (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB6FB6DF8B115F2F88A" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[1261,1431,1879,1904]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" pagination="159 - 243" refId="ref168101" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1936) Ecological relations of ponerine and other ants to termites. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 71, 159 - 243. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 20023221" type="journal article" year="1936">Wheeler, 1936</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB6FF17F89A1176F86F" author="Mill, A. E." box="[151,275,1916,1941]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" pagination="405 - 410" refId="ref155511" refString="Mill, A. E. (1984) Predation by the ponerine ant Pachycondyla commutata on termites of the genus Syntermes in Amazonian rain forest. Journal of Natural History, 18 (3), 405 - 410. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938400770341" type="journal article" year="1984">Mill, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB6FEA9F89A11B9F86F" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[297,476,1916,1941]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" pagination="159 - 243" refId="ref168101" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1936) Ecological relations of ponerine and other ants to termites. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 71, 159 - 243. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 20023221" type="journal article" year="1936">Wheeler (1936)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EB2CB6FC84F89B13EAF86F" box="[772,911,1916,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevigata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FC84F89B13EAF86F" box="[772,911,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">N. laevigata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EB2CB6FC4AF89B1405F86E" baseAuthorityName="Leal & Oliveira" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[970,1120,1917,1940]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FC4AF89B1405F86E" box="[970,1120,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">N. marginata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are dimorphic for size, but
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB6FF17F8461122F843" author="Longino, J. T." box="[151,327,1952,1977]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" refId="ref152255" refString="Longino, J. T. (2013) Ants of Costa Rica. Available from: http: // academic. evergreen. edu / projects / ants / AntsofCostaRica. html (accessed 10 November 2013)" type="url" year="2013">Longino (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
states that workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EB2CB6FDC4F84712A8F843" box="[580,717,1952,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevigata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FDC4F84712A8F843" box="[580,717,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">N. laevigata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6EB2CB6FD71F846130EF843" box="[753,875,1952,1977]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
are continuously polymorphic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6EB2CB7FF47F82213F2FCEF" blockId="148.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="149.[151,1437,151,1904]" lastPageId="149" lastPageNumber="150" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">
|
||
Raids by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EB2CB6FEB3F82311ADF826" baseAuthorityName="Leal & Oliveira" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[307,456,1989,2012]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EB2CB6FEB3F82311ADF826" box="[307,456,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">N. marginata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occur infrequently (every two to three weeks) and may last for over 24 hours (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EB2CB7FACBF8221158FF4A" author="Leal, I. R. & Oliveira, P. S." lastPageId="149" lastPageNumber="150" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" pagination="373 - 383" refId="ref150429" refString="Leal, I. R. & Oliveira, P. S. (1995) Behavioral ecology of the neotropical termite-hunting ant Pachycondyla (= Termitopone) marginata: colony founding, group-raiding and migratory patterns. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 37, 373 - 383. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00170584" type="journal article" year="1995">Leal & Oliveira, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EA2CB7FECBFF71123AFF4A" author="Holldobler, B. & Janssen, E. & Bestmann, H. J. & Leal, I. R. & Oliveira, P. S. & Kern, F. & Konig, W. A." box="[331,607,151,176]" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="47 - 53" refId="ref146683" refString="Holldobler, B., Janssen, E., Bestmann, H. J., Leal, I. R., Oliveira, P. S., Kern, F. & Konig, W. A. (1996 a) Communication in the migratory termite-hunting ant Pachycondyla (= Termitopone) marginata (Formicidae, Ponerinae). Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 178, 47 - 53." type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Hölldobler
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FE4DFF7F1262FF4A" box="[461,519,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1996a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and though the number of workers employed in raids of this species is unreported, raiding parties of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FE7AFF5B12E2FF2F" box="[506,647,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevigata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FE7AFF5B12E2FF2F" box="[506,647,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">N. laevigata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
contain hundreds of workers (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EA2CB7FC78FF5A14C2FF2F" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[1016,1191,188,213]" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="159 - 243" refId="ref168101" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1936) Ecological relations of ponerine and other ants to termites. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 71, 159 - 243. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 20023221" type="journal article" year="1936">Wheeler, 1936</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FB3FFF5B153CFF2E" baseAuthorityName="Leal & Oliveira" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[1215,1369,189,212]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FB3FFF5B153CFF2E" box="[1215,1369,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">N. marginata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
raids termite nests, while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FEFCFF07127EFF02" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1860" box="[380,539,225,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="commutata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FEFCFF07127EFF02" box="[380,539,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">N. commutata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
raids only surface columns of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FCFCFF0614E1FF02" authority="(Mill, 1984)" baseAuthorityName="Mill" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[892,1156,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Syntermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FCFCFF06138AFF0D" box="[892,1007,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">Syntermes</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EA2CB7FC7FFF391419FF02" author="Mill, A. E." box="[1023,1148,223,248]" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="405 - 410" refId="ref155511" refString="Mill, A. E. (1984) Predation by the ponerine ant Pachycondyla commutata on termites of the genus Syntermes in Amazonian rain forest. Journal of Natural History, 18 (3), 405 - 410. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938400770341" type="journal article" year="1984">Mill, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Raids are often, but not always, initiated by scouts who locate potential prey and then return to their nest to recruit nestmates (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EA2CB7FA91FEE215FDFEE7" author="Mill, A. E." box="[1297,1432,260,285]" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="253 - 260" refId="ref155426" refString="Mill, A. E. (1982 a) Faunal studies on termites (Isoptera) and observations on their ant predators (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Amazon basin. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 26, 253 - 260." type="journal article" year="1982">Mill, 1982a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1984). Colonies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FEEDFECF1264FEC5" baseAuthorityName="Leal & Oliveira" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[365,513,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FEEDFECF1264FEC5" box="[365,513,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">N. marginata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
contain roughly 500 to 1,600 workers and usually multiple dealate queens (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EA2CB7FACCFEC1115BFE9F" author="Leal, I. R. & Oliveira, P. S." pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="373 - 383" refId="ref150429" refString="Leal, I. R. & Oliveira, P. S. (1995) Behavioral ecology of the neotropical termite-hunting ant Pachycondyla (= Termitopone) marginata: colony founding, group-raiding and migratory patterns. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 37, 373 - 383. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00170584" type="journal article" year="1995">Leal & Oliveira, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EA2CB7FECCFEAA1204FE9F" author="Holldobler, B. & Janssen, E. & Bestmann, H. J. & Leal, I. R. & Oliveira, P. S. & Kern, F. & Konig, W. A." box="[332,609,332,357]" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="47 - 53" refId="ref146683" refString="Holldobler, B., Janssen, E., Bestmann, H. J., Leal, I. R., Oliveira, P. S., Kern, F. & Konig, W. A. (1996 a) Communication in the migratory termite-hunting ant Pachycondyla (= Termitopone) marginata (Formicidae, Ponerinae). Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 178, 47 - 53." type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Hölldobler
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FE4EFEAB126CFE9F" box="[462,521,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1996a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and colonies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FCAFFEAB13DEFE9F" box="[815,955,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevigata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FCAFFEAB13DEFE9F" box="[815,955,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">N. laevigata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are reported to be of roughly similar size (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EA2CB7FF1FFE89112AFE72" author="Longino, J. T." box="[159,335,367,392]" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" refId="ref152255" refString="Longino, J. T. (2013) Ants of Costa Rica. Available from: http: // academic. evergreen. edu / projects / ants / AntsofCostaRica. html (accessed 10 November 2013)" type="url" year="2013">Longino, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Nests are constructed in the ground under logs or leaf litter (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EA2CB7FBC2FE891494FE72" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[1090,1265,367,392]" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="159 - 243" refId="ref168101" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1936) Ecological relations of ponerine and other ants to termites. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 71, 159 - 243. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 20023221" type="journal article" year="1936">Wheeler, 1936</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EA2CB7FA81FE891122FE57" author="Holldobler, B. & Traniello, J. F. A." pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="883 - 893" refId="ref146857" refString="Holldobler, B. & Traniello, J. F. A. (1980) The pygidial gland and chemical recruitment communication in Pachycondyla (= Termitopone) laevigata. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 6 (5), 883 - 893." type="journal article" year="1980">Hölldobler & Traniello, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EA2CB7FED2FE7211A9FE57" author="Mill, A. E." box="[338,460,404,429]" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="405 - 410" refId="ref155511" refString="Mill, A. E. (1984) Predation by the ponerine ant Pachycondyla commutata on termites of the genus Syntermes in Amazonian rain forest. Journal of Natural History, 18 (3), 405 - 410. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938400770341" type="journal article" year="1984">Mill, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and emigrations are infrequent, occurring on average every 150 days in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FA87FE7311D3FE2A" authority="(Leal & Oliveira, 1995)" baseAuthorityName="Leal & Oliveira" baseAuthorityYear="1995" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FA87FE7315F9FE56" box="[1287,1436,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">N. marginata</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EA2CB7FF1EFE5111C8FE2A" author="Leal, I. R. & Oliveira, P. S." box="[158,429,439,464]" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="373 - 383" refId="ref150429" refString="Leal, I. R. & Oliveira, P. S. (1995) Behavioral ecology of the neotropical termite-hunting ant Pachycondyla (= Termitopone) marginata: colony founding, group-raiding and migratory patterns. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 37, 373 - 383. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00170584" type="journal article" year="1995">Leal & Oliveira, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FE6BFE5F12E9FE35" box="[491,652,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FE6BFE5F12ECFE35" baseAuthorityName="Leal & Oliveira" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[491,649,440,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginata">N. marginata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
emigrations to new nest sites are initiated by scouts who recruit nestmates with a trail pheromone from their pygidial gland (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EA2CB7FCE5FE3A14A7FE0F" author="Holldobler, B. & Traniello, J. F. A." box="[869,1218,476,501]" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="883 - 893" refId="ref146857" refString="Holldobler, B. & Traniello, J. F. A. (1980) The pygidial gland and chemical recruitment communication in Pachycondyla (= Termitopone) laevigata. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 6 (5), 883 - 893." type="journal article" year="1980">Hölldobler & Traniello, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EA2CB7FB53FE3A1085FDE2" author="Holldobler, B. & Janssen, E. & Bestmann, H. J. & Leal, I. R. & Oliveira, P. S. & Kern, F. & Konig, W. A." pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="47 - 53" refId="ref146683" refString="Holldobler, B., Janssen, E., Bestmann, H. J., Leal, I. R., Oliveira, P. S., Kern, F. & Konig, W. A. (1996 a) Communication in the migratory termite-hunting ant Pachycondyla (= Termitopone) marginata (Formicidae, Ponerinae). Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 178, 47 - 53." type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Hölldobler
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FAD8FE3B15F0FE0F" box="[1368,1429,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1996a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Recruitment rates are enhanced by a rapid shaking motion of the body by the scouts or other workers (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EA2CB7FF1EFDC21106FDC7" author="Holldobler, B." box="[158,355,548,573]" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="129 - 141" refId="ref146571" refString="Holldobler, B. (1999) Multimodeal signals in ant communication. Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 184, 129 - 141." type="journal article" year="1999">Hölldobler, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EA2CB7FEF0FDC212E6FDC7" author="Holldobler, B. & Janssen, E. & Bestmann, H. J. & Leal, I. R. & Oliveira, P. S. & Kern, F. & Konig, W. A." box="[368,643,548,573]" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="47 - 53" refId="ref146683" refString="Holldobler, B., Janssen, E., Bestmann, H. J., Leal, I. R., Oliveira, P. S., Kern, F. & Konig, W. A. (1996 a) Communication in the migratory termite-hunting ant Pachycondyla (= Termitopone) marginata (Formicidae, Ponerinae). Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 178, 47 - 53." type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Hölldobler
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FE71FDC3124EFDC7" box="[497,555,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1996a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Trail pheromones from the pygidial gland are also used during raids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EA2CB7FF1EFDA111D4FD9A" author="Holldobler, B. & Janssen, E. & Bestmann, H. J. & Leal, I. R. & Oliveira, P. S. & Kern, F. & Konig, W. A." box="[158,433,583,608]" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="47 - 53" refId="ref146683" refString="Holldobler, B., Janssen, E., Bestmann, H. J., Leal, I. R., Oliveira, P. S., Kern, F. & Konig, W. A. (1996 a) Communication in the migratory termite-hunting ant Pachycondyla (= Termitopone) marginata (Formicidae, Ponerinae). Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 178, 47 - 53." type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Hölldobler
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FEA1FDAF113FFD9A" box="[289,346,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1996a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EA2CB7FE45FDA11230FD9A" author="Mill, A. E." box="[453,597,583,608]" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="243 - 245" refId="ref155470" refString="Mill, A. E. (1982 b) Emigration of a colony of the giant termite hunter, Pachycondyla commutata (Roger) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 118, 243 - 245." type="journal article" year="1982">Mill (1982b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described in detail an emigration by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FC7AFDAF14F2FD9A" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1860" box="[1018,1175,585,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="commutata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FC7AFDAF14F2FD9A" box="[1018,1175,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">N. commutata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EA2CB7FB26FDA11552FD9A" author="Blum, M. S." box="[1190,1335,583,608]" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="155 - 160" refId="ref133049" refString="Blum, M. S. (1966) Source and specificity of trail pheromones in Termitopone, Monomorium and Huberia, and their relation to those of some other ants. Journal of Entomology Series A - General Entomology, 41, 155 - 160. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3032.1966. tb 00335. x" type="journal article" year="1966">Blum (1966)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that the hindgut was the source of trail pheromones in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FC98FD8B13C1FD7F" box="[792,932,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevigata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FC98FD8B13C1FD7F" box="[792,932,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">N. laevigata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FBBFFD8B14B3FD7E" baseAuthorityName="Leal & Oliveira" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[1087,1238,621,644]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FBBFFD8B14B3FD7E" box="[1087,1238,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">N. marginata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have specialized magnetic organs in their bodies (especially in their antennae) which provide them with a sense of direction and help orient them during emigrations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EA2CB7FD8CFD521326FD37" author="Acosta-Avalos, D. & Wajnberg, E. & Oliveira, P. S. & Leal, I. & Farina, M. & Esquivel, D. M. S." box="[524,835,692,717]" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="2687 - 2692" refId="ref130583" refString="Acosta-Avalos, D., Wajnberg, E., Oliveira, P. S., Leal, I., Farina, M. & Esquivel, D. M. S. (1999) Isolation of magnetic nanoparticles from Pachycondyla marginata ants. Journal of Experimental Biology, 202, 2687 - 2692." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Acosta-Avalos
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FD3CFD531292FD37" box="[700,759,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EA2CB7FCD0FD5213E9FD37" author="Acosta-Avalos, D. & Esquivel, D. M. S. & Wajnberg, E. & de Barros, H. G. P. L. & Oliveira, P. S. & Leal, I." box="[848,908,692,717]" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="343 - 346" refId="ref130504" refString="Acosta-Avalos, D., Esquivel, D. M. S., Wajnberg, E., de Barros, H. G. P. L., Oliveira, P. S. & Leal, I. (2001) Seasonal patterns in the orientation system of the migratory ant Pachycondyla marginata. Naturwissenschaften, 88, 343 - 346. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 001140100245" type="journal article" year="2001">2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EA2CB7FC1AFD5214F3FD37" author="Wajnberg, E. & Acosta-Avalos, D. & El-Jaick, L. J. & Abracado, L. & Coelho, J. L. A. & Bakuzis, A. F. & Morais, P. C. & Esquivel, D. M. S." box="[922,1174,692,717]" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="1018 - 1023" refId="ref166415" refString="Wajnberg, E., Acosta-Avalos, D., El-Jaick, L. J., Abracado, L., Coelho, J. L. A., Bakuzis, A. F., Morais, P. C. & Esquivel, D. M. S. (2000) Electron paramagnetic resonance study of the migratory ant Pachycondyla marginata abdomens. Biophysical Journal, 78, 1018 - 1023. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0006 - 3495 (00) 76660 - 4" type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
Wajnberg
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FB8FFD53142EFD37" box="[1039,1099,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EA2CB7FB25FD5215F2FD37" author="Esquivel, D. M. S. & Wajnberg, E. & Cernicchiaro, G. R. & Alves, O. C." box="[1189,1431,692,717]" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="117 - 121" refId="ref141496" refString="Esquivel, D. M. S., Wajnberg, E., Cernicchiaro, G. R. & Alves, O. C. (2004) Comparative magnetic measurements of migratory ant and its only termite prey. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 278, 117 - 121. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jmmm. 2003.12.327" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Esquivel
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FA90FD53152EFD37" box="[1296,1355,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EA2CB7FF17FD3111FDFD0A" author="Wajnberg, E. & Cernicchiaro, G. & Esquivel, D. M. S." box="[151,408,727,752]" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="467 - 470" refId="ref166513" refString="Wajnberg, E., Cernicchiaro, G. & Esquivel, D. M. S. (2004) Antennae: the strongest magnetic part of the migratory ant. BioMetals, 17, 467 - 470. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1023 / b: biom. 0000029443.93732.62" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Wajnberg
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FE8DFD3F112CFD0A" box="[269,329,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Colony reproduction in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FD46FD3F133AFD15" baseAuthorityName="Leal & Oliveira" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[710,863,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FD46FD3F133AFD15" box="[710,863,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">N. marginata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs by budding or by either haplometrotic or (more commonly) pleiometrotic foundation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EA2CB7FD0DFD1A13EFFCEF" author="Leal, I. R. & Oliveira, P. S." box="[653,906,764,789]" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="373 - 383" refId="ref150429" refString="Leal, I. R. & Oliveira, P. S. (1995) Behavioral ecology of the neotropical termite-hunting ant Pachycondyla (= Termitopone) marginata: colony founding, group-raiding and migratory patterns. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 37, 373 - 383. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00170584" type="journal article" year="1995">Leal & Oliveira, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6EA2CB7FF47FCF914D2FC5F" blockId="149.[151,1437,151,1904]" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FF47FCF912B6FCC2" bold="true" box="[199,723,799,824]" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">Phylogenetic and taxonomic considerations.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FD5AFCC71332FCC2" box="[730,855,801,824]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FD5AFCC71332FCC2" box="[730,855,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">Neoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has had a fairly complex taxonomic history.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EA2CB7FAD1FCC61084FCA7" author="Emery, C." pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="32 - 54" refId="ref141230" refString="Emery, C. (1901) Notes sur les sous-familles des Dorylines et Ponerines (Famille des Formicides). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 45, 32 - 54." type="journal article" year="1901">Emery (1901)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
erected the genus to hold those New World “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FD5AFCA2131DFCA7" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[730,888,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FD5AFCA2131DFCA7" box="[730,888,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” species with preocular carinae and eyes located laterally near the midline of the head. Subsequent authors continued to treat
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FB87FC8F14E6FC7A" box="[1031,1155,873,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FB87FC8F14E6FC7A" box="[1031,1155,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">Neoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a distinct genus until
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EA2CB7FF17FC6A114BFC5F" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[151,302,908,933]" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="161 - 185" refId="ref134603" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1973) A comparison of the Hylean and Congo-West African rain forest ant faunas. In: Meggers, B. J., Ayensu, E. S. & Duckworth, W. D. (Eds.), Tropical forest ecosystems in Africa and South America: a comparative review. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., pp. 161 - 185." type="book chapter" year="1973">Brown (1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; also in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EA2CB7FE0BFC6A127BFC5F" author="Bolton, B." box="[395,542,908,933]" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" refId="ref133375" refString="Bolton, B. (1994) Identification guide to the ant genera of the world. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 222 pp." type="book" year="1994">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6EA2CB7FE0BFC6A11BFFC5F" box="[395,474,908,933]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">Bolton</collectingRegion>
|
||
, 1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) synonymized it under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FCA7FC6A13A3FC5F" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[807,966,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FCA7FC6A13A3FC5F" box="[807,966,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
without justification.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6EA2CB7FF47FC49118CFB5A" blockId="149.[151,1437,151,1904]" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EA2CB7FF47FC491101FC32" author="Forel, A." box="[199,356,943,968]" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="334 - 382" refId="ref142885" refString="Forel, A. (1901 b) Varietes myrmecologiques. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 45, 334 - 382." type="journal article" year="1901">Forel (1901b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
erected the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FDE5FC571293FC32" box="[613,758,945,968]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eumecopone">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FDE5FC571293FC32" box="[613,758,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">Eumecopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to hold two species (now
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FBABFC5714E9FC32" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1901" box="[1067,1164,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="agilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FBABFC5714E9FC32" box="[1067,1164,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">N. agilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FB48FC571521FC32" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[1224,1348,945,968]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rostrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FB48FC571521FC32" box="[1224,1348,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">N. rostrata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) which differ from typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FEF0FC331189FC16" box="[368,492,981,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FEF0FC331189FC16" box="[368,492,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">Neoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having extremely long mandibles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EA2CB7FC1CFC321454FC17" author="Emery, C." box="[924,1073,980,1005]" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="1 - 125" refId="ref141346" refString="Emery, C. (1911) Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae. Genera Insectorum, 118, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1911">Emery, 1911</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EA2CB7FBC6FC321492FC17" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[1094,1271,980,1005]" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="159 - 243" refId="ref168101" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1936) Ecological relations of ponerine and other ants to termites. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 71, 159 - 243. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 20023221" type="journal article" year="1936">Wheeler (1936)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
created a new genus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FF69FC1E1110FBF5" box="[233,373,1016,1039]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Termitopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FF69FC1E1110FBF5" box="[233,373,1016,1039]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">Termitopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which he placed three termitophagous species (now
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FB83FC1F14C7FBEA" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1860" box="[1027,1186,1017,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="commutata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FB83FC1F14C7FBEA" box="[1027,1186,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">N. commutata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FB34FC1F155AFBEA" box="[1204,1343,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevigata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FB34FC1F155AFBEA" box="[1204,1343,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">N. laevigata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FA02FC1F116EFBCE" baseAuthorityName="Leal & Oliveira" baseAuthorityYear="1995" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FA02FC1F116EFBCE" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">N. marginata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Wheeler also erected a monotypic subgenus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FCE0FBFB1389FBCE" box="[864,1004,1053,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Termitopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FCE0FBFB1389FBCE" box="[864,1004,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">Termitopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FB81FBFA14D4FBC9" box="[1025,1201,1052,1075]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Syntermitopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FB81FBFA14D4FBC9" box="[1025,1201,1052,1075]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">Syntermitopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FB71FBFB15F1FBCE" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1860" box="[1265,1428,1053,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="commutata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FB71FBFB15F1FBCE" box="[1265,1428,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">N. commutata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EA2CB7FF17FBD9110DFBA2" author="Borgmeier, T." box="[151,360,1087,1112]" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="309 - 319" refId="ref134023" refString="Borgmeier, T. (1959) Myrmecologische Studien. II. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 31, 309 - 319." type="journal article" year="1959">Borgmeier (1959)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
later made
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FD84FBA612D1FBAD" box="[516,692,1088,1111]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Syntermitopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FD84FBA612D1FBAD" box="[516,692,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">Syntermitopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a junior synonym of
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FC4FFBA61406FBAD" box="[975,1123,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FC4FFBA6143AFBAD" box="[975,1119,1088,1111]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Termitopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Termitopone</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EA2CB7FBF2FBA6157DFBA2" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[1138,1304,1087,1112]" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="161 - 185" refId="ref134603" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1973) A comparison of the Hylean and Congo-West African rain forest ant faunas. In: Meggers, B. J., Ayensu, E. S. & Duckworth, W. D. (Eds.), Tropical forest ecosystems in Africa and South America: a comparative review. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., pp. 161 - 185." type="book chapter" year="1973">Brown (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
eventually synonymized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FEB8FB8311ADFB86" box="[312,456,1125,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eumecopone">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FEB8FB8311ADFB86" box="[312,456,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">Eumecopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FE5CFB83120AFB86" box="[476,623,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FE5CFB83120EFB86" box="[476,619,1125,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Termitopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Termitopone</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FD30FB821305FB81" box="[688,864,1124,1147]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Syntermitopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FD30FB821305FB81" box="[688,864,1124,1147]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">Syntermitopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FC38FB821432FB87" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[952,1111,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FC38FB821432FB87" box="[952,1111,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
along with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FB6BFB83150DFB86" box="[1259,1384,1125,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FB6BFB83150DFB86" box="[1259,1384,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">Neoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and several other ponerine genera.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6EA2CB7FF47FB4A11FFF9FD" blockId="149.[151,1437,151,1904]" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">
|
||
Based on strong molecular and morphological evidence, we are reviving
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FBAFFB4B14C9FB3E" box="[1071,1196,1197,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FBAFFB4B14C9FB3E" box="[1071,1196,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">Neoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a distinct genus, retaining
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FE8AFB3711FEFB12" box="[266,411,1233,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eumecopone">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FE8AFB3711FEFB12" box="[266,411,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">Eumecopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as its junior synonym, designating
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FCDEFB36138EFB1D" box="[862,1003,1232,1255]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Termitopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FCDEFB36138EFB1D" box="[862,1003,1232,1255]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">Termitopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FBB3FB361486FB1D" box="[1075,1251,1232,1255]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Syntermitopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FBB3FB361486FB1D" box="[1075,1251,1232,1255]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">Syntermitopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as new junior synonyms, and combining within it several
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FD4FFB1213E8FAF7" box="[719,909,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FD57FB1213E3FAF7" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[727,902,1268,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pachycondyla</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
species formerly considered members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FF17FAFF1146FACA" box="[151,291,1305,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mesoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FF17FAFF1146FACA" box="[151,291,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">Mesoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EA2CB7FEB1FAF11195FACA" author="Schmidt, C." box="[305,496,1303,1328]" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt's (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
molecular phylogeny of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FCB5FAF113C0FACA" box="[821,933,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
lends strong support to a clade consisting of (among sampled species) the
|
||
<typeStatus id="546556B2A6EA2CB7FE72FADA1247FAAE" box="[498,546,1340,1364]" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FD2BFADB13CCFAAF" box="[683,937,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FD2BFADB134FFAAE" box="[683,810,1341,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neoponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FCBAFADB13CCFAAF" box="[826,937,1340,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="villosa">N. villosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, three other species traditionally placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FF17FA871171FA82" box="[151,276,1377,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FF17FA871171FA82" box="[151,276,1377,1400]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">Neoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FEA7FA87122AFA82" box="[295,591,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FEA7FA8711C2FA82" box="[295,423,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">N. apicalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FE36FA87122AFA82" baseAuthorityName="Roger" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[438,591,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinulata">N. carinulata</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FD13FA871355FA82" authorityName=": Longino" authorityYear="2013" box="[659,816,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="unidentata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FD13FA871355FA82" box="[659,816,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">N. unidentata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), two members of the former genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FB62FA86150AFA8D" box="[1250,1391,1376,1399]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Termitopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FB62FA86150AFA8D" box="[1250,1391,1376,1399]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">Termitopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FA02FA871171FA66" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1860" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="commutata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FA02FA871171FA66" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">N. commutata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FECFFA631183FA66" baseAuthorityName="Leal & Oliveira" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[335,486,1413,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FECFFA631183FA66" box="[335,486,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">N. marginata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and two species formerly considered
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FC2DFA63145CFA66" box="[941,1081,1413,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mesoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FC2DFA63145CFA66" box="[941,1081,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">Mesoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FBCCFA631485FA66" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[1100,1248,1413,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aenescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FBCCFA631485FA66" box="[1100,1248,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">N. aenescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FA9CFA6315EEFA67" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1896" box="[1308,1419,1412,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fauveli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FA9CFA6315EEFA67" box="[1308,1419,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">N. fauveli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). This clade is inferred to be sister to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FDBBFA4E12A7FA45" box="[571,706,1448,1471]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FDBBFA4E12A7FA45" box="[571,706,1448,1471]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
plus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FC83FA4113C4FA3A" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[771,929,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FC83FA4113C4FA3A" box="[771,929,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but the split between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FB2BFA4F154DFA3A" box="[1195,1320,1449,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FB2BFA4F154DFA3A" box="[1195,1320,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">Neoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and these other genera is old enough, and the morphological and behavioral differences significant enough, to warrant separate generic status.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6EA2CB7FF47F9F21192F88A" blockId="149.[151,1437,151,1904]" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">
|
||
Morphological evidence also supports the new synonymizations and combinations described above.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FF17F9DF1171F9AA" box="[151,276,1593,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FF17F9DF1171F9AA" box="[151,276,1593,1616]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">Neoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as defined here is characterized by several apomorphies: moderately large eyes which are located laterally at or near the midline of the head, prominent arolia, and a stridulitrum on the pretergite of A4. Members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FF17F9671171F962" box="[151,276,1665,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FF17F9671171F962" box="[151,276,1665,1688]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">Neoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FEA9F9671129F962" box="[297,332,1665,1688]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">s.s.</emphasis>
|
||
) are also characterized by the presence of distinct preocular carinae (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FB0FF9671554F962" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1860" box="[1167,1329,1665,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="commutata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FB0FF9671554F962" box="[1167,1329,1665,1688]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">N. commutata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also has preocular carinae, though these were apparently independently evolved).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FC61F943143BF946" box="[993,1118,1701,1724]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FC61F943143BF946" box="[993,1118,1701,1724]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">Neoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FBF0F94314F6F946" box="[1136,1171,1701,1724]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">s.s.</emphasis>
|
||
) forms one half of the basal split in the genus, with
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FE5DF92E12ECF925" box="[477,649,1736,1759]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FE65F92E12E4F925" box="[485,641,1736,1759]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Termitopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Termitopone</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and the
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FD69F92E13F1F925" box="[745,916,1736,1759]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FD71F92E13E9F925" box="[753,908,1736,1759]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mesoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mesoponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
species forming the other half (at least among species sampled by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EA2CB7FEF4F90A1255F8FF" author="Schmidt, C." box="[372,560,1772,1797]" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt (2013))</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. All of these taxa are very closely related, however, and a separate genus is not justified for the
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FECDF8F612E9F8DD" box="[333,652,1808,1831]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FED4F8F61183F8DD" box="[340,486,1808,1831]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Termitopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Termitopone</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FE75F8F612E3F8DD" box="[501,646,1808,1831]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mesoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mesoponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
clade. Though
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6EA2CB7FCBEF8E9138BF8D2" author="Schmidt, C." box="[830,1006,1807,1832]" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did not sample either
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FB6CF8F615F9F8DD" box="[1260,1436,1808,1831]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FB74F8F615F1F8DD" box="[1268,1428,1808,1831]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eumecopone">Eumecopone</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
species in his molecular phylogeny, their morphological traits strongly suggest that they are simply
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6EA2CB7FA9FF8D315F9F8B6" box="[1311,1436,1845,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6EA2CB7FA9FF8D315F9F8B6" box="[1311,1436,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">Neoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with unusually long mandibles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |