740 lines
97 KiB
XML
740 lines
97 KiB
XML
<document id="5BEAAED67B6A1B167CEB40D56105ED13" ID-CLB-Dataset="5350" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d66f1b27-5891-4fa5-96e0-f75cb3ec2445" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10086256" ID-ZooBank="A3C10B34-7698-4C4D-94E5-DCF70B475603" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623272878632" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Schmidt, C. A. & Shattuck, S. O." docDate="2014" docId="03775906A6CA2C9AFF17FC5612BBFBEA" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03817p242.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3817 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Cryptopone , Emery 1893" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="185" masterDocId="FF4E217EA67F2C22FF80FFE61065FFFA" masterDocTitle="The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior" masterLastPageNumber="242" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="182" updateTime="1699920028738" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="2AE46F5260D99FD73E2B051E099C99F8" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="12D700774DD1BEC1AA2189CB28854036">
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<mods:title id="B46EAE6C5A30E8B8424203BE26121A41">The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1342B50B78B4BF60B20E69E03631DCC5">Schmidt, C. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F7055B75CB437B121331599A18D21D93">Shattuck, S. O.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="326427206D1313DED38F8AB32E27F7AD">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="918EAB8C11A66527AA74C4E43798EF45">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="8AC27294B04A99A42235439CC2584245">
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<mods:date id="924DDDB4C845956505ED32598D63550D">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="5AA35EC9994B1FDDD1395AE0E9B6F000">2014-06-18</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="B802A1D4097364B9211B2AB59F71B8AE" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="065C6B15AB364FFE7060744105FA4010">3817</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="4FE3E8262A4F08FB412B93FCAEC3229E" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03775906A6CA2C9AFF17FC5612BBFBEA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5117600" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183709924" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5117600" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03775906A6CA2C9AFF17FC5612BBFBEA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03775906A6CA2C9AFF17FC5612BBFBEA" lastPageId="184" lastPageNumber="185" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6CA2C97FF17FC56111AFC30" box="[151,383,944,970]" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CA2C97FF17FC56111AFC30" blockId="181.[151,383,944,1003]" box="[151,383,944,970]" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">
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<heading id="D0295F7CA6CA2C97FF17FC56111AFC30" bold="true" box="[151,383,944,970]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CA2C97FF17FC56111AFC30" ID-CoL="3WRD" ID-ENA="255800" authority="Emery" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[151,383,944,970]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CA2C97FF17FC56111AFC30" bold="true" box="[151,383,944,970]" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CA2C97FF17FC561146FC30" bold="true" box="[151,291,944,970]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Cryptopone</emphasis>
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Emery
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6CA2C97FF17FC341083FC11" box="[151,230,978,1003]" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CA2C97FF17FC341083FC11" blockId="181.[151,383,944,1003]" box="[151,230,978,1003]" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">
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<figureCitation id="13E5F495A6CA2C97FF17FC341083FC11" box="[151,230,978,1003]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="182.[151,250,1975,1997]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,395,1942]" captionTargetId="figure-122@182.[151,1436,395,1954]" captionTargetPageId="182" captionText="FIGURE 42. Worker caste of Cryptopone rotundiceps: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0172100, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of Cryptopone." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120907" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120907/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Fig. 42</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6CA2C97FF17FBFC14DDFAE0" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CA2C97FF17FBFC108BFBB4" blockId="181.[151,1436,1050,1165]" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CA2C97FF17FBFC11CDFBCA" ID-CoL="3WRD" authority="Emery, 1893 a" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[151,424,1050,1072]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CA2C97FF17FBFC116AFBCA" box="[151,271,1050,1072]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Cryptopone</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CA2C97FE96FBFD11CDFBCA" author="Emery, C." box="[278,424,1050,1072]" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" pagination="cclxxv - cclxxvii" refId="ref140766" refString="Emery, C. (1893 a) [1892]. [Untitled. Introduced by: " M. C. Emery, de Bologne, envoie les diagnoses de cinq nouveaux genres de Formicides ".]. Bulletin Bimensuel de la Societe Entomologique de France, 1892, cclxxv - cclxxvii." type="journal article" year="1893">Emery, 1893a</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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: cclxxv (as genus). Type-species:
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CA2C97FC89FBFC1413FBCA" ID-CoL="ZYZS" authority="Emery, 1893 a" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[777,1142,1050,1072]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="testacea">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CA2C97FC89FBFC13B9FBCA" box="[777,988,1050,1072]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Cryptopone testacea</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CA2C97FC64FBFD1413FBCA" author="Emery, C." box="[996,1142,1050,1072]" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" pagination="cclxxv - cclxxvii" refId="ref140766" refString="Emery, C. (1893 a) [1892]. [Untitled. Introduced by: " M. C. Emery, de Bologne, envoie les diagnoses de cinq nouveaux genres de Formicides ".]. Bulletin Bimensuel de la Societe Entomologique de France, 1892, cclxxv - cclxxvii." type="journal article" year="1893">Emery, 1893a</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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: cclxxv; by monotypy.
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CA2C97FAE9FBFC108BFBB4" bold="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Gen. rev.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CA2C97FF17FBBE12ECFB76" blockId="181.[151,1436,1050,1165]" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="ABCECF3EA6CA2C97FF17FBBE12ECFB76" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6CA2C97FF17FBBE11CEFB94" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6287368" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6287368" author="Weber, N. A." box="[151,427,1112,1134]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6FAC7954FD7809A801B5F77546B0E748" page="102" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" year="1939">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CA2C97FF17FBBE11CEFB94" authority="Weber, 1939: 102" authorityName="Weber" authorityPageNumber="102" authorityYear="1939" box="[151,427,1112,1134]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Wadeura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CA2C97FF17FBBE1097FB94" box="[151,242,1112,1134]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Wadeura</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CA2C97FF78FBBE11CEFB94" author="Weber, N. A." box="[248,427,1112,1134]" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" pagination="91 - 104" refId="ref166670" refString="Weber, N. A. (1939) New ants of rare genera and a new genus of ponerine ants. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 32, 91 - 104." type="journal article" year="1939">Weber, 1939: 102</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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(as genus). Type-species:
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<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6CA2C97FD37FBBE1424FB94" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6287368" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6287368" author="Weber, N. A." box="[695,1089,1112,1134]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6FAC7954FD7809A801B5F77546B0E748" page="103" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" year="1939">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CA2C97FD37FBBE1424FB94" authority="Weber, 1939: 103" authorityName=": Weber" authorityPageNumber="103" authorityYear="1939" box="[695,1089,1112,1134]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Wadeura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guianensis">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CA2C97FD37FBBE13E1FB94" box="[695,900,1112,1134]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Wadeura guianensis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CA2C97FC0AFBBE1424FB94" author="Weber, N. A." box="[906,1089,1112,1134]" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" pagination="91 - 104" refId="ref166670" refString="Weber, N. A. (1939) New ants of rare genera and a new genus of ponerine ants. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 32, 91 - 104." type="journal article" year="1939">Weber, 1939: 103</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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; by original designation.
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CA2C97FAC1FBBE15F9FB94" authorityName="Weber" authorityYear="1939" box="[1345,1436,1112,1134]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Wadeura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CA2C97FAC1FBBE15F9FB94" box="[1345,1436,1112,1134]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Wadeura</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CA2C97FE24FB90127EFB76" ID-CoL="3WRD" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[420,539,1142,1164]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CA2C97FE24FB90127EFB76" box="[420,539,1142,1164]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Cryptopone</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CA2C97FDA8FB9012ECFB76" bold="true" box="[552,649,1142,1165]" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Syn. nov.</emphasis>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CA2C97FF17FB5C14DDFAE0" blockId="181.[151,1437,1209,2026]" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CA2C97FF17FB5C117EFB2B" ID-CoL="3WRD" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[151,283,1210,1233]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CA2C97FF17FB5C117EFB2B" box="[151,283,1210,1233]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Cryptopone</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a moderately large genus (25 described species and subspecies) with a cosmopolitan distribution, though the species diversity is centered in Asia.
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CA2C97FD35FB38135CFB0F" ID-CoL="3WRD" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[693,825,1246,1269]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CA2C97FD35FB38135CFB0F" box="[693,825,1246,1269]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Cryptopone</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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workers are well-adapted to a hypogeic lifestyle, with small body size, reduced or absent eyes, flattened scapes, and traction setae on the mesotibiae.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6CA2C95FF47FAC3116FFF02" lastPageId="183" lastPageNumber="184" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" type="diagnosis">
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||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CA2C97FF47FAC31340F95C" blockId="181.[151,1437,1209,2026]" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">
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||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CA2C97FF47FAC31124FAC4" bold="true" box="[199,321,1317,1342]" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CA2C97FECDFAC011B4FAC7" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[333,465,1318,1341]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CA2C97FECDFAC011B4FAC7" box="[333,465,1318,1341]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Cryptopone</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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workers lack any obvious autapomorphic characters, but can be identified by the following characters (in combination): mandibles usually with a basal pit or fovea (absent in members of the former genus
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CA2C97FEB3FA8B11F2FA7C" authorityName="Weber" authorityYear="1939" box="[307,407,1389,1414]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Wadeura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CA2C97FEB3FA8B11F2FA7C" box="[307,407,1389,1414]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Wadeura</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, here newly synonymized with
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CA2C97FD7FFA8813E6FA7F" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[767,899,1390,1413]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CA2C97FD7FFA8813E6FA7F" box="[767,899,1390,1413]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Cryptopone</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), frontal lobes small and closely approximated, scapes flattened, eyes vestigial to absent, propodeum with a distinct dorsal face which widens posteriorly, metabasitarsus with simple setae but lacking spiniform or peg-like traction setae, and mesotibiae with stout traction setae (sometimes small and reduced to a few, but always present). Workers of
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CA2C97FB94FA3C14FDFA0B" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[1044,1176,1498,1521]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CA2C97FB94FA3C14FDFA0B" box="[1044,1176,1498,1521]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Cryptopone</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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most closely resemble those of
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CA2C97FF79FA1B11FEF9EC" box="[249,411,1533,1558]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CA2C97FF79FA1B11FEF9EC" box="[249,411,1533,1558]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(a close relative of
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CA2C97FDFDFA18136FF9EF" box="[637,778,1534,1557]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CA2C97FDFDFA181367F9EF" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[637,770,1534,1557]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cryptopone</taxonomicName>
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)
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</emphasis>
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, but differ most consistently in the presence of mesotibial traction setae. Similar traction setae occur in
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CA2C97FD1CF9C413B0F9C3" box="[668,981,1570,1593]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CA2C97FD1CF9C41321F9C3" box="[668,836,1570,1593]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Centromyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CA2C97FCD1F9C413B0F9C3" box="[849,981,1570,1593]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Feroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Feroponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CA2C97FC66F9C41409F9C3" box="[998,1132,1570,1593]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Promyopias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CA2C97FC66F9C41409F9C3" box="[998,1132,1570,1593]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Promyopias</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CA2C97FB2DF9C41543F9C3" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[1197,1318,1570,1593]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Buniapone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CA2C97FB2DF9C41543F9C3" box="[1197,1318,1570,1593]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Buniapone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but these genera all lack at least some portion of the diagnosis given above. Several other ponerine genera have basal mandibular pits, including
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CA2C97FE4BF98F1294F97B" box="[459,753,1641,1666]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CA2C97FE4BF98F120BF978" box="[459,622,1641,1666]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Brachyponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CA2C97FDFCF98C1288F97B" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[636,749,1642,1665]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Euponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CA2C97FCACF98C13F2F97B" box="[812,919,1642,1665]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hagensia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CA2C97FCACF98C13F2F97B" box="[812,919,1642,1665]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Hagensia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but these genera all lack mesotibial traction setae and have larger eyes, among many other differences.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CA2C94FF47F9571141FF2F" blockId="181.[151,1437,1209,2026]" lastBlockId="182.[151,1436,151,357]" lastPageId="182" lastPageNumber="183" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CA2C97FF47F95711A6F930" bold="true" box="[199,451,1713,1738]" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Synoptic description.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CA2C97FE4AF9571245F930" box="[458,544,1713,1738]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Worker.</emphasis>
|
||
Very small to medium sized (TL
|
||
<quantity id="4C2645F5A6CA2C97FC18F9571445F930" box="[920,1056,1713,1738]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" metricValueMax="6.1" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" unit="mm" value="3.9" valueMax="6.1" valueMin="1.7">1.7–6.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
) ants with the standard characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CA2C97FF35F9331172F914" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[181,279,1749,1774]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Mandibles triangular to subfalcate, usually with a small basal pit (absent in “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CA2C97FB02F9331483F914" authorityName="Weber" authorityYear="1939" box="[1154,1254,1749,1774]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Wadeura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CA2C97FB02F9331483F914" box="[1154,1254,1749,1774]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Wadeura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”) and without a basal groove. Anterior margin of clypeus broadly convex. Frontal lobes small and closely approximated. Scapes flattened. Apical segments of antennal funiculus often distinctly clubbed. Eyes greatly reduced or absent (in ”
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CA2C97FF23F8A71162F8A0" authorityName="Weber" authorityYear="1939" box="[163,263,1857,1882]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Wadeura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CA2C97FF23F8A71162F8A0" box="[163,263,1857,1882]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Wadeura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”). Metanotal groove reduced to a suture. Propodeum with a distinct dorsal face which widens posteriorly. Propodeal spiracles round to ovoid. Mesotibiae armed with stout traction setae. Metatibial spur formula (1p) or (1p, 1s). Petiole surmounted by a thick scale, its posterior face convex in dorsal view. Helcium sometimes projecting from near midheight of the anterior face of A3. Gaster with a moderate girdling constriction between pre- and postsclerites of A4. Head and body finely punctate, with some smooth and shining areas on the sides of the mesosoma, and with scattered to abundant short pilosity and dense pubescence. Color usually testaceous to orange, rarely black.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C92C94FF47FF061560FEE7" blockId="182.[151,1436,151,357]" pageId="182" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C92C94FF47FF061172FF0D" box="[199,279,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="182" pageNumber="183">Queen.</emphasis>
|
||
Similar to worker but slightly larger, alate, with ocelli and larger eyes, and with the other thoracic modifications typical of alate ponerine queens (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C92C94FD2BFEE21326FEE7" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[683,835,260,285]" pageId="182" pageNumber="183" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref134560" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1963) Characters and synonymies among the genera of ants. Part III. Some members of the tribe Ponerini (Ponerinae, Formicidae). Breviora, 190, 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="1963">Brown, 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6C92C94FCD6FEE2131BFEE7" box="[854,894,260,285]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="182" pageNumber="183">See</collectingRegion>
|
||
additional details in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C92C94FBE9FEE21565FEE7" author="Ogata, K." box="[1129,1280,260,285]" pageId="182" pageNumber="183" pagination="97 - 132" refId="ref157072" refString="Ogata, K. (1987) A generic synopsis of the poneroid complex of the family Formicidae in Japan (Hymenoptera). Part 1. Subfamilies Ponerinae and Cerapachyinae. Esakia, 25, 97 - 132." type="journal article" year="1987">Ogata (1987)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C92C94FF47FEC1133AFEBA" blockId="182.[151,1436,151,357]" box="[199,863,295,320]" pageId="182" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C92C94FF47FEC1116DFEBA" box="[199,264,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="182" pageNumber="183">Male.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6C92C94FE8EFEC11153FEBA" box="[270,310,295,320]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="182" pageNumber="183">See</collectingRegion>
|
||
descriptions by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C92C94FE6FFECE12E8FEBA" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[495,653,295,320]" pageId="182" pageNumber="183" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref134560" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1963) Characters and synonymies among the genera of ants. Part III. Some members of the tribe Ponerini (Ponerinae, Formicidae). Breviora, 190, 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="1963">Brown (1963)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C92C94FD43FEC1133EFEBA" author="Ogata, K." box="[707,859,295,320]" pageId="182" pageNumber="183" pagination="97 - 132" refId="ref157072" refString="Ogata, K. (1987) A generic synopsis of the poneroid complex of the family Formicidae in Japan (Hymenoptera). Part 1. Subfamilies Ponerinae and Cerapachyinae. Esakia, 25, 97 - 132." type="journal article" year="1987">Ogata (1987)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C92C94FF47FEAB1408FE9F" blockId="182.[151,1436,151,357]" box="[199,1133,332,357]" pageId="182" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C92C94FF47FEAB1174FE9E" box="[199,273,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="182" pageNumber="183">Larva.</emphasis>
|
||
Described for various species by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C92C94FD0CFEAA13DCFE9F" author="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J." box="[652,953,332,357]" pageId="182" pageNumber="183" pagination="604 - 672" refId="ref166964" refString="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. (1952) The ant larvae of the subfamily Ponerinae - Part II. American Midland Naturalist, 48, 604 - 672. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2422200" type="journal article" year="1952">Wheeler & Wheeler (1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C92C94FC44FEAA146EFE9F" author="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J." box="[964,1035,332,357]" pageId="182" pageNumber="183" pagination="1197 - 1217" refId="ref167087" refString="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. (1971 a) Ant larvae of the subfamily Ponerinae: second supplement. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 6, 64, 1197 - 1217." type="journal article" year="1971">1971a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C92C94FB96FEAA1404FE9F" author="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J." box="[1046,1121,332,357]" pageId="182" pageNumber="183" pagination="85 - 94" refId="ref167374" refString="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. (1986 b) Supplementary studies of ant larvae: Ponerinae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 112, 85 - 94." type="journal article" year="1986">1986b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DFA1B898A6C92C94FF17F8511455F816" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120907" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120907" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120907/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="183" startId="182.[151,250,1975,1997]" targetBox="[151,1436,395,1942]" targetPageId="182">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C92C94FF17F8511455F816" blockId="182.[151,1436,1975,2028]" pageId="182" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C92C94FF17F8511142F836" bold="true" box="[151,295,1975,1997]" pageId="182" pageNumber="183">FIGURE 42.</emphasis>
|
||
Worker caste of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C92C94FE72F851128AF837" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[498,751,1975,1997]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="182" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rotundiceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C92C94FE72F851128AF837" box="[498,751,1975,1997]" italics="true" pageId="182" pageNumber="183">Cryptopone rotundiceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0172100, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C92C94FC33F830144FF816" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[947,1066,2006,2028]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="182" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C92C94FC33F830144FF816" box="[947,1066,2006,2028]" italics="true" pageId="182" pageNumber="183">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C82C95FF47FF71116FFF02" blockId="183.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FF47FF711196FF4A" bold="true" box="[199,499,151,176]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Geographic distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FE7FFF7E12E6FF55" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[511,643,152,175]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FE7FFF7E12E6FF55" box="[511,643,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a virtually cosmopolitan distribution, occurring in every major biogeographic region, though the species diversity is centered in East and Southeast Asia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C82C95FB11FF5A154DFF2F" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[1169,1320,188,213]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref134560" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1963) Characters and synonymies among the genera of ants. Part III. Some members of the tribe Ponerini (Ponerinae, Formicidae). Breviora, 190, 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="1963">Brown, 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C82C95FAB4FF5A109AFF02" author="Bolton, B. & Alpert, G. & Ward, P. S. & Naskrecki, P." pageId="183" pageNumber="184" refId="ref133459" refString="Bolton, B., Alpert, G., Ward, P. S. & Naskrecki, P. (2006) Bolton's Catalogue of Ants of the World: 1758 - 2005. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., CD-ROM." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6C82C95FAB4FF5A15E5FF2F" box="[1332,1408,188,213]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Bolton</collectingRegion>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FA08FF5B10D1FF02" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6C82C9AFF47FEE212BBFBEA" lastPageId="184" lastPageNumber="185" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C82C95FF47FEE21358FD0A" blockId="183.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FF47FEE211B0FEE7" bold="true" box="[199,469,260,285]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Ecology and behavior.</emphasis>
|
||
Very little is known about the habits of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FC2FFEE21456FEE1" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[943,1075,260,283]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FC2FFEE21456FEE1" box="[943,1075,260,283]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but based on morphology and anecdotal observations they are clearly hypogeic (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FD46FECF1290FEBA" box="[710,757,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">e.g.,</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C82C95FD7CFEC1146EFEBA" author="Wheeler, W. M. & Gaige, F. M." box="[764,1035,295,320]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" pagination="69 - 72" refId="ref168222" refString="Wheeler, W. M. & Gaige, F. M. (1920) Euponera gilva (Roger), a rare North American ant. Psyche (Camb.), 27, 69 - 72. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 1920 / 26869" type="journal article" year="1920">Wheeler & Gaige, 1920</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FB9DFECE14C7FEC5" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[1053,1186,296,319]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FB9DFECE14C7FEC5" box="[1053,1186,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers exhibit many classic characters of hypogeic ants, including small size, depigmentation, flattened scapes, vestigial eyes, and traction setae on the mesotibiae (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FD96FE971220FE72" box="[534,581,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">e.g.,</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C82C95FDCFFE891363FE72" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[591,774,367,392]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" pagination="1 - 23" refId="ref168008" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1933 a) Three obscure genera of ponerine ants. American Museum Novitates, 672, 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1933">Wheeler, 1933a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Reported field observations and collection data indicate that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FF48FE7211C1FE57" box="[200,420,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FF48FE721129FE51" box="[200,332,404,427]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nest in a diversity of microhabitats including rotting wood, polypore fungi, under grass, in leaf litter, in soil, or even inside termitaria (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C82C95FD11FE5113ABFE2A" author="Creighton, W. S. & Tulloch, G. S." box="[657,974,439,464]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" pagination="71 - 79" refId="ref136000" refString="Creighton, W. S. & Tulloch, G. S. (1930) Notes on Euponera gilva (Roger) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Psyche (Camb.), 37 (1), 71 - 79. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 1930 / 49524" type="journal article" year="1930">Creighton & Tulloch, 1930</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Forel, cited by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C82C95FB0EFE511521FE2A" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[1166,1348,439,464]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" pagination="1 - 23" refId="ref168008" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1933 a) Three obscure genera of ponerine ants. American Museum Novitates, 672, 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1933">Wheeler, 1933a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C82C95FAD2FE5110B6FE0F" author="Smith, M. R." pageId="183" pageNumber="184" pagination="557 - 564" refId="ref162824" refString="Smith, M. R. (1934) Ponerine ants of the genus Euponera in the United States. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 27, 557 - 564." type="journal article" year="1934">Smith, 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C82C95FF63FE3A111FFE0F" author="Weber, N. A." box="[227,378,476,501]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" pagination="91 - 104" refId="ref166670" refString="Weber, N. A. (1939) New ants of rare genera and a new genus of ponerine ants. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 32, 91 - 104." type="journal article" year="1939">Weber, 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C82C95FE0BFE3A1253FE0F" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[395,566,476,501]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" pagination="303 - 371" refId="ref168683" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1958 c) Studies on the ant fauna of Melanesia III. Rhytidoponera in western Melanesia and the Moluccas. IV. The tribe Ponerini. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 119, 303 - 371." type="journal article" year="1958">Wilson, 1958c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C82C95FDC7FE3A1361FE0F" author="Terayama, M." box="[583,772,476,501]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" pagination="7 - 15" refId="ref164195" refString="Terayama, M. (1999) Taxonomic studies of the Japanese Formicidae, Part 4. Three new species of Ponerinae. Memoirs of the Myrmecological Society of Japan, 1, 7 - 15." type="journal article" year="1999">Terayama, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C82C95FC95FE3A1387FE0F" author="Radchenko, A." box="[789,994,476,501]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" pagination="127 - 221" refId="ref160515" refString="Radchenko, A. (2005) Monographic revision of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of North Korea. Annales Zoologici, 55 (2), 127 - 221." type="journal article" year="2005">Radchenko, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C82C95FC73FE3A14C6FE0F" author="Longino, J. T." box="[1011,1187,476,501]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" refId="ref152255" refString="Longino, J. T. (2013) Ants of Costa Rica. Available from: http: // academic. evergreen. edu / projects / ants / AntsofCostaRica. html (accessed 10 November 2013)" type="url" year="2013">Longino, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Workers have been observed foraging in soil, leaf litter, and under moss or rocks (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C82C95FCCCFE19143EFDE2" author="Wheeler, W. M. & Gaige, F. M." box="[844,1115,511,536]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" pagination="69 - 72" refId="ref168222" refString="Wheeler, W. M. & Gaige, F. M. (1920) Euponera gilva (Roger), a rare North American ant. Psyche (Camb.), 27, 69 - 72. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 1920 / 26869" type="journal article" year="1920">Wheeler & Gaige, 1920</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C82C95FBE7FE191569FDE2" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[1127,1292,511,536]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" pagination="303 - 371" refId="ref168683" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1958 c) Studies on the ant fauna of Melanesia III. Rhytidoponera in western Melanesia and the Moluccas. IV. The tribe Ponerini. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 119, 303 - 371." type="journal article" year="1958">Wilson, 1958c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C82C95FA97FE1910B6FDC7" author="Radchenko, A." pageId="183" pageNumber="184" pagination="127 - 221" refId="ref160515" refString="Radchenko, A. (2005) Monographic revision of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of North Korea. Annales Zoologici, 55 (2), 127 - 221." type="journal article" year="2005">Radchenko, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C82C95FF5FFDC211EFFDC7" author="Longino, J. T." box="[223,394,548,573]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" refId="ref152255" refString="Longino, J. T. (2013) Ants of Costa Rica. Available from: http: // academic. evergreen. edu / projects / ants / AntsofCostaRica. html (accessed 10 November 2013)" type="url" year="2013">Longino, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C82C95FE1DFDC2122FFDC7" author="Haskins, C. P." box="[413,586,548,573]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" pagination="507 - 521" refId="ref145710" refString="Haskins, C. P. (1931) Notes on the biology and social life of Euponera gilva Roger var. harnedi M. R. Smith. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 39, 507 - 521." type="journal article" year="1931">Haskins (1931)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FCC2FDC213F9FDC7" baseAuthorityName="Haskins" baseAuthorityYear="1931" box="[834,924,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gilva">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FCC2FDC213F9FDC7" box="[834,924,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">C. gilva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in laboratory conditions foraging in exposed conditions for brief periods, suggesting that they are not strictly hypogeic.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C82C95FC5AFDA114E2FD9A" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[986,1159,583,608]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" pagination="303 - 371" refId="ref168683" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1958 c) Studies on the ant fauna of Melanesia III. Rhytidoponera in western Melanesia and the Moluccas. IV. The tribe Ponerini. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 119, 303 - 371." type="journal article" year="1958">Wilson (1958c)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FF17FD8A1165FD7F" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1913" box="[151,256,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="butteli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FF17FD8A1165FD7F" box="[151,256,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">C. butteli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are timid and slow moving, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C82C95FDF9FD8A13F6FD7F" author="Wheeler, W. M. & Gaige, F. M." box="[633,915,620,645]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" pagination="69 - 72" refId="ref168222" refString="Wheeler, W. M. & Gaige, F. M. (1920) Euponera gilva (Roger), a rare North American ant. Psyche (Camb.), 27, 69 - 72. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 1920 / 26869" type="journal article" year="1920">Wheeler & Gaige (1920)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted similar behavior in workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FAC2FD8A15F9FD7F" baseAuthorityName="Haskins" baseAuthorityYear="1931" box="[1346,1436,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gilva">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FAC2FD8A15F9FD7F" box="[1346,1436,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">C. gilva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and observed that they feign death;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C82C95FDB4FD6912AFFD52" author="Smith, M. R." box="[564,714,655,680]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" pagination="557 - 564" refId="ref162824" refString="Smith, M. R. (1934) Ponerine ants of the genus Euponera in the United States. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 27, 557 - 564." type="journal article" year="1934">Smith (1934)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also noted sluggish behavior in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FBC2FD7614F9FD52" baseAuthorityName="Haskins" baseAuthorityYear="1931" box="[1090,1180,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gilva">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FBC2FD7614F9FD52" box="[1090,1180,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">C. gilva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FB2CFD761555FD5D" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[1196,1328,656,679]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FB2CFD761555FD5D" box="[1196,1328,656,679]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are most likely generalist predators, though observations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FD6FFD521316FD31" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[751,883,692,715]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FD6FFD521316FD31" box="[751,883,692,715]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
food preferences are scant.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C82C95FB48FD5215F9FD37" author="Imai, H. T. & Kihara, A. & Kondoh, M. & Kubota, M. & Kuribayashi, S. & Ogata, K. & Onoyama, K. & Taylor, R. W. & Terayama, M. & Tsukii, Y. & Yoshimura, M. & Ugava, Y." box="[1224,1436,692,717]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" refId="ref147162" refString="Imai, H. T., Kihara, A., Kondoh, M., Kubota, M., Kuribayashi, S., Ogata, K., Onoyama, K., Taylor, R. W., Terayama, M., Tsukii, Y., Yoshimura, M. & Ugava, Y. (2003). Ants of Japan. Gakken, Tokyo, 224 pp." type="book" year="2003">
|
||
Imai
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FA88FD531520FD37" box="[1288,1349,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2003)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FEACFD3E11FEFD15" authorityName="Onoyama" authorityYear="1989" box="[300,411,728,751]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sauteri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FEACFD3E11FEFD15" box="[300,411,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">C. sauteri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a predator of beetle and fly larvae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C82C95FF47FD1A1374FC17" blockId="183.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">
|
||
Almost nothing is known about the social organization of
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FCEEFD1A139CFCE9" box="[878,1017,764,787]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FCEEFD1A1390FCE9" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[878,1013,764,787]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cryptopone</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
but colonies are typically small (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FA02FD1A11F2FCC2" authority=": Wilson, 1958 c" authorityName="Wilson" authorityYear="1958" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="butteli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FA02FD1A10BAFCC2" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">C. butteli</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C82C95FF6FFCF911F2FCC2" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[239,407,799,824]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" pagination="303 - 371" refId="ref168683" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1958 c) Studies on the ant fauna of Melanesia III. Rhytidoponera in western Melanesia and the Moluccas. IV. The tribe Ponerini. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 119, 303 - 371." type="journal article" year="1958">Wilson, 1958c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FE23FCC61284FCC2" authority=": Weber, 1939" authorityName=": Weber" authorityYear="1939" box="[419,737,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Wadeura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guianensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FE23FCC61258FCCD" box="[419,573,800,823]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">C. guianensis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C82C95FDCEFCF91284FCC2" author="Weber, N. A." box="[590,737,799,824]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" pagination="91 - 104" refId="ref166670" refString="Weber, N. A. (1939) New ants of rare genera and a new genus of ponerine ants. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 32, 91 - 104." type="journal article" year="1939">Weber, 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C82C95FD76FCF91453FCC2" author="Creighton, W. S. & Tulloch, G. S." box="[758,1078,799,824]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" pagination="71 - 79" refId="ref136000" refString="Creighton, W. S. & Tulloch, G. S. (1930) Notes on Euponera gilva (Roger) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Psyche (Camb.), 37 (1), 71 - 79. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 1930 / 49524" type="journal article" year="1930">Creighton & Tulloch (1930)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed a single colony of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FA02FCC610AAFCA7" baseAuthorityName="Haskins" baseAuthorityYear="1931" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gilva">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FA02FCC610AAFCA7" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">C. gilva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with five dealate queens and stated that its colonies are small, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C82C95FB9BFCA214D2FCA7" author="Smith, M. R." box="[1051,1207,836,861]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" pagination="557 - 564" refId="ref162824" refString="Smith, M. R. (1934) Ponerine ants of the genus Euponera in the United States. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 27, 557 - 564." type="journal article" year="1934">Smith (1934)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
similarly observed polygynous colonies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FE21FC8E119CFC7A" baseAuthorityName="Haskins" baseAuthorityYear="1931" box="[417,505,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gilva">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FE21FC8E119CFC7A" box="[417,505,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">C. gilva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but noted that its colonies could have as many as several hundred workers.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C82C95FAC2FC811084FC5F" author="Haskins, C. P." pageId="183" pageNumber="184" pagination="507 - 521" refId="ref145710" refString="Haskins, C. P. (1931) Notes on the biology and social life of Euponera gilva Roger var. harnedi M. R. Smith. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 39, 507 - 521." type="journal article" year="1931">Haskins (1931)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also reported frequent polygyny in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FDFBFC6A12B0FC5F" baseAuthorityName="Haskins" baseAuthorityYear="1931" box="[635,725,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gilva">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FDFBFC6A12B0FC5F" box="[635,725,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">C. gilva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Nest emigrations are facilitated by social carrying in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FAC2FC6A1135FC32" authority="(Haskins, 1931)" baseAuthorityName="Haskins" baseAuthorityYear="1931" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gilva">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FAC2FC6A15F9FC5F" box="[1346,1436,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">C. gilva</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C82C95FF1FFC491122FC32" author="Haskins, C. P." box="[159,327,943,968]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" pagination="507 - 521" refId="ref145710" refString="Haskins, C. P. (1931) Notes on the biology and social life of Euponera gilva Roger var. harnedi M. R. Smith. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 39, 507 - 521." type="journal article" year="1931">Haskins, 1931</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C82C95FEDDFC49126EFC32" author="Haskins, C. P." box="[349,523,943,968]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" pagination="507 - 521" refId="ref145710" refString="Haskins, C. P. (1931) Notes on the biology and social life of Euponera gilva Roger var. harnedi M. R. Smith. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 39, 507 - 521." type="journal article" year="1931">Haskins (1931)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
gives many additional details of the habits of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FBA7FC5614E7FC32" baseAuthorityName="Haskins" baseAuthorityYear="1931" box="[1063,1154,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gilva">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FBA7FC5614E7FC32" box="[1063,1154,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">C. gilva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including the results of interesting experiments on its visual and auditory acuity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C82C95FF47FC111368FAF7" blockId="183.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FF47FC11128DFBEA" bold="true" box="[199,744,1015,1040]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Phylogenetic and taxonomic considerations.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FD76FC1E131EFBF5" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[758,891,1016,1039]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FD76FC1E131EFBF5" box="[758,891,1016,1039]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has had a somewhat complicated taxonomic history. In erecting
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FEF2FBFA12CDFBCF" authority=", Emery (1893 a" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[370,680,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FEF2FBFA1193FBC9" box="[370,502,1052,1075]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C82C95FD85FBFA12CDFBCF" author="Emery, C." box="[517,680,1052,1077]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" pagination="cclxxv - cclxxvii" refId="ref140766" refString="Emery, C. (1893 a) [1892]. [Untitled. Introduced by: " M. C. Emery, de Bologne, envoie les diagnoses de cinq nouveaux genres de Formicides ".]. Bulletin Bimensuel de la Societe Entomologique de France, 1892, cclxxv - cclxxvii." type="journal article" year="1893">Emery (1893a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; also 1893b) noted the similarity of its
|
||
<typeStatus id="546556B2A6C82C95FBE3FBFA14F6FBCE" box="[1123,1171,1052,1076]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FB7BFBFA151DFBCE" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[1275,1400,1052,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="testacea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FB7BFBFA151DFBCE" box="[1275,1400,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">C. testacea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FF17FBA7108FFBA2" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[151,234,1089,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FF17FBA7108FFBA2" box="[151,234,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. He distinguished the two genera by mandibular shape (the masticatory margin is shorter in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FA94FBA615F7FBA2" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[1300,1426,1088,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="testacea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FA94FBA615F7FBA2" box="[1300,1426,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">C. testacea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and by the relatively high articulation of the petiole with the gaster in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FC1EFB82147FFB86" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[926,1050,1124,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="testacea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FC1EFB82147FFB86" box="[926,1050,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">C. testacea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Emery also compared
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FAA0FB8215F9FB86" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[1312,1436,1124,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="testacea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FAA0FB8215F9FB86" box="[1312,1436,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">C. testacea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FF33FB611128FB5A" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1862" box="[179,333,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trapeziopelta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FF33FB611128FB5A" box="[179,333,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Trapeziopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FEF3FB6E11B6FB65" box="[371,467,1160,1183]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myopias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FEF3FB6E11B6FB65" box="[371,467,1160,1183]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Myopias</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), noting the supposedly similar mandibular shape and high helcium. The subtriangular mandibles and high helcium of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FD80FB4A121AFB3E" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[512,639,1196,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="testacea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FD80FB4A121AFB3E" box="[512,639,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">C. testacea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have proven not to be universal in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FB95FB4A14FCFB39" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[1045,1177,1196,1219]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FB95FB4A14FCFB39" box="[1045,1177,1196,1219]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, nor is a high helcium common in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FE9CFB361119FB1D" box="[284,380,1232,1255]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myopias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FE9CFB361119FB1D" box="[284,380,1232,1255]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Myopias</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, so these characters are less informative than Emery believed. Emery also considered the foursegmented club of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FEEBFB12118DFAF6" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[363,488,1268,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="testacea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FEEBFB12118DFAF6" box="[363,488,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">C. testacea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be of taxonomic value.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C82C95FF47FAF115F5FA3A" blockId="183.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">
|
||
Additional species were gradually added to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FD38FAFE1359FAD5" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[696,828,1304,1327]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FD38FAFE1359FAD5" box="[696,828,1304,1327]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
until
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C82C95FCFFFAF11458FACA" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[895,1085,1303,1328]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" pagination="1 - 23" refId="ref168008" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1933 a) Three obscure genera of ponerine ants. American Museum Novitates, 672, 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1933">Wheeler (1933a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
revised the genus, splitting off two species to form the new genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FDA0FADA1295FAAF" box="[544,752,1340,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pseudocryptopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FDA0FADA1295FAAF" box="[544,752,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Pseudocryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(which he considered to be close to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FB08FADB14BEFAAE" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[1160,1243,1341,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FB08FADB14BEFAAE" box="[1160,1243,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), describing new species, and providing a revised diagnosis for the genera. Wheeler was the first to recognize the significance of the distinctive shape of the propodeum in dorsal view, of the stout mesotibial setae, and of the head shape. Based on the latter two characters, Wheeler believed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FD04FA4E136DFA45" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[644,776,1448,1471]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FD04FA4E136DFA45" box="[644,776,1448,1471]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FB88FA4114D3FA3A" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1911" box="[1032,1206,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymesopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FB88FA4114D3FA3A" box="[1032,1206,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Trachymesopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FB5EFA4115E5FA3A" box="[1246,1408,1447,1472]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FB5EFA4115E5FA3A" box="[1246,1408,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C82C95FF47FA2A1444F895" blockId="183.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C82C95FF47FA2A111DFA1F" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[199,376,1484,1509]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" pagination="303 - 371" refId="ref168683" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1958 c) Studies on the ant fauna of Melanesia III. Rhytidoponera in western Melanesia and the Moluccas. IV. The tribe Ponerini. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 119, 303 - 371." type="journal article" year="1958">Wilson (1958c)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
discussed the relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FC9EFA2A13C7FA19" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[798,930,1484,1507]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FC9EFA2A13C7FA19" box="[798,930,1484,1507]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FC61FA2A14EAFA1F" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1911" box="[993,1167,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymesopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FC61FA2A14EAFA1F" box="[993,1167,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Trachymesopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and believed that they could be separated by
|
||
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A6C82C95FE3EFA09123DF9F2" box="[446,600,1519,1544]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" type="worker">three worker</specimenCount>
|
||
characters: the metatibial spur count (one in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FB2CFA161555F9FD" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[1196,1328,1520,1543]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FB2CFA161555F9FD" box="[1196,1328,1520,1543]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, two in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FF17F9F21120F9D7" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1911" box="[151,325,1556,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymesopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FF17F9F21120F9D7" box="[151,325,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Trachymesopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the shape of the mandibles (narrower and with more oblique masticatory margins in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FA87F9F215EEF9D1" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[1287,1419,1556,1579]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FA87F9F215EEF9D1" box="[1287,1419,1556,1579]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and the presence of eyes (absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FDA4F9DE12CDF9B5" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[548,680,1592,1615]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FDA4F9DE12CDF9B5" box="[548,680,1592,1615]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C82C95FD3FF9DE1338F9AA" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[703,861,1591,1616]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref134560" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1963) Characters and synonymies among the genera of ants. Part III. Some members of the tribe Ponerini (Ponerinae, Formicidae). Breviora, 190, 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="1963">Brown (1963)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted the presence of stout setae on the mesotibiae and the presence of basal mandibular pits as being characteristic of the genus, recognized that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FB6EF9BA108DF962" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymesopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FB6EF9BA15F9F98F" box="[1262,1436,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Trachymesopus</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with these traits are really
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FDA8F96612C9F96D" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[552,684,1664,1687]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FDA8F96612C9F96D" box="[552,684,1664,1687]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and transferred them to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FC54F966143DF96D" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[980,1112,1664,1687]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FC54F966143DF96D" box="[980,1112,1664,1687]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
accordingly. More recently,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C82C95FF17F94211A6F947" author="Mackay, W. P. & Mackay, E. E." box="[151,451,1700,1725]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" refId="ref152898" refString="Mackay, W. P. & Mackay, E. E. (2010) The systematics and biology of the New World ants of the genus Pachycondyla (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Edwin Mellon Press, Lewiston, 642 pp." type="book" year="2010">Mackay & Mackay (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found the characters used to separate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FCF2F9421393F941" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[882,1014,1700,1723]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FCF2F9421393F941" box="[882,1014,1700,1723]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from related genera to be poor. They observed that many of these characters were too variable or difficult to see and therefore unambiguous interpretation and placement of some taxa within these genera was sometimes nearly impossible. As a result they synonymized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FEB5F8F611DFF8DD" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[309,442,1808,1831]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FEB5F8F611DFF8DD" box="[309,442,1808,1831]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FE7CF8E912FEF8D2" baseAuthorityName="sensu Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[508,667,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FE7CF8E912FEF8D2" box="[508,667,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C82C95FD2BF8E913BEF8D2" author="Mackay, W. P. & Mackay, E. E." box="[683,987,1807,1832]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" refId="ref152898" refString="Mackay, W. P. & Mackay, E. E. (2010) The systematics and biology of the New World ants of the genus Pachycondyla (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Edwin Mellon Press, Lewiston, 642 pp." type="book" year="2010">Mackay & Mackay (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also note that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FB05F8E9150FF8DD" authorityName=": Weber" authorityYear="1939" box="[1157,1386,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Wadeura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guianensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FB05F8E9150FF8DD" box="[1157,1386,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Wadeura guianensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="546556B2A6C82C95FF17F8D210A2F8B6" box="[151,199,1844,1868]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FEC6F8D211CFF8B7" authorityName="Weber" authorityYear="1939" box="[326,426,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Wadeura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FEC6F8D211CFF8B7" box="[326,426,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Wadeura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is basically a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FDD3F8D212B2F8B1" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[595,727,1844,1867]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FDD3F8D212B2F8B1" box="[595,727,1844,1867]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with unusual mandibles and because of this
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FB51F8D21550F8B7" authorityName="Weber" authorityYear="1939" box="[1233,1333,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Wadeura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FB51F8D21550F8B7" box="[1233,1333,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Wadeura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not warrant status as a full genus; they consider it to be a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FCFBF8B1147FF88A" baseAuthorityName="sensu Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[891,1050,1879,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FCFBF8B1147FF88A" box="[891,1050,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C82C9AFF47F89A1403FEBA" blockId="183.[151,1436,151,2013]" lastBlockId="184.[151,1437,151,1040]" lastPageId="184" lastPageNumber="185" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">
|
||
To resolve these issues a broad range of species from across the world were examined. While some characters used to diagnose
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C82C95FEDEF8461186F84D" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[350,483,1952,1975]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C82C95FEDEF8461186F84D" box="[350,483,1952,1975]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were found to be variable as noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C82C95FC26F84614BCF843" author="Mackay, W. P. & Mackay, E. E." box="[934,1241,1952,1977]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" refId="ref152898" refString="Mackay, W. P. & Mackay, E. E. (2010) The systematics and biology of the New World ants of the genus Pachycondyla (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Edwin Mellon Press, Lewiston, 642 pp." type="book" year="2010">Mackay & Mackay (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, we were able to develop a concise diagnosis for the genus and to produce keys which allow reliable identifications to be undertaken. Additionally,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C72C9AFE3FFF7112E5FF4A" author="Schmidt, C." box="[447,640,151,176]" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt's (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
molecular phylogeny of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C72C9AFC4DFF711458FF4A" box="[973,1085,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
places
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C72C9AFB14FF7E157DFF55" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[1172,1304,152,175]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C72C9AFB14FF7E157DFF55" box="[1172,1304,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as sister to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C72C9AFF17FF5A115CFF2F" box="[151,313,188,213]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C72C9AFF17FF5A115CFF2F" box="[151,313,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a relationship that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C72C9AFDB6FF5A129FFF2F" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[566,762,188,213]" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" pagination="1 - 23" refId="ref168008" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1933 a) Three obscure genera of ponerine ants. American Museum Novitates, 672, 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1933">Wheeler (1933a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested, with no close relationship indicated to true
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C72C9AFF17FF391153FF02" baseAuthorityName="sensu Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[151,310,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C72C9AFF17FF391153FF02" box="[151,310,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Based on this we treat
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C72C9AFDC7FF0612AEFF0D" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[583,715,224,247]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C72C9AFDC7FF0612AEFF0D" box="[583,715,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a valid genus with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C72C9AFC4AFF39144BFF02" authorityName="Weber" authorityYear="1939" box="[970,1070,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Wadeura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C72C9AFC4AFF39144BFF02" box="[970,1070,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">Wadeura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as its junior synonym. It should be noted that the true boundaries of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C72C9AFDCAFEE212ABFEE1" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[586,718,260,283]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C72C9AFDCAFEE212ABFEE1" box="[586,718,260,283]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C72C9AFC8DFEE213CAFEE7" box="[781,943,260,285]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C72C9AFC8DFEE213CAFEE7" box="[781,943,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are somewhat unclear, but morphological evidence does support this relationship (see the discussion of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C72C9AFCF2FECF13A1FEBA" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[882,964,297,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C72C9AFCF2FECF13A1FEBA" box="[882,964,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
genus group).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C72C9AFF47FEAA118EFCC2" blockId="184.[151,1437,151,1040]" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">
|
||
Our concept of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C72C9AFE04FEAA126DFE99" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[388,520,332,355]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C72C9AFE04FEAA126DFE99" box="[388,520,332,355]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nearly mirrors that of Brown, with the exception that we consider the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C72C9AFF17FE89109EFE72" authorityName="Weber" authorityYear="1939" box="[151,251,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Wadeura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C72C9AFF17FE89109EFE72" box="[151,251,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">Wadeura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be a probable junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C72C9AFD4CFE961335FE7D" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[716,848,368,391]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C72C9AFD4CFE961335FE7D" box="[716,848,368,391]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C72C9AFCE5FE8913ACFE72" authorityName="Weber" authorityYear="1939" box="[869,969,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Wadeura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C72C9AFCE5FE8913ACFE72" box="[869,969,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">Wadeura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C72C9AFB04FE891579FE72" author="Weber, N. A." box="[1156,1308,367,392]" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" pagination="91 - 104" refId="ref166670" refString="Weber, N. A. (1939) New ants of rare genera and a new genus of ponerine ants. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 32, 91 - 104." type="journal article" year="1939">Weber, 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), currently considered a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C72C9AFD99FE72130AFE57" authority="(Brown, 1973)" baseAuthorityName="sensu Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[537,879,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C72C9AFD99FE7212D2FE57" box="[537,695,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C72C9AFD4BFE721302FE57" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[715,871,404,429]" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" pagination="161 - 185" refId="ref134603" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1973) A comparison of the Hylean and Congo-West African rain forest ant faunas. In: Meggers, B. J., Ayensu, E. S. & Duckworth, W. D. (Eds.), Tropical forest ecosystems in Africa and South America: a comparative review. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., pp. 161 - 185." type="book chapter" year="1973">Brown, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is a small Neotropical group of three species. Though
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C72C9AFF7BFE5111D5FE2A" author="Schmidt, C." box="[251,432,439,464]" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did not sample
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C72C9AFDFAFE5112BBFE2A" authorityName="Weber" authorityYear="1939" box="[634,734,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Wadeura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C72C9AFDFAFE5112BBFE2A" box="[634,734,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">Wadeura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in his molecular phylogeny, the morphological similarities between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C72C9AFF7BFE3A113AFE0F" authorityName="Weber" authorityYear="1939" box="[251,351,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Wadeura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C72C9AFF7BFE3A113AFE0F" box="[251,351,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">Wadeura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C72C9AFE14FE3A127DFE09" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[404,536,476,499]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C72C9AFE14FE3A127DFE09" box="[404,536,476,499]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are compelling and to our surprise have apparently not been noted previously. In most respects the three species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C72C9AFDA8FE1912E9FDE2" authorityName="Weber" authorityYear="1939" box="[552,652,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Wadeura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C72C9AFDA8FE1912E9FDE2" box="[552,652,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">Wadeura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are morphologically typical of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C72C9AFC7FFDE614E6FDED" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[1023,1155,512,535]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C72C9AFC7FFDE614E6FDED" box="[1023,1155,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, having the same dense punctate sculpturing, dense pubescence, depigmentation, head shape, convex anterior clypeal margin, small closely approximated frontal lobes, flattened scapes, vestigial eyes (actually completely absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C72C9AFB30FDA11571FD9A" authorityName="Weber" authorityYear="1939" box="[1200,1300,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Wadeura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C72C9AFB30FDA11571FD9A" box="[1200,1300,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">Wadeura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), anteriorly constricted propodeum and flat propodeal dorsum, round propodeal spiracles, simple posteriorly directed metapleural gland orifice, mesotibiae with stout spines, thick squamiform petiole, and the characters of the gaster.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C72C9AFF17FD52109EFD37" authorityName="Weber" authorityYear="1939" box="[151,251,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Wadeura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C72C9AFF17FD52109EFD37" box="[151,251,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">Wadeura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C72C9AFD82FD5212E3FD31" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[514,646,692,715]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C72C9AFD82FD5212E3FD31" box="[514,646,692,715]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
chiefly in mandibular shape (narrower and with longer teeth in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C72C9AFF17FD31109EFD0A" authorityName="Weber" authorityYear="1939" box="[151,251,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Wadeura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C72C9AFF17FD31109EFD0A" box="[151,251,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">Wadeura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), in the shape of the mesonotum (bulging in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C72C9AFC8BFD31130AFD0A" authorityName="Weber" authorityYear="1939" box="[779,879,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Wadeura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C72C9AFC8BFD31130AFD0A" box="[779,879,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">Wadeura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with the consequent appearance of a depressed propodeum), body size (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C72C9AFE31FD1A1270FCEF" authorityName="Weber" authorityYear="1939" box="[433,533,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Wadeura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C72C9AFE31FD1A1270FCEF" box="[433,533,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">Wadeura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is somewhat larger than most
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C72C9AFCFDFD1A1464FCE9" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[893,1025,764,787]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C72C9AFCFDFD1A1464FCE9" box="[893,1025,764,787]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and metatibial spur count (one in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C72C9AFF17FCC6117EFCCD" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[151,283,800,823]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C72C9AFF17FCC6117EFCCD" box="[151,283,800,823]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, two in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C72C9AFEF7FCF911BEFCC2" authorityName="Weber" authorityYear="1939" box="[375,475,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Wadeura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C72C9AFEF7FCF911BEFCC2" box="[375,475,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">Wadeura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C72C9AFF47FCA212BBFBEA" blockId="184.[151,1437,151,1040]" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">
|
||
We do not consider the morphological differences between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C72C9AFC01FCA21380FCA7" authorityName="Weber" authorityYear="1939" box="[897,997,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Wadeura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C72C9AFC01FCA21380FCA7" box="[897,997,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">Wadeura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C72C9AFBA3FCA214C2FCA1" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[1059,1191,836,859]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C72C9AFBA3FCA214C2FCA1" box="[1059,1191,836,859]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be of genus-level significance, and interpret
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C72C9AFE44FC81124DFC7A" authorityName="Weber" authorityYear="1939" box="[452,552,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Wadeura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C72C9AFE44FC81124DFC7A" box="[452,552,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">Wadeura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a lineage of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C72C9AFD5CFC8E1305FC85" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[732,864,872,895]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C72C9AFD5CFC8E1305FC85" box="[732,864,872,895]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(probably sister to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C72C9AFBBEFC8E14FDFC7A" baseAuthorityName="Haskins" baseAuthorityYear="1931" box="[1086,1176,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gilva">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C72C9AFBBEFC8E14FDFC7A" box="[1086,1176,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">C. gilva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C72C9AFB51FC8E15F7FC7A" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[1233,1426,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guatemalensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C72C9AFB51FC8E15F7FC7A" box="[1233,1426,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">C. guatemalensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) which evolved larger size and possibly prey specialization, to fill a niche left empty in the Neotropics but filled by the superficially similar
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C72C9AFE2FFC561250FC3D" box="[431,565,944,967]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Promyopias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C72C9AFE2FFC561250FC3D" box="[431,565,944,967]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">Promyopias</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Africa and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C72C9AFD60FC56133CFC3D" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[736,857,944,967]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Buniapone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C72C9AFD60FC56133CFC3D" box="[736,857,944,967]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">Buniapone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Southeast Asia (as suggested by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C72C9AFB7CFC4915F5FC32" author="Weber, N. A." box="[1276,1424,943,968]" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" pagination="91 - 104" refId="ref166670" refString="Weber, N. A. (1939) New ants of rare genera and a new genus of ponerine ants. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 32, 91 - 104." type="journal article" year="1939">Weber, 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Alternatively,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C72C9AFEB6FC3211FFFC17" authorityName="Weber" authorityYear="1939" box="[310,410,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Wadeura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C72C9AFEB6FC3211FFFC17" box="[310,410,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">Wadeura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could actually be unrelated to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C72C9AFD73FC321312FC11" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[755,887,980,1003]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C72C9AFD73FC321312FC11" box="[755,887,980,1003]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and represent a remarkable case of convergence, though we do not find this hypothesis very credible.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |