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<mods:title id="FA3DF7C6024A83B82E804C509D4C83B5">Revised generic placement of Brachypelmaembrithes (Chamberlin &amp; Ivie, 1936) and Brachypelmaangustum Valerio, 1980, with definition of the taxonomic features for identification of female Sericopelma Ausserer, 1875 (Araneae, Theraphosidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E0FF6C9B3A687DAD7BE6407C077A9722">Longhorn, Stuart J.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="A8F08418061621020E1EA463D49A60D4" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152062683" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A8F08418061621020E1EA463D49A60D4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A8F08418061621020E1EA463D49A60D4" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="81" pageId="5" pageNumber="80">
<subSubSection id="D84710CC0B787DD809F1888C6AFD6536" pageId="5" pageNumber="80" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="793FEB79A83E9E53E8CD0F5FBD364099" pageId="5" pageNumber="80">Taxon classification Animalia Araneae Theraphosidae</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="52DB0D5154E4A1CCF904EB5680664CD6" pageId="5" pageNumber="80" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="0A16F805D521164696D386EA2F73D109" pageId="5" pageNumber="80">
<taxonomicName id="5E4364775807C48E4D2FA5592E193452" ID-CoL="6YJSR" authority="Valerio, 1980" authorityName="Valerio" authorityYear="1980" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Sericopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sericopelma angustum" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angustum">Sericopelma angustum (Valerio, 1980)</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="11358B331821A743FFE25B3B179316BF" pageId="5" pageNumber="80">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="C02E18A1CEDCFC68B5FD6C3A2767A1FD" pageId="5" pageNumber="80">
<taxonomicName id="2C51C4839678EBAE7DFAB43EDF1CDE54" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Brachypelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachypelma angusta" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angusta">Brachypelma angusta</taxonomicName>
Valerio, 1980: 269, f. 19. (D female)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A0452FED99D9575685C2B9E077B22C6B" pageId="5" pageNumber="80">
<taxonomicName id="DF3979BFAACAF7716CC27B7E27D479F6" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Euathlus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euathlus angustus" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angustus">Euathlus angustus</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation id="2EED67AD76089447238DE314082CF32E" author="Raven, RJ" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="18" pageNumber="93" pagination="1 - 180" title="The spider infraorder MygalomorphaeAraneae: Cladistics and systematics." volume="182" year="1985">Raven 1985</bibRefCitation>
: 150 (T f from
<taxonomicName id="6110BD8583C26CA47C83F3604ADD0A46" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Brachypelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachypelma" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Brachypelma</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D09662C318D1AB8F322E8AAC6B4059DD" pageId="5" pageNumber="80">
<taxonomicName id="CF404A55713096485B30B93A46A4A071" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Brachypelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachypelma angustum" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angustum">Brachypelma angustum</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation id="8536A02B39520A1E961C4197304B4E1C" author="Schmidt, G" journalOrPublisher="Arachnologischen Anzeiger" pageId="18" pageNumber="93" pagination="9 - 11" title="Brachypelma Simon 1890 oder Euathlus Ausserer 1875? (Araneida: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae)." volume="3" year="1992">Schmidt 1992</bibRefCitation>
: 10, f. 8 (T f from
<taxonomicName id="B9BBF23415B46C92DB8EC7735DAEEAF4" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Euathlus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euathlus" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Euathlus</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A13075499ADB17594040EF59D101B444" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="81" pageId="5" pageNumber="80">
<taxonomicName id="E8D33AC5C92E0C820DE927C3C3B8A823" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Brachypelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachypelma angustum" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angustum">Brachypelma angustum</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation id="430BCFC51F8E15850AA466295FB4FA90" author="Schmidt, G" journalOrPublisher="Landbuch-Verlag GmbH, Hannover" pageId="18" pageNumber="93" title="Vogelspinnen: Vorkommen, Lebensweise, Haltung und Zucht, mit Bestimmungsschluesseln fuer alle Gattungen, Vierte Auflage." year="1993">Schmidt 1993</bibRefCitation>
: 82, f. 192. (misidentification*) [*Note: The figure 'Abb. 192' in
<bibRefCitation id="D0A1B6AFC6398C7663556BB93E136629" author="Schmidt, G" journalOrPublisher="Landbuch-Verlag GmbH, Hannover" pageId="18" pageNumber="93" title="Vogelspinnen: Vorkommen, Lebensweise, Haltung und Zucht, mit Bestimmungsschluesseln fuer alle Gattungen, Vierte Auflage." year="1993">Schmidt 1993</bibRefCitation>
shows a spermathecae of an alleged
<taxonomicName id="D1ABAD8742DC4B45A8D32CF42F1CFD2A" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Brachypelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachypelma angustum" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angustum">Brachypelma angustum</taxonomicName>
, but does not conform to either the
<bibRefCitation id="4EAEF4CD19523BD0289D70B1411BCCEE" author="Valerio, CE" journalOrPublisher="Brenesia" pageId="19" pageNumber="94" pagination="259 - 28" title="Aranas terafosidas de Costa Rica Araneae, Theraphosidae. I. Sericopelma y Brachypelma." volume="18" year="1980">
<normalizedToken id="D32859B9E64D58B5BB43C84CABAA9FD0" originalValue="Valerio’s">Valerio's</normalizedToken>
(1980)
</bibRefCitation>
drawing of the
<pageBreakToken id="7E627A15268D1841CE0A58896DB7228A" pageId="6" pageNumber="81" start="start">holotype</pageBreakToken>
spermathecae, nor our examination of the type. We suggest the material of
<bibRefCitation id="BBC9ED8AD85171B0174AF6047FABF174" author="Schmidt, G" journalOrPublisher="Landbuch-Verlag GmbH, Hannover" pageId="18" pageNumber="93" title="Vogelspinnen: Vorkommen, Lebensweise, Haltung und Zucht, mit Bestimmungsschluesseln fuer alle Gattungen, Vierte Auflage." year="1993">Schmidt (1993)</bibRefCitation>
was likely misidentified pet trade
<taxonomicName id="07BCB901EE90A15D07F676F0CF1DFAD8" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Brachypelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachypelma" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Brachypelma</taxonomicName>
sp. as with discussion and figures in
<bibRefCitation id="6647F48D0432A12FAF1F2B4CF7D54F03" author="Peters, H-J" journalOrPublisher="Tarantulas of the world: Kleiner Atlas der Vogelspinnen" pageId="17" pageNumber="92" volume="Band 1" year="2000">Peters (2000</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="6427860C52056C3F0C1DAEAC65C893D2" author="Peters, H-J" journalOrPublisher="Wegberg, Germany" pageId="17" pageNumber="92" title="Tarantulas of the World: Amerika's Vogelspinnen." year="2003">2003</bibRefCitation>
), also misidentified pet trade
<taxonomicName id="B61AC2F846CC23B5BA71E7083966C5D0" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Brachypelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachypelma" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Brachypelma</taxonomicName>
sp.]
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A79C1F397BF6B6E7BD0041E5669B3501" pageId="6" pageNumber="81" type="description">
<paragraph id="A2462E4243BA2AE3464A82C0D323A464" pageId="6" pageNumber="81">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2BCCF756367344B311913991EDAD0096" pageId="6" pageNumber="81">
Female (Holotype UCR 433): Total length including chelicerae 58.9. Carapace, length 22.9, width 19.2.Caput, high. Ocular tubercle, length 2.6, width 3.1. Anterior row procurved, posterior row recurved. Eyes, ALE&gt; PLE, PLE&gt; AME, AME&gt; PME. Clypeus, 0.5, clypeal fringe long. Fovea, deep transverse. Maxillae, with 80-100 cuspules, covering approximately 60% of proximal edge. Labium, length 2.9, width 3.7, with 21 labial cuspules (a bald area in the centre of the labium lacks sockets for cuspules and may indicate previous damage, this cannot be confirmed until further specimens are examined) most separated by less than 0.5-1 times the width of a single cuspule. Labio-sternal mounds separate. Sternum damaged, narrow, length 10.2 (approx), width 8.4 with three pairs of sigilla. Femur IV with a dense pad of plumose hair on retro-lateral surface, pro-lateral surfaces of trochanter/femur of anterior legs lacking stridulatory setae. Tarsi
<normalizedToken id="0E4E4C3808250235BD0B1BCB41B02D9B" originalValue="I–IV">I-IV</normalizedToken>
densely scopulate, tarsus IV with spines along central axis. Metatarsal scopulae, I 84%, II 78%, III 35%, of the length of the segment, IV lacking scopulae. Lengths of leg and palpal segments see Table 1. Spination: femurs I, II, IV d 0-0-1, III 0-0-4, palp 0-0-2 (no spines on LHS palp only on RHS palp), patella II, palp 0-1-0, III 1-1-0, tibia I d 0-2-0, v 4-3-3, II d 1-1-1, v 2-4-3, III d 2-2-2, v 3-5-3, tibia IV d 2-0-4, v 4-4-3, palpal tibia d 0-2-1, v 2-2-4 (apical), metatarsus I v 2-0-3, II d 0-1-1, v 2-1-3(apical), III d 3-3-2, v 3-5-10 (6 apical), IV d 6-5-4, v 8-11-16 (6 apical). Posterior lateral spinnerets with three segments, basal 3.9, medial 3.2, digitiform apical 5.1.Lateral median spinnerets with one segment. Spermathecae, single domed receptacle apically swollen with slight medial indentation. Urticating hairs, type I and type III present.
</paragraph>
<caption id="0D8CEFBF7A1D71F4932A46414F6F9F03" ID-Table-UUID="0D8CEFBF7A1D71F4932A46414F6F9F03" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/0D8CEFBF7A1D71F4932A46414F6F9F03" pageId="6" pageNumber="81">
<paragraph id="D5AC215D1B8F32A6D7CAF07D87F7BF22" pageId="6" pageNumber="81">
Table 1.
<taxonomicName id="C1FC586CA74D51F2BDA4557B170707CF" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Sericopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sericopelma embrithes" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="embrithes">Sericopelma embrithes</taxonomicName>
female holotype lengths of legs and palp.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="69696A5EE44AC1C938EC32CB593EA6E0" pageId="6" pageNumber="81">
<table id="ED975E2F7D49F27E681E7D6EF99271E1" pageId="6" pageNumber="81">
<tr id="BABE344A44AF79869FCF0B5D8904B1B5" pageId="6" pageNumber="81">
<th id="2BECFD2D86B73C0CA2A2D5B091B42D03" colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">I</th>
<th id="971C2BDB8A23A9988B0C97B7E0F42CCC" colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">II</th>
<th id="1EE2AAA5FFF92C793EA68F56AB78BE66" colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">III</th>
<th id="15EAC7F1065C43D79CBAFA4E1D79EF1B" colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">IV</th>
<th id="3E751B5E417C2BCA72F7941F02838FAC" colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">Palp</th>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="D2CEB283584702BA0F5BDACF266632D8" ID-Table-UUID="D2CEB283584702BA0F5BDACF266632D8" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D2CEB283584702BA0F5BDACF266632D8" pageId="6" pageNumber="81">
<paragraph id="21862BAB537AFF8D4C5D9B4736B12068" pageId="6" pageNumber="81">
Table 2.
<taxonomicName id="B63B9B144A6CFEA5A0217531E16FCE00" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Sericopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sericopelma angustum" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angustum">Sericopelma angustum</taxonomicName>
female holotype lengths of legs and palp.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="C1C65B37B8C8E81867C17B57AEBA917D" pageId="6" pageNumber="81">
<table id="E17709E06F1601B16D3DB9C87D3E4C4B" pageId="6" pageNumber="81">
<tr id="D15123A5A77B3CEFCC8E2E96036E50CC" pageId="6" pageNumber="81">
<th id="4D445FE92D2E23EC3FC339D68523C8E1" colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">I</th>
<th id="2D7D328FC4E0F619CB0507C9D1B30FA9" colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">II</th>
<th id="580342D8A4DE8C38B74A45CB0A62F90D" colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">III</th>
<th id="E4BE2B106A7EA66AD5AD9A8D6D5632BD" colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">IV</th>
<th id="DFCA783A0B68C05E79F9F99788B89EC8" colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">Palp</th>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="898240A1EBD9959A75711418BD4DCCCB" pageId="6" pageNumber="81">Colour. Alcohol faded brown, posterior legs III and IV with longer reddish setae.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E938AE2F3ECF82D386C2E40CD5825EBA" pageId="6" pageNumber="81" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="C7A9199F152F315AF42E8EBCB5EA6632" pageId="6" pageNumber="81">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="66219385C0E139A144EC1B886C2F0769" pageId="6" pageNumber="81">
Only known from type locality San Pedro de Arenal,
<normalizedToken id="612939C0E0DFB054A92E95606F11319E" originalValue="Cantón">Canton</normalizedToken>
San Carlos, Provincia de Alajuela, Costa Rica. [Likely DMS =
<geoCoordinate id="685DD09E3D233046995B1C98D60EA5D9" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="10.375">10°22'30&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="250918150244678F6E7C4FDA2E44173E" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-84.57972">84°34'47&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9EE0EB162B259D610C99A292B562656D" pageId="6" pageNumber="81" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="3CA357DA89C752FFF3E0A3E9060E13FD" pageId="6" pageNumber="81">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="089A541DDFBE6D35BC5221752B24BCB1" pageId="6" pageNumber="81">
The holotype is now fragmented (Figs 6-11) and right legs II and III both appear to have been lost in life as coxal stumps are blackened indicating wound healing. Accession data from UCR and jar labels specify the holotype was collected on 01-Oct.-1974 by Edgar Vargas, but this information was not given by
<bibRefCitation id="E49380E6AACE4B66D08BF8AA27EE7DC1" author="Valerio, CE" journalOrPublisher="Brenesia" pageId="19" pageNumber="94" pagination="259 - 28" title="Aranas terafosidas de Costa Rica Araneae, Theraphosidae. I. Sericopelma y Brachypelma." volume="18" year="1980">Valerio 1980</bibRefCitation>
. In the holotype jar of
<taxonomicName id="08894795775BA7C2DB9474D4DA0766A6" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Sericopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sericopelma angustum" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angustum">Sericopelma angustum</taxonomicName>
a label &quot;iqual a
<taxonomicName id="53FF71CAD7E1617BBD6311EFC7B54752" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Sericopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sericopelma upala" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="upala">Sericopelma upala</taxonomicName>
(?) CEV 13 julio 83&quot; (Fig. 6) shows Valerio himself (= CEV) had doubts about placement in
<taxonomicName id="845370E3695FBB5948C7185F15E51CF6" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Brachypelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachypelma" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Brachypelma</taxonomicName>
, also considering it conspecific to the male he described as
<taxonomicName id="1E4E85FE259D6B9F34A68A699AC2F8D3" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Sericopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sericopelma upala" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="upala">Sericopelma upala</taxonomicName>
. The type localities are close, less than 50 km apart in Alajuela with similar ecotypes of lowland tropical forest, now largely fragmented to sugarcane plantation and cattle pasture (S. Longhorn pers. obs). However, until further specimens of
<taxonomicName id="75381616F8284AB7352C7884926B4244" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Sericopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sericopelma upala" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="upala">Sericopelma upala</taxonomicName>
and/or
<taxonomicName id="7B88E822CF97745C344379DCFF1534A9" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Sericopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sericopelma angustum" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angustum">Sericopelma angustum</taxonomicName>
are examined, we are not prepared to place them into synonymy at this time. We suspect
<bibRefCitation id="C4BEDD5BC7D9C544FFDABA214B334ED3" author="Valerio, CE" journalOrPublisher="Brenesia" pageId="19" pageNumber="94" pagination="259 - 28" title="Aranas terafosidas de Costa Rica Araneae, Theraphosidae. I. Sericopelma y Brachypelma." volume="18" year="1980">Valerio (1980)</bibRefCitation>
lacked sufficient access to
<taxonomicName id="525611B9B2AE7F28AEA5310B4C283163" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Brachypelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachypelma" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Brachypelma</taxonomicName>
material to make a more informed decision about the genus, failing to recognise defining characteristics (as outlined below).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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