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<mods:title id="2A7233FE1D4A8CEF9EF69C31A5D0AAF1">Taxonomy of the small southern African endemic genus Echiostachys Levyns (Boraginaceae: Boraginoideae)</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="37EEA7FDE2E7A3640FC3781C7824CD94">Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa. c Compton Herbarium, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X 7, Claremont 7735, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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<emphasis id="B96AC9555134C1696B6870468AF5FEBB" bold="true" box="[849,977,269,288]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="245">Echiostachys</emphasis>
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in
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<bibCitation id="5E341D2B5134C1696C7B70458CA1FEBB" box="[1090,1413,269,289]" journal="J. Linn. Soc., Bot." page="445" pageId="1" pageNumber="245" score="21.385408720746693" volume="49" year="1934">J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 49: 445 (1934)</bibCitation>
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.
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<typeStatus id="54A5ABE55134C1696DAA70458A45FEA6" pageId="1" pageNumber="245">Lectotype</typeStatus>
:
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<emphasis id="B96AC9555134C1696B5370638D0BFEA7" box="[874,1071,296,316]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="245">Echiostachys incanus</emphasis>
(
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.)
<authorityName id="5BE340475134C1696CB670618DF7FEA6" box="[1167,1235,298,317]" pageId="1" pageNumber="245">Levyns</authorityName>
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, effectively designated by
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Phillips, Gen. S. African Fl.
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E6EC45134C1696B68702B8D98FEEF" ID-CoL="49PN" authority="L" authorityName="L" box="[849,1212,352,373]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Boraginaceae" genus="Echium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="1" pageNumber="244" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AC9555134C1696B68702B8AB2FEEF" box="[849,918,352,372]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="245">Echium</emphasis>
sect.
<emphasis id="B96AC9555134C1696BEC702B8D19FEEF" box="[981,1085,352,372]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="245">Trichobasis</emphasis>
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. &amp;
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</taxonomicName>
. in
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<bibCitation id="5E341D2B5134C1696CDC702A8A4FFE0B" pageId="1" pageNumber="245">Candolle, Prodr. 10: 13 (1846</bibCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E6EC45134C1696B4570378C68FE0B" ID-CoL="5G38" authority="Lehm" authorityName="Lehm" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Boraginaceae" genus="Lobostemon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="1" pageNumber="244" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AC9555134C1696B4570378AC8FE0B" box="[892,1004,380,400]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="245">Lobostemon</emphasis>
sect.
<emphasis id="B96AC9555134C1696C1B70378DAEFE0B" box="[1058,1162,380,400]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="245">Trichobasis</emphasis>
(
<authorityName id="5BE340475134C1696CAC70368C68FE0B" pageId="1" pageNumber="245">DC. &amp; A.DC.) G¨ urke</authorityName>
</taxonomicName>
in
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Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler and Prantl] IV, 3
<treatmentCitation id="0ABF33565134C1696C4470D28C20FE37" author="Burm. f.) Levyns" box="[1149,1284,409,428]" page="128" pageId="1" pageNumber="245" score="0.09657715020186443" volumeTitle="A" year="1893">
<bibCitation id="5E341D2B5134C1696C4470D28C20FE37" box="[1149,1284,409,428]" page="128" pageId="1" pageNumber="245" score="0.09657715020186443" volumeTitle="A" year="1893">A: 128 (1893</bibCitation>
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).
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Type:
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<emphasis id="B96AC9555134C1696D6170D38CEBFE37" box="[1368,1487,408,428]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="245">E. caudatum</emphasis>
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.
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(=
<taxonomicName id="4C1E6EC45134C1696BA270FF8C3DFE53" ID-CoL="38LPR" authority="(Burm.f.) Levyns)" baseAuthorityName="Burm. f.) Levyns" box="[923,1305,436,456]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Boraginaceae" genus="Echiostachys" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="1" pageNumber="245" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spicatus">
<emphasis id="B96AC9555134C1696BA270FF8D41FE53" box="[923,1125,436,456]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="245">Echiostachys spicatus</emphasis>
(
<authorityName id="5BE340475134C1696C4F70FE8C37FE53" box="[1142,1299,437,456]" pageId="1" pageNumber="245">Burm.f.) Levyns</authorityName>
)
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, effectively designated by
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<bibCitation id="5E341D2B5134C1696BB2709A8C03FE7F" author="Johnston" box="[907,1319,465,484]" journal="J. Arnold Arbor." page="293" pageId="1" pageNumber="245" score="9.270020995939838" volume="34" year="1953">
Johnston in
<bibCitation id="5E341D2B5134C1696BC7709A8C03FE7F" box="[1022,1319,465,484]" journal="J. Arnold Arbor." page="293" pageId="1" pageNumber="245" score="9.270020995939838" volume="34" year="1953">J. Arnold Arbor. 34: 293 (1953)</bibCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA115475134C1696B6870A78A80FB6A" blockId="1.[818,1488,269,1265]" pageId="1" pageNumber="245">
Caespitose perennial herbs, producing one or more tufts of deciduous radical leaves annually, the flowering stem arising laterally at base of new growth; rootstock a woody taproot, slender or cylindrical-tapering, covered with maroon-purplish flaking bark.
<emphasis id="B96AC9555134C1696DB273748A4FFDF4" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="245">Radical leaves</emphasis>
, linear-oblanceolate or elliptic, obtuse, acute or attenuate, narrowed and petiole-like below, adpressed strigose-villous with a mixture of short and longer hairs, hairs simple or pustular; cauline leaves on flowering stem smaller, sub-erect, linear-oblanceolate or elliptic, obtuse to attenuate, decreasing in size acropetally, indumentum as for radical leaves.
<emphasis id="B96AC9555134C1696BD873AC8D4AFD60" box="[993,1134,743,763]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="245">Flowering stem</emphasis>
villous or rarely subglabrous below.
<emphasis id="B96AC9555134C1696B0B72498A8EFC8D" box="[818,938,770,790]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="245">
In
<emphasis id="B96AC9555134C1696B7D72488A74FC8D" bold="true" box="[836,848,771,790]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="245">fl</emphasis>
orescence
</emphasis>
a pseudo-spike of numerous 1 to 4(6)-flowered cymules, ovoid to cylindrical, elongating in fruit; pedicels short, villous; bracts linear-oblanceolate or elliptic, lowermost leaf-like, villous.
<emphasis id="B96AC9555134C1696DA572718CEBFCD5" box="[1436,1487,826,846]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="245">Calyx</emphasis>
slightly accrescent, sepals 5,
<emphasis id="B96AC9555134C1696C55721C8D59FCF1" box="[1132,1149,855,874]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="245">±</emphasis>
free, equal, linear-oblanceolate, adpressed-pilose or -sericeous on both surfaces.
<emphasis id="B96AC9555134C1696D0172398C5EFC1D" box="[1336,1402,882,902]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="245">Corolla</emphasis>
funnel-shaped, white, cream-coloured, pink, purplish or blue; tube sparsely pubescent on outer surface, mainly opposite filament insertion, bearded within between filament bases; lobes 5, obtuse, central veins sparsely hairy on inner surface or glabrous.
<emphasis id="B96AC9555134C1696CE072A98C03FC6D" box="[1241,1319,994,1014]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="245">Stamens</emphasis>
subequal or usually one stamen shorter than others, epipetalous, attached near middle of tube, exserted; filaments bearded or tufted at base; anthers dorsifixed, subglobose.
<emphasis id="B96AC9555134C1696C2E757E8D60FBD2" box="[1047,1092,1077,1097]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="245">Style</emphasis>
gynobasic, villous in basal third; stigma small.
<emphasis id="B96AC9555134C1696B4A751A8A8FFBFE" box="[883,939,1105,1125]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="245">Ovary</emphasis>
four-lobed.
<emphasis id="B96AC9555134C1696C11751A8D70FBFE" box="[1064,1108,1105,1125]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="245">Fruit</emphasis>
of four nutlets, nutlets ellipsoid with median ventral ridge, surface rugose-tuberculate or nearly smooth, echinulate with small glassy trichomes. Three species;
<collectingCountry id="F30955D75134C1696BE675ED8D72FB22" box="[991,1110,1190,1209]" name="South Africa" pageId="1" pageNumber="245">South Africa</collectingCountry>
, endemic to the south-western parts of the core
<collectingRegion id="49DADBA55134C1696BB675898A9AFB4E" box="[911,958,1218,1237]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="1" pageNumber="245">Cape</collectingRegion>
Floristic Region, in fynbos shrubland on sandy and loamy soils.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<heading id="D0E9A22B5134C1696B0B745F8D25FAB3" box="[818,1025,1300,1320]" pageId="1" pageNumber="245">
<emphasis id="B96AC9555134C1696B0B745F8D25FAB3" box="[818,1025,1300,1320]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="245">3.2. Key to the species</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<key id="FF8F42765134C1696B6874068C78F908" pageId="1" pageNumber="245">
<paragraph id="8BA115475134C1696B6874068A8CFA03" blockId="1.[818,1487,1357,1684]" pageId="1" pageNumber="245">
<keyLead id="30EFB6725134C1696B6874068A8CFA03" pageId="1" pageNumber="245">
<keyStep id="30EA0DE25134C1696B6874068A8CFA03" pageId="1" pageNumber="245">
1a Corolla
<emphasis id="B96AC9555134C1696B8374068AEFFAFB" box="[954,971,1357,1376]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="245">±</emphasis>
<quantity id="4CE6B8A25134C1696BE874068D33FAFA" box="[977,1047,1357,1377]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="1" pageNumber="245" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
long, white; radical leaves 15
<emphasis id="B96AC9555134C1696D0274068C6FFAFB" bold="true" box="[1339,1355,1357,1376]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="245"></emphasis>
<quantity id="4CE6B8A25134C1696D7274068CB5FAFA" box="[1355,1425,1357,1377]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="245" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 mm</quantity>
wide; plants from deep coastal sands from St Helena Bay to Yzerfontein... 3.
<taxonomicName id="4C1E6EC45134C1696B7174CF8A8CFA03" ID-CoL="38LPR" ID-ENA="2650418" authority="(Burm.f.) Levyns)" baseAuthorityName="Burm. f.) Levyns" box="[840,936,1412,1432]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Boraginaceae" genus="Echiostachys" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="1" pageNumber="245" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spicatus">
<emphasis id="B96AC9555134C1696B7174CF8A77FA03" box="[840,851,1412,1432]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="245">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B96AC9555134C1696B6474CF8A8CFA03" box="[861,936,1412,1432]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="245">spicatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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1b Corolla 5
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<quantity id="4CE6B8A25134C1696BEC74EA8D2AFA2F" box="[981,1038,1441,1460]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="245" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
long, cream-coloured to purple; radical leaves 6
<emphasis id="B96AC9555134C1696B0774F68A6AFA4B" bold="true" box="[830,846,1469,1488]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="245"></emphasis>
<quantity id="4CE6B8A25134C1696B7774F68AB1FA4B" box="[846,917,1469,1488]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="245" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
wide; plants from clay or loam soils from
<collectingRegion id="49DADBA55134C1696D7974F68A8AFA77" pageId="1" pageNumber="245">Clanwilliam to Swellendam</collectingRegion>
:
</keyLead>
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</paragraph>
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2a Corolla whitish; radical leaves mostly attenuate apically, base sericeous; hairs at base of filaments in a brush-like tuft; nutlets rugose-tuberculate... 2.
<taxonomicName id="4C1E6EC45134C1696C1A77608DA4F9A4" authority="(Thunb.) Levyns" authorityName="Levyns" baseAuthorityName="Thunb." box="[1059,1152,1579,1600]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Boraginaceae" genus="Echiostachys" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="1" pageNumber="245" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incanus">
<emphasis id="B96AC9555134C1696C1A77608D0AF9A4" box="[1059,1070,1579,1599]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="245">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B96AC9555134C1696C0177608DA4F9A4" box="[1080,1152,1579,1599]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="245">incanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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2b Corolla purplish, pinkish or blue; radical leaves obtuse, base strigose-villous; hairs at base of filaments in a linear beard extending shortly up free part; nutlets
<emphasis id="B96AC9555134C1696C7877CB8D76F908" box="[1089,1106,1664,1683]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="245">±</emphasis>
smooth... 1.
<taxonomicName id="4C1E6EC45134C1696CE077348C78F908" authority="(H.Buek) Levyns" authorityName="(H. Buek) Levyns" box="[1241,1372,1663,1684]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Boraginaceae" genus="Echiostachys" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="1" pageNumber="245" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ecklonianus">
<emphasis id="B96AC9555134C1696CE077348DC0F908" box="[1241,1252,1663,1683]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="245">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B96AC9555134C1696CD777348C78F908" box="[1262,1372,1663,1683]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="245">ecklonianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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