treatments-xml/data/03/C3/87/03C387E8667AFFA8FF68E43A8559FB5E.xml
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<mods:title id="221D4A44AEBEB393410EDB5D1CD936AA">New Genera, Species, and observations on the biology of Antarctic Valvatida (Asteroidea)</mods:title>
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Abyssal
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667AFFA8FF05E43A8797FCC7" ID-CoL="8MPB7" ID-ENA="7592" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[250,388,866,892]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asterinidae</taxonomicName>
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Most
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667AFFA8FEFBE4DF8796FC1A" ID-CoL="8MPB7" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[260,389,903,929]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asterinidae</taxonomicName>
have been reported from depths less than
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(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F667AFFA8FC61E4DF82C2FC1A" author="O'Loughlin, P. M. &amp; Waters, J. M." box="[926,1233,903,929]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref62280" refString="O'Loughlin, P. M. &amp; Waters, J. M. (2004) A molecular and morphological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinoderamta: Asteroidea). Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 61 (1), 1 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 2004.61.1" type="journal article" year="2004">OLoughlin &amp; Waters 2004</bibRefCitation>
; A.M.
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F667AFFA8FAE7E4DF8387FC1A" author="Clark, A. M." box="[1304,1428,903,929]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="187 - 366" refId="ref56339" refString="Clark, A. M. (1993) An index of names of recent Asteroidea. Part 2. Valvatida. E chinoderm Studies, 4, 187 - 366. https: // doi. org / 10.1201 / 9781003072553 - 4" type="journal article" year="1993">Clark 1993</bibRefCitation>
) with only a few genera extending into bathyal depths, including
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667AFFA8FC9BE4F385E0FC7E" ID-CoL="7P7NC" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1920" box="[868,1011,939,965]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Kampylaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667AFFA8FC9BE4F385E0FC7E" box="[868,1011,939,965]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Kampylaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667AFFA8FBD7E4F38316FC7E" ID-CoL="58335" ID-ENA="556869" authority="Verrill, 1879" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1879" box="[1064,1285,939,965]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Tremaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="mirabilis">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667AFFA8FBD7E4F38316FC7E" box="[1064,1285,939,965]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Tremaster mirabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
reaching 700 and
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, respectively (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F667AFFA8FE3FE49784E8FC52" author="O'Loughlin, P. M. &amp; Waters, J. M." box="[448,763,975,1001]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref62280" refString="O'Loughlin, P. M. &amp; Waters, J. M. (2004) A molecular and morphological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinoderamta: Asteroidea). Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 61 (1), 1 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 2004.61.1" type="journal article" year="2004">OLoughlin &amp; Waters 2004</bibRefCitation>
). Specimens of new
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667AFFA8FC1DE4978262FC52" box="[994,1137,975,1001]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Kampylaster</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667AFFA8FAFFE4978393FC52" ID-CoL="8f5fe876-64f1-4a44-af0d-3b7535983d99" authority="Mah, 2023" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2023" box="[1280,1408,975,1001]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Astrotholus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667AFFA8FAFFE4978393FC52" box="[1280,1408,975,1001]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Astrotholus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D5797667AFFA8FA78E49786D4FBB6" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
collected to 3020 and
<quantity id="4C929B1B667AFFA8FE39E4AB840FFBB6" box="[454,540,1011,1037]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.944" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" unit="m" value="3944.0">3944 m</quantity>
record first occurrences of
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in the bathyal zone (
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). The large number of new species discovered of
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667AFFA8FD76E34F851AFB8A" box="[649,777,1047,1073]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Astrotholus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667AFFA8FCBCE34F85C1FB8A" ID-CoL="7P7NC" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1920" box="[835,978,1047,1073]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Kampylaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667AFFA8FCBCE34F85C1FB8A" box="[835,978,1047,1073]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Kampylaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
suggest that further sampling of greater depths are important to the understanding of Antarctic biodiversity of asteroids as well as of other echinoderms.
</paragraph>
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Neither
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667AFFA8FED3E30787BFFBC2" ID-CoL="8f5fe876-64f1-4a44-af0d-3b7535983d99" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2023" box="[300,428,1119,1145]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Astrotholus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667AFFA8FED3E30787BFFBC2" box="[300,428,1119,1145]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Astrotholus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
nor
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667AFFA8FE0BE3078490FBC2" ID-CoL="7P7NC" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1920" box="[500,643,1119,1145]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Kampylaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667AFFA8FE0BE3078490FBC2" box="[500,643,1119,1145]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Kampylaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from beyond Antarctic/Subantarctic settings and thus diversification at present is thought to be
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667AFFA8FD88E3DB84ADFB27" box="[631,702,1155,1180]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">in situ</emphasis>
. This stands in contrast to other Antarctic asteroid groups, such as the
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667AFFA8FF1EE3FF87A2FB7A" ID-CoL="7NKLW" baseAuthorityName="Madsen" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[225,433,1191,1217]" class="Asteroidea" family="Porcellanasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Porcellanasteridae</taxonomicName>
, which are wide-ranging deep-sea taxa, and include species present in both the Southern Ocean and in bathyal/abyssal habitats elsewhere in the world.
</paragraph>
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