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<document id="404300AE9049DD87CC85F295A551B5C7" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.280587" ID-GBIF-Dataset="22e8461e-d460-4b1c-923e-2c60572d2d66" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="280587" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460461841259" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Garonna, Antonio P., Dole, Stephanie A., Saracino, Antonio, Mazzoleni, Stefano &amp; Cristinzio, Gennaro" docDate="2012" docId="03B987CFD030D272FF78FF784D53FA96" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03251p068.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3251" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Xylosandrus compactus Eichhoff 1875" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="67" masterDocId="FF80FFB7D031D271FFEFFFEF4F1FFFFA" masterDocTitle="First record of the black twig borer Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) from Europe" masterLastPageNumber="68" masterPageNumber="64" pageNumber="65" updateTime="1698304188643" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="E175327786ECF26A581EB029DF30A5F4">First record of the black twig borer Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) from Europe</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7C8BB08943B05F32618F4875DA607959">Garonna, Antonio P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="01F6F828BBBF97058E53C417C4DD841B">Dole, Stephanie A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="25B5F4BA1607D552E8DEF6944EC0FC06">Saracino, Antonio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:role id="A39D77A2A2034E3119D12F87B3097D5F">
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<mods:namePart id="238106C318670095A835EED6B70B11BB">Mazzoleni, Stefano</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="85B08AB63B1D2A7C4A6ED9256BB410F1">Cristinzio, Gennaro</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="9CACA2C39F270294C96AB0C3FD4140BC">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="610630C7B92CC9077426C21476B1C9B9">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="03280CE48E152275084CF5988A760ED9">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="8596A5BD1DC828AC14FBBA7937FCC2C0">3251</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="C1EC44FDFD081F732750A8ED6CFC62A4">64</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="249B0CC2CEBF97765108DC58ECA6B48D">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="8D0B305C1F375C88E9A2BADF31DD49DB" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.280587</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="3F81D3D9332720C5DD9BCCC3460F9028" type="GBIF-Dataset">22e8461e-d460-4b1c-923e-2c60572d2d66</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="6B4ECA3B13E5C929AF5CB0D882D7CDC8" type="Zenodo-Dep">280587</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03B987CFD030D272FF78FF784D53FA96" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6174397" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119512567" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6174397" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B987CFD030D272FF78FF784D53FA96" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B987CFD030D272FF78FF784D53FA96" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">
<subSubSection id="C30A6552D030D270FF78FF784B0BFEED" pageId="1" pageNumber="65" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BAF36D9D030D270FF78FF784D9AFF4B" blockId="1.[151,645,151,177]" box="[151,645,151,177]" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">
<heading id="D0E781B5D030D270FF78FF784D9AFF4B" bold="true" box="[151,645,151,177]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="65" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD030D270FF78FF784D9AFF4B" ID-CoL="5CMJ9" authority="Eichhoff, 1875" authorityName="Eichhoff" authorityYear="1875" box="[151,645,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="compactus">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD030D270FF78FF784D9AFF4B" bold="true" box="[151,645,151,177]" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD030D270FF78FF784ED7FF4B" bold="true" box="[151,456,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">Xylosandrus compactus (</emphasis>
Eichhoff, 1875)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAF36D9D030D270FF78FF324B0BFEED" blockId="1.[151,1436,221,279]" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">
To discriminate
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD030D270FEBFFF324EF9FF0E" box="[336,486,221,244]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="compactus">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD030D270FEBFFF324EF9FF0E" box="[336,486,221,244]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">X. compactus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the other species of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD030D270FC76FF324B01FF0E" box="[921,1054,221,244]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD030D270FC76FF324B01FF0E" box="[921,1054,221,244]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">Xylosandrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
present in Europe, the following diagnostic dichotomous key to females, modified from
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B28D030D270FD0AFEEF4C9BFEED" author="Faccoli" box="[741,900,256,279]" pageId="1" pageNumber="65" refString="Faccoli, M. (2008) First record of Xyleborus atratus Eichhoff in Europe, with an illustrated key to European Xyleborini (Coleoptera Curculionidae Scolytinae). Zootaxa, 1772, 55 - 62." type="journal article" year="2008">Faccoli (2008)</bibRefCitation>
, can be used:
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30A6552D030D270FF78FEAA4A83FD46" pageId="1" pageNumber="65" type="key">
<key id="FF8161E8D030D270FF78FEAA4A83FD46" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">
<keyStep id="30E42E7CD030D270FF78FEAA4A84FE66" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">
<paragraph id="8BAF36D9D030D270FF78FEAA4A83FE86" blockId="1.[151,1437,325,701]" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">
<keyLead id="30E195ECD030D270FF78FEAA4A83FE86" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">
1 - Declivital face of elytra steep and abruptly sloping from disc. Declivital striae with setae. Interstriae uniseriate punctate, with erect setae.
<quantity id="4CE89B3CD030D270FE0DFE8A4D7EFE86" box="[482,609,357,380]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="1" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="1.5" valueMax="1.8" valueMin="1.2">1.2–1.8 mm</quantity>
long.........................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD030D270FB67FE8A4A83FE86" ID-CoL="5CMK3" authority="Blandford" authorityName="Blandford" box="[1160,1436,357,381]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morigerus">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD030D270FB67FE8A4A07FE87" bold="true" box="[1160,1304,357,381]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">X. morigerus</emphasis>
(Blandford)
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAF36D9D030D270FF44FE6A4A84FE66" blockId="1.[151,1437,325,701]" box="[171,1435,389,412]" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">
<keyLead id="30E195ECD030D270FF44FE6A4A84FE66" box="[171,1435,389,412]" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">- Elytral disc gradually curving into declivity.................................................................................................................. 2</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30E42E7CD030D270FF78FE4A4A84FDC6" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">
<paragraph id="8BAF36D9D030D270FF78FE4A4A83FE06" blockId="1.[151,1437,325,701]" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">
<keyLead id="30E195ECD030D270FF78FE4A4A83FE06" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">
2 - Striae obsolete on declivity. Declivital surface dull, with dense, irregular, minute and uniformly distributed granules. Elytra with abundant hairs. Colour reddish brown. Large species,
<quantity id="4CE89B3CD030D270FC6BFE2A4B1BFE26" box="[900,1028,453,476]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="2.9" metricValueMin="2.1" pageId="1" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="2.9" valueMin="2.1">2.1–2.9 mm</quantity>
long ....................................................
<emphasis id="B964EACBD030D270FF21FE0A4B47FE07" box="[206,1112,485,509]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">
.....................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD030D270FBA9FE0A4B47FE07" ID-CoL="5CMJB" authority="Motschulsky" authorityName="Motschulsky" box="[1094,1112,485,509]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassiusculus">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD030D270FBA9FE0A4B47FE07" bold="true" box="[1094,1112,485,509]" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">X</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B964EACBD030D270FB8AFE0A4BE6FE07" bold="true" box="[1125,1273,485,509]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">crassiusculus</emphasis>
(Motschulsky)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAF36D9D030D270FF43FDEA4A84FDC6" blockId="1.[151,1437,325,701]" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">
<keyLead id="30E195ECD030D270FF43FDEA4A84FDC6" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">
- Declivital striae clearly visible. Declivital surface shiny, punctate, without granules. Colour dark brown or blackish. Smaller species,
<quantity id="4CE89B3CD030D270FE94FDCA4EE5FDC6" box="[379,506,549,572]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="1.9" valueMax="2.3" valueMin="1.5">1.5–2.3 mm</quantity>
........................................................................................................................................ 3
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30E42E7CD030D270FF78FDAA4A83FD46" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">
<paragraph id="8BAF36D9D030D270FF78FDAA4A83FD86" blockId="1.[151,1437,325,701]" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">
<keyLead id="30E195ECD030D270FF78FDAA4A83FD86" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">
3 - Striae on declivity with punctures deeply impressed in rows. Elytral declivity without strial setae. Body 2.3x longer than wide; larger species, 2.0–
<quantity id="4CE89B3CD030D270FDE4FD8A4D44FD86" box="[523,603,613,636]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
long...........................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD030D270FB64FD8A4A83FD86" ID-CoL="5CMJN" authority="Blandford" authorityName="Blandford" box="[1163,1436,612,637]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="germanus">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD030D270FB64FD8A4A08FD87" bold="true" box="[1163,1303,612,637]" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD030D270FB64FD8A4B82FD87" bold="true" box="[1163,1181,613,637]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">X</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B964EACBD030D270FB45FD8A4A08FD87" bold="true" box="[1194,1303,613,637]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">germanus</emphasis>
</emphasis>
(Blandford)
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAF36D9D030D270FF44FD6A4A83FD46" blockId="1.[151,1437,325,701]" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">
<keyLead id="30E195ECD030D270FF44FD6A4A83FD46" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">
- Striae on declivity not impressed. Elytral declivity with strial setae. Smaller species,
<quantity id="4CE89B3CD030D270FBA6FD6A4BD7FD66" box="[1097,1224,645,668]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5499999999999998" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="1" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="1.5499999999999998" valueMax="1.7" valueMin="1.4">1.4–1.7 mm</quantity>
long.......................
<emphasis id="B964EACBD030D270FF21FD4A4B92FD46" box="[206,1165,677,700]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">................................................................................................................................................</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD030D270FB7CFD4A4A83FD46" ID-CoL="5CMJ9" authority="(Eichhoff)" authorityName="Eichhoff" baseAuthorityName="Eichhoff" box="[1171,1436,677,701]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="compactus">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD030D270FB7CFD4A4A38FD47" bold="true" box="[1171,1319,677,701]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">X. compactus</emphasis>
(Eichhoff)
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
</key>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF6F6651D030D270FF78F96B4EF2F943" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280588/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="65" targetBox="[188,1398,737,1644]" targetPageId="1">
<paragraph id="8BAF36D9D030D270FF78F96B4EF2F943" blockId="1.[151,1436,1668,1721]" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD030D270FF78F96B4E09F960" bold="true" box="[151,278,1668,1691]" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD030D270FEF0F96A4D9AF960" authority="Eichhoff" authorityName="Eichhoff" box="[287,645,1668,1691]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="compactus">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD030D270FEF0F96A4D3BF960" box="[287,548,1669,1691]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">Xylosandrus compactus (</emphasis>
Eichhoff)
</taxonomicName>
, female: a, dorsal view; b, female, lateral view; c, male in brood chamber, dorsal view; d, male, lateral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C30A6552D030D272FF78F90B4DF9FD23" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="1" pageNumber="65" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BAF36D9D030D273FF78F90B4CF4FF0E" blockId="1.[151,1437,1764,2030]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1436,152,729]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD030D270FF78F90B4EF9F906" bold="true" box="[151,486,1764,1788]" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">Distribution and host species</emphasis>
. The native range of
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD030D270FD38F90A4C75F906" box="[727,874,1765,1788]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="compactus">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD030D270FD38F90A4C75F906" box="[727,874,1765,1788]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">X. compactus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is tropical and subtropical Asia, from where it has naturally spread or has been introduced to several countries of the Afrotropical Region, Oceania, southeastern
<collectingCountry id="F3077649D030D270FAD6F8E84A71F8E4" box="[1337,1390,1799,1822]" name="United States of America" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">USA</collectingCountry>
and the Neotropical Region.
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD030D270FE73F8C54D34F8BB" box="[412,555,1834,1857]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="compactus">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD030D270FE73F8C54D34F8BB" box="[412,555,1834,1857]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">X. compactus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a highly polyphagous species: over 200 plant species in at least 60 families have been recorded as hosts of the BTB, 137 species recorded alone from the Hawaiian islands (
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B28D030D270FB68F8A34A8FF899" author="Hara" box="[1159,1424,1868,1891]" pageId="1" pageNumber="65" refString="Hara, A. H. &amp; Beardsley, Jr. J. W. (1979) The biology of the Black Twig Borer Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff), in Hawaii. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 13, 55 - 70." type="journal article" year="1979">Hara &amp; Beardsley 1979</bibRefCitation>
). Brood chambers of the beetle were collected from 31 host species in Florida, ranging from orchids to shade and ornamental trees, among others
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD030D270FE02F87D4D00F853" box="[493,543,1938,1961]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Acer" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="1" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD030D270FE02F87D4D00F853" box="[493,543,1938,1961]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">Acer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.,
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD030D270FD8FF87D4DB1F853" box="[608,686,1938,1961]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cornaceae" genus="Cornus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="1" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD030D270FD8FF87D4DB1F853" box="[608,686,1938,1961]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">Cornus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.,
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD030D270FD0DF87D4C55F853" box="[738,842,1938,1961]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Magnolia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="1" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD030D270FD0DF87D4C55F853" box="[738,842,1938,1961]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">Magnolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.,
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD030D270FC65F87D4CCBF853" box="[906,980,1938,1961]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Persea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="1" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD030D270FC65F87D4CCBF853" box="[906,980,1938,1961]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">Persea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.,
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD030D270FBFBF87D4B6CF853" box="[1044,1139,1938,1961]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Platanaceae" genus="Platanus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Proteales" pageId="1" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD030D270FBFBF87D4B6CF853" box="[1044,1139,1938,1961]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">Platanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.,
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD030D270FB49F87D4BE0F853" box="[1190,1279,1938,1961]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="1" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD030D270FB49F87D4BE0F853" box="[1190,1279,1938,1961]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">Quercus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. and
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD030D270FA89F87D4A84F853" box="[1382,1435,1938,1961]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="1" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD030D270FA89F87D4A84F853" box="[1382,1435,1938,1961]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">Salix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B28D030D270FF29F85B4E8DF831" author="Ngoan" box="[198,402,1972,1996]" pageId="1" pageNumber="65" refString="Ngoan, N. D., Wilkinson, R. C., Short, D. E., Moses, C. S. &amp; Mangold, J. R. (1976) Biology o fan introduced Ambrosia Beetle, Xylosandrus compactus, in Florida. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 69, 872 - 876." type="journal article" year="1976">
Ngoan
<emphasis id="B964EACBD030D270FEF7F85A4E4FF836" box="[280,336,1973,1996]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">et al.</emphasis>
1976
</bibRefCitation>
). The infested plant species we recorded for
<collectingCountry id="F3077649D030D270FC6CF85B4CABF831" box="[899,948,1972,1995]" name="Italy" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">Italy</collectingCountry>
add eight new hosts, listed according to the incidence of the detected attacks: bay laurel
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD030D270FD80F8384C15F814" box="[623,778,2007,2030]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Laurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="1" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nobilis">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD030D270FD80F8384C15F814" box="[623,778,2007,2030]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">Laurus nobilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, holm oak
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD030D270FC6DF8384B16F814" box="[898,1033,2007,2030]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="1" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ilex">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD030D270FC6DF8384B16F814" box="[898,1033,2007,2030]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">Quercus ilex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, European nettle tree
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD030D270FB1CF8384A8AF814" box="[1267,1429,2007,2030]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="1" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD030D270FB1CF8384A8AF814" box="[1267,1429,2007,2030]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="65">Celtis australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, manna ash
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD033D273FEFDFF774EA7FF55" box="[274,440,152,175]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleaceae" genus="Fraxinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ornus">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD033D273FEFDFF774EA7FF55" box="[274,440,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="66">Fraxinus ornus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, European chestnut
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD033D273FD78FF774C91FF55" authority="Judas" authorityName="Judas" box="[663,910,152,175]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Castanea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD033D273FD78FF774C5BFF55" box="[663,836,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="66">Castanea sativa</emphasis>
, Judas
</taxonomicName>
tree
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD033D273FC28FF774B86FF55" box="[967,1177,152,175]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Cercis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="siliquastrum">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD033D273FC28FF774B86FF55" box="[967,1177,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="66">Cercis siliquastrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, white mulberry
<emphasis id="B964EACBD033D273FAB9FF774FD2FF2B" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="66">
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD033D273FAB9FF774FD6FF2B" class="Aves" family="Sulidae" genus="Morus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suliformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alba">Morus alba</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and laurestine
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD033D273FE93FF554D3CFF2B" box="[380,547,186,209]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Adoxaceae" genus="Viburnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dipsacales" pageId="2" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tinus">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD033D273FE93FF554D3CFF2B" box="[380,547,186,209]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="66">Viburnum tinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Moreover entrance holes only or incomplete and empty brood chambers were observed on several other species (
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD033D273FDE4FF324DBDFF0E" box="[523,674,221,244]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Emerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD033D273FDE4FF324DBDFF0E" box="[523,674,221,244]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="66">Emerus major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD033D273FD40FF324C40FF0E" box="[687,863,221,244]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleaceae" genus="Phillyrea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="latifoli">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD033D273FD40FF324C40FF0E" box="[687,863,221,244]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="66">Phillyrea latifoli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
a,
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD033D273FC97FF324CB6FF0E" box="[888,937,221,244]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Tilia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="2" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD033D273FC97FF324CB6FF0E" box="[888,937,221,244]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="66">Tilia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAF36D9D033D273FF28FF104CA4FD23" blockId="2.[151,1436,152,729]" pageId="2" pageNumber="66">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD033D273FF28FF104C1BFEED" bold="true" box="[199,772,255,279]" pageId="2" pageNumber="66">
General biology and preliminary data from
<collectingCountry id="F3077649D033D273FD3FFF104C1BFEED" box="[720,772,255,279]" name="Italy" pageId="2" pageNumber="66">Italy</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
. Like all members of the tribe
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD033D273FB87FEEF4BC1FEED" box="[1128,1246,256,279]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Xyleborini">Xyleborini</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD033D273FB03FEEF4A9FFEED" box="[1260,1408,256,279]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="compactus">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD033D273FB03FEEF4A9FFEED" box="[1260,1408,256,279]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="66">X. compactus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is xylomycetophagous; larvae live in wood and feed on the mycelium of symbiotic ambrosia fungi. Most ambrosia beetles attack primarily weak or unhealthy plants. However,
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD033D273FD0AFEAA4C67FEA6" box="[741,888,325,348]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="compactus">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD033D273FD0AFEAA4C67FEA6" box="[741,888,325,348]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="66">X. compactus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known to attack healthy plants as well, which makes it a potentially serious pest to novel host species. Severe infestations can kill host plants, including large trees (
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B28D033D273FF71FE654E8BFE5B" author="Tenbrink" box="[158,404,394,417]" pageId="2" pageNumber="66" refString="Tenbrink, V. O. &amp; Hara, A. (1994) Xylosandrus compactus. In: Crop Knowledge Master, UH CTAHR. http: // www. extento. hawaii. edu / kbase / crop / Type / xylosand. htm (updated 2007)." type="book chapter" year="1994">Tenbrink &amp; Hara 1994</bibRefCitation>
). Apart from the worst scenario, the typical dieback of twigs can have considerable impact on the appearance of infested trees and shrubs. The species may develop two or more generations per year; adult females overwinter inside the damaged twigs (
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B28D033D273FDAEFE3F4C0DFE1D" author="Ngoan" box="[577,786,464,487]" pageId="2" pageNumber="66" refString="Ngoan, N. D., Wilkinson, R. C., Short, D. E., Moses, C. S. &amp; Mangold, J. R. (1976) Biology o fan introduced Ambrosia Beetle, Xylosandrus compactus, in Florida. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 69, 872 - 876." type="journal article" year="1976">
Ngoan
<emphasis id="B964EACBD033D273FD7AFE3F4DD7FE1D" box="[661,712,464,487]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="66">et al</emphasis>
. 1976
</bibRefCitation>
). Females dig a little cavity where they lay eggs in small clusters; after eclosion the larval stages develop together in the brood chamber. Egg and larval stages were described by
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B28D033D273FF78FDFA4EB1FDD6" author="Hara" box="[151,430,533,556]" pageId="2" pageNumber="66" refString="Hara, A. H. &amp; Beardsley, Jr. J. W. (1979) The biology of the Black Twig Borer Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff), in Hawaii. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 13, 55 - 70." type="journal article" year="1979">Hara &amp; Beardsley (1979)</bibRefCitation>
. Each female remains with its offspring until development is completed.
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD033D273FB21FDFA4A7FFDD6" box="[1230,1376,533,556]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="compactus">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD033D273FB21FDFA4A7FFDD6" box="[1230,1376,533,556]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="66">X. compactus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an arrhenotokous haplodiploid species. Males are rare, incapable of flight and do not leave the brood chamber, where mating with siblings occurs with high levels of inbreeding.
<collectingCountry id="F3077649D033D273FCE2FDB54C34FD8B" box="[781,811,602,625]" name="American Samoa" pageId="2" pageNumber="66">As</collectingCountry>
investigated by
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B28D033D273FC36FDB54BB6FD8B" box="[985,1193,602,625]" pageId="2" pageNumber="66" refString="Ngoan, N. D., Wilkinson, R. C., Short, D. E., Moses, C. S. &amp; Mangold, J. R. (1976) Biology o fan introduced Ambrosia Beetle, Xylosandrus compactus, in Florida. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 69, 872 - 876." type="journal article">
Ngoan
<emphasis id="B964EACBD033D273FBC8FDB54B4BFD8B" box="[1063,1108,602,625]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="66">et al</emphasis>
. (1976)
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B28D033D273FB33FDB54FC1FD6E" author="Hara" pageId="2" pageNumber="66" refString="Hara, A. H. &amp; Beardsley, Jr. J. W. (1979) The biology of the Black Twig Borer Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff), in Hawaii. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 13, 55 - 70." type="journal article" year="1979">Hara &amp; Beardsley (1979)</bibRefCitation>
the life cycle is completed in about a month in warm climates. The sex ratio of males vs. females is about 1:10 and the mean number of offspring varies from 12.3 to 19.8. Moreover, these studies found that older females that had already reared one brood to the adult stage failed to excavate new galleries.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF6F6651D033D273FF78F84E4E5CF80F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280589/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="66" targetBox="[249,1347,765,1935]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="8BAF36D9D033D273FF78F84E4E5CF80F" blockId="2.[151,1436,1953,2037]" pageId="2" pageNumber="66">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD033D273FF78F84E4E0AF84D" bold="true" box="[151,277,1953,1976]" pageId="2" pageNumber="66">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD033D273FEF1F84D4D97F842" authority="Eichhoff" authorityName="Eichhoff" box="[286,648,1954,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="compactus">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD033D273FEF1F84D4D0DF842" box="[286,530,1954,1976]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="66">Xylosandrus compactus</emphasis>
(Eichhoff)
</taxonomicName>
: a, bay laurel wilted twigs; b, ambrosia fungus in brood chamber; c, brood chamber with female pupal stages and male larvae in bay laurel twig; d, entry hole on holm oak twig; e, black stain infecting holm oak xylem.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BAF36D9D032D272FF28FF774E33FE5B" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,1388]" pageId="3" pageNumber="67">
The specimens collected from old dried flagged twig terminals in late
<date id="FFAE1019D032D272FC3CFF774B4AFF55" box="[979,1109,152,175]" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" value="2011-03">March 2011</date>
at Portici were overwintering females, while in late May, in June and first half of July, in both localities, the investigated populations were represented by all developmental stages of both sexes in new wilted twigs (
<figureCitation id="132B2A5CD032D272FCDAFF324C9FFF0E" box="[821,896,221,244]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1953,1976]" captionTargetBox="[249,1347,765,1935]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[249,1347,765,1936]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff): a, bay laurel wilted twigs; b, ambrosia fungus in brood chamber; c, brood chamber with female pupal stages and male larvae in bay laurel twig; d, entry hole on holm oak twig; e, black stain infecting holm oak xylem." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280589/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="67">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
, a–c). Progeny and sex ratio both seem affected by the different host plant. The number of callow specimens collected in brood chambers ranged from 3–11 (6.08±1.82; n=25) to 20–36 (24.48±5.7; n=20) with the lowest interval of values from holm oak and the highest from bay laurel. The overall sex ratio rate recorded for bay laurel in July was
<quantity id="4CE89B3CD032D272FD1EFEAA4C0AFEA6" box="[753,789,325,348]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" unit="m" value="1.0">1m</quantity>
:
<specimenCount id="9D16FD50D032D272FCF7FEAA4C5AFEA6" box="[792,837,325,348]" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" type="generic">15f.</specimenCount>
Adults of BTB were collected but in low numbers from the other recorded host plants (
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD032D272FE0DFE874D47FE85" box="[482,600,360,383]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD032D272FE0DFE874D47FE85" box="[482,600,360,383]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="67">C.australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, n=91;
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD032D272FD44FE874C1DFE85" box="[683,770,360,383]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleaceae" genus="Fraxinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ornus">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD032D272FD44FE874C1DFE85" box="[683,770,360,383]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="67">F. ornus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, n=26;
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD032D272FCBBFE874CABFE85" box="[852,948,360,383]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Castanea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD032D272FCBBFE874CABFE85" box="[852,948,360,383]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="67">C. sativa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, n=21;
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD032D272FBE9FE874BB5FE85" box="[1030,1194,360,383]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Cercis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="siliquastrum">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD032D272FBE9FE874BB5FE85" box="[1030,1194,360,383]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="67">C. siliquastrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, n=14;
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD032D272FB12FE874A50FE85" box="[1277,1359,360,383]" class="Aves" family="Sulidae" genus="Morus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suliformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alba">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD032D272FB12FE874A50FE85" box="[1277,1359,360,383]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="67">M. alba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, n=18;
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD032D272FF78FE654FFAFE5B" box="[151,229,394,417]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Adoxaceae" genus="Viburnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dipsacales" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tinus">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD032D272FF78FE654FFAFE5B" box="[151,229,394,417]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="67">V. tinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, n=7).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAF36D9D032D272FF28FE424DF9FD23" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,1388]" pageId="3" pageNumber="67">
Entrance holes were about
<quantity id="4CE89B3CD032D272FE05FE424D24FE3E" box="[490,571,429,452]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" unit="mm" value="0.8">0.8 mm</quantity>
in diameter, usually found on the lower surface of the twigs (
<figureCitation id="132B2A5CD032D272FB3DFE424A0CFE3E" box="[1234,1299,429,452]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1953,1976]" captionTargetBox="[249,1347,765,1935]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[249,1347,765,1936]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff): a, bay laurel wilted twigs; b, ambrosia fungus in brood chamber; c, brood chamber with female pupal stages and male larvae in bay laurel twig; d, entry hole on holm oak twig; e, black stain infecting holm oak xylem." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280589/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="67">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
, d). Females built a single brood chamber where the eggs were laid, digging the pith on both side of the short entrance tunnel. Infested twigs had an average diameter ranging from
<quantity id="4CE89B3CD032D272FD95FE1D4DF2FDF3" box="[634,749,498,521]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" unit="mm" value="6.0" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="3.0">3 to 9 mm</quantity>
. Leaves on infested twigs turned dull green, curled inwards and wilted (flagging of twigs) about 3–4 days after initial attack of a female. Most infested twigs turned brown in 2–3 weeks. Inside the brood chamber, the ambrosia fungus formed a
<quantity id="4CE89B3CD032D272FCF5FDD74C82FDB5" box="[794,925,568,591]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" unit="mm" value="0.3" valueMax="0.5" valueMin="0.1">0.1–0.5 mm</quantity>
thick lining continually grazed by larvae and adults. The host is damaged both by tunnelling and by the introduction of ambrosia fungi. Infestation by one female is sufficient to kill the twig well below the brood chamber. Blackish stain developed in xylem adjacent to this fungal growth area (
<figureCitation id="132B2A5CD032D272FEC3FD4F4E6FFD4D" box="[300,368,672,695]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1953,1976]" captionTargetBox="[249,1347,765,1935]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[249,1347,765,1936]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff): a, bay laurel wilted twigs; b, ambrosia fungus in brood chamber; c, brood chamber with female pupal stages and male larvae in bay laurel twig; d, entry hole on holm oak twig; e, black stain infecting holm oak xylem." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280589/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="67">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
, e). Attacks on woody host stems, larger than
<quantity id="4CE89B3CD032D272FC91FD4F4CD2FD4D" box="[894,973,672,695]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
in diameter and up to
<quantity id="4CE89B3CD032D272FB3CFD4F4A3BFD4D" box="[1235,1316,672,695]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
, were also recorded, but without associated reproductive galleries.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30A6552D032D272FF28FD0A4D53FA96" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BAF36D9D032D272FF28FD0A4DE9FBEB" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,1388]" pageId="3" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD032D272FF28FD0A4E45FD06" ID-CoL="5CMJ9" box="[199,346,741,764]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="compactus">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD032D272FF28FD0A4E45FD06" box="[199,346,741,764]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="67">X. compactus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has established a potentially harmful breeding population in
<collectingCountry id="F3077649D032D272FBECFD0A4B2AFD06" box="[1027,1077,741,764]" name="Italy" pageId="3" pageNumber="67">Italy</collectingCountry>
, one which could have dramatic effects on both survival of evergreen shrubby undergrowth and aesthetic appearance of mature trees in some urban woods, where holm oak and bay laurel could be seriously damaged. The richness in biodiversity of Mediterranean ecosystem and typically milder winter than elsewhere in continental Europe are two factors which aid in the establishment of invasive species in
<collectingCountry id="F3077649D032D272FDBBFC9F4D9AFC7D" box="[596,645,880,903]" name="Italy" pageId="3" pageNumber="67">Italy</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B28D032D272FD71FC9F4CA2FC7D" author="Underwood" box="[670,957,880,903]" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" refString="Underwood, E. C., Viers, J. H., Klausmeyer, K. R., Cox, R. L. &amp; Shaw, M. R. (2009) Threats and biodiversity in the mediterranean biome. Diversity and Distributions, 15, 188 - 197." type="journal article" year="2009">
Underwood
<emphasis id="B964EACBD032D272FCDFFC9F4C6EFC7D" box="[816,881,880,903]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="67">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
). Therefore, the Mediterranean Basin is disproportionately rich in exotic scolytines and
<collectingCountry id="F3077649D032D272FD7DFC7D4DDCFC53" box="[658,707,914,937]" name="Italy" pageId="3" pageNumber="67">Italy</collectingCountry>
is the European country with the highest number of exotic ambrosia beetles (
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B28D032D272FF01FC5A4EACFC36" author="Marini" box="[238,435,949,972]" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" refString="Marini, L., Haack, R. A., Rabaglia, R. J., Petrucco, Toffolo, E., Battisti, A. &amp; Faccoli, M. (2011) Exploring associations between international trade and environmental factors with establishment patterns of exotic Scolytinae. Biological Invasions, 13, 2275 - 2288." type="journal article" year="2011">
Marini
<emphasis id="B964EACBD032D272FED0FC5A4E71FC36" box="[319,366,949,972]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="67">et al</emphasis>
. 2011
</bibRefCitation>
). This record of
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD032D272FD8DFC5A4DEDFC36" ID-CoL="5CMJ9" box="[610,754,949,972]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="compactus">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD032D272FD8DFC5A4DEDFC36" box="[610,754,949,972]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="67">X. compactus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="F3077649D032D272FCDDFC5A4C7CFC36" box="[818,867,949,972]" name="Italy" pageId="3" pageNumber="67">Italy</collectingCountry>
raises the number of exotic
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD032D272FB7FFC5A4A1BFC36" box="[1168,1284,949,972]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Xyleborini">Xyleborini</taxonomicName>
established in Europe to 10, a bit more than 40% of the total fauna of European ambrosia beetles, which at the present includes 24 species (
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B28D032D272FF1DFC154EA3FBEB" author="Faccoli" box="[242,444,1018,1042]" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" refString="Faccoli, M., Frigimelica, G., Mori, N., Petrucco, Toffolo, E., Vettorazzo, M. &amp; Simonato, M. (2009) First record of Ambrosiodmus (Hopkins, 1915) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) in Europe. Zootaxa, 2303, 57 - 60." type="journal article" year="2009">
Faccoli
<emphasis id="B964EACBD032D272FEA7FC144E61FBE8" box="[328,382,1019,1042]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="67">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
; Kirkendall &amp; Faccoli 2010).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAF36D9D032D272FF28FBF24D53FA96" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,1388]" pageId="3" pageNumber="67">
Climatic and vegetational conditions of the region where the species has been recorded are certainly suitable for
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD032D272FA6AFBF24E16FBAD" ID-CoL="5CMJ9" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="compactus">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD032D272FA6AFBF24E16FBAD" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="67">X. compactus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and it might have been already established in the region for almost two years. The easy acceptance of new hosts and its plasticity (environmental adaptability) might allow
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD032D272FCA9FB8C4CC9FB80" ID-CoL="5CMJ9" box="[838,982,1123,1146]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="compactus">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD032D272FCA9FB8C4CC9FB80" box="[838,982,1123,1146]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="67">X. compactus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to spread quickly into new territories. The beetle is considered an exceedingly destructive species boring into the most vigorous growing, succulent twigs (
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B28D032D272FAB4FB6A4FCEFB45" author="Wood" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" refString="Wood, S. L. (2007) Bark and Ambrosia Beetles of South America (Coleoptera, Scolytidae). Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, 900 pp." type="book" year="2007">Wood 2007</bibRefCitation>
). Based on the essential traits of the biology of
<taxonomicName id="4C104D5AD032D272FD28FB474C49FB45" ID-CoL="5CMJ9" box="[711,854,1192,1215]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="compactus">
<emphasis id="B964EACBD032D272FD28FB474C49FB45" box="[711,854,1192,1215]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="67">X. compactus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, there are concrete risks of economic damage deriving from its further spread. Theoretically, a xyleborine population could be established via a single, unfertilized female. In most haplodiploid species, newly matured females mate with siblings before emerging from the host and are thus able to establish new populations from very few (or even a single) individuals (
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B28D032D272FC5CFAFF4B79FADD" author="Kirkendall" box="[947,1126,1296,1319]" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" refString="Kirkendall, L. R. (1983) The evolution of mating systems in bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae). Zoological Journal Linnean Society, 77, 293 - 352." type="journal article" year="1983">Kirkendall 1983</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B28D032D272FB9BFAFF4A2BFADD" author="Jordal" box="[1140,1332,1296,1319]" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" refString="Jordal, B. H., Beaver, R. A. &amp; Kirkendall, L. R. (2001) Breaking taboos in the tropics: incest promotes colonization by wood-boring beetles. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 10, 345 - 357." type="journal article" year="2001">
Jordal
<emphasis id="B964EACBD032D272FB51FAFF4BEFFADD" box="[1214,1264,1296,1319]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="67">et al</emphasis>
. 2001
</bibRefCitation>
). Further specific investigations will be carried out to establish the effective distribution and the impact of the black twig borer to forest, fruit and ornamental trees in
<collectingCountry id="F3077649D032D272FDFAFABA4D57FA96" box="[533,584,1365,1388]" name="Italy" pageId="3" pageNumber="67">Italy</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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