plazi/treatments-xml
2
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull requests Releases Activity
treatments-xml/data/03/77/59/03775906A63A2C65FF17FD5211A1FA67.xml
maintenance bc2564723d added 03
2024-06-21 12:22:17 +02:00

489 lines
58 KiB
XML
Raw Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<document id="2EE933F3EC820655D80E1FD3910ADFE5" ID-CLB-Dataset="5350" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d66f1b27-5891-4fa5-96e0-f75cb3ec2445" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10086256" ID-ZooBank="A3C10B34-7698-4C4D-94E5-DCF70B475603" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623272878632" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Schmidt, C. A. &amp; Shattuck, S. O." docDate="2014" docId="03775906A63A2C65FF17FD5211A1FA67" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03817p242.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3817 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Asphinctopone Santschi" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="72" masterDocId="FF4E217EA67F2C22FF80FFE61065FFFA" masterDocTitle="The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior" masterLastPageNumber="242" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="70" updateTime="1699920028738" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="BA74A3131DD7D766FCC85315AF06945B" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="99B4C015CB8092EDBD65F2AD1DCCB9DD">
<mods:title id="9668A169D22849F8E15293E037829F62">The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="F73572E773E821F76255973781D10D56" type="personal">
<mods:role id="3F14198C2B5F5445B134D2325BA37CA4">
<mods:roleTerm id="9C59B7F7AC0A223E501FA8DF423B4DB0">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="A4A99190151E0369BCC71DC9F1CD0277">Schmidt, C. A.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="D36C4DEDF3E3458FB2D731C233D8F379" type="personal">
<mods:role id="5E7B261B2E2C92351B3F605880A412F2">
<mods:roleTerm id="3F6AFEAD710F7E62B3A8D9A6E7C47F68">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="5C000D93C67DAF8B1766CA80FD04A047">Shattuck, S. O.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="B01EE14F20BC087CFBBB3F12BF8FDCB9">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="DB37F641E7EDA4876B49D286D8CFE1A8" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="82E64A65E90BAAA57D03779F7425860A">
<mods:title id="19E62DDB812DC556CF76B22AC99CB59A">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="33A375B17D5A13DD20E2D7B256E04CE6">
<mods:date id="C377B4419D98D766A4627702C6F5DDC9">2014</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="3B3A656E63885AAFB21B8B73C7D522F9" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="108F8C40D82F36B72BE8C8E5A9A3A26F">2014-06-18</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="9F7AF13F65A6C90F267E757A980131FD" type="volume">
<mods:number id="95AC007AB61B2D857F431E6EFC4F6822">3817</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="48AB52ACACCDAF4FCD31DA0B84AF07F0" type="issue">
<mods:number id="734466E7D31523BDB06857F8B24555FF">1</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="7998CBC8FE5904B3304B7D6C352D668A" unit="page">
<mods:start id="621959CEA3A6E692BF74806819243BDB">1</mods:start>
<mods:end id="7D59CB74E7218BF3D4752F0F08D03E15">242</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="8BCAC963286A2ECA95ED63402582F287">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="5B56B5AE0340F4FD1AE9D95C0CA643E7" type="CLB-Dataset">5350</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="CCD78D777CC70A947B16EFC67DD89249" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="D4C556C4FC3AB39C0C08B96CAAF6FF52" type="GBIF-Dataset">d66f1b27-5891-4fa5-96e0-f75cb3ec2445</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="E29A3AC8B2C1E6036D9D013F624A160D" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="49072C95DA1B0CC290B8B1DC3ECC45B0" type="Zenodo-Dep">10086256</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="24ECF3F8ECE39B7D80451C90C30D53FD" type="ZooBank">A3C10B34-7698-4C4D-94E5-DCF70B475603</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03775906A63A2C65FF17FD5211A1FA67" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5117456" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183709974" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5117456" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03775906A63A2C65FF17FD5211A1FA67" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03775906A63A2C65FF17FD5211A1FA67" lastPageId="71" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA63A2C67FF17FD5211D8FD34" box="[151,445,692,718]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A63A2C67FF17FD5211D8FD34" blockId="69.[151,445,692,751]" box="[151,445,692,718]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
<heading id="D0295F7CA63A2C67FF17FD5211D8FD34" bold="true" box="[151,445,692,718]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63A2C67FF17FD5211D8FD34" ID-CoL="342C" ID-ENA="373782" authority="Santschi" authorityName="Santschi" box="[151,445,692,718]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63A2C67FF17FD5211D8FD34" bold="true" box="[151,445,692,718]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63A2C67FF17FD521129FD34" bold="true" box="[151,332,692,718]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
Santschi
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA63A2C67FF17FD3010BDFD14" box="[151,216,726,751]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A63A2C67FF17FD3010BDFD14" blockId="69.[151,445,692,751]" box="[151,216,726,751]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
<figureCitation id="13E5F495A63A2C67FF17FD3010BDFD14" box="[151,216,726,751]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="70.[151,250,1885,1907]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,409,1851]" captionTargetId="figure-148@70.[151,1436,409,1863]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="FIGURE 7. Worker caste of Asphinctopone silvestrii: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0006811, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of Asphinctopone." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120828" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120828/files/figure.png" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA63A2C67FF17FCF81084FC00" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A63A2C67FF17FCF81501FCCE" blockId="69.[151,1437,798,912]" box="[151,1380,798,820]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="ABCECF3EA63A2C67FF17FCF81501FCCE" box="[151,1380,798,820]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A63A2C67FF17FCF81199FCCE" author="Santschi, F." box="[151,508,798,820]" page="318" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" year="1914">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63A2C67FF17FCF81199FCCE" ID-CoL="342C" authority="Santschi, 1914: 318" authorityName="Santschi" authorityPageNumber="318" authorityYear="1914" box="[151,508,798,820]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63A2C67FF17FCF81148FCCE" box="[151,301,798,820]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A63A2C67FEB4FCF81199FCCE" author="Santschi, F." box="[308,508,798,820]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="309 - 385" refId="ref161231" refString="Santschi, F. (1914) Formicides de l'Afrique occidentale et australe du voyage de Mr. le Professeur F. Silvestri. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Reale Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura. Portici, 8, 309 - 385." type="journal article" year="1914">Santschi, 1914: 318</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
(as genus). Type-species:
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A63A2C67FC87FCF814A8FCCE" author="Santschi, F." box="[775,1229,798,820]" page="318" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" year="1914">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63A2C67FC87FCF814A8FCCE" ID-CoL="HCZV" authority="Santschi, 1914: 318" authorityName="Santschi" authorityPageNumber="318" authorityYear="1914" box="[775,1229,798,820]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="silvestrii">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63A2C67FC87FCF8139EFCCE" box="[775,1019,798,820]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Asphinctopone silvestrii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A63A2C67FB82FCF814A8FCCE" author="Santschi, F." box="[1026,1229,798,820]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="309 - 385" refId="ref161231" refString="Santschi, F. (1914) Formicides de l'Afrique occidentale et australe du voyage de Mr. le Professeur F. Silvestri. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Reale Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura. Portici, 8, 309 - 385." type="journal article" year="1914">Santschi, 1914: 318</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
; by monotypy.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A63A2C67FF17FCDB1108FC6A" blockId="69.[151,1437,798,912]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="ABCECF3EA63A2C67FF17FCDB1108FC6A" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A63A2C67FF17FCDB118CFCA9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6286156" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6286156" author="Bernard, F." box="[151,489,829,851]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0CF97C063301DEDAB716A8873743F5DE" page="207" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" year="1953">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63A2C67FF17FCDB118CFCA9" authority="Bernard, 1953: 207" authorityName="Bernard" authorityPageNumber="207" authorityYear="1953" box="[151,489,829,851]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lepidopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63A2C67FF17FCDB116AFCA9" box="[151,271,829,851]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Lepidopone</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A63A2C67FE9AFCDB118CFCA9" author="Bernard, F." box="[282,489,829,851]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="165 - 270" refId="ref132717" refString="Bernard, F. (1953) La reserve naturelle integrale du Mt Nimba. XI. Hymenopteres Formicidae. Memoires de l'Institut Francais d'Afrique Noire, 19, 165 - 270." type="journal article" year="1953">Bernard, 1953: 207</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
(in
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63A2C67FD9CFCDB12E1FCA9" ID-CoL="K6Z" box="[540,644,829,851]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63A2C67FD14FCDB128AFCA9" ID-CoL="L68" box="[660,751,829,851]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
). Type-species:
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A63A2C67FC1BFCDB152EFCA9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6286156" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6286156" author="Bernard, F." box="[923,1355,829,851]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0CF97C063301DEDAB716A8873743F5DE" page="208" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" year="1953">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63A2C67FC1BFCDB152EFCA9" authority="Bernard, 1953: 208" authorityName="Bernard" authorityPageNumber="208" authorityYear="1953" box="[923,1355,829,851]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lepidopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lamottei">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63A2C67FC1BFCDB1414FCA9" box="[923,1137,829,851]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Lepidopone lamottei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A63A2C67FBFCFCDB152EFCA9" author="Bernard, F." box="[1148,1355,829,851]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="165 - 270" refId="ref132717" refString="Bernard, F. (1953) La reserve naturelle integrale du Mt Nimba. XI. Hymenopteres Formicidae. Memoires de l'Institut Francais d'Afrique Noire, 19, 165 - 270." type="journal article" year="1953">Bernard, 1953: 208</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
(junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63A2C67FEC8FCBA12BAFC88" ID-CoL="HCZV" authority="Santschi, 1914" authorityName="Santschi" authorityYear="1914" box="[328,735,860,882]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="silvestrii">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63A2C67FEC8FCBA1258FC88" box="[328,573,860,882]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Asphinctopone silvestrii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A63A2C67FDC4FCBA12BAFC88" author="Santschi, F." box="[580,735,860,882]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="309 - 385" refId="ref161231" refString="Santschi, F. (1914) Formicides de l'Afrique occidentale et australe du voyage de Mr. le Professeur F. Silvestri. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Reale Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura. Portici, 8, 309 - 385." type="journal article" year="1914">Santschi, 1914</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
); by monotypy.
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A63A2C67FC05FCBA1456FC88" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[901,1075,860,882]" page="2" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" year="1953">
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A63A2C67FC05FCBA1456FC88" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[901,1075,860,882]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 8" refId="ref134455" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1953 b) Characters and synonymies among the genera of ants. Part II. Breviora, 18, 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1953">Brown, 1953b: 2</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63A2C67FBC3FCBA14DFFC88" box="[1091,1210,860,882]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lepidopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63A2C67FBC3FCBA14DFFC88" box="[1091,1210,860,882]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Lepidopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63A2C67FF47FC9C1138FC6A" ID-CoL="342C" box="[199,349,890,912]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63A2C67FF47FC9C1138FC6A" box="[199,349,890,912]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A63A2C67FF17FC5B1084FC00" blockId="69.[151,1437,957,2026]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63A2C67FF17FC5B1158FC2C" ID-CoL="342C" box="[151,317,957,982]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63A2C67FF17FC5B1158FC2C" box="[151,317,957,982]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a small genus (three described species) restricted to tropical Africa. Nothing is known about its habits.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA63A2C64FF47FBE312B6FE9F" lastPageId="70" lastPageNumber="71" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A63A2C67FF47FBE314ADFA34" blockId="69.[151,1437,957,2026]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63A2C67FF47FBE31124FBE4" bold="true" box="[199,321,1029,1054]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63A2C67FECBFBE31194FBE4" box="[331,497,1029,1054]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63A2C67FECBFBE31194FBE4" box="[331,497,1029,1054]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is morphologically distinctive and unlikely to be confused with any other genus. Important diagnostic apomorphies of the genus include the complex clypeus (see description below), the long apical antennomere, the strongly impressed metanotal groove, the divided mesopleuron, and the lack of differentiated presclerites in A4. Additional apomorphies of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63A2C67FCCDFB971396FB70" box="[845,1011,1137,1162]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63A2C67FCCDFB971396FB70" box="[845,1011,1137,1162]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
include characters of the subpetiolar process and the helcium (described in detail by
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A63A2C67FD3AFB7313AEFB54" author="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L." box="[698,971,1173,1198]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="53 - 61" refId="ref133574" refString="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L. (2008 a) The Afrotropical ponerine ant genus Asphinctopone Santschi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 1827, 53 - 61." type="journal article" year="2008">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A63A2C67FD3AFB731363FB54" box="[698,774,1173,1198]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Bolton</collectingRegion>
&amp; Fisher, 2008a
</bibRefCitation>
). The presence of a small process on the basal mandibular margin and strongly impressed promesonotal suture, previously thought to be apomorphies, do not occur in all known species and are therefore not of use in diagnosing this genus (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A63A2C67FBCDFB3B1491FB0C" author="Hawkes, P. G." box="[1101,1268,1245,1270]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="27 - 36" refId="ref145970" refString="Hawkes, P. G. (2010) A new species of Asphinctopone (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) from Tanzania. Zootaxa, 2480, 27 - 36." type="journal article" year="2010">Hawkes, 2010</bibRefCitation>
). Superficially, workers of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63A2C67FE97FAE711D8FAE0" box="[279,445,1281,1306]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63A2C67FE97FAE711D8FAE0" box="[279,445,1281,1306]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
perhaps most resemble small
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63A2C67FC93FAE713D6FAE0" box="[787,947,1281,1306]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63A2C67FC93FAE713D6FAE0" box="[787,947,1281,1306]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Brachyponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, due to their similarly impressed metanotal grooves, strongly narrowed propodeal dorsa, round or ovoid propodeal spiracles, squamiform petioles, and absent or weak gastral constriction. These genera strongly differ in many characters, however, including those of the mandibles (triangular and with a basal pit in
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63A2C67FD17FA8B1352FA7C" box="[663,823,1389,1414]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63A2C67FD17FA8B1352FA7C" box="[663,823,1389,1414]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Brachyponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, subtriangular and with a unique process on the basal margin in
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63A2C67FE97FA7711D8FA50" box="[279,445,1425,1450]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63A2C67FE97FA7711D8FA50" box="[279,445,1425,1450]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and clypeus (broadly convex in
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63A2C67FCDDFA771398FA50" box="[861,1021,1425,1450]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63A2C67FCDDFA771398FA50" box="[861,1021,1425,1450]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Brachyponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, complex in
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63A2C67FB24FA77152FFA50" box="[1188,1354,1425,1450]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63A2C67FB24FA77152FFA50" box="[1188,1354,1425,1450]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), their metatibial spur count (two in
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63A2C67FE61FA5312E4FA34" box="[481,641,1461,1486]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63A2C67FE61FA5312E4FA34" box="[481,641,1461,1486]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Brachyponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, one in
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63A2C67FD5CFA5313E7FA34" box="[732,898,1461,1486]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63A2C67FD5CFA5313E7FA34" box="[732,898,1461,1486]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and many other characters.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A63A2C67FF47FA3F1488F85B" blockId="69.[151,1437,957,2026]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63A2C67FF47FA3F11AEFA08" bold="true" box="[199,459,1497,1522]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Synoptic description.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63A2C67FE5AFA3F1255FA08" box="[474,560,1497,1522]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Worker.</emphasis>
Small (TL
<quantity id="4C2645F5A63A2C67FD4AFA3F133EFA08" box="[714,859,1497,1522]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="3.7" metricValueMin="3.3" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="3.7" valueMin="3.3">3.3–3.7 mm</quantity>
) ants with the standard characters of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63A2C67FAB6FA3F15FDFA08" box="[1334,1432,1497,1522]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
. Mandibles subtriangular, with five teeth, a small process on the basal margin near the mandibular articulation present in some species, and a faint basal groove. Clypeus projecting anteriorly, with a small rounded lobe medially, on either side of which is a shallow concavity and then an angular projection. Frontal lobes closely approximated and of moderate size. Antennae with the three or four apical antennomeres forming a weak club, the apical antennomere longer than the preceding five (or four) segments combined. Eyes small, located anterior of head midline. Promesonotal suture sometimes relatively deeply impressed, the metanotal groove always deeply impressed. Mesopleuron divided by a transverse groove. Propodeal dorsum strongly narrowed and relatively short, the posterior face relatively long. Propodeal spiracles ovoid. Metatibial spur formula (1p). Petiole squamiform, the scale thin in side view but broad in dorsal view. A4 without differentiated presclerites, and hence the gaster without a girdling constriction. Head and body shiny to very sparsely punctate, with sparse pilosity and pubescence. Color orange to reddish brown.
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A63A2C67FE34F88311B8F884" box="[436,477,1893,1918]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">See</collectingRegion>
description by
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A63A2C67FD08F88313FEF884" author="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L." box="[648,923,1893,1918]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="53 - 61" refId="ref133574" refString="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L. (2008 a) The Afrotropical ponerine ant genus Asphinctopone Santschi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 1827, 53 - 61." type="journal article" year="2008">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A63A2C67FD08F88312B1F884" box="[648,724,1893,1918]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Bolton</collectingRegion>
&amp; Fisher (2008a)
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A63A2C67FC51F8831419F884" author="Hawkes, P. G." box="[977,1148,1893,1918]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="27 - 36" refId="ref145970" refString="Hawkes, P. G. (2010) A new species of Asphinctopone (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) from Tanzania. Zootaxa, 2480, 27 - 36." type="journal article" year="2010">Hawkes (2010)</bibRefCitation>
for further details and for discussion of additional important characters, such as those of the helcium and subpetiolar process.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A63A2C67FF47F8481324F810" blockId="69.[151,1437,957,2026]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63A2C67FF47F8481172F83F" box="[199,279,1966,1989]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Queen.</emphasis>
Similar to worker but slightly larger, winged, with ocelli and larger eyes, and with the other characters typical of winged ponerine queens (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A63A2C67FDA7F8371350F810" author="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L." box="[551,821,2001,2026]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="53 - 61" refId="ref133574" refString="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L. (2008 a) The Afrotropical ponerine ant genus Asphinctopone Santschi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 1827, 53 - 61." type="journal article" year="2008">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A63A2C67FDA7F8371210F810" box="[551,629,2001,2026]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Bolton</collectingRegion>
&amp; Fisher, 2008a
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6392C64FF47FF7111E0FF4A" blockId="70.[151,1436,151,357]" box="[199,389,151,176]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6392C64FF47FF71116DFF4A" box="[199,264,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Male.</emphasis>
Unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6392C64FF47FF5B11D9FF2F" blockId="70.[151,1436,151,357]" box="[199,444,188,213]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6392C64FF47FF5B1174FF2E" box="[199,273,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Larva.</emphasis>
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6392C64FE98FF5A1127FF29" box="[280,322,188,211]" country="Cameroon" name="North" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Not</collectingRegion>
described.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6392C64FF47FF3912B6FE9F" blockId="70.[151,1436,151,357]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6392C64FF47FF391194FF02" bold="true" box="[199,497,223,248]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Geographic distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6392C64FE79FF3912FAFF02" box="[505,671,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6392C64FE79FF3912FAFF02" box="[505,671,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is rarely collected and seems to be at low density where it occurs, but is widespread in central and western Africa with a single species known from eastern Africa, having been collected in the
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6392C64FEDCFECE118CFEBA" box="[348,489,295,320]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6392C64FE7BFEC11237FEBA" box="[507,594,295,320]" name="Nigeria" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6392C64FDE3FEC112BFFEBA" box="[611,730,295,320]" name="Cameroon" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
, the
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6392C64FC9CFEC11422FEBA" box="[796,1095,295,320]" name="Central African Republic" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Central African Republic</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6392C64FBD9FEC114C0FEBA" box="[1113,1189,295,320]" name="Ghana" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Ghana</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6392C64FB36FEC1156FFEBA" box="[1206,1290,295,320]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Guinea</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6392C64FA9BFEC11503FEBA" box="[1307,1382,295,320]" name="Gabon" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Gabon</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6392C64FF17FEAA1099FE9F" box="[151,252,332,357]" name="Tanzania" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6392C64FE8AFEAA1272FE9F" author="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L." box="[266,535,332,357]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" pagination="53 - 61" refId="ref133574" refString="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L. (2008 a) The Afrotropical ponerine ant genus Asphinctopone Santschi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 1827, 53 - 61." type="journal article" year="2008">Bolton &amp; Fisher, 2008a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6392C64FDA2FEAA12A2FE9F" author="Hawkes, P. G." box="[546,711,332,357]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" pagination="27 - 36" refId="ref145970" refString="Hawkes, P. G. (2010) A new species of Asphinctopone (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) from Tanzania. Zootaxa, 2480, 27 - 36." type="journal article" year="2010">Hawkes, 2010</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DFA1B898A6392C64FF17F8BB142BF86B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120828" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120828" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120828/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" startId="70.[151,250,1885,1907]" targetBox="[151,1436,409,1851]" targetPageId="70">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6392C64FF17F8BB142BF86B" blockId="70.[151,1436,1884,1937]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6392C64FF17F8BB117EF888" bold="true" box="[151,283,1885,1907]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
Worker caste of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6392C64FE6AF8BA1283F888" authorityName="Santschi" authorityYear="1914" box="[490,742,1884,1906]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="silvestrii">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6392C64FE6AF8BA1283F888" box="[490,742,1884,1906]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Asphinctopone silvestrii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0006811, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6392C64FC32F89D142DF86B" box="[946,1096,1915,1937]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6392C64FC32F89D142DF86B" box="[946,1096,1915,1937]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6392C65FF47F85E11A1FA67" lastPageId="71" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6392C65FF47F85E11C3FEE7" blockId="70.[151,1436,1976,2037]" lastBlockId="71.[151,1436,151,1437]" lastPageId="71" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6392C64FF47F85E11B6F82B" bold="true" box="[199,467,1976,2001]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Ecology and behavior.</emphasis>
Nothing definite is known about the habits of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6392C64FC70F85E14F3F82B" box="[1008,1174,1976,2001]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6392C64FC70F85E14F3F82B" box="[1008,1174,1976,2001]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Specimens have been collected in leaf litter, soil, rotting wood, and an abandoned termitary (Déjean
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6392C64FB81F83B145CF80F" box="[1025,1081,2012,2037]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">et al.</emphasis>
, 2006;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6392C64FB0DF83A15F1F80F" author="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L." box="[1165,1428,2012,2037]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" pagination="53 - 61" refId="ref133574" refString="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L. (2008 a) The Afrotropical ponerine ant genus Asphinctopone Santschi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 1827, 53 - 61." type="journal article" year="2008">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6392C64FB0DF83A14BCF80F" box="[1165,1241,2012,2037]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Bolton</collectingRegion>
&amp; Fisher, 2008a
</bibRefCitation>
) while
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A6382C65FF5EFF7E113AFF4A" box="[222,351,151,176]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="worker">one worker</specimenCount>
was collected during the evening (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6382C65FD74FF7113F8FF4A" author="Hawkes, P. G." box="[756,925,151,176]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="27 - 36" refId="ref145970" refString="Hawkes, P. G. (2010) A new species of Asphinctopone (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) from Tanzania. Zootaxa, 2480, 27 - 36." type="journal article" year="2010">Hawkes, 2010</bibRefCitation>
). The presence of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FBF3FF71157CFF4A" box="[1139,1305,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FBF3FF71157CFF4A" box="[1139,1305,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
workers in these microhabitats, along with their reduced eyes, implies a cryptobiotic existence.
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6382C65FBFAFF5A15F9FF2F" author="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L." box="[1146,1436,188,213]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="53 - 61" refId="ref133574" refString="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L. (2008 a) The Afrotropical ponerine ant genus Asphinctopone Santschi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 1827, 53 - 61." type="journal article" year="2008">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6382C65FBFAFF5A14A3FF2F" box="[1146,1222,188,213]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Bolton</collectingRegion>
&amp; Fisher (2008a)
</bibRefCitation>
suggest that the derived mandibular structure of the genus is indicative of prey specialization, though its feeding habits remain unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6382C65FF47FEC11272FE09" blockId="71.[151,1436,151,1437]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FF47FEC112B5FEBA" bold="true" box="[199,720,295,320]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Phylogenetic and taxonomic considerations.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6382C65FD56FEC113E3FEBA" author="Santschi, F." box="[726,902,295,320]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="309 - 385" refId="ref161231" refString="Santschi, F. (1914) Formicides de l'Afrique occidentale et australe du voyage de Mr. le Professeur F. Silvestri. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Reale Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura. Portici, 8, 309 - 385." type="journal article" year="1914">Santschi (1914)</bibRefCitation>
described
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FC7FFEC114C0FEBA" box="[1023,1189,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FC7FFEC114C0FEBA" box="[1023,1189,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a monotypic genus to hold his new species
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FE31FEAA1251FE9F" authorityName="Santschi" authorityYear="1914" box="[433,564,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="silvestrii">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FE31FEAA1251FE9F" box="[433,564,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">A. silvestrii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6382C65FDC5FEAA1291FE9F" author="Bernard, F." box="[581,756,332,357]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="165 - 270" refId="ref132717" refString="Bernard, F. (1953) La reserve naturelle integrale du Mt Nimba. XI. Hymenopteres Formicidae. Memoires de l'Institut Francais d'Afrique Noire, 19, 165 - 270." type="journal article" year="1953">Bernard (1953)</bibRefCitation>
later erected the genus
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FB8DFEAA14F4FE9F" box="[1037,1169,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lepidopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FB8DFEAA14F4FE9F" box="[1037,1169,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Lepidopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for his new species
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FA05FEAB1096FE72" authorityName="Bernard" authorityYear="1953" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lepidopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lamottei">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FA05FEAB1096FE72" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">L. lamottei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Bernard differentiated his new genus from the obviously closely related
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FBDBFE891564FE72" box="[1115,1281,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FBDBFE891564FE72" box="[1115,1281,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by supposed differences of the coxae, petiole and gaster. Brown (1953c) concluded that the justification for separating
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FF17FE51117EFE2A" box="[151,283,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lepidopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FF17FE51117EFE2A" box="[151,283,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Lepidopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FEE1FE511262FE2A" box="[353,519,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FEE1FE511262FE2A" box="[353,519,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was weak, and synonymized them.
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6382C65FC21FE5114D2FE2A" author="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L." box="[929,1207,439,464]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="53 - 61" refId="ref133574" refString="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L. (2008 a) The Afrotropical ponerine ant genus Asphinctopone Santschi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 1827, 53 - 61." type="journal article" year="2008">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6382C65FC21FE511388FE2A" box="[929,1005,439,464]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Bolton</collectingRegion>
&amp; Fisher (2008a)
</bibRefCitation>
revised the specieslevel taxonomy of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FEEAFE3A1275FE0F" box="[362,528,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FEEAFE3A1275FE0F" box="[362,528,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6382C65FF47FE191476FC85" blockId="71.[151,1436,151,1437]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6382C65FF47FE19111DFDE2" author="Schmidt, C." box="[199,376,511,536]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt (2013)</bibRefCitation>
was unable to include
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FD04FE19134FFDE2" box="[644,810,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FD04FE19134FFDE2" box="[644,810,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in his phylogeny of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FB9CFE1914EAFDE2" box="[1052,1167,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
, and the morphological traits of the genus give only a few clues to its phylogenetic position.
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6382C65FC11FDC214E2FDC7" author="Ouellette, G. D. &amp; Fisher, B. L. &amp; Girman, D. J." box="[913,1159,548,573]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="359 - 369" refId="ref158038" refString="Ouellette, G. D., Fisher, B. L. &amp; Girman, D. J. (2006) Molecular systematics of basal subfamilies of ants using 28 S rRNA (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 40, 359 - 369. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2006.03.017" type="journal article" year="2006">
Ouellette
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FC7EFDC31453FDC7" box="[1022,1078,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">et al.</emphasis>
(2006)
</bibRefCitation>
included an unidentified
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FF17FDA111FDFD9A" box="[151,408,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FF17FDA11158FD9A" box="[151,317,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
in their 28S phylogeny of the poneroid subfamilies, and found weak support for a close relationship between
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FE0AFD8A1255FD7F" box="[394,560,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FE0AFD8A1255FD7F" box="[394,560,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FDEBFD8A1371FD7F" baseAuthorityName="Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[619,788,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FDEBFD8A1371FD7F" box="[619,788,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Odontomachus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FCBDFD8A13D7FD7F" box="[829,946,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anochetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FCBDFD8A13D7FD7F" box="[829,946,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Anochetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, suggesting membership of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FB75FD8A15FEFD7F" box="[1269,1435,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FB75FD8A15FEFD7F" box="[1269,1435,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FF5EFD6911E2FD52" baseAuthorityName="Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[222,391,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FF5EFD6911E2FD52" box="[222,391,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Odontomachus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Genus Group. Morphological evidence does not give a strong indication of the phylogenetic relationships of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FECDFD521196FD37" box="[333,499,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FECDFD521196FD37" box="[333,499,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, though after considering the various possibilities we conclude that
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FB75FD5215FEFD37" box="[1269,1435,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FB75FD5215FEFD37" box="[1269,1435,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
most likely is a member of the
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FE7BFD3112C0FD0A" baseAuthorityName="Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[507,677,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FE7BFD3112C0FD0A" box="[507,677,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Odontomachus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Group, as suggested by Ouellette
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FBACFD3F1403FD0A" box="[1068,1126,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">et al.</emphasis>
’s (2006) molecular results.
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6382C65FF17FD1A11CAFCEF" author="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L." box="[151,431,764,789]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="53 - 61" refId="ref133574" refString="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L. (2008 a) The Afrotropical ponerine ant genus Asphinctopone Santschi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 1827, 53 - 61." type="journal article" year="2008">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6382C65FF17FD1A1086FCEF" box="[151,227,764,789]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Bolton</collectingRegion>
&amp; Fisher (2008a)
</bibRefCitation>
found similarities in the structure of the petiolar sternite and helcium in
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FB6EFD1A115AFCC2" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FB6EFD1A15F2FCEF" box="[1262,1431,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Asphinctopone</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FF17FCF91159FCC2" box="[151,316,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phrynoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phrynoponera</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FEFAFCF9127FFCC2" box="[378,538,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FEFAFCF9127FFCC2" box="[378,538,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Brachyponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, though they argued against these similarities representing synapomorphies of all three genera or any given pair of them. Still, the possibility cannot be rejected, especially given other superficial similarities between
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FEFEFC811241FC7A" box="[382,548,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FEFEFC811241FC7A" box="[382,548,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and both
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FD14FC811353FC7A" box="[660,822,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phrynoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FD14FC811353FC7A" box="[660,822,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Phrynoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FCECFC811469FC7A" box="[876,1036,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FCECFC811469FC7A" box="[876,1036,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Brachyponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6382C65FF47FC6A11A1FA67" blockId="71.[151,1436,151,1437]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
The presence of only a single metatibial spur in
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FD5FFC6A13E0FC5F" box="[735,901,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FD5FFC6A13E0FC5F" box="[735,901,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
would be unusual among
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FB2AFC6A1531FC5F" baseAuthorityName="Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[1194,1364,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FB2AFC6A1531FC5F" box="[1194,1364,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Odontomachus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group genera, but some species of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FE50FC491220FC32" box="[464,581,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anochetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FE50FC491220FC32" box="[464,581,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Anochetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a similar reduction in spur count. Spur count is roughly correlated with body size, so the loss of the second spur in
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FDF4FC32137FFC17" box="[628,794,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FDF4FC32137FFC17" box="[628,794,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could be the result of a reduction in body size, and would not exclude its placement in the
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FD99FC1112A6FBEA" baseAuthorityName="Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[537,707,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FD99FC1112A6FBEA" box="[537,707,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Odontomachus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group. Other morphological arguments for a placement in the
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FF17FBFA1124FBCF" baseAuthorityName="Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[151,321,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FF17FBFA1124FBCF" box="[151,321,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Odontomachus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group include the unconstricted gaster (present to a less extreme degree in most members of the group), the impressed metanotal groove (more commonly impressed in the
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FB87FBD914D5FBA2" baseAuthorityName="Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[1031,1200,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FB87FBD914D5FBA2" box="[1031,1200,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Odontomachus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group than in other genus groups), and the relatively large frontal lobes, which would argue against a placement in the
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FB79FB83152EFB86" box="[1273,1355,1125,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FB79FB83152EFB86" box="[1273,1355,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Ponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group, nearly all of which have very small frontal lobes. A placement of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FC02FB61144DFB5A" box="[898,1064,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FC02FB61144DFB5A" box="[898,1064,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
within the
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FB2AFB61155DFB5A" box="[1194,1336,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FB2AFB61155DFB5A" box="[1194,1336,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Plectroctena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group is unlikely, given its posteriorly-opening metapleural gland orifice, impressed metanotal groove, and narrowed propodeal dorsum. The possibility of a close relationship between
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FC2CFB291437FB12" box="[940,1106,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FC2CFB291437FB12" box="[940,1106,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FB13FB37157AFB12" authorityName=", Taylor" authorityYear="1967" box="[1171,1311,1233,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FB13FB37157AFB12" box="[1171,1311,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Hypoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cannot be rejected, but is not supported by any particular putative synapomorphy. Finally, the biogeography of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FB75FB1215FEFAF7" box="[1269,1435,1268,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FB75FB1215FEFAF7" box="[1269,1435,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(restricted to central and western Africa) lends credibility to a placement in either the
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FB65FAF11516FACA" box="[1253,1395,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FB65FAF11516FACA" box="[1253,1395,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Plectroctena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FF17FADA1124FAAF" baseAuthorityName="Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[151,321,1340,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FF17FADA1124FAAF" box="[151,321,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Odontomachus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
groups, which are apparently Afrotropical in origin. Weighing all the evidence, we find it most likely that
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FE95FAB911DEFA82" box="[277,443,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FE95FAB911DEFA82" box="[277,443,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is simply an unusually small member of the
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FC52FAB9141EFA82" baseAuthorityName="Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[978,1147,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FC52FAB9141EFA82" box="[978,1147,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Odontomachus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group, and we therefore tentatively include it there.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
Reference in a new issue View git blame Copy permalink