470 lines
56 KiB
XML
470 lines
56 KiB
XML
<document id="E58AEE0D8E69D6AD17A24E1AE3BF158F" ID-CLB-Dataset="5350" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d66f1b27-5891-4fa5-96e0-f75cb3ec2445" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10086256" ID-ZooBank="A3C10B34-7698-4C4D-94E5-DCF70B475603" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623272878632" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Schmidt, C. A. & Shattuck, S. O." docDate="2014" docId="03775906A6272C78FF17FB4A146FF9D7" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03817p242.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3817 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Hagensia Forel" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="91" masterDocId="FF4E217EA67F2C22FF80FFE61065FFFA" masterDocTitle="The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior" masterLastPageNumber="242" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="89" updateTime="1699920028738" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="1DE739B27F2BDB0683D036267D9BB9A8">
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<mods:title id="E7D5F32AC0D8F13065A662E75479034E">The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F0CD91E59BC1E9B0B0D1060357C8BA3A">Schmidt, C. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="D60C6701FF2E7B34A8349B40F67C37FB" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="1189EB8D3DD13A07412E447295833228">Shattuck, S. O.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="4E2A82209FED9724031D07A42B77002E">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="A621294DC8E55811D808D4BE22A24755">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="54DC7221927850834169ACD525B61473">
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<mods:date id="AE2B7A2D26FDBDD84C905ABFEDAD6DF4">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="4FD7EB9ADF49EE8AC41E7B6B171ABBA7">2014-06-18</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="FE13BB9C1E347FC4C576321D0544D349">3817</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="D28D89D35C9C7AA80C6E0D0CEE60F456" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03775906A6272C78FF17FB4A146FF9D7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5117480" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183709965" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5117480" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03775906A6272C78FF17FB4A146FF9D7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03775906A6272C78FF17FB4A146FF9D7" lastPageId="90" lastPageNumber="91" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6272C7AFF17FB4A1131FB3C" box="[151,340,1196,1222]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6272C7AFF17FB4A1131FB3C" blockId="88.[151,340,1196,1255]" box="[151,340,1196,1222]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
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<heading id="D0295F7CA6272C7AFF17FB4A1131FB3C" bold="true" box="[151,340,1196,1222]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6272C7AFF17FB4A1131FB3C" authority="Forel" authorityName="Forel" box="[151,340,1196,1222]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hagensia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6272C7AFF17FB4A1131FB3C" bold="true" box="[151,340,1196,1222]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6272C7AFF17FB4A116EFB3C" bold="true" box="[151,267,1196,1222]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Hagensia</emphasis>
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Forel
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6272C7AFF17FB281083FB1D" box="[151,230,1230,1255]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6272C7AFF17FB281083FB1D" blockId="88.[151,340,1196,1255]" box="[151,230,1230,1255]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
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<figureCitation id="13E5F495A6272C7AFF17FB281083FB1D" box="[151,230,1230,1255]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="89.[151,250,1759,1781]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1725]" captionTargetId="figure-128@89.[151,1436,193,1737]" captionTargetPageId="89" captionText="FIGURE 14. Worker caste of Hagensia havilandi marleyi: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0249202, Will Ericson and www.antweb.org); world distribution of Hagensia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120844" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120844/files/figure.png" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6272C7AFF17FAF11111FA4F" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6272C7AFF17FAF1121CFAB1" blockId="88.[151,1436,1302,1355]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="ABCECF3EA6272C7AFF17FAF1121CFAB1" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6272C7AFF17FAF111DEFAD6" author="Forel, A." box="[151,443,1302,1324]" page="333" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" year="1901">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6272C7AFF17FAF111DEFAD6" authority="Forel, 1901 c: 333" authorityName="Forel" authorityPageNumber="333" authorityYear="1901" box="[151,443,1302,1324]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hagensia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6272C7AFF17FAF1109DFAD6" box="[151,248,1303,1324]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Hagensia</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6272C7AFE82FAF011DEFAD6" author="Forel, A." box="[258,443,1302,1324]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="325 - 353" refId="ref142910" refString="Forel, A. (1901 c) Nouvelles especes de Ponerinae. (Avec un nouveau sous-genre et une espece nouvelle d'Eciton). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 9, 325 - 353." type="journal article" year="1901">Forel, 1901c: 333</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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(as subgenus of
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6272C7AFDF3FAF0136DFAD6" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1863" box="[627,776,1302,1324]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Megaloponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6272C7AFDF3FAF0136DFAD6" box="[627,776,1302,1324]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Megaloponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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[sic]). Type-species:
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6272C7AFC6BFAF014E5FAD6" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1863" box="[1003,1152,1302,1324]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Megaloponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6272C7AFC6BFAF014E5FAD6" box="[1003,1152,1302,1324]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Megaloponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(sic)
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<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6272C7AFB41FAF01118FAB1" author="Forel, A." page="333" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" year="1901">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6272C7AFB41FAF01118FAB1" authority="Forel, 1901 c: 333" authorityName="Forel" authorityPageNumber="333" authorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hagensia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="havilandi" subGenus="Hagensia">
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(
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6272C7AFB49FAF1154FFAD6" box="[1225,1322,1303,1324]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Hagensia</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6272C7AFABCFAF015F9FAD6" box="[1340,1436,1302,1324]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">havilandi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6272C7AFF47FAD31118FAB1" author="Forel, A." box="[199,381,1333,1355]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="325 - 353" refId="ref142910" refString="Forel, A. (1901 c) Nouvelles especes de Ponerinae. (Avec un nouveau sous-genre et une espece nouvelle d'Eciton). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 9, 325 - 353." type="journal article" year="1901">Forel, 1901c: 333</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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; by monotypy.
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6272C7AFD99FAD3121CFAB1" bold="true" box="[537,633,1333,1355]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Gen. rev.</emphasis>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6272C7AFF17FA9E1111FA4F" blockId="88.[151,1437,1399,2037]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6272C7AFF17FA9E1166FA75" box="[151,259,1400,1423]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hagensia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6272C7AFF17FA9E1166FA75" box="[151,259,1400,1423]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Hagensia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a small South African genus (two described species and four subspecies), notable for having gamergate workers.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6272C7BFF47FA59150AF8AE" lastPageId="89" lastPageNumber="90" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6272C7AFF47FA5912E1F971" blockId="88.[151,1437,1399,2037]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6272C7AFF47FA591124FA22" bold="true" box="[199,321,1471,1496]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Diagnostic morphological apomorphies of
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6272C7AFCC2FA2613CBFA2D" box="[834,942,1472,1495]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hagensia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6272C7AFCC2FA2613CBFA2D" box="[834,942,1472,1495]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Hagensia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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workers include the presence of a dorsal mandibular groove, sharp pronotal margins, and a squamiform petiole with anterior and posterior faces meeting along a sharp edge. This combination of characters is unique to
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6272C7AFC1CF9EE1462F9E5" box="[924,1031,1544,1567]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hagensia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6272C7AFC1CF9EE1462F9E5" box="[924,1031,1544,1567]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Hagensia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The dorsal mandibular groove is approximated by the condition in
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6272C7AFDA7F9CA1338F9BF" box="[551,861,1580,1605]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wroughtonii">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6272C7AFDA7F9CA1338F9BF" box="[551,861,1580,1605]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Pseudoponera wroughtonii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and a sharp pronotal margin is present in some African
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6272C7AFF75F9B61191F992" box="[245,500,1615,1640]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6272C7AFF75F9B611FEF99D" box="[245,411,1616,1639]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
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species
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</taxonomicName>
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as well as some members of
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6272C7AFCC7F9A91383F992" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[839,998,1615,1640]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6272C7AFCC7F9A91383F992" box="[839,998,1615,1640]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6272C7AFBA0F9B714F9F992" box="[1056,1180,1617,1640]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6272C7AFBA0F9B714F9F992" box="[1056,1180,1617,1640]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Neoponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but these genera lack the other diagnostic characters of
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6272C7AFD91F9931218F976" box="[529,637,1653,1676]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hagensia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6272C7AFD91F9931218F976" box="[529,637,1653,1676]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Hagensia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6272C7AFF47F971119DF872" blockId="88.[151,1437,1399,2037]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6272C7AFF47F97111A0F94A" bold="true" box="[199,453,1687,1712]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Synoptic description.</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6272C7AFE4DF9711246F94A" box="[461,547,1687,1712]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Worker.</emphasis>
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Large (TL 10.5–13.0 mm;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6272C7AFCDEF9711393F94A" author="Arnold, G." box="[862,1014,1687,1712]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="1 - 159" refId="ref131610" refString="Arnold, G. (1915) A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part I. Ponerinae; Dorylinae. Annals of the South African Museum, 14, 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="1915">Arnold, 1915</bibRefCitation>
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) ants with the standard characters of
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6272C7AFF17F95A109FF92F" box="[151,250,1724,1749]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
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. Mandibles triangular, with a deep dorsal transverse groove. Eyes moderately large and located near the head midline. Pronotum with sharp dorsolateral margins. Mesopleuron partially divided by a transverse groove. Metanotal groove shallowly to deeply impressed. Propodeum strongly narrowed dorsally. Propodeal spiracles slitshaped. Tarsal claws with a single preapical tooth. Metatibial spur formula (1s, 1p). Petiole squamiform, the anterior and posterior faces meeting along a sharp edge. Head and body finely punctate, with sparse pilosity and dense pubescence. Color black.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6272C7AFF47F87212EAF857" blockId="88.[151,1437,1399,2037]" box="[199,655,1940,1965]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6272C7AFF47F8721172F851" box="[199,279,1940,1963]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Queen.</emphasis>
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Unknown and apparently absent.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6272C7AFF47F85E12B2F82B" blockId="88.[151,1437,1399,2037]" box="[199,727,1976,2001]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6272C7AFF47F85E116DF82B" box="[199,264,1976,2001]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Male.</emphasis>
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<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6272C7AFE8EF85E1153F82B" box="[270,310,1976,2001]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">See</collectingRegion>
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descriptions in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6272C7AFE69F85E12E7F82B" author="Arnold, G." box="[489,642,1976,2001]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="1 - 159" refId="ref131610" refString="Arnold, G. (1915) A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part I. Ponerinae; Dorylinae. Annals of the South African Museum, 14, 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="1915">Arnold (1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6272C7AFD0EF85E12AFF82B" author="Arnold, G." box="[654,714,1976,2001]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="191 - 295" refId="ref131682" refString="Arnold, G. (1926) A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Appendix. Annals of the South African Museum, 23, 191 - 295." type="journal article" year="1926">1926</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6272C7AFF47F83B1459F80F" blockId="88.[151,1437,1399,2037]" box="[199,1084,2012,2037]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6272C7AFF47F83B1174F80E" box="[199,273,2013,2036]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Larva.</emphasis>
|
||
Pupae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6272C7AFE01F83B1279F80E" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[385,540,2013,2036]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hagensia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peringueyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6272C7AFE01F83B1279F80E" box="[385,540,2013,2036]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">H. peringueyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6272C7AFD75F83A145DF80F" author="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J." box="[757,1080,2012,2037]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="1197 - 1217" refId="ref167087" refString="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. (1971 a) Ant larvae of the subfamily Ponerinae: second supplement. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 6, 64, 1197 - 1217." type="journal article" year="1971">Wheeler & Wheeler (1971a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DFA1B898A6262C7BFF17F939147CF8E9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120844" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120844" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120844/files/figure.png" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" startId="89.[151,250,1759,1781]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1725]" targetPageId="89">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6262C7BFF17F939147CF8E9" blockId="89.[151,1436,1759,1811]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6262C7BFF17F9391140F90E" bold="true" box="[151,293,1759,1781]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">FIGURE 14.</emphasis>
|
||
Worker caste of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6262C7BFE65F906136FF90F" authorityName="Arnold" authorityYear="1926" box="[485,778,1759,1781]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hagensia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="havilandi" subSpecies="marleyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6262C7BFE65F906136FF90F" box="[485,778,1759,1781]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Hagensia havilandi marleyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0249202, Will Ericson and www.antweb.org); world distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6262C7BFC32F9181476F8E9" box="[946,1043,1790,1811]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hagensia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6262C7BFC32F9181476F8E9" box="[946,1043,1790,1811]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Hagensia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6262C7BFF47F8DD150AF8AE" blockId="89.[151,1437,1851,2020]" box="[199,1391,1851,1876]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6262C7BFF47F8DD118AF8AE" bold="true" box="[199,495,1851,1876]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Geographic distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6262C7BFE75F8DA1205F8A9" box="[501,608,1852,1875]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hagensia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6262C7BFE75F8DA1205F8A9" box="[501,608,1852,1875]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Hagensia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is restricted to the southern and eastern coastal areas of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6262C7BFB57F8DD150FF8AE" box="[1239,1386,1851,1876]" name="South Africa" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6262C78FF47F8B8146FF9D7" lastPageId="90" lastPageNumber="91" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6262C78FF47F8B81490FEC5" blockId="89.[151,1437,1851,2020]" lastBlockId="90.[151,1437,151,1581]" lastPageId="90" lastPageNumber="91" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6262C7BFF47F8B811B6F88D" bold="true" box="[199,467,1886,1911]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Ecology and behavior.</emphasis>
|
||
Like most ponerines,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6262C7BFD53F886135BF88D" box="[723,830,1888,1911]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hagensia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6262C7BFD53F886135BF88D" box="[723,830,1888,1911]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Hagensia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are generalist predators and scavengers.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6262C7BFA94F8B91125F866" author="Duncan, F. D. & Crewe, R. M." pageId="89" pageNumber="90" pagination="85 - 98" refId="ref140158" refString="Duncan, F. D. & Crewe, R. M. (1994 a) Field study on the foraging characteristics of a ponerine ant, Hagensia havilandi Forel. Insectes Sociaux, 41, 85 - 98. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01240576" type="journal article" year="1994">Duncan and Crewe (1994a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
studied the foraging behavior of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6262C7BFD41F8621335F866" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1901" box="[705,848,1923,1948]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hagensia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="havilandi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6262C7BFD41F8621335F866" box="[705,848,1923,1948]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">H. havilandi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and observed exclusively diurnal solitary foraging, with no chemical recruitment (though with occasional tandem running). Foraging occurred in leaf litter, with prey consisting of a diversity of invertebrates and some plant matter; foragers apparently navigated using visual cues.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6252C78FF17FF71115DFF4A" author="Arnold, G." box="[151,312,151,176]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" pagination="53 - 56" refId="ref131746" refString="Arnold, G. (1951) The genus Hagensia Forel (Formicidae). Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 14, 53 - 56." type="journal article" year="1951">Arnold (1951)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported diurnal foraging in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FD02FF7F1378FF55" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[642,797,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hagensia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peringueyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FD02FF7F1378FF55" box="[642,797,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">H. peringueyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but crepuscular and nocturnal foraging in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FA88FF7F15F0FF4A" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1901" box="[1288,1429,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hagensia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="havilandi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FA88FF7F15F0FF4A" box="[1288,1429,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">H. havilandi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in contrast to both
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6252C78FEEEFF5A1269FF2F" author="Villet, M. H." box="[366,524,188,213]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" pagination="195 - 206" refId="ref165634" refString="Villet, M. H. (1992 a) The social biology of Hagensia havilandi (Forel 1901) (Hymenoptera Formicidae) and the origin of queenlessness in ponerine ants. Tropical Zoology, 5, 195 - 206. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 03946975.1992.10539192" type="journal article" year="1992">Villet (1992a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6252C78FDC5FF5A130BFF2F" author="Duncan, F. D. & Crewe, R. M." box="[581,878,188,213]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" pagination="85 - 98" refId="ref140158" refString="Duncan, F. D. & Crewe, R. M. (1994 a) Field study on the foraging characteristics of a ponerine ant, Hagensia havilandi Forel. Insectes Sociaux, 41, 85 - 98. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01240576" type="journal article" year="1994">Duncan & Crewe (1994a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FCFAFF5B1383FF2E" box="[890,998,189,212]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hagensia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FCFAFF5B1383FF2E" box="[890,998,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Hagensia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
forms subterranean nests, with colony sizes of about 10 to
|
||
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A6252C78FE1CFF391244FF02" box="[412,545,223,248]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" type="worker">50 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FDD3FF071282FF02" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1901" box="[595,743,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hagensia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="havilandi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FDD3FF071282FF02" box="[595,743,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">H. havilandi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6252C78FD7DFF3913FBFF02" author="Arnold, G." box="[765,926,223,248]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" pagination="53 - 56" refId="ref131746" refString="Arnold, G. (1951) The genus Hagensia Forel (Formicidae). Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 14, 53 - 56." type="journal article" year="1951">Arnold, 1951</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6252C78FC31FF391429FF02" author="Villet, M. H." box="[945,1100,223,248]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" pagination="195 - 206" refId="ref165634" refString="Villet, M. H. (1992 a) The social biology of Hagensia havilandi (Forel 1901) (Hymenoptera Formicidae) and the origin of queenlessness in ponerine ants. Tropical Zoology, 5, 195 - 206. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 03946975.1992.10539192" type="journal article" year="1992">Villet, 1992a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6252C78FBDFFF0615F5FF02" author="Duncan, F. D. & Crewe, R. M." box="[1119,1424,223,248]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" pagination="85 - 98" refId="ref140158" refString="Duncan, F. D. & Crewe, R. M. (1994 a) Field study on the foraging characteristics of a ponerine ant, Hagensia havilandi Forel. Insectes Sociaux, 41, 85 - 98. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01240576" type="journal article" year="1994">Duncan & Crewe, 1994a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Reproduction occurs via a single mated gamergate worker, the queen caste having been completely lost (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6252C78FAC3FEE210BAFEBA" author="Peeters, C." pageId="90" pageNumber="91" pagination="141 - 152" refId="ref158818" refString="Peeters, C. (1991 a) The occurrence of sexual reproduction among ant workers. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 44, 141 - 152." type="journal article" year="1991">Peeters, 1991a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6252C78FF73FEC111EAFEBA" author="Villet, M. H." box="[243,399,295,320]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" pagination="195 - 206" refId="ref165634" refString="Villet, M. H. (1992 a) The social biology of Hagensia havilandi (Forel 1901) (Hymenoptera Formicidae) and the origin of queenlessness in ponerine ants. Tropical Zoology, 5, 195 - 206. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 03946975.1992.10539192" type="journal article" year="1992">Villet (1992a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found no evidence of a dominance hierarchy among workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FBE3FECF148AFEBA" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1901" box="[1123,1263,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hagensia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="havilandi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FBE3FECF148AFEBA" box="[1123,1263,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">H. havilandi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6252C78FF47FEAA1141FD7F" blockId="90.[151,1437,151,1581]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FF47FEAA12BBFE9F" bold="true" box="[199,734,332,357]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Phylogenetic and taxonomic considerations.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FD69FEAB1331FE9E" box="[745,852,333,356]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hagensia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FD69FEAB1331FE9E" box="[745,852,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Hagensia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was originally erected by Forel as a subgenus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FF17FE971143FE72" box="[151,294,369,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Megaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FF17FE971143FE72" box="[151,294,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Megaponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to house the newly described species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FD77FE891482FE72" authority="Forel. Forel" authorityName="Forel. Forel" authorityYear="1901" box="[759,1255,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Megaloponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="havilandi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FD77FE8913F9FE72" box="[759,924,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Megaloponera</emphasis>
|
||
[sic]
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FC67FE891434FE72" box="[999,1105,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">havilandi</emphasis>
|
||
Forel. Forel
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
considered the absence of a preocular carina in this species to be of primary significance but otherwise felt that it was close to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FF17FE5F1143FE2A" box="[151,294,441,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Megaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FF17FE5F1143FE2A" box="[151,294,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Megaponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FEB6FE5F11A6FE35" box="[310,451,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">sensu stricto</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6252C78FE5BFE511219FE2A" author="Arnold, G." box="[475,636,439,464]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 159" refId="ref131610" refString="Arnold, G. (1915) A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part I. Ponerinae; Dorylinae. Annals of the South African Museum, 14, 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="1915">Arnold (1915)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
synonymized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FC9FFE5E13EFFE35" box="[799,906,440,463]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hagensia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FC9FFE5E13EFFE35" box="[799,906,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Hagensia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FC4BFE5F145CFE2A" box="[971,1081,441,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FC4BFE5F145CFE2A" box="[971,1081,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Euponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FB39FE5F1520FE2A" box="[1209,1349,441,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mesoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FB39FE5F1520FE2A" box="[1209,1349,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Mesoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), based on characters of the males, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6252C78FD8DFE3A12F8FE0F" author="Forel, A." box="[525,669,476,501]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" pagination="229 - 253" refId="ref143196" refString="Forel, A. (1917) Cadre synoptique actuel de la faune universelle des fourmis. Bulletin de la Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, 51, 229 - 253." type="journal article" year="1917">Forel (1917)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
then raised
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FCB0FE3B13F9FE0E" box="[816,924,477,500]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hagensia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FCB0FE3B13F9FE0E" box="[816,924,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Hagensia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to subgenus status under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FB4DFE3B155EFE0E" box="[1229,1339,477,500]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FB4DFE3B155EFE0E" box="[1229,1339,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Euponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6252C78FACCFE3A1084FDE2" author="Arnold, G." pageId="90" pageNumber="91" pagination="191 - 295" refId="ref131682" refString="Arnold, G. (1926) A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Appendix. Annals of the South African Museum, 23, 191 - 295." type="journal article" year="1926">Arnold (1926)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
later raised
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FEEDFDE611BCFDED" box="[365,473,512,535]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hagensia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FEEDFDE611BCFDED" box="[365,473,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Hagensia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to generic status based on several characters of both the worker and male castes, and revised the species-level taxonomy of the genus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6252C78FD54FDC21317FDC7" author="Arnold, G." box="[724,882,548,573]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" pagination="53 - 56" refId="ref131746" refString="Arnold, G. (1951) The genus Hagensia Forel (Formicidae). Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 14, 53 - 56." type="journal article" year="1951">Arnold, 1951</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). As part of his unfinished revision of ponerine taxonomy, W. L. Brown (in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6252C78FE6CFDA112E0FD9A" author="Bolton, B." box="[492,645,583,608]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" refId="ref133375" refString="Bolton, B. (1994) Identification guide to the ant genera of the world. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 222 pp." type="book" year="1994">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6252C78FE6CFDA1125EFD9A" box="[492,571,583,608]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Bolton</collectingRegion>
|
||
, 1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) synonymized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FCBBFDAE13C2FDA5" box="[827,935,584,607]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hagensia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FCBBFDAE13C2FDA5" box="[827,935,584,607]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Hagensia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FC7EFDA114F8FD9A" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[1022,1181,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FC7EFDA114F8FD9A" box="[1022,1181,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
without phylogenetic justification.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6252C78FF47FD7612DCFCA1" blockId="90.[151,1437,151,1581]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
|
||
We are reviving
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FE05FD761194FD5D" box="[389,497,656,679]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hagensia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FE05FD761194FD5D" box="[389,497,656,679]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Hagensia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to full genus status, given its morphological distinctiveness and phylogenetic age, which is consistent with that of other recognized ponerine genera.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6252C78FC16FD521432FD37" author="Schmidt, C." box="[918,1111,692,717]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt's (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
molecular phylogeny of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FF17FD311162FD0A" box="[151,263,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
places
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FEDDFD3E125FFD0A" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1901" box="[349,570,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hagensia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="havilandi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FEDDFD3E125FFD0A" box="[349,570,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Hagensia havilandi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(the
|
||
<typeStatus id="546556B2A6252C78FDF6FD3E12C3FD0A" box="[630,678,728,752]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species) with strong support within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FBEEFD31157DFD0A" baseAuthorityName="Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[1134,1304,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FBEEFD31157DFD0A" box="[1134,1304,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Odontomachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group. The sister group of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FECEFD1B11DCFCEE" box="[334,441,765,788]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hagensia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FECEFD1B11DCFCEE" box="[334,441,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Hagensia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is unresolved in this phylogeny, and there is no evidence of a close relationship to
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FF17FCC711CBFCC2" box="[151,430,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FF17FCC7114CFCC2" box="[151,297,801,824]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Megaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Megaponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FEB9FCC711CFFCC2" box="[313,426,801,824]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Euponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FE5DFCC7120CFCC2" box="[477,617,801,824]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mesoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FE5DFCC7120CFCC2" box="[477,617,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Mesoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, though a sister relationship with any of them could not be rejected.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FF17FCA31166FCA6" box="[151,259,837,860]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hagensia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FF17FCA31166FCA6" box="[151,259,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Hagensia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FD94FCA212D7FCA7" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[532,690,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FD94FCA212D7FCA7" box="[532,690,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6252C78FF47FC8E15F9FB5A" blockId="90.[151,1437,151,1581]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FF47FC8E1126FC85" box="[199,323,872,895]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Hagensia’s</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal mandibular groove, sharply margined pronotum, and sharply edged squamiform petiole are apparently autapomorphic within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FDB9FC6A1286FC5F" baseAuthorityName="Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[569,739,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FDB9FC6A1286FC5F" box="[569,739,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Odontomachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, and hence do not assist in determining its phylogenetic position. Morphologically,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FE4EFC56125CFC3D" box="[462,569,944,967]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hagensia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FE4EFC56125CFC3D" box="[462,569,944,967]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Hagensia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
resembles
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FD3EFC571328FC32" box="[702,845,945,968]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Megaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FD3EFC571328FC32" box="[702,845,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Megaponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FC0BFC49145AFC32" box="[907,1087,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FC0BFC49145AFC32" box="[907,1087,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Ophthalmopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
most closely. The workers of these genera share large body size, dark coloration, finely punctate sculpturing, sparse or scattered pilosity, dense pubescence (sparser in minor workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FDE5FC1F1291FBEA" box="[613,756,1017,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Megaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FDE5FC1F1291FBEA" box="[613,756,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Megaponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), a distinct metanotal suture, narrow propodeal dorsum, slitshaped propodeal spiracles, a simple metapleural gland orifice which opens posterolaterally, a weak or obsolete gastral constriction between A3 and A4, and toothed tarsal claws (absent in some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FBB1FBD91480FBA2" box="[1073,1253,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FBB1FBD91480FBA2" box="[1073,1253,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Ophthalmopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In many cases these similarities are likely plesiomorphic, but some are potentially synapomorphic for these three genera, such as the toothed tarsal claws (though toothed tarsal claws do occur in some other members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FB1AFB611526FB5A" baseAuthorityName="Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[1178,1347,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FB1AFB611526FB5A" box="[1178,1347,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Odontomachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6252C78FF47FB4A14F7FA8D" blockId="90.[151,1437,151,1581]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
|
||
In addition,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FED1FB4B11D8FB3E" box="[337,445,1197,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hagensia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FED1FB4B11D8FB3E" box="[337,445,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Hagensia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shares with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FDCBFB4B12BFFB3E" box="[587,730,1197,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Megaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FDCBFB4B12BFFB3E" box="[587,730,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Megaponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FC93FB4A13ADFB3F" box="[787,968,1196,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FC93FB4A13ADFB3F" box="[787,968,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Ophthalmopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the loss of alate queens (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6252C78FB66FB4A15EAFB3F" author="Peeters, C." box="[1254,1423,1196,1221]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" pagination="141 - 152" refId="ref158818" refString="Peeters, C. (1991 a) The occurrence of sexual reproduction among ant workers. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 44, 141 - 152." type="journal article" year="1991">Peeters, 1991a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FF55FB361124FB1D" box="[213,321,1232,1255]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hagensia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FF55FB361124FB1D" box="[213,321,1232,1255]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Hagensia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FEF8FB291248FB12" box="[376,557,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FEF8FB291248FB12" box="[376,557,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Ophthalmopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have lost the queen caste entirely (reproduction is performed by gamergates), while in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FF7AFB1311ECFAF6" box="[250,393,1269,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Megaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FF7AFB1311ECFAF6" box="[250,393,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Megaponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the queen is ergatoid. It is tempting to consider this a possible synapomorphy for these taxa, but ponerine reproductive strategies seem to be quite fluid in evolutionary time and may not be good phylogenetic markers. Both gamergates and ergatoids have evolved in many other members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FBCCFADA1493FAAF" baseAuthorityName="Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[1100,1270,1340,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FBCCFADA1493FAAF" box="[1100,1270,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Odontomachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, such as at least some species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FE24FAB91229FA82" box="[420,588,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Streblognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FE24FAB91229FA82" box="[420,588,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Streblognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FDDAFA8713EFFA82" box="[602,906,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FDDAFA8712B9FA82" box="[602,732,1377,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Leptogenys</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FD68FAB913E2FA82" box="[744,903,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Bothroponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FC41FAB914EEFA82" box="[961,1163,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pseudoneoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FC41FAB914EEFA82" box="[961,1163,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Pseudoneoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6252C78FF47FA62146FF9D7" blockId="90.[151,1437,151,1581]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6252C78FF47FA621260FA67" author="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J." box="[199,517,1412,1437]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" pagination="1197 - 1217" refId="ref167087" refString="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. (1971 a) Ant larvae of the subfamily Ponerinae: second supplement. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 6, 64, 1197 - 1217." type="journal article" year="1971">Wheeler & Wheeler (1971a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
examined
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FDFFFA63128FFA66" box="[639,746,1413,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hagensia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FDFFFA63128FFA66" box="[639,746,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Hagensia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
semipupae and found them to be quite different from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FF17FA4F1143FA3A" box="[151,294,1449,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Megaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FF17FA4F1143FA3A" box="[151,294,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Megaponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, though the phylogenetic significance of these differences is uncertain. Still, given their morphological and behavioral similarities, we believe that the most probable phylogenetic placement for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FAB1FA2B15F9FA1E" box="[1329,1436,1485,1508]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hagensia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FAB1FA2B15F9FA1E" box="[1329,1436,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Hagensia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is as sister to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FEB0FA1711DAF9F2" box="[304,447,1521,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Megaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FEB0FA1711DAF9F2" box="[304,447,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Megaponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FE77FA0912CEF9F2" box="[503,683,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FE77FA0912CEF9F2" box="[503,683,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Ophthalmopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A close relationship with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6252C78FC5CFA0914E1F9F2" box="[988,1156,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Streblognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6252C78FC5CFA0914E1F9F2" box="[988,1156,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Streblognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also plausible, though the morphological evidence for this relationship is not particularly compelling.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |