1485 lines
164 KiB
XML
1485 lines
164 KiB
XML
<document id="18CBF462A0970554F5F19F82A89CA6B3" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.179312" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6f55b065-f04a-46d6-9430-6122ffdbac9c" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="179312" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459963638697" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Maciel, Natan M., Brandão, Reuber A., Campos, Leandro A. & Sebben, Antonio" docDate="2007" docId="03F9600754750340FF20FBF3FCBDE8CA" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01627p039.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1627" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Rhinella cerradensis Maciel, Brandão, Campos & Sebben, 2007, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="33" masterDocId="FFC0187F5477034AFFB7FF99FFD2EF3B" masterDocTitle="A large new species of Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from Cerrado of Brazil" masterLastPageNumber="39" masterPageNumber="23" pageNumber="25" updateTime="1698231001651" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="0EC3482D2148CCD26012B11466083F2C" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="7B9802F4AE391BFD11FB6AA712F3E342">
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<mods:title id="7DF699F1C2FC1AD03A1EC5264AEFDED5">A large new species of Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from Cerrado of Brazil</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="4AC111E5FE7938EE25F9415180CD0A45" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="B5D22A19D9998503B97510FE17905524">
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<mods:roleTerm id="22F9594E15EF8AB585F1665EDDE055CC">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="3F65E3B45318916988C14F575B29BC6B">Maciel, Natan M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="0CCE6130A4A84095160557803D08162A" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="B5598C7CC39AA8342980BBDCF3E2A367">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="E43BCB1117E6CD388A98FD322612994A">Brandão, Reuber A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="7946A9D1BE9650AC858070A8161AC650" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="7F2C83106F9C53FD94263CCEA576CA2F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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||
<mods:namePart id="7854CE663EE43599E09B29037516F62E">Campos, Leandro A.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="5E42A4A570BC27EE1569F4960B85A821" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="0E59D598A9519741DA70164EB214FD19">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="D4CE2BF6353E4E94930638B1B1F5DB38">Sebben, Antonio</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="1E3CF968FBC4C459588B28FCCF49BB80">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="64615837B4B774828157E73A984E6BAE">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="E5AA6D4CBCB3310888BA77215EB2FCD2">
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<mods:date id="10B6E1176C5EBD3ED4A7DF57C17D88B8">2007</mods:date>
|
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<mods:detail id="F338FFEADD275AA712D6509E9FF22587" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="1CBD052A8D9410AE57462F1E742B82BD">1627</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="2CE03AA8AD85C6F586C055D26D85D93C">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="C32EC8DBEE0D6B909D0A20EB9DC6C462" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.179312</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="4307A6CB39D882FE6103B66C80C927D7" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="E073FFB6E3901C6CC6E3983660D63470" type="Zenodo-Dep">179312</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F9600754750340FF20FBF3FCBDE8CA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5614556" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119377121" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5614556" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F9600754750340FF20FBF3FCBDE8CA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F9600754750340FF20FBF3FCBDE8CA" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">
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<subSubSection id="C34A829A54750348FF20FBF3FECAEB9C" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEFD11154750348FF20FBF3FE24EBBF" blockId="2.[151,502,1130,1191]" box="[151,502,1130,1156]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<heading id="D0A7667D54750348FF20FBF3FE24EBBF" bold="true" box="[151,502,1130,1156]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354750348FF20FBF3FE24EBBF" bold="true" box="[151,502,1130,1156]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA9254750348FF20FBF3FE42EBBF" ID-CoL="4S7MQ" box="[151,400,1130,1156]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cerradensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354750348FF20FBF3FE42EBBF" bold="true" box="[151,400,1130,1156]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">Rhinella cerradensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A217B07854750348FE2FFBF3FE24EBBF" box="[408,502,1130,1156]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEFD11154750348FF20FB14FECAEB9C" blockId="2.[151,502,1130,1191]" box="[151,280,1165,1191]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="136BCD9454750348FF28FB14FEDCEB9C" box="[159,270,1165,1191]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStartId-0="4.[151,255,1475,1499]" captionStartId-1="5.[151,255,1595,1619]" captionStartId-2="7.[151,255,1650,1674]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1435,597,1448]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1435,714,1571]" captionTargetBox-2="[176,1409,213,1633]" captionTargetId-0="figure@4.[151,1436,597,1449]" captionTargetId-1="figure@5.[151,1436,714,1571]" captionTargetId-2="figure@7.[151,1436,194,1658]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Adult male of Rhinella cerradensis from Brasília, DF, Brazil. Photo by Natan Maciel." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. An amplectant pair of Rhinella cerradensis from Brasília, DF, Brazil. Photo by Rubens Hisanari Matsushita." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Rhinella cerradensis, CHUNB 49573 (holotype) adult male (A) dorsal view of head, (B) lateral view of head, (C) palmar view of manus, (D) plantar view of pes. Drawings by Pedro Aquino." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/179313/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/179314/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/179315/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">Figs. 1–3</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34A829A54750348FF20FB44FC5BE8FC" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEFD11154750348FF20FB44FBF4EA7C" blockId="2.[151,1437,1245,1991]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354750348FF20FB44FEC0EBCC" bold="true" box="[151,274,1245,1271]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EB6FB354750348FF20FB44FEDCEBCC" box="[151,270,1245,1271]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Coleção Herpetológica da Universidade de
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F347918154750348FCA0FB44FCA0EBCC" box="[791,882,1245,1271]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">Brasília</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4149D454750348FC35FB44FC39EBCC" box="[898,1003,1245,1271]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/tids-e3wr" name="University of Brasilia Herpetological Collection" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">CHUNB</collectionCode>
|
||
49573), adult male collected at Centro de Instrução e Adestramento de
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F347918154750348FD88FA9CFD4FEA24" box="[575,669,1285,1311]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">Brasília</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F347918154750348FD1DFA9CFCDAEA24" box="[682,776,1285,1311]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">Brasília</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Distrito Federal,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F347918154750348FC6AFA9CFBF7EA24" box="[989,1061,1285,1311]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE64B7D654750348FB80FA9CFB44EA24" box="[1079,1174,1285,1311]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" precision="925" value="-14.816667">14°49'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE64B7D654750348FB14FA9CFADEEA24" box="[1187,1292,1285,1311]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" precision="925" value="-45.966667">45°58'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) in
|
||
<date id="FFEEF7D154750348FA8BFA9CFED2EA7C" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" value="2002-11">November 2002</date>
|
||
, by N.M. Maciel, R.H. Matsushita, A.Q.Teixeira Jr., and B. A. Duar.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEFD11154750348FF70FACCFC5BE8FC" blockId="2.[151,1437,1245,1991]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354750348FF70FACCFE9CEA54" bold="true" box="[199,334,1365,1391]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EB6FB354750348FF70FACCFE9BEA54" box="[199,329,1365,1391]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4149D454750348FEE1FACCFE6FEA54" box="[342,445,1365,1391]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/tids-e3wr" name="University of Brasilia Herpetological Collection" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">CHUNB</collectionCode>
|
||
40276, 40277, 40280, 49281 (males), 40278, 40279 (females), collected along with the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EB6FB354750348FF70FAE4FEE3EAAC" box="[199,305,1405,1431]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4149D454750348FEF6FAE4FE7AEAAC" box="[321,424,1405,1431]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/tids-e3wr" name="University of Brasilia Herpetological Collection" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">CHUNB</collectionCode>
|
||
40273–40275 (females), collected at Rio Pratudão Farm, Correntina Municipality, Bahia State, in
|
||
<date id="FFEEF7D154750348FEFCFA3CFE3EEA84" box="[331,492,1445,1471]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" value="1996-10">October 1996</date>
|
||
by R.A. Brandão;
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4149D454750348FD7CFA3CFCE0EA84" box="[715,818,1445,1471]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/tids-e3wr" name="University of Brasilia Herpetological Collection" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">CHUNB</collectionCode>
|
||
13790–13791 (females), collected at Emas National Park, Mineiros Municipality, Goiás State, in
|
||
<date id="FFEEF7D154750348FD1AFA54FCBEEADC" box="[685,876,1485,1511]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" value="1998-11">November 1998</date>
|
||
by R.A. Brandão;
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4149D454750348FBE7FA54FB65EADC" box="[1104,1207,1485,1511]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/tids-e3wr" name="University of Brasilia Herpetological Collection" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">CHUNB</collectionCode>
|
||
38669 (male), collected at Jardim Botânico,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F347918154750348FE67FA6CFDFCE934" box="[464,558,1525,1551]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">Brasília</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Distrito Federal, in
|
||
<date id="FFEEF7D154750348FC97FA6CFC6FE934" box="[800,957,1525,1551]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" value="2001-01">January 2001</date>
|
||
by B.A. Duar;
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4149D454750348FBC5FA6CFB0BE934" box="[1138,1241,1525,1551]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/tids-e3wr" name="University of Brasilia Herpetological Collection" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">CHUNB</collectionCode>
|
||
25043 (female), collected at
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F347918154750348FE93F984FE50E90C" box="[292,386,1565,1591]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">Brasília</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Distrito Federal, in
|
||
<date id="FFEEF7D154750348FDC4F984FCE3E90C" box="[627,817,1565,1591]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" value="2001-09">September 2001</date>
|
||
by
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F347918154750348FCE9F984FCA4E90C" box="[862,886,1565,1591]" name="Iceland" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. R. Pires Jr.;
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4149D454750348FBA7F984FBA5E90C" box="[1040,1143,1565,1591]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/tids-e3wr" name="University of Brasilia Herpetological Collection" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">CHUNB</collectionCode>
|
||
38655, 38656 (females), 38658 (juvenile), collected at Trijunção Farm, Cocos Municipality, Bahia State, in
|
||
<date id="FFEEF7D154750348FB31F9DCFAFFE964" box="[1158,1325,1605,1631]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" value="2001-10">October 2001</date>
|
||
, by R.A. Brandão;
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4149D454750348FEA7F9F4FEA5E9BC" box="[272,375,1645,1671]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/tids-e3wr" name="University of Brasilia Herpetological Collection" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">CHUNB</collectionCode>
|
||
29386 (male), collected at
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F347918154750348FD62F9F4FCE1E9BC" box="[725,819,1645,1671]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">Brasília</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Distrito Federal, in
|
||
<date id="FFEEF7D154750348FB8BF9F4FB0BE9BC" box="[1084,1241,1645,1671]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" value="2002-08">August 2002</date>
|
||
by D.S. Diniz;
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4149D454750348FF20F90CFF2CE994" box="[151,254,1685,1711]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/tids-e3wr" name="University of Brasilia Herpetological Collection" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">CHUNB</collectionCode>
|
||
39979–39980 (females), collected at Trijunção Farm, Cocos Municipality, Bahia State, (data not recorded) by R.A. Brandão;
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4149D454750348FE45F924FD8BE9EC" box="[498,601,1725,1751]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/tids-e3wr" name="University of Brasilia Herpetological Collection" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">CHUNB</collectionCode>
|
||
39953 (female), collected at Centro de Instrução e Adestramento de
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F347918154750348FF20F97CFF27E9C4" box="[151,245,1765,1791]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">Brasília</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F347918154750348FEB7F97CFE8CE9C4" box="[256,350,1765,1791]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">Brasília</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Distrito Federal, in
|
||
<date id="FFEEF7D154750348FDFBF97CFD39E9C4" box="[588,747,1765,1791]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" value="2003-01">January 2003</date>
|
||
, by N.M. Maciel;
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4149D454750348FC08F97CFBF4E9C4" box="[959,1062,1765,1791]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/tids-e3wr" name="University of Brasilia Herpetological Collection" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">CHUNB</collectionCode>
|
||
38668 (male), collected at Centro de Instrução e Adestramento de
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F347918154750348FD8FF894FD44E81C" box="[568,662,1805,1831]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">Brasília</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F347918154750348FD16F894FD2DE81C" box="[673,767,1805,1831]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">Brasília</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Distrito Federal, in August, 2003, by N.M. Maciel, R.H. Matsushita, and R.A. Brandão (advertisement call recorded);
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4149D454750348FCD2F8ACFC1EE874" box="[869,972,1845,1871]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/tids-e3wr" name="University of Brasilia Herpetological Collection" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">CHUNB</collectionCode>
|
||
38667 (female), 38670–38671 (males), collected at Trijunção Farm, Cocos Municipality, Bahia State, in
|
||
<date id="FFEEF7D154750348FC08F8C4FBBAE84C" box="[959,1128,1885,1911]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" value="2004-10">October 2004</date>
|
||
, by R.A. Brandão, N.M. Maciel and A. Sebben;
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4149D454750348FE0FF81CFDCDE8A4" box="[440,543,1925,1951]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/tids-e3wr" name="University of Brasilia Herpetological Collection" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">CHUNB</collectionCode>
|
||
43864 (female), collected at São Domingos Municipality, Goiás State, in
|
||
<date id="FFEEF7D154750348FF20F834FE8AE8FC" box="[151,344,1965,1991]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" value="2004-11">November 2004</date>
|
||
. Species measurements are provided in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6D2E4AA54750348FC9CF834FC51E8FC" box="[811,899,1965,1991]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetBox="[159,1346,208,1127]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Means, Standard Deviation (SD), and ranges of Rhinella cerradensis (n = 11 males and n = 15 females)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2F819954740349FF20FF0EFABAEF94" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" tableUuid="DF2F819954740349FF20FF0EFABAEF94">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF2F819954740349FF20FF0EFABAEF94" ID-Table-UUID="DF2F819954740349FF20FF0EFABAEF94" box="[151,1384,151,175]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2F819954740349FF20FF0EFABAEF94" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" targetBox="[159,1346,208,1127]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEFD11154740349FF20FF0EFABAEF94" blockId="3.[151,1384,151,175]" box="[151,1384,151,175]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FF20FF0EFEDAEF94" bold="true" box="[151,264,151,175]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Means, Standard Deviation (SD), and ranges of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA9254740349FCA6FF01FC3CEF94" box="[785,1006,152,175]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cerradensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FCA6FF01FC3CEF94" box="[785,1006,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Rhinella cerradensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(n = 11 males and n = 15 females).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEFD11154740349FF28FF49FAE7EB5C" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<table id="F95023B15474FCB5FF28FF49FA90EB5C" box="[159,1346,208,1127]" gridcols="4" gridrows="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<tr id="3560D3535474FCB5FF28FF49FA90EFDC" box="[159,1346,208,231]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FF28FF49FE0CEFDC" box="[159,478,208,231]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Variables</th>
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FD89FF49FD02EFDC" box="[574,720,208,231]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Males (n=11)</th>
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FC46FF49FA90EFDC" box="[1009,1346,208,231]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Females (n=15)</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3560D3535474FCB5FF28FF63FA90EE2A" box="[159,1346,250,273]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FD89FF63FD02EE2A" box="[574,720,250,273]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Mean (±SD)</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FCA0FF63FC4FEE2A" box="[791,925,250,273]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Ranges</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FC46FF63FA90EE2A" box="[1009,1346,250,273]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Mean (±SD) Ranges</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3560D3535474FCB5FF28FEBCFA90EE07" box="[159,1346,293,316]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FF28FEBCFE0CEE07" box="[159,478,293,316]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Snout-vent length</th>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FD89FEBCFD02EE07" box="[574,720,293,316]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">120.4 (±13.4)</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FCA0FEBCFC4FEE07" box="[791,925,293,316]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">103.3–147.1</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FC46FEBCFA90EE07" box="[1009,1346,293,316]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">114.5 (±20.1) 82.0–143.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3560D3535474FCB5FF28FEC9FA90EE5C" box="[159,1346,336,359]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FF28FEC9FE0CEE5C" box="[159,478,336,359]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Head length</th>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FD89FEC9FD02EE5C" box="[574,720,336,359]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">35.8 (±3.2)</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FCA0FEC9FC4FEE5C" box="[791,925,336,359]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">32.9–41.8</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FC46FEC9FA90EE5C" box="[1009,1346,336,359]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">33.3 (±5.4) 24.5–40.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3560D3535474FCB5FF28FEE3FA90EEAA" box="[159,1346,378,401]" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FF28FEE3FE0CEEAA" box="[159,478,378,401]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Head height</th>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FD89FEE3FD02EEAA" box="[574,720,378,401]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">23.7 (±3.3)</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FCA0FEE3FC4FEEAA" box="[791,925,378,401]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">19.4–29.3</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FC46FEE3FA90EEAA" box="[1009,1346,378,401]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">23.5 (±3.7) 18.3–30.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3560D3535474FCB5FF28FE3CFA90EE87" box="[159,1346,421,444]" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FF28FE3CFE0CEE87" box="[159,478,421,444]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Head width</th>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FD89FE3CFD02EE87" box="[574,720,421,444]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">43.3 (±4.9)</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FCA0FE3CFC4FEE87" box="[791,925,421,444]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">38.5–52.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FC46FE3CFA90EE87" box="[1009,1346,421,444]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">41.4 (±6.2) 32.7–50.9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3560D3535474FCB5FF28FE49FA90EEDC" box="[159,1346,464,487]" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FF28FE49FE0CEEDC" box="[159,478,464,487]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Max. length of parotoid gland</th>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FD89FE49FD02EEDC" box="[574,720,464,487]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">29.1 (±5.7)</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FCA0FE49FC4FEEDC" box="[791,925,464,487]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">22.4–42.7</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FC46FE49FA90EEDC" box="[1009,1346,464,487]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">26.8 (±6.1) 17.1–37.8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3560D3535474FCB5FF28FE63FA90ED2A" box="[159,1346,506,529]" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FF28FE63FE0CED2A" box="[159,478,506,529]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Max. width of parotoid gland</th>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FD89FE63FD02ED2A" box="[574,720,506,529]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">14.5 (±3.9)</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FCA0FE63FC4FED2A" box="[791,925,506,529]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">10.8–23.2</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FC46FE63FA90ED2A" box="[1009,1346,506,529]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">14.7 (±2.8) 11.3–20.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3560D3535474FCB5FF28FDBCFA90ED07" box="[159,1346,549,572]" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FF28FDBCFE0CED07" box="[159,478,549,572]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Tympanum diameter</th>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FD89FDBCFD02ED07" box="[574,720,549,572]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">9.0 (±0.8)</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FCA0FDBCFC4FED07" box="[791,925,549,572]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">8.0–10.4</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FC46FDBCFA90ED07" box="[1009,1346,549,572]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">7.9 (±0.9) 6.3–9.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3560D3535474FCB5FF28FDC9FA90ED5C" box="[159,1346,592,615]" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FF28FDC9FE0CED5C" box="[159,478,592,615]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Eye diameter</th>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FD89FDC9FD02ED5C" box="[574,720,592,615]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">13.2 (±1.2)</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FCA0FDC9FC4FED5C" box="[791,925,592,615]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">11.4–16.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FC46FDC9FA90ED5C" box="[1009,1346,592,615]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">12.7 (±2.0) 9.5–16.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3560D3535474FCB5FF28FDE3FA90EDAA" box="[159,1346,634,657]" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FF28FDE3FE0CEDAA" box="[159,478,634,657]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Eye to nostril distance</th>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FD89FDE3FD02EDAA" box="[574,720,634,657]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">6.6 (±1.2)</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FCA0FDE3FC4FEDAA" box="[791,925,634,657]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">4.8–8.3</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FC46FDE3FA90EDAA" box="[1009,1346,634,657]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">5.9 (±0.8) 4.5–7.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3560D3535474FCB5FF28FD3CFA90ED87" box="[159,1346,677,700]" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FF28FD3CFE0CED87" box="[159,478,677,700]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Interocular distance</th>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FD89FD3CFD02ED87" box="[574,720,677,700]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">16.0 (±2.0)</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FCA0FD3CFC4FED87" box="[791,925,677,700]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">13.7–19.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FC46FD3CFA90ED87" box="[1009,1346,677,700]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">15.4 (±2.0) 12.0–18.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3560D3535474FCB5FF28FD49FA90EDDC" box="[159,1346,720,743]" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FF28FD49FE0CEDDC" box="[159,478,720,743]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Interorbital distance</th>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FD89FD49FD02EDDC" box="[574,720,720,743]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">16.6 (±1.8)</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FCA0FD49FC4FEDDC" box="[791,925,720,743]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">13.3–18.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FC46FD49FA90EDDC" box="[1009,1346,720,743]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">15.2 (±2.5) 12.3–20.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3560D3535474FCB5FF28FD63FA90EC2A" box="[159,1346,762,785]" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FF28FD63FE0CEC2A" box="[159,478,762,785]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Inter-nostril distance</th>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FD89FD63FD02EC2A" box="[574,720,762,785]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">8.0 (±1.0)</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FCA0FD63FC4FEC2A" box="[791,925,762,785]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">7.0–9.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FC46FD63FA90EC2A" box="[1009,1346,762,785]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">7.8 (±1.3) 6.0–9.8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3560D3535474FCB5FF28FCBCFA90EC07" box="[159,1346,805,828]" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FF28FCBCFE0CEC07" box="[159,478,805,828]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Snout to nostril distance</th>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FD89FCBCFD02EC07" box="[574,720,805,828]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">4.5 (±0.8)</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FCA0FCBCFC4FEC07" box="[791,925,805,828]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">3.5–6.4</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FC46FCBCFA90EC07" box="[1009,1346,805,828]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">4.2 (±0.8) 3.2–5.7</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3560D3535474FCB5FF28FCC9FA90EC5C" box="[159,1346,848,871]" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FF28FCC9FE0CEC5C" box="[159,478,848,871]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Hand length</th>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FD89FCC9FD02EC5C" box="[574,720,848,871]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">28.3 (±3.4)</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FCA0FCC9FC4FEC5C" box="[791,925,848,871]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">23.9–34.5</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FC46FCC9FA90EC5C" box="[1009,1346,848,871]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">25.1 (±4.0) 19.5–32.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3560D3535474FCB5FF28FCE3FA90ECAA" box="[159,1346,890,913]" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FF28FCE3FE0CECAA" box="[159,478,890,913]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Forearm length</th>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FD89FCE3FD02ECAA" box="[574,720,890,913]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">30.0 (±3.3)</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FCA0FCE3FC4FECAA" box="[791,925,890,913]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">26.0–36.1</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FC46FCE3FA90ECAA" box="[1009,1346,890,913]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">25.8 (±4.5) 16.6–33.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3560D3535474FCB5FF28FC3CFA90EC87" box="[159,1346,933,956]" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FF28FC3CFE0CEC87" box="[159,478,933,956]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Upper arm length</th>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FD89FC3CFD02EC87" box="[574,720,933,956]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">23.2 (±4.3)</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FCA0FC3CFC4FEC87" box="[791,925,933,956]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">16.6–29.8</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FC46FC3CFA90EC87" box="[1009,1346,933,956]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">17.3 (±4.4) 9.8–24.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3560D3535474FCB5FF28FC49FA90ECDC" box="[159,1346,976,999]" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FF28FC49FE0CECDC" box="[159,478,976,999]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Tibia length</th>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FD89FC49FD02ECDC" box="[574,720,976,999]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">47.8 (±5.4)</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FCA0FC49FC4FECDC" box="[791,925,976,999]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">40.4–58.5</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FC46FC49FA90ECDC" box="[1009,1346,976,999]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">41.6 (±7.5) 29.9–52.1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3560D3535474FCB5FF28FC63FA90EB2A" box="[159,1346,1018,1041]" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FF28FC63FE0CEB2A" box="[159,478,1018,1041]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Thigh length</th>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FD89FC63FD02EB2A" box="[574,720,1018,1041]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">52.0 (±7.1)</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FCA0FC63FC4FEB2A" box="[791,925,1018,1041]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">43.8–65.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FC46FC63FA90EB2A" box="[1009,1346,1018,1041]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">45.1 (±8.6) 31.6–60.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3560D3535474FCB5FF28FBBCFA90EB07" box="[159,1346,1061,1084]" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FF28FBBCFE0CEB07" box="[159,478,1061,1084]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Tarsus length</th>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FD89FBBCFD02EB07" box="[574,720,1061,1084]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">29.4 (±4.9)</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FCA0FBBCFC4FEB07" box="[791,925,1061,1084]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">24.4–40.3</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FC46FBBCFA90EB07" box="[1009,1346,1061,1084]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">24.7 (±4.5) 16.3–30.1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3560D3535474FCB5FF28FBC9FA90EB5C" box="[159,1346,1104,1127]" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FF28FBC9FE0CEB5C" box="[159,478,1104,1127]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Foot length</th>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FD89FBC9FD02EB5C" box="[574,720,1104,1127]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">47.8 (±4.9)</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FCA0FBC9FC4FEB5C" box="[791,925,1104,1127]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">41.0–54.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5474FCB5FC46FBC9FA90EB5C" box="[1009,1346,1104,1127]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">40.7 (±7.0) 27.8–52.7</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34A829A5474034EFF70FB2EFEC9ED21" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEFD1115474034EFF70FB2EFEC9ED21" blockId="3.[151,1437,1207,2034]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,152,538]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FF70FB2EFCDFEBEA" bold="true" box="[199,781,1207,1233]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Diagnosis and comparisons with other species:</emphasis>
|
||
A medium to large sized species, similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA9254740349FAADFB21FA46EBEA" box="[1306,1428,1208,1234]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="icterica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FAADFB21FAFEEBEA" box="[1306,1324,1208,1233]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FA8CFB21FA46EBEA" box="[1339,1428,1208,1233]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">icterica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA9254740349FF20FB79FED9EBC2" box="[151,267,1248,1274]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FF20FB79FF7BEBC2" box="[151,169,1248,1273]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FF00FB79FED9EBC2" box="[183,267,1248,1273]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA9254740349FEADFB79FE7BEBC2" box="[282,425,1248,1274]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poeppigii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FEADFB79FEFEEBC2" box="[282,300,1248,1273]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FE8DFB79FE7BEBC2" box="[314,425,1248,1273]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">poeppigii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA9254740349FE00FB79FD83EBC2" box="[439,593,1248,1274]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schneideri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FE00FB79FE1BEBC2" box="[439,457,1248,1273]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FE60FB79FD83EBC2" box="[471,593,1248,1273]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">schneideri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA9254740349FD26FB79FD0DEBC2" box="[657,735,1248,1274]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jimi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FD26FB79FD71EBC2" box="[657,675,1248,1273]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FD05FB79FD0DEBC2" box="[690,735,1248,1273]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">jimi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mostly by the well developed cranial crests, long and broad parotoid gland, head wider than long, and morphometric features (see morphometric analysis section).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA9254740349FF20FAA9FE58EA72" box="[151,394,1328,1353]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cerradensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FF20FAA9FE58EA72" box="[151,394,1328,1353]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Rhinella cerradensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has the following unique combination of features within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA9254740349FBE7FAA9FB17EA72" box="[1104,1221,1328,1354]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FBE7FAA9FBB0EA72" box="[1104,1122,1328,1353]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FBC7FAA9FB17EA72" box="[1136,1221,1328,1353]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group: medium to large size, (males 120.4 (±13.4) mm, ranging
|
||
<quantity id="4CA87CF454740349FD06FAC1FCABEA49" box="[689,889,1368,1394]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.252" metricValueMax="1.4709999999999999" metricValueMin="1.033" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" unit="mm" value="125.19999999999999" valueMax="147.1" valueMin="103.3">103.3–147.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
and females 114.5 (±20.1) mm, ranging
|
||
<quantity id="4CA87CF454740349FAEDFAC1FEC6EAA1" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1095" metricValueMax="1.398" metricValueMin="0.821" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" unit="mm" value="110.95" valueMax="139.8" valueMin="82.1">82.1– 139.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
); head wider than long; well developed cranial crests, with evident spicules; snout in dorsal view mucronate to truncate and obtuse in lateral view; a medium sized parotoid gland, parotoid gland elliptical, yellowish, with a high density of keratinous pointed spicules; pointed spicules present on dorsal glands, fore, and hind limbs; tibial gland absent; dorsum uniform brownish to dark green and venter brownish white in males; females with brownish green dorsum, but with black coloration in many areas (sometimes also in hind limbs), resembling
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA9254740349FE95F9D1FE4FE95A" box="[290,413,1608,1634]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="icterica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FE95F9D1FEE6E95A" box="[290,308,1608,1633]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FEF3F9D1FE4FE95A" box="[324,413,1608,1633]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">icterica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
female coloration; a jagged or “scalloped” suture formed by the articulation between the medial ramus of the pterygoid and the parasphenoid alae. The new species can be quickly distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA9254740349FF6FF901FEA7E98A" box="[216,373,1688,1714]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schneideri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FF6FF901FF38E98A" box="[216,234,1688,1713]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FF4CF901FEA7E98A" box="[251,373,1688,1713]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">schneideri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA9254740349FE07F901FDD2E98A" box="[432,512,1688,1714]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jimi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FE07F901FE10E98A" box="[432,450,1688,1713]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FE65F901FDD2E98A" box="[466,512,1688,1713]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">jimi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the smaller body and parotoid gland size and by the absent of tibial gland (PGL in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA9254740349FF49F959FE4BE9E2" box="[254,409,1728,1754]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schneideri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FF49F959FEC2E9E2" box="[254,272,1728,1753]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FEA8F959FE4BE9E2" box="[287,409,1728,1753]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">schneideri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
28.9 (±9.8) mm (n=27),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA9254740349FD77F959FCDDE9E2" box="[704,783,1728,1754]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jimi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FD77F959FD00E9E2" box="[704,722,1728,1753]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FD56F959FCDDE9E2" box="[737,783,1728,1753]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">jimi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
34.8 (±11.8) mm (n=9), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA9254740349FBD0F959FAC3E9E2" box="[1127,1297,1728,1754]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cerradensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FBD0F959FBABE9E2" box="[1127,1145,1728,1753]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FB3FF959FAC3E9E2" box="[1160,1297,1728,1753]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">cerradensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
27.5 (±7.7) mm (n=18)). From
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA9254740349FE31F971FDD7E83A" box="[390,517,1768,1794]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="icterica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FE31F971FE4AE83A" box="[390,408,1768,1793]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FE1CF971FDD7E83A" box="[427,517,1768,1793]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">icterica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the new species can be distinguished by size of parotoid gland (larger and rounded in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA9254740349FE96F889FE4CE812" box="[289,414,1808,1834]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="icterica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FE96F889FEE1E812" box="[289,307,1808,1833]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FEF3F889FE4CE812" box="[324,414,1808,1833]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">icterica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, PGL=29.7 (±9.6) mm (n=29)); by a less developed preocular crest; by narrow head (wide in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA9254740349FEB7F8A1FEABE86A" box="[256,377,1848,1874]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="icterica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FEB7F8A1FEC0E86A" box="[256,274,1848,1873]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FE97F8A1FEABE86A" box="[288,377,1848,1873]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">icterica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); by tympanum without folded skin (present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA9254740349FC19F8A1FBFAE86A" box="[942,1064,1848,1874]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="icterica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FC19F8A1FC12E86A" box="[942,960,1848,1873]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FC78F8A1FBFAE86A" box="[975,1064,1848,1873]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">icterica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); and by smaller hand (HAL in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA9254740349FF20F8F9FE91E842" box="[151,323,1888,1914]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cerradensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FF20F8F9FF7BE842" box="[151,169,1888,1913]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FF0DF8F9FE91E842" box="[186,323,1888,1913]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">cerradensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
25.7 (±6.0) mm (n=18) and in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA9254740349FD76F8F9FCECE842" box="[705,830,1888,1914]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="icterica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FD76F8F9FD01E842" box="[705,723,1888,1913]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FD53F8F9FCECE842" box="[740,830,1888,1913]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">icterica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
26.7 (±6.1) mm (n=29)). From
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA9254740349FB76F8F9FAEAE842" box="[1217,1336,1888,1914]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FB76F8F9FB01E842" box="[1217,1235,1888,1913]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FB53F8F9FAEAE842" box="[1252,1336,1888,1913]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA9254740349FAFDF8F9FF29E89A" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cerradensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FAFDF8F9FA8EE842" box="[1354,1372,1888,1913]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FADAF8F9FF29E89A" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">cerradensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished by shape of parotoid gland (almost rounded in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA9254740349FBF6F811FB6BE89A" box="[1089,1209,1928,1954]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FBF6F811FB81E89A" box="[1089,1107,1928,1953]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FBD2F811FB6BE89A" box="[1125,1209,1928,1953]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); by narrower and longer head (wider in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA9254740349FE13F829FDCEE8F2" box="[420,540,1968,1994]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FE13F829FE64E8F2" box="[420,438,1968,1993]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FE70F829FDCEE8F2" box="[455,540,1968,1993]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). From
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA9254740349FD36F829FD2CE8F2" box="[641,766,1968,1993]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="veredas">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FD36F829FD2CE8F2" box="[641,766,1968,1993]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">R. veredas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it can be easily distinguished by complete supraocular crest and by dorsal coloration of the male. From
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA9254740349FD4AF841FC4AE8CA" box="[765,920,2008,2034]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rubescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FD4AF841FCDDE8CA" box="[765,783,2008,2033]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D0354740349FC94F841FC4AE8CA" box="[803,920,2008,2033]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">rubescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it can be distinguished by its larger size (SVL=115.5 (±26.4) mm (n=18) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA925473034EFDF0FF01FD21EF8A" box="[583,755,152,178]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cerradensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035473034EFDF0FF01FD8BEF8A" box="[583,601,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035473034EFDDDFF01FD21EF8A" box="[618,755,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">cerradensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and 69.1 (±23.4) mm in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA925473034EFB9FFF01FB13EF8A" box="[1064,1217,152,178]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rubescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035473034EFB9FFF01FBE8EF8A" box="[1064,1082,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035473034EFBFBFF01FB13EF8A" box="[1100,1217,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">rubescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(n=49)); shape of parotoid gland (long and narrow in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA925473034EFD89FF59FD06EFE2" box="[574,724,192,217]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rubescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035473034EFD89FF59FD06EFE2" box="[574,724,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">R. rubescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); wider head (LC=23.2 (±7.4) mm in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA925473034EFB2CFF59FAE3EFE2" box="[1179,1329,192,218]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rubescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035473034EFB2CFF59FB7FEFE2" box="[1179,1197,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035473034EFB0BFF59FAE3EFE2" box="[1212,1329,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">rubescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(n=49)); snout profile (sub-elliptical in dorsal view in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA925473034EFD1BFF71FC90EE3A" box="[684,834,232,258]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rubescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035473034EFD1BFF71FD6CEE3A" box="[684,702,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035473034EFD7AFF71FC90EE3A" box="[717,834,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">rubescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), cranial crests developed (weakly developed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA925473034EFA34FF71FEDEEE12" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rubescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035473034EFA34FF71FA47EE3A" box="[1411,1429,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035473034EFF20FE89FEDEEE12" box="[151,268,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">rubescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); and dorsal glands with keratinous spicules on body (smooth in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA925473034EFBBCFE89FB73EE12" box="[1035,1185,272,298]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rubescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035473034EFBBCFE89FBCFEE12" box="[1035,1053,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035473034EFB9BFE89FB73EE12" box="[1068,1185,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">rubescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). From
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA925473034EFAB6FE89FA46EE12" box="[1281,1428,272,298]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arenarum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035473034EFAB6FE89FAC1EE12" box="[1281,1299,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035473034EFA95FE89FA46EE12" box="[1314,1428,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">arenarum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it can be distinguished by larger size (SVL= 87.3 (±11.0) mm in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA925473034EFC2AFEA1FBE0EE6A" box="[925,1074,312,338]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arenarum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035473034EFC2AFEA1FC7DEE6A" box="[925,943,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035473034EFC08FEA1FBE0EE6A" box="[959,1074,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">arenarum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(n=25)); parotoid gland shape (long and narrow in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA925473034EFE22FEF9FDFEEE42" box="[405,556,352,378]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arenarum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035473034EFE22FEF9FE75EE42" box="[405,423,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035473034EFE0DFEF9FDFEEE42" box="[442,556,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">arenarum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), by more developed cranial crests (weakly developed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA925473034EFB44FEF9FA58EE42" box="[1267,1418,352,378]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arenarum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035473034EFB44FEF9FAD7EE42" box="[1267,1285,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035473034EFAA0FEF9FA58EE42" box="[1303,1418,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">arenarum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); tongue long and narrow (rounded and short in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA925473034EFD0FFE11FC9EEE9A" box="[696,844,392,418]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arenarum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035473034EFD0FFE11FD18EE9A" box="[696,714,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035473034EFD6EFE11FC9EEE9A" box="[729,844,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">arenarum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); and by dorsal male coloration. From
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA925473034EFAA1FE11FA4EEE9A" box="[1302,1436,392,418]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="achavali">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035473034EFAA1FE11FAFAEE9A" box="[1302,1320,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035473034EFA80FE11FA4EEE9A" box="[1335,1436,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">achavali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
it can be distinguished by larger size (SVL= 95.4 (±6.2) mm in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA925473034EFC38FE29FBC7EEF2" box="[911,1045,432,458]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="achavali">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035473034EFC38FE29FC73EEF2" box="[911,929,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035473034EFC07FE29FBC7EEF2" box="[944,1045,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">achavali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(n=5)), shape of parotoid glands (long and narrow in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA925473034EFE3CFE41FDC3EECA" box="[395,529,472,498]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="achavali">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035473034EFE3CFE41FE4FEECA" box="[395,413,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035473034EFE1BFE41FDC3EECA" box="[428,529,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">achavali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); by dorsal male coloration; by pointed spiculae on body glands; and by the rough skin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF2F81995473034EFF20FA5AFB61EAE0" box="[151,1203,1475,1499]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179313/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" targetBox="[151,1435,597,1448]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEFD1115473034EFF20FA5AFB61EAE0" blockId="4.[151,1203,1475,1499]" box="[151,1203,1475,1499]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035473034EFF20FA5AFECBEAE0" bold="true" box="[151,281,1475,1499]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Adult male of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA925473034EFE0CFA5DFD4AEAE0" box="[443,664,1476,1499]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cerradensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035473034EFE0CFA5DFD4AEAE0" box="[443,664,1476,1499]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Rhinella cerradensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Brasília, DF, Brazil. Photo by Natan Maciel.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34A829A54730343FF70F997FBA7EDD9" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEFD1115473034FFF70F997FAEAEDA9" blockId="4.[151,1437,1550,2016]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,152,658]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035473034EFF70F997FDF3E913" bold="true" box="[199,545,1550,1576]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Description of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EB6FB35473034EFE1BF997FDCEE913" box="[428,540,1550,1576]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
General aspect robust (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136BCD945473034EFC81F997FCA5E913" box="[822,887,1550,1576]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1475,1499]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,597,1448]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,597,1449]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Adult male of Rhinella cerradensis from Brasília, DF, Brazil. Photo by Natan Maciel." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179313/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
A). Head wider than long; SVL approximately 2.7
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035473034EFF0CF9AFFF19E974" box="[187,203,1590,1615]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">×</emphasis>
|
||
head width; snout mucronate to truncate in dorsal view and obtuse in lateral view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136BCD945473034EFB76F9AFFAC1E96B" box="[1217,1299,1590,1616]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1650,1674]" captionTargetBox="[176,1409,213,1633]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,194,1658]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Rhinella cerradensis, CHUNB 49573 (holotype) adult male (A) dorsal view of head, (B) lateral view of head, (C) palmar view of manus, (D) plantar view of pes. Drawings by Pedro Aquino." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179315/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A and 3B); almost all cranial crests present and developed, parietal crest absent; pre-tympanic and rostral crests well developed; supranasal crest evident with rugosites, produced by cranial striations; supratympanic crest developed, in contact with the parotoid gland; cranial crests keratinized, especially the supraocular crest; loreal region smooth; nostrils large, with lateral elliptic openings directed upward; interorbital distance and eye diameter equal in length; eye diameter about 1.5
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035473034EFD7FF967FD0AE82C" box="[712,728,1790,1815]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">×</emphasis>
|
||
tympanum diameter; eyelid large, with small keratinous spicules; tympanum visible, well developed, rounded; dorsum of head flat, with small rounded spicules. Parotoid gland evident, elliptical, with keratinous spicules; parotoid length about 2.6
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035473034EFB97F8D7FBE2E85C" box="[1056,1072,1870,1895]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">×</emphasis>
|
||
its width. Tongue longer than wide, smooth, with one single superficial central fold, free in its posterior end, attached to jaw; vomerine teeth absent; choanae elliptical. Fingers thin and developed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136BCD945473034EFC89F807FC5BE883" box="[830,905,1950,1976]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1650,1674]" captionTargetBox="[176,1409,213,1633]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,194,1658]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Rhinella cerradensis, CHUNB 49573 (holotype) adult male (A) dorsal view of head, (B) lateral view of head, (C) palmar view of manus, (D) plantar view of pes. Drawings by Pedro Aquino." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179315/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="27">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
C); forearm and arm robust; relative finger length II <IV <I <III; fingers without webbing; tips of fingers keratinized and dark in dorsal view; subarticular tubercles at base of all fingers; subarticular tubercles present between phalanges II and III of finger III, subarticular tubercles on phalange III of finger III; outer palmar tubercle large and rounded; inner palmar tubercle rounded at base of finger I. Nuptial pads evident, dorsally visible on fingers I and II. Toes with broad lateral fringes, toe tips keratinized and dark, relative toe lengths I <V <II <III<IV; small subarticular tubercles present on toes, between phalanges II and III on toes III, IV and V. Foot webbing present and well developed; foot webbing formula
|
||
<date id="FFEEF7D15472034FFE46FEF9FDF9EE41" box="[497,555,352,378]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">I 2-2</date>
|
||
/
|
||
<date id="FFEEF7D15472034FFD83FEF9FDB2EE41" box="[564,608,352,378]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">2 II</date>
|
||
1-
|
||
<date id="FFEEF7D15472034FFD36FEF9FD40EE41" box="[641,658,352,378]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">3</date>
|
||
III 2-3/
|
||
<date id="FFEEF7D15472034FFD46FEF9FCF8EE41" box="[753,810,352,378]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">2 IV</date>
|
||
3/2-
|
||
<date id="FFEEF7D15472034FFCD5FEF9FC40EE41" box="[866,914,352,378]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">2 V</date>
|
||
; outer metatarsal tubercle small oval; inner metatarsal tubercle well developed and elongate, weakly keratinized. Metatarsal fringe present, beginning at tip of toe I, covering 2/3 of metatarsal length (the fringe is interrupted by inner metatarsal tubercle); plantar surface with small, conical callosities. Dorsal skin rough; dorsum covered by rounded and oval glands of different sizes; all glands with black and pointed keratinized spicules; spicule number varies with gland size; glands are smaller and more dense on anterior and posterior limbs. Measurements of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EB6FB35472034FFB31FDB1FB3FED79" box="[1158,1261,552,578]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(in mm): SVL 109.9; HL 32.8; HH 21.0; HW 40.6; PGL 28.9; PGW 10.8; TD 8.8; ED 13.3;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34791815472034FFB98FDC9FBBEED51" box="[1071,1132,592,618]" name="India" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">END</collectingCountry>
|
||
4.9; IOC 14.1; IOD 15.0;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34791815472034FFF20FDE1FF19EDA9" box="[151,203,632,658]" name="India" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">IND</collectingCountry>
|
||
7.5; FN/DFN 4.1; HAL 26.6; FAR 20.5; UAR 17.3; TIL 47.5; THL 49.8; TL 27.7; and FL 50.2.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2F81995472034FFF20F9A2FA4FE969" box="[151,1437,1595,1619]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179314/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" targetBox="[151,1435,714,1571]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEFD1115472034FFF20F9A2FA4FE969" blockId="5.[151,1437,1595,1619]" box="[151,1437,1595,1619]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035472034FFF20F9A2FECAE968" bold="true" box="[151,280,1595,1619]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
An amplectant pair of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA925472034FFDBAF9A2FD38E969" box="[525,746,1595,1618]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cerradensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035472034FFDBAF9A2FD38E969" box="[525,746,1595,1618]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">Rhinella cerradensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Brasília, DF, Brazil. Photo by Rubens Hisanari Matsushita.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEFD1115472034CFF70F919FCF8EFE1" blockId="5.[151,1437,1664,2011]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,152,218]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035472034FFF70F919FE2BE9A1" bold="true" box="[199,505,1664,1690]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">Morphometric analyses:</emphasis>
|
||
The PCA suggests the presence of two morphological subgroups in species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA925472034FFF20F930FED9E9F9" box="[151,267,1705,1731]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035472034FFF20F930FF7BE9F9" box="[151,169,1705,1730]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035472034FFF00F930FED9E9F9" box="[183,267,1705,1730]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136BCD945472034FFED1F930FE7CE9F8" box="[358,430,1705,1731]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1585,1609]" captionTargetBox="[255,1269,808,1557]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,776,1578]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Distribution of the species of Rhinella marina group in the two first principal components. The PCA suggested the presence of two morphological subgroups within the R. marina group indicated by the white and black symbols." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179316/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). A subgroup of species represented by the white symbols, composed by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA925472034FFAB7F930FAA7E9F9" box="[1280,1397,1705,1731]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035472034FFAB7F930FAC0E9F9" box="[1280,1298,1705,1730]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035472034FFA97F930FAA7E9F9" box="[1312,1397,1705,1730]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA925472034FFA34F930FF23E9D1" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="icterica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035472034FFA34F930FA47E9F9" box="[1411,1429,1705,1730]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035472034FFF20F948FF23E9D1" box="[151,241,1745,1770]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">icterica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA925472034FFF49F948FE4AE9D1" box="[254,408,1745,1771]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schneideri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035472034FFF49F948FEC2E9D1" box="[254,272,1745,1770]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035472034FFEA9F948FE4AE9D1" box="[286,408,1745,1770]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">schneideri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA925472034FFE10F948FE26E9D1" box="[423,500,1745,1771]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jimi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035472034FFE10F948FE6BE9D1" box="[423,441,1745,1770]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035472034FFE70F948FE26E9D1" box="[455,500,1745,1770]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">jimi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA925472034FFD83F948FD0FE9D1" box="[564,733,1745,1771]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cerradensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035472034FFD83F948FD94E9D1" box="[564,582,1745,1770]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035472034FFDE3F948FD0FE9D1" box="[596,733,1745,1770]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">cerradensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and another represented by the black symbols, consisting of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA925472034FFF20F960FEFEE829" box="[151,300,1785,1811]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arenarum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035472034FFF20F960FF7BE829" box="[151,169,1785,1810]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035472034FFF0EF960FEFEE829" box="[185,300,1785,1810]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">arenarum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA925472034FFE8CF960FE00E829" box="[315,466,1785,1811]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rubescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035472034FFE8CF960FE9FE829" box="[315,333,1785,1810]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035472034FFEEAF960FE00E829" box="[349,466,1785,1810]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">rubescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA925472034FFE55F960FDBBE829" box="[482,617,1785,1811]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="achavali">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035472034FFE55F960FE26E829" box="[482,500,1785,1810]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035472034FFDB3F960FDBBE829" box="[516,617,1785,1810]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">achavali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA925472034FFD1BF960FCFAE829" box="[684,808,1785,1811]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="veredas">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035472034FFD1BF960FD6CE829" box="[684,702,1785,1810]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035472034FFD79F960FCFAE829" box="[718,808,1785,1810]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">veredas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The first two scores account for a total of 94.8% of the variance. The first component accounts for 88.4% of the variance and showed high and positive scores. The second component accounts for 6.4% of the variance and showed positive higher values for tympanum diameter and foot and leg lengths, and negative values for parotoid gland length (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6D2E4AA5472034FFBD9F8E8FB19E8B0" box="[1134,1227,1905,1931]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,239,271,295]" captionTargetBox="[159,1226,362,897]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="TABLE 2. PCA Scores for the first two factors with logarithmized body measurements and percentage of variation explained, for nine species of Rhinella marina species group (n = 294)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2F81995471034CFF20FE96FC53EE72" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" tableUuid="DF2F81995471034CFF20FE96FC53EE72">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). Examination of factor loadings suggested the formation of two subgroups. The first subgroup (white symbols) is composed of the larger sized species, with developed and marked cranial crests, relatively smaller tympanum, and shorter limb length. The second subgroup (black symbols) is formed by the smaller species with less developed cranial crests and relatively longer parotoid glands (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136BCD945471034CFD64FF59FCCEEFE1" box="[723,796,192,218]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1585,1609]" captionTargetBox="[255,1269,808,1557]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,776,1578]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Distribution of the species of Rhinella marina group in the two first principal components. The PCA suggested the presence of two morphological subgroups within the R. marina group indicated by the white and black symbols." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179316/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2F81995471034CFF20FE96FC53EE72" ID-Table-UUID="DF2F81995471034CFF20FE96FC53EE72" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2F81995471034CFF20FE96FC53EE72" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" targetBox="[159,1226,362,897]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEFD1115471034CFF20FE96FC53EE72" blockId="6.[151,1436,271,329]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035471034CFF20FE96FEDEEE1C" bold="true" box="[151,268,271,295]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
PCA Scores for the first two factors with logarithmized body measurements and percentage of variation explained, for nine species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA925471034CFE61FEABFD57EE72" box="[470,645,306,329]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035471034CFE61FEABFD57EE72" box="[470,645,306,329]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Rhinella marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group (n=294).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEFD1115471034CFF28FEF3FB6CECBA" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<table id="F95023B15471FCB5FF28FEF3FB18ECBA" box="[159,1226,362,897]" gridcols="3" gridrows="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<tr id="3560D3535471FCB5FF28FEF3FB18EEBA" box="[159,1226,362,385]" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F5471FCB5FF28FEF3FDE0EEBA" box="[159,562,362,385]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Variables</th>
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F5471FCB5FCFDFEF3FC49EEBA" box="[842,923,362,385]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Score 1</th>
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F5471FCB5FBCEFEF3FB18EEBA" box="[1145,1226,362,385]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Score 2</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3560D3535471FCB5FF28FE0CFB18EE97" box="[159,1226,405,428]" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F5471FCB5FF28FE0CFDE0EE97" box="[159,562,405,428]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Snout-vent length</th>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5471FCB5FCFDFE0CFC49EE97" box="[842,923,405,428]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">0.561</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5471FCB5FBCEFE0CFB18EE97" box="[1145,1226,405,428]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">0.881</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3560D3535471FCB5FF28FE59FB18EEEC" box="[159,1226,448,471]" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F5471FCB5FF28FE59FDE0EEEC" box="[159,562,448,471]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Head height</th>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5471FCB5FCFDFE59FC49EEEC" box="[842,923,448,471]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">0.511</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5471FCB5FBCEFE59FB18EEEC" box="[1145,1226,448,471]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">0.431</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3560D3535471FCB5FF28FE73FB18ED3A" box="[159,1226,490,513]" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F5471FCB5FF28FE73FDE0ED3A" box="[159,562,490,513]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Head length</th>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5471FCB5FCFDFE73FC49ED3A" box="[842,923,490,513]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">0.556</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5471FCB5FBCEFE73FB18ED3A" box="[1145,1226,490,513]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">0.653</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3560D3535471FCB5FF28FD8CFB18ED17" box="[159,1226,533,556]" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F5471FCB5FF28FD8CFDE0ED17" box="[159,562,533,556]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Head width</th>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5471FCB5FCFDFD8CFC49ED17" box="[842,923,533,556]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">0.595</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5471FCB5FBCEFD8CFB18ED17" box="[1145,1226,533,556]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">0.620</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3560D3535471FCB5FF28FDD9FB18ED6C" box="[159,1226,576,599]" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F5471FCB5FF28FDD9FDE0ED6C" box="[159,562,576,599]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Max. length of parotoid gland</th>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5471FCB5FCFDFDD9FC49ED6C" box="[842,923,576,599]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">0.706</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5471FCB5FBCEFDD9FB18ED6C" box="[1145,1226,576,599]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">0.326</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3560D3535471FCB5FF28FDF3FB18EDBA" box="[159,1226,618,641]" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F5471FCB5FF28FDF3FDE0EDBA" box="[159,562,618,641]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Max. width of parotoid gland</th>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5471FCB5FCFDFDF3FC49EDBA" box="[842,923,618,641]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">0.820</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5471FCB5FBCEFDF3FB18EDBA" box="[1145,1226,618,641]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">–6.549</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3560D3535471FCB5FF28FD0CFB18ED97" box="[159,1226,661,684]" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F5471FCB5FF28FD0CFDE0ED97" box="[159,562,661,684]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Tympanum diameter</th>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5471FCB5FCFDFD0CFC49ED97" box="[842,923,661,684]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">0.507</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5471FCB5FBCEFD0CFB18ED97" box="[1145,1226,661,684]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">2.897</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3560D3535471FCB5FF28FD59FB18EDEC" box="[159,1226,704,727]" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F5471FCB5FF28FD59FDE0EDEC" box="[159,562,704,727]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Hand length</th>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5471FCB5FCFDFD59FC49EDEC" box="[842,923,704,727]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">0.597</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5471FCB5FBCEFD59FB18EDEC" box="[1145,1226,704,727]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">0.635</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3560D3535471FCB5FF28FD73FB18EC3A" box="[159,1226,746,769]" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F5471FCB5FF28FD73FDE0EC3A" box="[159,562,746,769]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Hand, fore arm, and upper arm length</th>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5471FCB5FCFDFD73FC49EC3A" box="[842,923,746,769]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">0.592</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5471FCB5FBCEFD73FB18EC3A" box="[1145,1226,746,769]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">0.700</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3560D3535471FCB5FF28FC8CFB18EC17" box="[159,1226,789,812]" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F5471FCB5FF28FC8CFDE0EC17" box="[159,562,789,812]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Foot length</th>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5471FCB5FCFDFC8CFC49EC17" box="[842,923,789,812]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">0.596</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5471FCB5FBCEFC8CFB18EC17" box="[1145,1226,789,812]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">1.255</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3560D3535471FCB5FF28FCD9FB18EC6C" box="[159,1226,832,855]" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F5471FCB5FF28FCD9FDE0EC6C" box="[159,562,832,855]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Thigh, tibia, tarsus, and foot length</th>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5471FCB5FCFDFCD9FC49EC6C" box="[842,923,832,855]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">0.613</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5471FCB5FBCEFCD9FB18EC6C" box="[1145,1226,832,855]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">1.111</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3560D3535471FCB5FF28FCF3FB18ECBA" box="[159,1226,874,897]" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F5471FCB5FF28FCF3FDE0ECBA" box="[159,562,874,897]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Variance explained</th>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5471FCB5FCFDFCF3FC49ECBA" box="[842,923,874,897]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">88.39%</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F5471FCB5FBCEFCF3FB18ECBA" box="[1145,1226,874,897]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">6.38%</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEFD1115471034CFF70FC5EFE49EB91" blockId="6.[151,1437,967,2034]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035471034CFF70FC5EFE85ECDA" bold="true" box="[199,343,967,993]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Coloration:</emphasis>
|
||
Sexual dimorphism is well marked in coloration (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136BCD945471034CFC75FC51FBDCECD9" box="[962,1038,968,994]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1595,1619]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,714,1571]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,714,1571]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. An amplectant pair of Rhinella cerradensis from Brasília, DF, Brazil. Photo by Rubens Hisanari Matsushita." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179314/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). In life, males have a brownish green dorsum (sometimes a dark green dorsum) and a brownish white venter. Females have the same brownish green dorsum and brownish white venter of the male, but show black coloration in many areas of dorsum (sometimes also on hind limbs). In this respect, the females of this species resemble
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA925471034CFB36FBD9FB2EEB62" box="[1153,1276,1088,1114]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="icterica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035471034CFB36FBD9FB41EB62" box="[1153,1171,1088,1113]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035471034CFB15FBD9FB2EEB62" box="[1186,1276,1088,1113]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">icterica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
females. The coloration of preserved specimens resembles the coloration of males and females in life, but the parotoid glands turn yellowish.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEFD1115471034CFF70FB2EFBA4E839" blockId="6.[151,1437,967,2034]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035471034CFF70FB2EFDCDEBEA" bold="true" box="[199,543,1207,1233]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Description of the tadpole:</emphasis>
|
||
Descriptions are based on a tadpole series (CHUNB 49574) collected at Estação Rádio, Centro de Instrução e Adestramento de
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34791815471034CFC92FB79FC51EBC1" box="[805,899,1248,1274]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Brasília</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34791815471034CFC27FB79FC39EBC1" box="[912,1003,1248,1274]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Brasília</collectingCountry>
|
||
Municipality, Distrito Federal on
|
||
<date id="FFEEF7D15471034CFAC8FB79FEE1EA19" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" value="2002-08-31">31 August 2002</date>
|
||
, by N.M. Maciel and R.H. Matsushita. Tadpole series measurements are provided in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6D2E4AA5471034CFA8CFA91FA45EA19" box="[1339,1431,1288,1314]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,239,1031,1055]" captionTargetBox="[159,1210,1122,1487]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="TABLE 3. Measurements (in millimetres) of 19 tadpoles of Rhinella cerradensis (stages 32 – 42). The developmental stages follow Gosner (1960)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2F8199547F0342FF20FB9EFE1FEB7A" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" tableUuid="DF2F8199547F0342FF20FB9EFE1FEB7A">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
. Measurements of the specimen used for description (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136BCD945471034CFCA5FAA9FC89EA71" box="[786,859,1328,1354]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,255,1257,1281]" captionTargetBox="[331,1240,225,1257]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[324,1262,194,1257]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Tadpole of Rhinella cerradensis, (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal profile, (C) oral disc. Stage 40 of Gosner (1960). Drawings by Núbia Shelly." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179317/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
) (in mm): BL 9.72;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34791815471034CFBE2FAA9FB5BEA71" box="[1109,1161,1328,1354]" name="India" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">IND</collectingCountry>
|
||
1.30; IOD 2.90; MTH 4.30; TAL 12.64; TL 21.76; TMH 1.50; TMW 1.65. The specimen used for description is in stage 40 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC1ACE05471034CFA88FAC1FF01EAA1" author="Gosner" pageId="6" pageNumber="38" refString="Gosner, K. L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae with notes in identification. Herpetologica, 16, 183 - 190." type="journal article" year="1960">Gosner, 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136BCD945471034CFF5AFA19FEE5EAA1" box="[237,311,1408,1434]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,255,1257,1281]" captionTargetBox="[331,1240,225,1257]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[324,1262,194,1257]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Tadpole of Rhinella cerradensis, (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal profile, (C) oral disc. Stage 40 of Gosner (1960). Drawings by Núbia Shelly." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179317/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). Body elliptical in lateral (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136BCD945471034CFD32FA19FD19EAA1" box="[645,715,1408,1434]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,255,1257,1281]" captionTargetBox="[331,1240,225,1257]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[324,1262,194,1257]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Tadpole of Rhinella cerradensis, (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal profile, (C) oral disc. Stage 40 of Gosner (1960). Drawings by Núbia Shelly." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179317/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
A) and dorsal views (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136BCD945471034CFC67FA19FBCAEAA1" box="[976,1048,1408,1434]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,255,1257,1281]" captionTargetBox="[331,1240,225,1257]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[324,1262,194,1257]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Tadpole of Rhinella cerradensis, (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal profile, (C) oral disc. Stage 40 of Gosner (1960). Drawings by Núbia Shelly." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179317/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Body 76% of tail length and 45% of total length; body wider than deep; snout rounded in lateral and dorsal views; eyes dorsal, directed laterally; distance between eyes 2.2
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035471034CFDACFA49FDF9EAD2" box="[539,555,1488,1513]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">×</emphasis>
|
||
the distance between nostrils; nostril opening kidney shape; spiracle sinistral, near to midbody axis, opening in the body wall, without external tube. Vent tube medial (easily visible in tadpoles in early stages). Tail musculature gradually tapering to rounded tip. Caudal fin fusiform; dorsal fin about same height as ventral fin. Color in preservative uniform, dark brown. Oral disc anteroventral, and emarginated laterally in lower and upper jaw. LTRF 2(2)/3(1); A2 slightly longer than A1, P1 slightly shorter than A1 and longer than P2 and P3. Lower jaw serrate and shallowly V-shaped. The majority of tadpole specimens are in stages 40–42. The tadpoles in stage 42 differed from those in stage 40 mainly by the development of hindlimbs, presence of emerged forelimbs, more rounded snout, and shorter body.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEFD1115471034CFF70F889FE03E8C9" blockId="6.[151,1437,967,2034]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
|
||
The tadpoles described from species of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA925471034CFD67F889FC94E812" box="[720,838,1808,1834]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035471034CFD67F889FD30E812" box="[720,738,1808,1833]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035471034CFD45F889FC94E812" box="[754,838,1808,1833]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group and those of the new species are similar in general shape (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC1ACE05471034CFEFCF8A1FE05E869" author="Rosa" box="[331,471,1848,1874]" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" refString="Rosa, C. N. (1951) Notas sobre o desenvolvimento larval de um sapo (Bufo ictericus L.). Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo (Zoologia), 16, 281 - 287." type="journal article" year="1951">Rosa, 1951</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC1ACE05471034CFE52F8A1FD5BE869" author="Savage" box="[485,649,1848,1874]" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" refString="Savage, J. M. (1960) Geographic variation in the tadpole of the toad, Bufo marinus. Copeia, 1960, 233 - 236." type="journal article" year="1960">Savage, 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC1ACE05471034CFD20F8A1FCF3E869" author="Rosa" box="[663,801,1848,1874]" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" refString="Rosa, C. N. (1965) Sistematica e biologia de alguns girinos do estado de Sao Paulo. Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo (Zoologia), 25, 467 - 487." type="journal article" year="1965">Rosa, 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC1ACE05471034CFC87F8A1FC7AE869" author="Cei" box="[816,936,1848,1874]" pageId="6" pageNumber="38" refString="Cei, J. M. (1980) Amphibians of Argentina. Monitore Zoologico Italiano (N. S.), Monografia, 2, 1 - 609." type="journal article" year="1980">Cei, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC1ACE05471034CFC01F8A1FB46E869" author="Heyer" box="[950,1172,1848,1874]" pageId="6" pageNumber="38" refString="Heyer, W. R., Rand, A. S., Cruz, C. A. G., Peixoto, O. L. & Nelson, C. E. (1990) Frogs of Boraceia. Arquivos de Zoologia, 31, 231 - 410." type="journal article" year="1990">
|
||
Heyer
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035471034CFBB0F8A1FB97E86A" box="[1031,1093,1848,1873]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1990
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC1ACE05471034CFB15F8A1FF04E841" author="Eterovick" pageId="6" pageNumber="38" refString="Eterovick, P. C. & Sazima, I. (1999) Description of the tadpole of Bufo rufus with notes on aggregative behavior. Journal of Herpetology, 33, 711 - 713." type="journal article" year="1999">Eterovick & Sazima, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC1ACE05471034CFE39F8F9FD01E841" author="Eterovick" box="[398,723,1888,1914]" pageId="6" pageNumber="38" refString="Eterovick, P. C. & Sazima, I. (1999) Description of the tadpole of Bufo rufus with notes on aggregative behavior. Journal of Herpetology, 33, 711 - 713." type="journal article" year="1999">Eterovick & Sazima (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
the tadpoles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA925471034CFC24F8F9FBF8E842" box="[915,1066,1888,1914]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rubescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035471034CFC24F8F9FC77E842" box="[915,933,1888,1913]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035471034CFC02F8F9FBF8E842" box="[949,1066,1888,1913]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">rubescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are more similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA925471034CFA34F8F9FEC3E89A" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schneideri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035471034CFA34F8F9FA47E842" box="[1411,1429,1888,1913]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035471034CFF20F811FEC3E89A" box="[151,273,1928,1953]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">schneideri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in body proportions and spiracle position, while the tadpoles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA925471034CFC4BF811FB5DE89A" box="[1020,1167,1928,1954]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arenarum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035471034CFC4BF811FBDCE89A" box="[1020,1038,1928,1953]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035471034CFBABF811FB5DE89A" box="[1052,1167,1928,1953]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">arenarum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
more closely resemble those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA925471034CFF4BF829FEA7E8F2" box="[252,373,1968,1994]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="icterica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035471034CFF4BF829FEDCE8F2" box="[252,270,1968,1993]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035471034CFEABF829FEA7E8F2" box="[284,373,1968,1993]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">icterica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The tadpoles of the new species resemble
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA925471034CFCC4F829FBDBE8F2" box="[883,1033,1968,1994]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rubescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035471034CFCC4F829FC57E8F2" box="[883,901,1968,1993]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035471034CFC23F829FBDBE8F2" box="[916,1033,1968,1993]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">rubescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA925471034CFBF5F829FB0EE8F2" box="[1090,1244,1968,1994]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schneideri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035471034CFBF5F829FB86E8F2" box="[1090,1108,1968,1993]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035471034CFBD5F829FB0EE8F2" box="[1122,1244,1968,1993]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">schneideri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in body proportions and spiracle position.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2F81995470034DFF20F9EBFBFEE990" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179315/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" targetBox="[176,1409,213,1633]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEFD1115470034DFF20F9EBFBFEE990" blockId="7.[151,1436,1650,1707]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035470034DFF20F9EBFEC9E9B1" bold="true" box="[151,283,1650,1674]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA925470034DFE93F9EBFDD6E9B2" box="[292,516,1650,1673]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cerradensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035470034DFE93F9EBFDD6E9B2" box="[292,516,1650,1673]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Rhinella cerradensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, CHUNB 49573 (holotype) adult male (A) dorsal view of head, (B) lateral view of head, (C) palmar view of manus, (D) plantar view of pes. Drawings by Pedro Aquino.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEFD1115470034DFF70F946FCB6E872" blockId="7.[151,1436,1759,2025]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">
|
||
The tadpole of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA925470034DFECFF979FDF0E9C2" box="[376,546,1759,1785]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cerradensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035470034DFECFF979FE58E9C2" box="[376,394,1760,1785]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035470034DFE2EF979FDF0E9C2" box="[409,546,1760,1785]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">cerradensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be diagnosed by body proportions, spiracle position, and the absence of an external spiracular tube, with the opening in the body wall (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136BCD945470034DFC3CF89EFC00E81A" box="[907,978,1799,1825]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,255,1257,1281]" captionTargetBox="[331,1240,225,1257]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[324,1262,194,1257]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Tadpole of Rhinella cerradensis, (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal profile, (C) oral disc. Stage 40 of Gosner (1960). Drawings by Núbia Shelly." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179317/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
A). The absence of an external tube is unique among the tadpoles described of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA925470034DFD2BF8A9FCC2E872" box="[668,784,1839,1865]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035470034DFD2BF8A9FD7CE872" box="[668,686,1840,1865]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035470034DFD0BF8A9FCC2E872" box="[700,784,1840,1865]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEFD11154700342FF70F8CEFB69ECE9" blockId="7.[151,1436,1759,2025]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,152,978]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035470034DFF70F8CEFE08E84A" bold="true" box="[199,474,1879,1905]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Osteological features:</emphasis>
|
||
Skull with the robust general aspect of the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA925470034DFB30F8C1FA9EE84A" box="[1159,1356,1880,1905]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035470034DFB30F8C1FA9EE84A" box="[1159,1356,1880,1905]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Rhinella marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D035470034DFF16F819FF30E8A2" box="[161,226,1920,1945]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC1ACE05470034DFF5BF8E6FE4AE8A2" author="Pramuk" box="[236,408,1919,1945]" pageId="7" pageNumber="39" refString="Pramuk, J. B. (2006) Phylogeny of South American Bufo (Anura: Bufonidae) inferred from combined evidence. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 146, 407 - 452." type="journal article" year="2006">Pramuk, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The specimens analyzed have extremely well-ossified and exostosed crania that are ornamented with deep striations, pits, and rugosities. The cranium is wider than long, with the greatest width at the level of the quadratojugals, as it is characteristic of other species of the group. All cranial crests present, with the exception of the parietal crest (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136BCD94547F0342FDCCFF01FD14EF89" box="[635,710,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,255,1275,1299]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,235,1250]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,194,1251]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Double-cleared and stained skull of Rhinella cerradensis (male, ASUnB 2554). (A) Dorsal view, and (B) ventral view. The blue area stained by alcian blue is cartilage. (C) Ventral view of the macerated skull of Rhinella cerradensis (male, ASUnB 2553). The arrows indicate the unique morphological synapomorphy of the Rhinella marina group. The Arabic numbers indicate skull features of the new species (see details in the text). The premaxillae are missed in the figure. Photos by Patrícia Wanderley and Leandro Campos." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179318/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). The Arabic numbers between quotations marks in the text indicate skull features of the new species (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="136BCD94547F0342FD04FF59FD2BEFE1" box="[691,761,192,218]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,255,1275,1299]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,235,1250]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,194,1251]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Double-cleared and stained skull of Rhinella cerradensis (male, ASUnB 2554). (A) Dorsal view, and (B) ventral view. The blue area stained by alcian blue is cartilage. (C) Ventral view of the macerated skull of Rhinella cerradensis (male, ASUnB 2553). The arrows indicate the unique morphological synapomorphy of the Rhinella marina group. The Arabic numbers indicate skull features of the new species (see details in the text). The premaxillae are missed in the figure. Photos by Patrícia Wanderley and Leandro Campos." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179318/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). A detailed description of cranial features follows. Alary process of premaxilla postero-lateraly positioned; premaxilary bones are miss in the figure, frequently split during osteological bufonid preparations; vertical process of maxilla flattened laterally but dilated medially, maxillary crest well developed (5) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136BCD94547F0342FD8DFEA1FD53EE69" box="[570,641,312,338]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,255,1275,1299]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,235,1250]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,194,1251]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Double-cleared and stained skull of Rhinella cerradensis (male, ASUnB 2554). (A) Dorsal view, and (B) ventral view. The blue area stained by alcian blue is cartilage. (C) Ventral view of the macerated skull of Rhinella cerradensis (male, ASUnB 2553). The arrows indicate the unique morphological synapomorphy of the Rhinella marina group. The Arabic numbers indicate skull features of the new species (see details in the text). The premaxillae are missed in the figure. Photos by Patrícia Wanderley and Leandro Campos." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179318/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
B and C); nasals in contact medially (1), anterior tips of nasals ventrally projected, ornamentations along edges forming the canthal (3) and supraorbital crests (4) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136BCD94547F0342FB4DFEF9FAEDEE41" box="[1274,1343,352,378]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,255,1275,1299]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,235,1250]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,194,1251]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Double-cleared and stained skull of Rhinella cerradensis (male, ASUnB 2554). (A) Dorsal view, and (B) ventral view. The blue area stained by alcian blue is cartilage. (C) Ventral view of the macerated skull of Rhinella cerradensis (male, ASUnB 2553). The arrows indicate the unique morphological synapomorphy of the Rhinella marina group. The Arabic numbers indicate skull features of the new species (see details in the text). The premaxillae are missed in the figure. Photos by Patrícia Wanderley and Leandro Campos." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179318/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
A); vertical arm of nasals robust on top and flattened on bottom; anterior portion of frontoparietal with rectangular shape, posterior portion projected at posterior end of skull, composing apical part of
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547F0342FB20FE29FABAEEF2" box="[1175,1384,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">foramen magnum</emphasis>
|
||
(2); frontoparietal not contacting prootic process (2) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136BCD94547F0342FD6AFE41FCF6EEC9" box="[733,804,472,498]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,255,1275,1299]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,235,1250]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,194,1251]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Double-cleared and stained skull of Rhinella cerradensis (male, ASUnB 2554). (A) Dorsal view, and (B) ventral view. The blue area stained by alcian blue is cartilage. (C) Ventral view of the macerated skull of Rhinella cerradensis (male, ASUnB 2553). The arrows indicate the unique morphological synapomorphy of the Rhinella marina group. The Arabic numbers indicate skull features of the new species (see details in the text). The premaxillae are missed in the figure. Photos by Patrícia Wanderley and Leandro Campos." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179318/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
A); medial area of frontoparietal large, with a portion that does not compound cranial box; this lateral portion bends in a plane approximately 90° relative to roof of skull, forming supraorbital crests; in this configuration there is no ventral groove for occipital artery. Supraorbital crests ornamented, composing a continuum with canthal crest; squamosal with a great mosaic of planes and processes, formed mainly by dorsal, vertical, and medial planes, medial plane blade-shaped, poorly developed, and projected to maxillary bone, horizontally oriented and poorly developed posteriorly; a large medial projection (otic plate) on top of squamosal; exoccipitals not fused one with another; a well developed prootic process that does not touch frontoparietal; a jagged or “scalloped” suture formed by articulation between pterygoid medial ramus (8) and the parasphenoid alae (7) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136BCD94547F0342FCFEFC81FC5DEC09" box="[841,911,792,818]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,255,1275,1299]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,235,1250]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,194,1251]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Double-cleared and stained skull of Rhinella cerradensis (male, ASUnB 2554). (A) Dorsal view, and (B) ventral view. The blue area stained by alcian blue is cartilage. (C) Ventral view of the macerated skull of Rhinella cerradensis (male, ASUnB 2553). The arrows indicate the unique morphological synapomorphy of the Rhinella marina group. The Arabic numbers indicate skull features of the new species (see details in the text). The premaxillae are missed in the figure. Photos by Patrícia Wanderley and Leandro Campos." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179318/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
B and 6C;
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547F0342FBB9FC81FB9DEC0A" box="[1038,1103,792,817]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC1ACE0547F0342FBE0FC81FAD2EC09" author="Pramuk" box="[1111,1280,792,818]" pageId="8" pageNumber="39" refString="Pramuk, J. B. (2006) Phylogeny of South American Bufo (Anura: Bufonidae) inferred from combined evidence. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 146, 407 - 452." type="journal article" year="2006">Pramuk, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); neopalatine bone bearing a blade-like projection (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136BCD94547F0342FDF9FCD9FD41EC61" box="[590,659,832,858]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,255,1275,1299]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,235,1250]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,194,1251]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Double-cleared and stained skull of Rhinella cerradensis (male, ASUnB 2554). (A) Dorsal view, and (B) ventral view. The blue area stained by alcian blue is cartilage. (C) Ventral view of the macerated skull of Rhinella cerradensis (male, ASUnB 2553). The arrows indicate the unique morphological synapomorphy of the Rhinella marina group. The Arabic numbers indicate skull features of the new species (see details in the text). The premaxillae are missed in the figure. Photos by Patrícia Wanderley and Leandro Campos." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179318/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
B and 6C); dorsal surface of sphenethmoid covered completely by medial articulation of nasals and frontoparietals (6); nasals not expanded dorsolaterally (as they are in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547F0342FA34FCF1FEDCEC92" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="granulosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547F0342FA34FCF1FA47ECBA" box="[1411,1429,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547F0342FF20FC09FEDCEC92" box="[151,270,912,937]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">granulosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group), and forming a transverse suture with frontoparietals; jaw articulation lies posterior to level of the
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547F0342FEF7FC21FE3EECEA" box="[320,492,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">fenestra ovalis</emphasis>
|
||
; and with a complete temporal arcade (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547F0342FC0BFC21FC2FECEA" box="[956,1021,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC1ACE0547F0342FBB2FC21FB7CECE9" author="Pramuk" box="[1029,1198,952,978]" pageId="8" pageNumber="39" refString="Pramuk, J. B. (2006) Phylogeny of South American Bufo (Anura: Bufonidae) inferred from combined evidence. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 146, 407 - 452." type="journal article" year="2006">Pramuk, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2F8199547F0342FF20FB9EFE1FEB7A" ID-Table-UUID="DF2F8199547F0342FF20FB9EFE1FEB7A" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2F8199547F0342FF20FB9EFE1FEB7A" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" targetBox="[159,1210,1122,1487]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEFD111547F0342FF20FB9EFE1FEB7A" blockId="8.[151,1436,1031,1089]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547F0342FF20FB9EFEDEEB24" bold="true" box="[151,268,1031,1055]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">TABLE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Measurements (in millimetres) of 19 tadpoles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547F0342FC84FB91FBC6EB24" box="[819,1044,1032,1055]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cerradensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547F0342FC84FB91FBC6EB24" box="[819,1044,1032,1055]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Rhinella cerradensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(stages 32–42). The developmental stages follow Gosner (1960).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEFD111547F0342FF28FBFBFB4DEAF4" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<table id="F95023B1547FFCB5FF28FBFBFB68EAF4" box="[159,1210,1122,1487]" gridcols="3" gridrows="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<tr id="3560D353547FFCB5FF28FBFBFB68EB42" box="[159,1210,1122,1145]" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F547FFCB5FF28FBFBFE01EB42" box="[159,467,1122,1145]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Variables</th>
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F547FFCB5FD7EFBFBFC89EB42" box="[713,859,1122,1145]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Mean (±SD)</th>
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F547FFCB5FB83FBFBFB68EB42" box="[1076,1210,1122,1145]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Ranges</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3560D353547FFCB5FF28FB14FB68EB9F" box="[159,1210,1165,1188]" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F547FFCB5FF28FB14FE01EB9F" box="[159,467,1165,1188]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Body length (BL)</th>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F547FFCB5FD7EFB14FC89EB9F" box="[713,859,1165,1188]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">8.93 (±0.63)</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F547FFCB5FB83FB14FB68EB9F" box="[1076,1210,1165,1188]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">8.03–10.02</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3560D353547FFCB5FF28FB21FB68EBF4" box="[159,1210,1208,1231]" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F547FFCB5FF28FB21FE01EBF4" box="[159,467,1208,1231]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Internarial distance (IND)</th>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F547FFCB5FD7EFB21FC89EBF4" box="[713,859,1208,1231]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">1.26 (±0.15)</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F547FFCB5FB83FB21FB68EBF4" box="[1076,1210,1208,1231]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">1.00–1.55</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3560D353547FFCB5FF28FB7BFB68EBC2" box="[159,1210,1250,1273]" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F547FFCB5FF28FB7BFE01EBC2" box="[159,467,1250,1273]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Interorbital distance (IOD)</th>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F547FFCB5FD7EFB7BFC89EBC2" box="[713,859,1250,1273]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">2.78 (±0.20)</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F547FFCB5FB83FB7BFB68EBC2" box="[1076,1210,1250,1273]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">2.40–3.00</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3560D353547FFCB5FF28FA94FB68EA1F" box="[159,1210,1293,1316]" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F547FFCB5FF28FA94FE01EA1F" box="[159,467,1293,1316]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Maximum tail height (MTH)</th>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F547FFCB5FD7EFA94FC89EA1F" box="[713,859,1293,1316]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">3.60 (±0.41)</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F547FFCB5FB83FA94FB68EA1F" box="[1076,1210,1293,1316]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">2.95–4.30</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3560D353547FFCB5FF28FAA1FB68EA74" box="[159,1210,1336,1359]" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F547FFCB5FF28FAA1FE01EA74" box="[159,467,1336,1359]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Tail length (TAL)</th>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F547FFCB5FD7EFAA1FC89EA74" box="[713,859,1336,1359]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">11.65 (±1.46)</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F547FFCB5FB83FAA1FB68EA74" box="[1076,1210,1336,1359]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">9.66–13.92</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3560D353547FFCB5FF28FAFBFB68EA42" box="[159,1210,1378,1401]" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F547FFCB5FF28FAFBFE01EA42" box="[159,467,1378,1401]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Total length (TL)</th>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F547FFCB5FD7EFAFBFC89EA42" box="[713,859,1378,1401]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">20.08 (±1.68)</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F547FFCB5FB83FAFBFB68EA42" box="[1076,1210,1378,1401]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">17.76–22.91</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3560D353547FFCB5FF28FA14FB68EA9F" box="[159,1210,1421,1444]" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F547FFCB5FF28FA14FE01EA9F" box="[159,467,1421,1444]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Tail muscle height (TMH)</th>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F547FFCB5FD7EFA14FC89EA9F" box="[713,859,1421,1444]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">1.51 (±0.15)</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F547FFCB5FB83FA14FB68EA9F" box="[1076,1210,1421,1444]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">1.30–1.75</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3560D353547FFCB5FF28FA21FB68EAF4" box="[159,1210,1464,1487]" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<th id="76B1BA2F547FFCB5FF28FA21FE01EAF4" box="[159,467,1464,1487]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Tail muscle width (TMW)</th>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F547FFCB5FD7EFA21FC89EAF4" box="[713,859,1464,1487]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">1.21 (±0.23)</td>
|
||
<td id="76B1BA2F547FFCB5FB83FA21FB68EAF4" box="[1076,1210,1464,1487]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">0.90–1.75</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEFD111547F0342FF70F986FB50E869" blockId="8.[151,1436,1567,2034]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547F0342FF70F986FE69E902" bold="true" box="[199,443,1567,1593]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Advertisement call:</emphasis>
|
||
The recording was made at Centro de Instrução e Adestramento de
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3479181547F0342FB67F9B9FAFCE901" box="[1232,1326,1568,1594]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Brasília</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3479181547F0342FA8DF9B9FA4AE901" box="[1338,1432,1568,1594]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Brasília</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Distrito Federal in
|
||
<date id="FFEEF7D1547F0342FEC2F9D1FDE0E959" box="[373,562,1608,1634]" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" value="2003-08-15">August 15 2003</date>
|
||
, 22:30h. The air temperature was 17.1ºC, with 73% relative humidity. The specimen has SVL=
|
||
<quantity id="4CA87CF4547F0342FE35F9E9FE2EE9B1" box="[386,508,1648,1674]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.177" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="117.7">117.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
. The advertisement call graphics are shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="136BCD94547F0342FBAAF9E9FB50E9B1" box="[1053,1154,1648,1674]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,255,1253,1277]" captionTargetBox="[186,1428,317,1252]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,294,1257]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Oscilogram of the section (A) and of the call (B); spectrogram (C) and power spectrum (D) of the advertisement call of Rhinella cerradensis. Recording file: Rhinella cerradensis sp. nov. Bsb. (CHUNB 38668)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179319/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Figure 7</figureCitation>
|
||
. The calls were variable in duration (1.9–
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE64B7D6547F0342FEEBF901FE42E989" box="[348,400,1688,1714]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" precision="5555" value="-12.4">12.4</geoCoordinate>
|
||
s). Mean call rate was 9.8
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547F0342FD7EF901FD0BE98A" box="[713,729,1688,1713]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">±</emphasis>
|
||
0.6 notes per second. (19–129 notes per call). Note rate and note interval were based on the means of 10 notes of the calls. The mean note rate was 44.7 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547F0342FB7CF959FB09E9E2" box="[1227,1243,1728,1753]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">±</emphasis>
|
||
2.41) ms and the interval among note average 66.5 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547F0342FD86F971FD93E83A" box="[561,577,1768,1793]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">±</emphasis>
|
||
2.17) ms; each note was formed by three pulses (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136BCD94547F0342FB35F971FB18E839" box="[1154,1226,1768,1794]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,255,1253,1277]" captionTargetBox="[186,1428,317,1252]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,294,1257]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Oscilogram of the section (A) and of the call (B); spectrogram (C) and power spectrum (D) of the advertisement call of Rhinella cerradensis. Recording file: Rhinella cerradensis sp. nov. Bsb. (CHUNB 38668)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179319/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Dominant and fundamental frequencies were also determined from five notes from various parts of the calls. Mean dominant and fundamental frequencies were 839.0 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547F0342FD33F8A1FD46E86A" box="[644,660,1848,1873]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">±</emphasis>
|
||
8.9) Hz and 421.0 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547F0342FCCFF8A1FC5AE86A" box="[888,904,1848,1873]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">±</emphasis>
|
||
3.3) Hz, respectively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEFD111547F0343FF70F8F9FBA7EDD9" blockId="8.[151,1436,1567,2034]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,152,738]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">
|
||
The advertisement call of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547F0342FE4FF8F9FD73E842" box="[504,673,1888,1914]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cerradensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547F0342FE4FF8F9FDD8E842" box="[504,522,1888,1913]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547F0342FDAFF8F9FD73E842" box="[536,673,1888,1913]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">cerradensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
resembles that of other species in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547F0342FBE9F8F9FB06E842" box="[1118,1236,1888,1914]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547F0342FBE9F8F9FBA2E842" box="[1118,1136,1888,1913]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547F0342FBC8F8F9FB06E842" box="[1151,1236,1888,1913]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group. Although the calls of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547F0342FEFBF811FDDFE89A" box="[332,525,1928,1953]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547F0342FEFBF811FDDFE89A" box="[332,525,1928,1953]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Rhinella marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group are conservative, they present some differences. The notes per advertisement call of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547F0342FE23F829FDEFE8F2" box="[404,573,1968,1994]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cerradensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547F0342FE23F829FE74E8F2" box="[404,422,1968,1993]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547F0342FE03F829FDEFE8F2" box="[436,573,1968,1993]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">cerradensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is more variable than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547F0342FCF5F829FC0FE8F2" box="[834,989,1968,1994]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schneideri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547F0342FCF5F829FC86E8F2" box="[834,852,1968,1993]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547F0342FCD4F829FC0FE8F2" box="[867,989,1968,1993]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">schneideri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(33–40;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC1ACE0547F0342FBF0F829FAF5E8F1" author="Kohler" box="[1095,1319,1968,1994]" pageId="8" pageNumber="39" refString="Kohler, J., Reichle, S. & Peters, G. (1997) Advertisement calls of three species of Bufo (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae) from lowland Bolivia. Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde Serie A (Biologie), 562, 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
Köhler
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547F0342FB28F829FB08E8F2" box="[1183,1242,1968,1993]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547F0342FA8BF829FF69E8CA" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="icterica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547F0342FA8BF829FA9CE8F2" box="[1340,1358,1968,1993]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547F0342FAEBF829FF69E8CA" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">icterica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(4–20;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC1ACE0547F0342FEA1F841FE3CE8C9" author="Heyer" box="[278,494,2008,2034]" pageId="8" pageNumber="38" refString="Heyer, W. R., Rand, A. S., Cruz, C. A. G., Peixoto, O. L. & Nelson, C. E. (1990) Frogs of Boraceia. Arquivos de Zoologia, 31, 231 - 410." type="journal article" year="1990">
|
||
Heyer
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547F0342FED2F841FE72E8CA" box="[357,416,2008,2033]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1990
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547F0342FDB4F841FD40E8CA" box="[515,658,2008,2034]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poeppigii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547F0342FDB4F841FDC7E8CA" box="[515,533,2008,2033]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547F0342FD93F841FD40E8CA" box="[548,658,2008,2033]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">poeppigii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(10–45;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC1ACE0547F0342FD4BF841FBC6E8C9" author="De" box="[764,1044,2008,2034]" pageId="8" pageNumber="38" refString="De La Riva, I., Bosch, J. & Marquez, R. (1996) Advertisement calls of two Bolivian toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Bufo). Herpetological Journal, 6, 59 - 61." type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3479181547F0342FD4BF841FCCCE8C9" box="[764,798,2008,2034]" name="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">De</collectingCountry>
|
||
La Riva
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547F0342FC3BF841FC15E8CA" box="[908,967,2008,2033]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547F0342FB9EF841FB6FE8CA" box="[1065,1213,2008,2034]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arenarum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547F0342FB9EF841FBE9E8CA" box="[1065,1083,2008,2033]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547F0342FBFDF841FB6FE8CA" box="[1098,1213,2008,2033]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">arenarum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(61–107;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC1ACE0547F0343FA81F841FECFEF89" author="Straneck" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="8" pageNumber="39" refString="Straneck, R., Olmedo, E. V., Carrizo, G. R. (1993) Catalogo de voces de anfibios argentinos, parte 1, L. O. L. A., Buenos Aires, Argentina, 127 pp." type="book" year="1993">
|
||
Straneck
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FF20FF01FF03EF8A" box="[151,209,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1993
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547E0343FE86FF01FE77EF8A" box="[305,421,152,178]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FE86FF01FE91EF8A" box="[305,323,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FEE6FF01FE77EF8A" box="[337,421,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(19–25;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC1ACE0547E0343FDB8FF01FCD2EF89" author="Crocroft" box="[527,768,152,178]" pageId="9" pageNumber="38" refString="Crocroft, R., Morales, V. R. & McDiarmid, R. W. (2001) Frogs of Tambopata, Peru (CD). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Macaulay Library of Natural Sounds." type="book" year="2001">
|
||
Crocroft
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FDCEFF01FD61EF8A" box="[633,691,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547E0343FCF3FF01FC08EF8A" box="[836,986,152,178]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rubescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FCF3FF01FC84EF8A" box="[836,854,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FCD2FF01FC08EF8A" box="[869,986,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">rubescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(5–25) (present work). The number of pulses per note of the new species (three) is equal to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547E0343FC20FF59FAECEFE1" authority="Kohler et al., 1997" authorityName="Kohler et al." authorityYear="1997" box="[919,1342,192,218]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schneideri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FC20FF59FC7BEFE2" box="[919,937,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FC0CFF59FBE7EFE2" box="[955,1077,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">schneideri</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC1ACE0547E0343FBFFFF59FAE6EFE1" author="Kohler" box="[1096,1332,192,218]" pageId="9" pageNumber="39" refString="Kohler, J., Reichle, S. & Peters, G. (1997) Advertisement calls of three species of Bufo (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae) from lowland Bolivia. Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde Serie A (Biologie), 562, 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
Köhler
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FB11FF59FB36EFE2" box="[1190,1252,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547E0343FA34FF59FDC9EE39" authority="Straneck et al., 1993" authorityName="Straneck et al." authorityYear="1993" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arenarum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FA34FF59FA47EFE2" box="[1411,1429,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FF20FF71FED8EE3A" box="[151,266,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">arenarum</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC1ACE0547E0343FEAEFF71FDC0EE39" author="Straneck" box="[281,530,232,258]" pageId="9" pageNumber="39" refString="Straneck, R., Olmedo, E. V., Carrizo, G. R. (1993) Catalogo de voces de anfibios argentinos, parte 1, L. O. L. A., Buenos Aires, Argentina, 127 pp." type="book" year="1993">
|
||
Straneck
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FE3EFF71FE16EE3A" box="[393,452,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1993
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, while in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547E0343FD38FF71FCDBEE3A" box="[655,777,232,258]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="icterica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FD38FF71FD73EE3A" box="[655,673,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FD07FF71FCDBEE3A" box="[688,777,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">icterica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
they range from one to three (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC1ACE0547E0343FBC5FF71FA9EEE39" author="Heyer" box="[1138,1356,232,258]" pageId="9" pageNumber="38" refString="Heyer, W. R., Rand, A. S., Cruz, C. A. G., Peixoto, O. L. & Nelson, C. E. (1990) Frogs of Boraceia. Arquivos de Zoologia, 31, 231 - 410." type="journal article" year="1990">
|
||
Heyer
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FB74FF71FB2CEE3A" box="[1219,1278,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1990
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), three to five in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547E0343FEA7FE89FD31EE11" authority="De La Riva et al., 1996" authorityName="De La Riva et al." authorityYear="1996" box="[272,739,272,298]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poeppigii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FEA7FE89FEF0EE12" box="[272,290,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FE83FE89FE71EE12" box="[308,419,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">poeppigii</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC1ACE0547E0343FE02FE89FD08EE11" author="De" box="[437,730,272,298]" pageId="9" pageNumber="38" refString="De La Riva, I., Bosch, J. & Marquez, R. (1996) Advertisement calls of two Bolivian toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Bufo). Herpetological Journal, 6, 59 - 61." type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3479181547E0343FE02FE89FE0BEE11" box="[437,473,272,298]" name="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">De</collectingCountry>
|
||
La Riva
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FDFAFE89FD58EE12" box="[589,650,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, five pulses in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547E0343FC2AFE89FAFFEE11" authority="Crocroft et al., 2001" authorityName="Crocroft et al." authorityYear="2001" box="[925,1325,272,298]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FC2AFE89FC7DEE12" box="[925,943,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FC76FE89FBC4EE12" box="[961,1046,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">marina</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC1ACE0547E0343FB90FE89FAF6EE11" author="Crocroft" box="[1063,1316,272,298]" pageId="9" pageNumber="38" refString="Crocroft, R., Morales, V. R. & McDiarmid, R. W. (2001) Frogs of Tambopata, Peru (CD). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Macaulay Library of Natural Sounds." type="book" year="2001">
|
||
Crocroft
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FB20FE89FB06EE12" box="[1175,1236,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and two pulses in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547E0343FEBDFEA1FE70EE6A" box="[266,418,312,338]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rubescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FEBDFEA1FECEEE6A" box="[266,284,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FE9AFEA1FE70EE6A" box="[301,418,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">rubescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(present work). The advertisement call of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547E0343FC11FEA1FB91EE6A" box="[934,1091,312,338]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schneideri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FC11FEA1FC6AEE6A" box="[934,952,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FC7EFEA1FB91EE6A" box="[969,1091,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">schneideri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a second power peak of 2100 Hz above the dominant frequency (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC1ACE0547E0343FDC0FEF9FC88EE41" author="Kohler" box="[631,858,352,378]" pageId="9" pageNumber="39" refString="Kohler, J., Reichle, S. & Peters, G. (1997) Advertisement calls of three species of Bufo (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae) from lowland Bolivia. Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde Serie A (Biologie), 562, 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
Köhler
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FD66FEF9FCDEEE42" box="[721,780,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547E0343FCD9FEF9FAF6EE41" authority="Heyer et al., 1990" authorityName="Heyer et al." authorityYear="1990" box="[878,1316,352,378]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="icterica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FCD9FEF9FBE0EE42" box="[878,1074,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">Rhinella icterica</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC1ACE0547E0343FBF5FEF9FACEEE41" author="Heyer" box="[1090,1308,352,378]" pageId="9" pageNumber="38" refString="Heyer, W. R., Rand, A. S., Cruz, C. A. G., Peixoto, O. L. & Nelson, C. E. (1990) Frogs of Boraceia. Arquivos de Zoologia, 31, 231 - 410." type="journal article" year="1990">
|
||
Heyer
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FB24FEF9FB1CEE42" box="[1171,1230,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1990
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547E0343FA87FEF9FE32EE99" authority="Haddad et al., 1988" authorityName="Haddad et al." authorityYear="1988" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rubescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FA87FEF9FA90EE42" box="[1328,1346,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FAE6FEF9FF19EE9A" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">rubescens</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC1ACE0547E0343FF69FE11FE04EE99" author="Haddad" box="[222,470,392,418]" pageId="9" pageNumber="38" refString="Haddad, C. F. B., Andrade, G. V. & Cardoso, A. J. (1988) Anfibios anuros no parque nacional da Serra da Canastra, Estado de Minas Gerais. Brasil Florestal, 64, 9 - 20." type="journal article" year="1988">
|
||
Haddad
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FEF0FE11FE54EE9A" box="[327,390,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1988
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547E0343FE47FE11FC54EE99" authority="Crocroft et al., 2001" authorityName="Crocroft et al." authorityYear="2001" box="[496,902,392,418]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FE47FE11FDD0EE9A" box="[496,514,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FDA3FE11FDBBEE9A" box="[532,617,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">marina</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC1ACE0547E0343FDCBFE11FCAFEE99" author="Crocroft" box="[636,893,392,418]" pageId="9" pageNumber="38" refString="Crocroft, R., Morales, V. R. & McDiarmid, R. W. (2001) Frogs of Tambopata, Peru (CD). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Macaulay Library of Natural Sounds." type="book" year="2001">
|
||
Crocroft
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FD5AFE11FCFEEE9A" box="[749,812,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547E0343FC21FE11FAA1EE99" authority="De La Riva et al., 1996" authorityName="De La Riva et al." authorityYear="1996" box="[918,1395,392,418]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poeppigii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FC21FE11FC7AEE9A" box="[918,936,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FC0CFE11FBF8EE9A" box="[955,1066,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">poeppigii</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC1ACE0547E0343FB8AFE11FAB8EE99" author="De" box="[1085,1386,392,418]" pageId="9" pageNumber="38" refString="De La Riva, I., Bosch, J. & Marquez, R. (1996) Advertisement calls of two Bolivian toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Bufo). Herpetological Journal, 6, 59 - 61." type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3479181547E0343FB8AFE11FBB3EE99" box="[1085,1121,392,418]" name="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">De</collectingCountry>
|
||
La Riva
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FB6DFE11FACAEE9A" box="[1242,1304,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547E0343FA34FE11FDCAEEF1" authority="Straneck et al., 1993" authorityName="Straneck et al." authorityYear="1993" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arenarum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FA34FE11FA47EE9A" box="[1411,1429,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FF20FE29FED8EEF2" box="[151,266,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">arenarum</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC1ACE0547E0343FEAFFE29FDDDEEF1" author="Straneck" box="[280,527,432,458]" pageId="9" pageNumber="39" refString="Straneck, R., Olmedo, E. V., Carrizo, G. R. (1993) Catalogo de voces de anfibios argentinos, parte 1, L. O. L. A., Buenos Aires, Argentina, 127 pp." type="book" year="1993">
|
||
Straneck
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FE3FFE29FE10EEF2" box="[392,450,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1993
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the new species lack the second power peak. However, the spectrogram of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547E0343FF00FE41FE9EEECA" box="[183,332,472,498]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arenarum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FF00FE41FF1BEECA" box="[183,201,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FF6EFE41FE9EEECA" box="[217,332,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">arenarum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
provided by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC1ACE0547E0343FE5DFE41FD42EEC9" author="Martin" box="[490,656,472,498]" pageId="9" pageNumber="39" refString="Martin, W. F. (1972) Evolution of vocalization in the Genus Bufo. In: Blair, W. F. (Ed.), Evolution in the Genus Bufo. Austin and London, University of Texas Press, pp. 279 - 309." type="book chapter" year="1972">Martin (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
showed a second power peak above the dominant frequency. The re-analyzed call of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547E0343FEC1FD99FD09ED21" authority="Heyer et al., 1990" authorityName="Heyer et al." authorityYear="1990" box="[374,731,512,538]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="icterica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FEC1FD99FE5AED22" box="[374,392,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FE21FD99FE3DED22" box="[406,495,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">icterica</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC1ACE0547E0343FE48FD99FD01ED21" author="Heyer" box="[511,723,512,538]" pageId="9" pageNumber="38" refString="Heyer, W. R., Rand, A. S., Cruz, C. A. G., Peixoto, O. L. & Nelson, C. E. (1990) Frogs of Boraceia. Arquivos de Zoologia, 31, 231 - 410." type="journal article" year="1990">
|
||
Heyer
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FDF8FD99FD5BED22" box="[591,649,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1990
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
presented a lower fundamental and dominant frequencies of 324.9 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FF58FDB1FF2DED7A" box="[239,255,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">±</emphasis>
|
||
4.5) and 646.0 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FE7FFDB1FE0AED7A" box="[456,472,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">±</emphasis>
|
||
0.2) Hz than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547E0343FD37FDB1FCFCED7A" box="[640,814,552,578]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cerradensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FD37FDB1FD40ED7A" box="[640,658,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FD12FDB1FCFCED7A" box="[677,814,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">cerradensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
421.0 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FC25FDB1FC70ED7A" box="[914,930,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">±</emphasis>
|
||
3.3) and 839.0 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FBDCFDB1FBA9ED7A" box="[1131,1147,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">±</emphasis>
|
||
8.9) Hz. Conversely,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547E0343FA34FDB1FE25ED51" authority="Crocroft et al., 2001" authorityName="Crocroft et al." authorityYear="2001" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FA34FDB1FA47ED7A" box="[1411,1429,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FF20FDC9FF3EED52" box="[151,236,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">marina</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC1ACE0547E0343FF4CFDC9FE3DED51" author="Crocroft" box="[251,495,592,618]" pageId="9" pageNumber="38" refString="Crocroft, R., Morales, V. R. & McDiarmid, R. W. (2001) Frogs of Tambopata, Peru (CD). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Macaulay Library of Natural Sounds." type="book" year="2001">
|
||
Crocroft
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FEDFFDC9FE71ED52" box="[360,419,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
showed higher fundamental and dominant frequencies of 559.9 and 1119.7 Hz (with no frequency variation among notes) among these three species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547E0343FC4BFDE1FBA9EDAA" box="[1020,1147,632,658]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="icterica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FC4BFDE1FBDCEDAA" box="[1020,1038,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FB96FDE1FBA9EDAA" box="[1057,1147,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">icterica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547E0343FB3AFDE1FAE9EDAA" box="[1165,1339,632,658]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cerradensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FB3AFDE1FB4DEDAA" box="[1165,1183,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FB05FDE1FAE9EDAA" box="[1202,1339,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">cerradensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547E0343FA34FDE1FF3EED82" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FA34FDE1FA47EDAA" box="[1411,1429,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FF20FD39FF3EED82" box="[151,236,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The advertisement call of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547E0343FDF3FD39FC22ED81" authority="Straneck et al., 1993" authorityName="Straneck et al." authorityYear="1993" box="[580,1008,672,698]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arenarum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FDF3FD39FD84ED82" box="[580,598,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FDD0FD39FD08ED82" box="[615,730,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">arenarum</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC1ACE0547E0343FD5CFD39FC3AED81" author="Straneck" box="[747,1000,672,698]" pageId="9" pageNumber="39" refString="Straneck, R., Olmedo, E. V., Carrizo, G. R. (1993) Catalogo de voces de anfibios argentinos, parte 1, L. O. L. A., Buenos Aires, Argentina, 127 pp." type="book" year="1993">
|
||
Straneck
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FCEAFD39FC48ED82" box="[861,922,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1993
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
presented a dominant frequency of 1348 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FF54FD51FF21EDDA" box="[227,243,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">±</emphasis>
|
||
18.3) Hz, similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547E0343FE69FD51FDA6EDDA" box="[478,628,712,738]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rubescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FE69FD51FE22EDDA" box="[478,496,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FE48FD51FDA6EDDA" box="[511,628,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">rubescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, dominant frequency of 1015.6 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FC40FD51FBD5EDDA" box="[1015,1031,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">±</emphasis>
|
||
41.1) Hz.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF2F8199547E0343FF20F9A8FF19E9B6" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179316/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" targetBox="[255,1269,808,1557]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEFD111547E0343FF20F9A8FF19E9B6" blockId="9.[151,1436,1585,1677]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FF20F9A8FEC8E972" bold="true" box="[151,282,1585,1609]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Distribution of the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547E0343FDD2F9A8FCC6E973" box="[613,788,1585,1608]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FDD2F9A8FCC6E973" box="[613,788,1585,1608]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">Rhinella marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group in the two first principal components. The PCA suggested the presence of two morphological subgroups within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547E0343FCFFF9CDFC66E950" box="[840,948,1620,1643]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FCFFF9CDFC8AE950" box="[840,856,1620,1643]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FCD0F9CDFC66E950" box="[871,948,1620,1643]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group indicated by the white and black symbols.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34A829A547E0343FF70F922FDA7E8D5" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEFD111547E0343FF70F922FDA7E8D5" blockId="9.[151,1437,1723,2030]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FF70F922FE85E9EE" bold="true" box="[199,343,1723,1749]" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">Etymology:</emphasis>
|
||
“Cerrado” is the second largest South American biome and nearly restricted to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3479181547E0343FAB4F925FA9DE9ED" box="[1283,1359,1724,1750]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
. It can be characterized as a complex mosaic landscape composed of savanna, grassland and forest physiognomies, determined by soil fertility, natural fires, and water availability (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC1ACE0547E0343FC2DF895FB68E81D" author="Ribeiro" box="[922,1210,1804,1830]" pageId="9" pageNumber="39" refString="Ribeiro, J. F. & Walter, B. M. T. (2001) Fitofisionomias do bioma Cerrado. In: Sano, S. M. & Almeida, S. P. (Eds.), Cerrado: Ambiente e Flora. Brasilia, Embrapa, pp. 87 - 166." type="book chapter" year="2001">Ribeiro & Walter, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Despite the great number of endemic and rare species, the Cerrado is severely threatened by increasing deforestation, charcoal production, and large hydroelectric dams.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3479181547E0343FD30F8C5FD7AE84D" box="[647,680,1884,1910]" name="American Samoa" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
a result the Cerrado was recognized as one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC1ACE0547E0343FED5F81DFD99E8A5" author="Myers" box="[354,587,1924,1950]" pageId="9" pageNumber="39" refString="Myers, N., Mittermeier, R. A., Mittermeier, C. G., da Fonseca, G. A. B. & Kent, J. (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403, 853 - 858." type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
Myers
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FE00F81DFE28E8A6" box="[439,506,1924,1949]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">et. al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The known distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547E0343FC28F81DFB98E8A6" box="[927,1098,1924,1949]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cerradensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547E0343FC28F81DFB98E8A6" box="[927,1098,1924,1949]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="32">R. cerradensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is restricted to the Brazilian Cerrado biome. So, the specific name is in recognition of this important, poorly known and endangered biome; it is used as a noun in apposition.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF2F8199547D0340FF20FB70FDDEEA18" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179317/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" targetBox="[331,1240,225,1257]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEFD111547D0340FF20FB70FDDEEA18" blockId="10.[151,1436,1257,1315]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547D0340FF20FB70FECEEA3A" bold="true" box="[151,284,1257,1281]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Tadpole of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547D0340FE10FB73FD55EA3A" box="[423,647,1258,1281]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cerradensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547D0340FE10FB73FD55EA3A" box="[423,647,1258,1281]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">Rhinella cerradensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal profile, (C) oral disc. Stage 40 of Gosner (1960). Drawings by Núbia Shelly.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34A829A547D0340FF70FACFFCBDE8CA" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEFD111547D0340FF70FACFFC3FEAA2" blockId="10.[151,1437,1366,2033]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547D0340FF70FACFFEBBEA4B" bold="true" box="[199,361,1366,1392]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">Distribution:</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547D0340FEC2FACEFDBFEA4B" box="[373,621,1367,1392]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cerradensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547D0340FEC2FACEFDBFEA4B" box="[373,621,1367,1392]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">Rhinella cerradensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a large distribution in the Cerrado, occurring in the Brazilian states of Piauí, Bahia, Goiás, Minas Gerais, and Distrito Federal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136BCD94547D0340FC21FAE6FC0FEAA2" box="[918,989,1407,1433]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="13.[151,255,1920,1944]" captionTargetBox="[186,1362,210,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,162,1978]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 8. Distribution of Rhinella cerradensis. The circled dot represents the type locality for the species and the black circles represent other localities where the species were found. The square represents the specimen identified by the photo sent by Cristiano Nogueira." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179320/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEFD111547D0340FF70FA3FFCBDE8CA" blockId="10.[151,1437,1366,2033]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547D0340FF70FA3FFE09EAFB" bold="true" box="[199,475,1446,1472]" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">Natural history notes:</emphasis>
|
||
Field observations were made in the states of Distrito Federal, Bahia, and Goiás. We have carried out studies at Centro de Instrução e Adestramento de
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3479181547D0340FC55FA56FBEFEAD2" box="[994,1085,1487,1513]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">Brasília</collectingCountry>
|
||
(CIAB) since 2001.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547D0340FA8EFA56FEF2E92B" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cerradensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547D0340FA8EFA56FEF2E92B" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">Rhinella cerradensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was observed in March (end of the rainy season), and August to October of 2002 (from dry season to just before the beginning of the rainy season), when periodical visits were made to the area. Adults were always found in open Cerrado physiognomies (Cerrado and Campo Sujo; see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC1ACE0547D0340FB8DF9DEFA9EE95A" author="Ribeiro" box="[1082,1356,1607,1633]" pageId="10" pageNumber="39" refString="Ribeiro, J. F. & Walter, B. M. T. (2001) Fitofisionomias do bioma Cerrado. In: Sano, S. M. & Almeida, S. P. (Eds.), Cerrado: Ambiente e Flora. Brasilia, Embrapa, pp. 87 - 166." type="book chapter" year="2001">Ribeiro & Walter 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for an account of the Cerrado physiognomies). We observed the reproductive activity, recorded the advertisement call, and collected tadpoles. We found a carcass of an adult male of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547D0340FC62F90EFB50E98B" box="[981,1154,1687,1713]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cerradensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547D0340FC62F90EFC35E98B" box="[981,999,1687,1712]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547D0340FC4EF90EFB50E98B" box="[1017,1154,1687,1712]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">cerradensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
completely eviscerated with untouched secretory parotoid glands.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547D0340FD2DF926FCE5E9E3" box="[666,823,1727,1753]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schneideri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547D0340FD2DF926FD7EE9E3" box="[666,684,1727,1752]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547D0340FD0AF926FCE5E9E3" box="[701,823,1727,1752]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">schneideri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547D0340FCC0F926FBC2E9E3" box="[887,1040,1727,1752]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rubescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547D0340FCC0F926FBC2E9E3" box="[887,1040,1727,1752]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">R. rubescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were also found breeding in the same permanent pond at
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3479181547D0340FE0CF97EFDC8E83A" box="[443,538,1767,1793]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">Brasília</collectingCountry>
|
||
. In Emas National Park we recorded a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547D0340FC55F97EFB6DE83B" box="[994,1215,1767,1792]" class="Mammalia" family="Mephitidae" genus="Conepatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="striatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547D0340FC55F97EFB6DE83B" box="[994,1215,1767,1792]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">Conepatus striatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Mammalia:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547D0340FAE9F97EFF35E812" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Mustelidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) feeding upon an adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547D0340FE4BF896FD77E813" box="[508,677,1807,1833]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cerradensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547D0340FE4BF896FDDCE813" box="[508,526,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547D0340FDABF896FD77E813" box="[540,677,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">cerradensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The new species is sympatric with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547D0340FBF9F896FB3AE813" box="[1102,1256,1807,1833]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schneideri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547D0340FBF9F896FBB2E813" box="[1102,1120,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547D0340FBD9F896FB3AE813" box="[1134,1256,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">schneideri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547D0340FA96F896FA4EE813" box="[1313,1436,1807,1833]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="veredas">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547D0340FA96F896FAE1E813" box="[1313,1331,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547D0340FAF5F896FA4EE813" box="[1346,1436,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">veredas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in western Bahia and Piauí states, and with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547D0340FD27F8AEFCFBE86B" box="[656,809,1847,1873]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schneideri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547D0340FD27F8AEFD70E86B" box="[656,674,1847,1872]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547D0340FD18F8AEFCFBE86B" box="[687,809,1847,1872]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">schneideri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547D0340FCDFF8AEFC2FE86B" box="[872,1021,1847,1873]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rubescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547D0340FCDFF8AEFCA8E86B" box="[872,890,1847,1872]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547D0340FC3FF8AEFC2FE86B" box="[904,1021,1847,1872]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">rubescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the states of Distrito Federal and Goiás. Until now few observations on the natural history of the new species exist, and only four advertisement calls have been recorded. The elongate and well developed inner metatarsal tubercle suggests that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547D0340FAF0F81EFF29E8F3" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cerradensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547D0340FAF0F81EFA88E89B" box="[1351,1370,1927,1952]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547D0340FADAF81EFF29E8F3" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">cerradensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
might bury itself during the dry Cerrado season as do other Neotropical species (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547D0340FB55F836FF05E8CB" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Eupemphix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nattereri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547D0340FB55F836FF05E8CB" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">Eupemphix nattereri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547D0340FF52F84EFE28E8CB" box="[229,506,2007,2032]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Pleurodema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diplolistris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547D0340FF52F84EFE28E8CB" box="[229,506,2007,2032]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">Pleurodema diplolistris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C50AA92547D0340FD8DF84EFC8DE8CB" box="[570,863,2007,2032]" class="Amphibia" family="Cycloramphidae" genus="Odontophrynus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cultripes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9240D03547D0340FD8DF84EFC8DE8CB" box="[570,863,2007,2032]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="33">Odontophrynus cultripes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |