230 lines
27 KiB
XML
230 lines
27 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="79E937D4BDB013FC13179A2AB5C5F0A7">A reappraisal of the California Roach / Hitch (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae, Hesperoleucus / Lavinia) species complex</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5A767AA4D504D025B631FB94E4BFAD77">Baumsteiger, Jason</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F3F99206E3DB3734353EC3C18484ABDB">Moyle, Peter B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="6E25A276ABCF79BE73F71E06F24BF276">2019</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03816E226F0ACC07FF7FD8BEFBDB52C9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5936947" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154529792" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5936947" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03816E226F0ACC07FF7FD8BEFBDB52C9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03816E226F0ACC07FF7FD8BEFBDB52C9" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="230" pageId="8" pageNumber="229">
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<paragraph id="8B97DF346F0ACC06FF7FD8BEFBA15293" blockId="8.[151,1144,655,751]" box="[151,1144,655,682]" pageId="8" pageNumber="229">
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<heading id="D0DF68586F0ACC06FF7FD8BEFBA15293" bold="true" box="[151,1144,655,682]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="229" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B95C03266F0ACC06FF7FD8BEFBA15293" bold="true" box="[151,1144,655,682]" pageId="8" pageNumber="229">
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<taxonomicName id="4C28A4B76F0ACC06FF7FD8BEFC765293" authority="Baumsteiger and Moyle" authorityName="Baumsteiger and Moyle" authorityYear="2019" box="[151,943,655,682]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Hesperoleucus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="229" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="symmetricus" status="subsp. nov." subSpecies="serpentinus">
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<emphasis id="B95C03266F0ACC06FF7FD8BEFDA55290" bold="true" box="[151,636,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="229">Hesperoleucus symmetricus serpentinus</emphasis>
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Baumsteiger and Moyle
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26FBE5D6F0ACC06FC54D8A1FBA15293" box="[956,1144,656,682]" pageId="8" pageNumber="229" rank="subSpecies">new subspecies</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B97DF346F0ACC06FF7FD883FE8952F2" blockId="8.[151,1144,655,751]" box="[151,336,690,715]" pageId="8" pageNumber="229">Red Hills Roach</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3328CBF6F0ACC06FF7FD8E7FF3252D6" box="[151,235,726,751]" pageId="8" pageNumber="229" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B97DF346F0ACC06FF7FD8E7FF3252D6" blockId="8.[151,1144,655,751]" box="[151,235,726,751]" pageId="8" pageNumber="229">
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(
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3328CBF6F0ACC06FF7FD92FFED65442" pageId="8" pageNumber="229" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B97DF346F0ACC06FF7FD92FFD4D5362" blockId="8.[151,1436,798,2011]" pageId="8" pageNumber="229">
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<materialsCitation id="3B40D5696F0ACC06FF7FD92FFD4D5362" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2147525055" collectingDate="2010-07-16" collectionCode="CA" county="Tuolumne County" location="Fish Biology" municipality="Museum of Wildlife" pageId="8" pageNumber="229" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="California" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="B95C03266F0ACC06FF7FD92FFED4530E" bold="true" box="[151,269,798,823]" pageId="8" pageNumber="229">
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<typeStatus id="549361966F0ACC06FF7FD92FFED1530E" box="[151,264,798,823]" pageId="8" pageNumber="229" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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:
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</emphasis>
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BF3454E6F0ACC06FEFCD92EFE2F530E" box="[276,502,798,823]" pageId="8" pageNumber="229">Museum of Wildlife</collectingMunicipality>
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and
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<location id="8EF789EF6F0ACC06FDC4D92FFD67530E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03816E226F0ACC07FF7FD8BEFBDB52C9:8EF789EF6F0ACC06FDC4D92FFD67530E" box="[556,702,798,823]" county="Tuolumne County" municipality="Museum of Wildlife" name="Fish Biology" pageId="8" pageNumber="229" stateProvince="California">Fish Biology</location>
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,
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<location id="8EF789EF6F0ACC06FD21D92FFCE6530E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03816E226F0ACC07FF7FD8BEFBDB52C9:8EF789EF6F0ACC06FD21D92FFCE6530E" box="[713,831,798,823]" county="Tuolumne County" municipality="Museum of Wildlife" name="University" pageId="8" pageNumber="229" stateProvince="California">University</location>
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of
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<collectingRegion id="49EC11D66F0ACC06FC8CD92FFC00530E" box="[868,985,798,823]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="8" pageNumber="229">California</collectingRegion>
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,
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<location id="8EF789EF6F0ACC06FC0BD92FFBFE530E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03816E226F0ACC07FF7FD8BEFBDB52C9:8EF789EF6F0ACC06FC0BD92FFBFE530E" box="[995,1063,798,823]" county="Tuolumne County" municipality="Museum of Wildlife" name="Davis" pageId="8" pageNumber="229" stateProvince="California">Davis</location>
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, WFC3050, 51.8 mm SL,
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<location id="8EF789EF6F0ACC06FAA5D92EFF045362" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03816E226F0ACC07FF7FD8BEFBDB52C9:8EF789EF6F0ACC06FAA5D92EFF045362" county="Tuolumne County" municipality="Museum of Wildlife" name="Horton Creek" pageId="8" pageNumber="229" stateProvince="California">Horton Creek</location>
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,
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<collectingCounty id="62F6A7B86F0ACC06FF00D973FE6C5362" box="[232,437,834,859]" pageId="8" pageNumber="229">Tuolumne County</collectingCounty>
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,
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<collectionCode id="ED3947F16F0ACC06FE57D972FE315362" box="[447,488,835,859]" country="USA" name="Chicago Academy of Sciences" pageId="8" pageNumber="229" type="Museum">CA</collectionCode>
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,
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<collectingDate id="EFD2001C6F0ACC06FE1CD973FD495362" box="[500,656,834,859]" pageId="8" pageNumber="229" value="2010-07-16">
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<date id="FF96F9F46F0ACC06FE1CD973FD495362" box="[500,656,834,859]" pageId="8" pageNumber="229" value="2010-07-16">July 16, 2010</date>
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</collectingDate>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B97DF346F0ACC06FF2FD957FED65442" blockId="8.[151,1436,798,2011]" pageId="8" pageNumber="229">
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<emphasis id="B95C03266F0ACC06FF2FD957FE9F5346" bold="true" box="[199,326,870,895]" pageId="8" pageNumber="229">
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||
<typeStatus id="549361966F0ACC06FF2FD957FE985346" box="[199,321,870,895]" pageId="8" pageNumber="229" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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WFC3241–3244, 30.4—40.4 mm SL, same location and date as the
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<typeStatus id="549361966F0ACC06FBABD957FB715346" box="[1091,1192,870,895]" pageId="8" pageNumber="229" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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, The Red Hills Roach has strong support for a subspecies designation (e.g.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB9A2C56F0ACC06FD0FD9BAFC6C539A" author="Brown, L. R. & Moyle, P. B. & Bennett, W. A. & Quelvog, B. D." box="[743,949,907,931]" pageId="8" pageNumber="229" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref13038" refString="Brown, L. R., Moyle, P. B., Bennett, W. A. & Quelvog, B. D. (1992) Implications of morphological variation among populations of California roach Lavinia symmetricus (Cyprinidae) for conservation policy. Biological Conservation, 62, 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="1992">
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Brown
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<emphasis id="B95C03266F0ACC06FCD2D9BAFCAA539A" box="[826,883,907,931]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="229">et al.</emphasis>
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||
1992
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9A2C56F0ACC06FC29D9BAFB58539A" author="Jones, W. J. & Quelvog, B. D. & Bernardi, G." box="[961,1153,907,931]" pageId="8" pageNumber="229" pagination="261 - 276" refId="ref13799" refString="Jones, W. J., Quelvog, B. D. & Bernardi, G. (2002) Morphological and genetic analysis of the Red Hills roach (Cyprinidae: Lavinia symmetricus). Conservation Genetics, 3, 261 - 276." type="journal article" year="2002">
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||
Jones
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||
<emphasis id="B95C03266F0ACC06FBEED9BAFBE7539A" box="[1030,1086,907,931]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="229">et al.</emphasis>
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||
2002
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9A2C56F0ACC06FB64D9BBFAC0539A" author="Moyle, P. B." box="[1164,1305,906,931]" pageId="8" pageNumber="229" refId="ref14221" refString="Moyle, P. B. (2002) Inland Fishes of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, California. 502 pp." type="book" year="2002">Moyle 2002</bibRefCitation>
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), especially given its increased isolation from other populations by New Don Pedro Reservoir (constructed in 1971), unique environmental constraints, and the prevalence (~97%) of the chisel-lip morphotype. Genetic and genomic analyses (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB9A2C56F0ACC06FF76D9C7FE775436" author="Aguilar, A. & Jones, W. J." box="[158,430,1014,1039]" pageId="8" pageNumber="229" pagination="373 - 381" refId="ref12469" refString="Aguilar, A. & Jones, W. J. (2009) Nuclear and mitochondrial diversification in two native California minnows: insights into taxonomic identity and regional phylogeography. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 51, 373 - 381." type="journal article" year="2009">Aguilar & Jones 2009</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9A2C56F0ACC06FE28D9C7FD385436" author="Baumsteiger, J. & Moyle, P. B. & Aguilar, A. & O'Rourke, S. M. & Miller, M. R." box="[448,737,1014,1039]" pageId="8" pageNumber="229" pagination="0189417" refId="ref12892" refString="Baumsteiger, J., Moyle, P. B., Aguilar, A., O'Rourke, S. M. & Miller, M. R. (2017) Genomics clarifies taxonomic boundaries in a difficult species complex. PloS One, 12 (12), e 0189417." type="journal article" year="2017">
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||
Baumsteiger
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<emphasis id="B95C03266F0ACC06FDB3D9C6FD405437" box="[603,665,1014,1038]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="229">et al.</emphasis>
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||
2017
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
) also found Red Hills Roach to be highly distinct, easily distinguishable from other CA Roach. In fact, our genomic study indicated a clear break between Red Hills Roach and all other CA Roach sampled in every analysis. With so many lines of support, subspecies status is clearly warranted.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3328CBF6F0ACC06FF2FDEB7FD7C54DE" pageId="8" pageNumber="229" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97DF346F0ACC06FF2FDEB7FD7C54DE" blockId="8.[151,1436,798,2011]" pageId="8" pageNumber="229">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C03266F0ACC06FF2FDEB7FEE354A6" bold="true" box="[199,314,1158,1183]" pageId="8" pageNumber="229">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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||
. Distinguished from other subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="4C28A4B76F0ACC06FCF4DEB6FC1754A7" baseAuthorityName="Baird & Girard" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[796,974,1159,1182]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Hesperoleucus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="229" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="symmetricus">
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||
<emphasis id="B95C03266F0ACC06FCF4DEB6FC1754A7" box="[796,974,1159,1182]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="229">H. symmetricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
by their flattened body profile, smaller interorbital distance and fewer pectoral and pelvic rays (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9A2C56F0ACC06FCE2DE9AFC1354FA" author="Jones, W. J. & Quelvog, B. D. & Bernardi, G." box="[778,970,1195,1219]" pageId="8" pageNumber="229" pagination="261 - 276" refId="ref13799" refString="Jones, W. J., Quelvog, B. D. & Bernardi, G. (2002) Morphological and genetic analysis of the Red Hills roach (Cyprinidae: Lavinia symmetricus). Conservation Genetics, 3, 261 - 276." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Jones
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C03266F0ACC06FCB9DE9AFC5154FA" box="[849,904,1195,1219]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="229">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6AAEA8F6F0ACC06FC3EDE9BFBFE54FA" box="[982,1063,1194,1219]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[147,233,499,521]" captionText="TABLE 1. Original morphometric and meristic counts for proposed taxonomy covering the five primary studies to date." pageId="8" pageNumber="229">Table 1</tableCitation>
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||
). The
|
||
<typeStatus id="549361966F0ACC06FB9ADE9BFB0D54FA" box="[1138,1236,1194,1219]" pageId="8" pageNumber="229" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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||
has 8 dorsal rays, 8 anal rays, 12 pectoral rays, and 8 pelvic rays.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3328CBF6F0ACC06FF2FDEC3FDD35772" pageId="8" pageNumber="229" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97DF346F0ACC06FF2FDEC3FEC65586" blockId="8.[151,1436,798,2011]" pageId="8" pageNumber="229">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C03266F0ACC06FF2FDEC3FE805532" bold="true" box="[199,345,1266,1291]" pageId="8" pageNumber="229">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
The Red Hills Roach is a genetically and morphologically distinct minnow adapted for living in small streams flowing through serpentine outcrops. They are typically small, less than
|
||
<quantity id="4CD072D16F0ACC06FB96DF27FB095517" box="[1150,1232,1302,1327]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="229" unit="mm" value="60.0">60 mm</quantity>
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||
SL (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9A2C56F0ACC06FAE2DF26FF0A556A" author="Brown, L. R. & Moyle, P. B. & Bennett, W. A. & Quelvog, B. D." pageId="8" pageNumber="229" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref13038" refString="Brown, L. R., Moyle, P. B., Bennett, W. A. & Quelvog, B. D. (1992) Implications of morphological variation among populations of California roach Lavinia symmetricus (Cyprinidae) for conservation policy. Biological Conservation, 62, 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="1992">
|
||
Brown
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C03266F0ACC06FA89DF26FA455517" box="[1377,1436,1302,1326]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="229">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1992
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9A2C56F0ACC06FF36DF0AFE47556A" author="Jones, W. J. & Quelvog, B. D. & Bernardi, G." box="[222,414,1339,1363]" pageId="8" pageNumber="229" pagination="261 - 276" refId="ref13799" refString="Jones, W. J., Quelvog, B. D. & Bernardi, G. (2002) Morphological and genetic analysis of the Red Hills roach (Cyprinidae: Lavinia symmetricus). Conservation Genetics, 3, 261 - 276." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Jones
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C03266F0ACC06FECCDF0AFE84556A" box="[292,349,1339,1363]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="229">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and resemble CA Roach in their general appearance. Red Hills Roach exhibit an elevated frequency of “chisel-lip”, a keratinous projection on the lower lip used for scraping algae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9A2C56F0ACC06FB5FDF6EFA49554E" author="Brown, L. R. & Moyle, P. B. & Bennett, W. A. & Quelvog, B. D." box="[1207,1424,1374,1399]" pageId="8" pageNumber="229" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref13038" refString="Brown, L. R., Moyle, P. B., Bennett, W. A. & Quelvog, B. D. (1992) Implications of morphological variation among populations of California roach Lavinia symmetricus (Cyprinidae) for conservation policy. Biological Conservation, 62, 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="1992">
|
||
Brown
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C03266F0ACC06FAE6DF6EFA93554F" box="[1294,1354,1374,1398]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="229">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1992
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However there is substantial temporal variation in frequency of the chisel-lip condition amongst CA Roach (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9A2C56F0ACC06FAB4DFB2FECA5586" author="Jones, W. J. & Quelvog, B. D. & Bernardi, G." pageId="8" pageNumber="229" pagination="261 - 276" refId="ref13799" refString="Jones, W. J., Quelvog, B. D. & Bernardi, G. (2002) Morphological and genetic analysis of the Red Hills roach (Cyprinidae: Lavinia symmetricus). Conservation Genetics, 3, 261 - 276." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Jones
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C03266F0ACC06FF7FDF96FF165587" box="[151,207,1446,1470]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="229">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97DF346F0ACC06FF2FDFFBFDD35772" blockId="8.[151,1436,798,2011]" pageId="8" pageNumber="229">Spawning coloration appears to be similar to that of CA Roach but is more intense. W. J. Jones (pers. comm.) describes it as follows: “The body is dark brown to brassy above, dark black lateral band, and brilliant white below, splashed with black blotches on the sides. Dorsal and caudal fins [are] dark olive-brown to reddish-brown, with the rays often deep-olive and with the nearly clear inter-radial membranes faintly flushed with brassy color; pectoral fins [are] yellowish with orange-red axils and very strong orange coloration at base; anal and pelvic fins [are] bright orange-red at the base with lessening coloration towards the rays. Cheeks and operculum with strong gilt reflections; strong orange coloration is found on the edges of the mouth (especially in males) with some blending into the upper mouth region. A lateral band is more strongly gilt than adjacent parts of body, thus often obscuring the lateral line. In females, the coloration is similar but less intense except for the orange coloration at the base of the paired fins that appears equally intense in both sexes. Males can be distinguished primarily by breeding tubercles on the top of the head.”</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3328CBF6F0ACC07FF2FDD67FB1A5205" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="230" pageId="8" pageNumber="229" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97DF346F0ACC07FF2FDD67FC815179" blockId="8.[151,1436,798,2011]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,151,752]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="230" pageId="8" pageNumber="229">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C03266F0ACC06FF2FDD67FE805756" bold="true" box="[199,345,1878,1903]" pageId="8" pageNumber="229">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
. The Red Hills Roach is confined to Six Bit Gulch and its tributary streams: Amber Creek, Horton Creek, Minnow Creek and Poor Man’s Gulch in Tuolumne Co. (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9A2C56F0ACC06FC24DD4AFB4A57AA" author="Jones, W. J. & Quelvog, B. D. & Bernardi, G." box="[972,1171,1915,1939]" pageId="8" pageNumber="229" pagination="261 - 276" refId="ref13799" refString="Jones, W. J., Quelvog, B. D. & Bernardi, G. (2002) Morphological and genetic analysis of the Red Hills roach (Cyprinidae: Lavinia symmetricus). Conservation Genetics, 3, 261 - 276." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Jones
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C03266F0ACC06FBFCDD4AFB9757AA" box="[1044,1102,1915,1939]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="229">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Six Bit Gulch, during rainy periods, flows into the western arm of New Don Pedro Reservoir on the Tuolumne River. In
|
||
<date id="FF96F9F46F0ACC06FB32DDAFFA93578E" box="[1242,1354,1950,1975]" pageId="8" pageNumber="229" value="2010-07">July 2010</date>
|
||
, Roach were observed in three discontinuous wetted reaches of Horton Creek, which covered approximately 500 meters in total wetted length (P. Moyle, unpublished observations). However, only the lower reach, which extends about 200 meters upstream from the confluence with Six Bit Gulch, appeared to be perennial (as indicated by lush growth of sedges and other riparian vegetation). A natural fish barrier approximately 1.2 km upstream from the confluence likely inhibits Roach from accessing upper Horton Creek. Roach have also been observed in Six Bit Gulch where it is forded by Six Bit Ranch Road and in a pool in Roach Creek.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97DF346F0BCC07FF2FDB7DFB1A5205" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,752]" pageId="9" pageNumber="230">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C03266F0BCC07FF2FDB7DFED6515C" bold="true" box="[199,271,332,357]" pageId="9" pageNumber="230">Status</emphasis>
|
||
. Red Hills Roach merit protection as a threatened or endangered subspecies and rate as an IUCN status of Critical Concern (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9A2C56F0BCC07FE67DB5EFDB351B1" author="Moyle, P. B. & Katz, J. V. E. & Quinones, R. M." box="[399,618,367,392]" pageId="9" pageNumber="230" pagination="2414 - 2423" refId="ref14405" refString="Moyle, P. B., Katz, J. V. E. & Quinones, R. M. (2011) Rapid decline of California's native inland fishes: a status assessment. Biological Conservation, 144, 2414 - 2423." type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Moyle
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C03266F0BCC07FE0EDB40FDFD51B1" box="[486,548,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="230">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9A2C56F0BCC07FD93DB5EFD6151B1" author="Moyle, P. B. & Quinones, R. M. & Katz, J. V. E. & Weaver, J." box="[635,696,367,392]" pageId="9" pageNumber="230" refId="ref14653" refString="Moyle, P. B., Quinones, R. M., Katz, J. V. E. & Weaver, J. (2015) Fish Species of Special Concern in California. 3 rd edition. California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Sacramento Ca. 300 pp. https: // www. wildlife. ca. gov / Conservation / Fishes / Special-Concern" type="book" year="2015">2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). They have an extremely limited distribution in a very harsh environment and less than 1,000 individuals persist in isolated summer pools (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9A2C56F0BCC07FBEEDBA5FB105195" author="Jones, W. J. & Quelvog, B. D. & Bernardi, G." box="[1030,1225,404,428]" pageId="9" pageNumber="230" pagination="261 - 276" refId="ref13799" refString="Jones, W. J., Quelvog, B. D. & Bernardi, G. (2002) Morphological and genetic analysis of the Red Hills roach (Cyprinidae: Lavinia symmetricus). Conservation Genetics, 3, 261 - 276." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Jones
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C03266F0BCC07FBA5DBA4FB5C5195" box="[1101,1157,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="230">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Their persistence is threatened by fire, depleted stream flows, lack of protection on private lands, and most notably, from invasive fishes. While some habitat is protected in the Red Hills Area of Critical Environmental Concern, much is on private land along a road and remains unprotected. Red Hills Roach has persisted only because of its physiological capacity to endure the extreme environmental conditions found in these small exposed streams.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3328CBF6F0BCC07FF2FD876FBDB52C9" pageId="9" pageNumber="230" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97DF346F0BCC07FF2FD876FBDB52C9" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,752]" pageId="9" pageNumber="230">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C03266F0BCC07FF2FD876FE9F5259" bold="true" box="[199,326,583,608]" pageId="9" pageNumber="230">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
. Both the common and subspecies name reflect the nature of the rocks through which these small creeks flow. The Red Hills region is named for the color of the soils created by weathering one of the largest outcroppings of serpentine rocks in the Sierra
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EC11D66F0BCC07FD49D8BEFD235291" box="[673,762,655,680]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="9" pageNumber="230">Nevada</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Serpentine soils are high in magnesium and other minerals and create conditions in which few species can live. The landscape has a sparse but highly endemic flora (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9A2C56F0BCC07FAD3D885FE8E52C9" author="Anacker, B. L. & Harrison, S. P." pageId="9" pageNumber="230" pagination="1011 - 1023" refId="ref12512" refString="Anacker, B. L. & Harrison, S. P. (2012) Climate and the evolution of serpentine endemism in California. Evolutionary Ecology, 26, 1011 - 1023." type="journal article" year="2012">Anacker & Harrison 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9A2C56F0BCC07FE8BD8E6FDDF52C9" author="Harrison, S." box="[355,518,727,752]" pageId="9" pageNumber="230" refId="ref13628" refString="Harrison, S. (2013) Plant and Animal Endemism in California. University of California Press, Berkeley. 189 pp." type="book" year="2013">Harrison 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and streams are small and largely unshaded.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |