815 lines
110 KiB
XML
815 lines
110 KiB
XML
<document id="D5848C4A5C275E84FE547AE05D58DE2C" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.3702985" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f3540a81-fcbe-4ed4-84cf-7947a37b4a0d" ID-ISSN="1942-1354" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3702985" ID-ZooBank="90309AB5-BEC9-4B9C-93CF-F7F7714D345D" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1583850483090" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Brown, John W., Razowski, Józef & Timm, Alicia E." docDate="2020" docId="2C6F87C98E09AF574582F92AFAA4FBD0" docLanguage="en" docName="InsectaMundi.0753.1-21.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Insecta Mundi 753" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6D85C66E4B52897F25DA165649BC06DC.3:InsectaMundi.2009-2020.journal_article" docStyleId="6D85C66E4B52897F25DA165649BC06DC" docStyleName="InsectaMundi.2009-2020.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Cosmorrhyncha Meyrick 1912" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="7" masterDocId="D056FFB18E0DAF5F4542FFFAFF85FFB4" masterDocTitle="Revision of New World Cosmorrhyncha Meyrick, 1913 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae), with descriptions of five new species" masterLastPageNumber="21" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1698726767035" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-3.0">
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<mods:title id="C4E7AB9FC48F58B73A451B6B528BD6B3">Revision of New World Cosmorrhyncha Meyrick, 1913 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae), with descriptions of five new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C7ABB3D578AC32791ABF830E203ABD22">Brown, John W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="20C7E941E4880FC75C4DB71A50FCC3EF">Razowski, Józef</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B10C46CEC0D223F07471F90658FA08D0">Timm, Alicia E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="B810A9F26CAC47F0511F80082271A735">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="A3DE2578DB1056F6C68B21BEB37E9366">Insecta Mundi</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="8F8178EE061C98B8CF498529F3CBD2E0">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="969AB06439CFC4AF2CB94868C7B3869F">2020-02-28</mods:number>
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<treatment id="2C6F87C98E09AF574582F92AFAA4FBD0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3706011" ID-GBIF-Taxon="162481498" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3706011" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2C6F87C98E09AF574582F92AFAA4FBD0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2C6F87C98E09AF574582F92AFAA4FBD0" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
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<subSubSection id="ECDC65548E09AF5B4582F92AFDD8F95C" box="[192,605,1744,1768]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="A47936DF8E09AF5B4582F92AFDD8F95C" blockId="4.[192,605,1744,1768]" box="[192,605,1744,1768]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
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<heading id="FF3181B38E09AF5B4582F92AFDD8F95C" bold="true" box="[192,605,1744,1768]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" reason="3">
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<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E09AF5B4582F92AFDD8F95C" ID-CoL="9263K" authority="Meyrick, 1912" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1912" box="[192,605,1744,1768]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E09AF5B4582F92AFDD8F95C" bold="true" box="[192,605,1744,1768]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E09AF5B4582F92AFE1DF95C" bold="true" box="[192,408,1744,1768]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Cosmorrhyncha</emphasis>
|
||
Meyrick, 1912
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="ECDC65548E09AF5B4582F8FAFB92F8AC" box="[192,1047,1792,1817]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="type_taxon">
|
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<paragraph id="A47936DF8E09AF5B4582F8FAFB92F8AC" blockId="4.[192,1047,1792,1817]" box="[192,1047,1792,1817]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E09AF5B4582F8FAFEF2F8AC" bold="true" box="[192,375,1792,1816]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<typeStatus id="7B7D887D8E09AF5B4582F8FAFE81F8AC" box="[192,260,1792,1816]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
species.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E09AF5B443CF8FBFD6FF8AD" ID-CoL="57HHW" authority="Mabille, 1900" authorityName="Mabille" authorityYear="1900" box="[382,746,1792,1817]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Tortrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocellata">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E09AF5B443CF8FBFDBCF8AC" box="[382,569,1792,1816]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Tortrix ocellata</emphasis>
|
||
Mabille, 1900
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, by original designation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="ECDC65548E09AF5A4582F8CAFBCDFD23" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="A47936DF8E09AF5A4582F8CAFBCDFD23" blockId="4.[192,1440,1840,1929]" lastBlockId="5.[192,1440,217,663]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E09AF5B4582F8CAFE4FF8FC" bold="true" box="[192,458,1840,1864]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Taxonomic history.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E09AF5B4492F8CAFD14F8FC" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1912" box="[464,657,1840,1864]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E09AF5B4492F8CAFD14F8FC" box="[464,657,1840,1864]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Cosmorrhyncha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was proposed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0574B2E8E09AF5B4625F8CAFB9BF8FD" author="Meyrick, E." box="[871,1054,1840,1865]" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Transvaal Museum" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" pagination="267 - 336" part="3" refId="ref15368" refString="Meyrick, E. 1913. Descriptions of South African Microlepidoptera. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 3: 267 - 336." title="Descriptions of South African Microlepidoptera" type="journal article" year="1913">Meyrick (1913)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to accommodate the single species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E09AF5B45B7F8ABFDDAF8DD" authority="Mabille, 1900" authorityName="Mabille" authorityYear="1900" box="[245,607,1872,1897]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Tortrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocellata">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E09AF5B45B7F8ABFE34F8DC" box="[245,433,1872,1896]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Tortrix ocellata</emphasis>
|
||
Mabille, 1900
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DCD1764F8E09AF5B47E5F8AAFCC5F8DC" box="[679,832,1872,1896]" name="Madagascar" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
. In his description, Meyrick incorrectly concluded that his previously described species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E09AF5B47C9F88BFBB4F83D" authority="Meyrick, 1908" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1908" box="[651,1073,1904,1929]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Eccopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acrocosma">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E09AF5B47C9F88BFCFFF83C" box="[651,890,1905,1928]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Eccopsis acrocosma</emphasis>
|
||
Meyrick, 1908
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DCD1764F8E09AF5B4139F88AFB5FF83C" box="[1147,1242,1904,1928]" name="Malawi" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
, was conspecific with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A45BDFF20FEFAFF45" authorityName="Mabille" authorityYear="1900" box="[255,383,217,241]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Tortrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocellata">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A45BDFF20FE97FF45" box="[255,274,218,241]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A4463FF23FEFAFF45" box="[289,383,217,241]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">ocellata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and he synonymized the two.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0574B2E8E08AF5A47BBFF23FC40FF46" author="Diakonoff" box="[761,965,217,242]" firstAuthor="Diakonoff" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="7 - 32" refId="ref14644" refString="Diakonoff, A. 1981. Tortricidae from Madagascar, Part 2. Olethreutinae, 1. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France (N. S.) 17 (1): 7 - 32." type="journal article" year="1981">Diakonoff (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
redescribed the genus, comparing it to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A4582FF00FEA2FEA5" authorityName="Zeller" authorityYear="1852" box="[192,295,250,273]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Eccopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A4582FF00FEA2FEA5" box="[192,295,250,273]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Eccopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and retained the synonymy of the two included species. Apparently based on the superficially similarity among the
|
||
<typeStatus id="7B7D887D8E08AF5A4489FEE1FD89FE87" box="[459,524,283,307]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of the described species,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0574B2E8E08AF5A4607FEE0FBB7FE86" author="Powell, J. A. & J. Razowski & R. L. Brown" bookContentInfo="243 p." box="[837,1074,282,306]" editor="Heppner, J. B." journalOrPublisher="Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera, checklist part II: Hyblaeoidea-Pyraloidea- Tortricoidea. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Scientific Publishers; Gainesville, FL" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="151 - 157" refId="ref15391" refString="Powell, J. A., J. Razowski, and R. L. Brown. 1995. Tortricidae: Olethreutinae. p. 151 - 157. In: J. B. Heppner, J. B. (ed.). Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera, checklist part II: Hyblaeoidea-Pyraloidea- Tortricoidea. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Scientific Publishers; Gainesville, FL. 243 p." title="Tortricidae: Olethreutinae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="J. B" year="1995">Powell et al. (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
synonymized the Neotropical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A4582FEC1FD15FEE7" authority="Walker, 1863" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1863" box="[192,656,314,339]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Carpocapsa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocelliferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A4582FEC1FE60FEE6" box="[192,485,314,338]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Carpocapsa ocelliferana</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0574B2E8E08AF5A44AFFEC1FD15FEE7" author="Walker, F." box="[493,656,315,339]" journalOrPublisher="London" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" refId="ref15713" refString="Walker, F. 1863. List of specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum, part. 28, Tortricites and Tineites: 287 - 561. London." title="List of specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum, part. 28, Tortricites and Tineites: 287" type="book" year="1863">Walker, 1863</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DCD1764F8E08AF5A47A3FEC1FCA8FEE7" box="[737,813,315,339]" name="Brazil" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
) with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A4639FEC0FB27FEE6" baseAuthorityName="Mabille" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[891,1186,314,338]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocellata">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A4639FEC0FB27FEE6" box="[891,1186,314,338]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Cosmorrhyncha ocellata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A419CFEC0FEC5FEC7" baseAuthorityName="Meyrick" baseAuthorityYear="1908" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acrocosma">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A419CFEC0FEC5FEC7" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Cosmorrhyncha acrocosma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the checklist of Neotropical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A47F5FEA1FCCEFEC7" box="[695,843,347,371]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
without comment.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0574B2E8E08AF5A4177FEA1FA99FEC7" author="Powell, J. A. & J. Razowski & R. L. Brown" bookContentInfo="243 p." box="[1077,1308,347,371]" editor="Heppner, J. B." journalOrPublisher="Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera, checklist part II: Hyblaeoidea-Pyraloidea- Tortricoidea. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Scientific Publishers; Gainesville, FL" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="151 - 157" refId="ref15391" refString="Powell, J. A., J. Razowski, and R. L. Brown. 1995. Tortricidae: Olethreutinae. p. 151 - 157. In: J. B. Heppner, J. B. (ed.). Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera, checklist part II: Hyblaeoidea-Pyraloidea- Tortricoidea. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Scientific Publishers; Gainesville, FL. 243 p." title="Tortricidae: Olethreutinae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="J. B" year="1995">Powell et al. (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also incorrectly transferred the genus from Olethreutini to Grapholitini.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0574B2E8E08AF5A468EFE86FBF1FE20" author="Aarvik" box="[972,1140,380,404]" firstAuthor="Aarvik" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="71 - 122" refId="ref14209" refString="Aarvik, L. 2004. Revision of the subtribe Neopotamiae (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Africa. Norwegian Journal of Entomology 51: 71 - 122." type="journal article" year="2004">Aarvik (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
revised the Afrotropical species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A447BFE66FE7FFE00" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1912" box="[313,506,412,436]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A447BFE66FE7FFE00" box="[313,506,412,436]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Cosmorrhyncha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; he was the first to recognize that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A46D8FE66FBBEFE00" baseAuthorityName="Meyrick" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[922,1083,412,436]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acrocosma">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A46D8FE66FC28FE07" box="[922,941,412,435]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A46F9FE67FBBEFE00" box="[955,1083,413,436]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">acrocosma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was distinct from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A4058FE66FA1DFE00" baseAuthorityName="Mabille" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[1306,1432,412,436]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocellata">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A4058FE66FAA8FE07" box="[1306,1325,412,435]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A4078FE66FA1DFE00" box="[1338,1432,412,436]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">ocellata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and he described one species as new.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0574B2E8E08AF5A473FFE47FCA6FE61" author="Aarvik" box="[637,803,445,469]" firstAuthor="Aarvik" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="71 - 122" refId="ref14209" refString="Aarvik, L. 2004. Revision of the subtribe Neopotamiae (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Africa. Norwegian Journal of Entomology 51: 71 - 122." type="journal article" year="2004">Aarvik (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did not mention the occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A4182FE46FA04FE60" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1912" box="[1216,1409,444,468]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A4182FE46FA04FE60" box="[1216,1409,444,468]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Cosmorrhyncha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the New World.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0574B2E8E08AF5A44C7FE27FDCBFE41" author="Razowski, J." box="[389,590,477,501]" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="167 - 210" part="47" refId="ref15500" refString="Razowski, J. 2004. Review of the genera of Afrotropical Tortricidae (Lepidoptera). Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 47 (3 - 4): 167 - 210." title="Review of the genera of Afrotropical Tortricidae (Lepidoptera)" type="journal article" year="2004">Razowski (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
listed the genus in his review of Afrotropical tortricid genera, quoting key elements of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0574B2E8E08AF5A443EFE04FDD6FDA2" author="Diakonoff's" box="[380,595,510,534]" firstAuthor="Diakonoff's" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="7 - 32" refId="ref14644" refString="Diakonoff, A. 1981. Tortricidae from Madagascar, Part 2. Olethreutinae, 1. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France (N. S.) 17 (1): 7 - 32." type="journal article" year="1981">Diakonoff’s (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
diagnosis, and likewise mentioned the genus only from the Afrotropical Region.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0574B2E8E08AF5A4460FDE5FE43FD82" author="Brown" box="[290,454,542,566]" firstAuthor="Brown" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" refId="ref14316" refString="Brown, J. W. 2005. World catalogue of insects. Volume 5: Tortricidae (Lepidoptera). Apollo Books; Stenstrup. 741 p." type="book" year="2005">Brown (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
listed five described species under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A4632FDE4FBB4FD82" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1912" box="[880,1073,542,566]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A4632FDE4FBB4FD82" box="[880,1073,542,566]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Cosmorrhyncha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A417DFDE4FB64FD81" baseAuthorityName="Meyrick" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[1087,1249,542,566]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acrocosma">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A417DFDE4FBD7FD81" box="[1087,1106,542,565]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A4123FDE4FB64FD81" box="[1121,1249,542,565]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">acrocosma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A41ACFDE4FE92FDE2" authority="Aarvik" authorityName="Aarvik" authorityYear="2004" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="microcosma">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A41ACFDE4FA84FD81" box="[1262,1281,542,565]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A404DFDE4FA25FD81" box="[1295,1440,542,565]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">microcosma</emphasis>
|
||
Aarvik
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A4460FDC5FE54FDE2" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1863" box="[290,465,574,598]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Carpocapsa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocelliferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A4460FDC5FEB0FDE2" box="[290,309,575,598]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A4401FDC4FE54FDE2" box="[323,465,574,598]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">ocelliferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A44A2FDC5FDDAFDE2" baseAuthorityName="Mabille" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[480,607,574,598]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocellata">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A44A2FDC5FE76FDE2" box="[480,499,575,598]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A4743FDC4FDDAFDE2" box="[513,607,574,598]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">ocellata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A47E0FDC5FC1FFDE2" authority="(Walker)" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[674,922,574,598]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tonsana">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A47E0FDC5FD30FDE2" box="[674,693,575,598]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A4786FDC5FCA0FDE2" box="[708,805,575,598]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">tonsana</emphasis>
|
||
(Walker)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, transferring the last to the genus without comment and without noting that it was a new combination. Most recently,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0574B2E8E08AF5A412DFDA5FE88FD23" author="Razowski, J. & J. Wojtusiak" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="59 - 130" part="55" refId="ref15571" refString="Razowski, J., and J. Wojtusiak. 2012. Tortricidae (Lepidoptera) from Nigeria. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 55 (2): 59 - 130." title="Tortricidae (Lepidoptera) from Nigeria" type="journal article" year="2012">Razowski and Wojtusiak (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A44CDFD85FC25FD23" authority="Razowski and Wojtusiak, 2012" authorityName="Razowski and Wojtusiak" authorityYear="2012" box="[399,928,639,663]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obuduana">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A44CDFD85FDAFFD23" box="[399,554,639,663]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">C. obuduana</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0574B2E8E08AF5A4773FD85FC25FD23" author="Razowski, J. & J. Wojtusiak" box="[561,928,639,663]" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="59 - 130" part="55" refId="ref15571" refString="Razowski, J., and J. Wojtusiak. 2012. Tortricidae (Lepidoptera) from Nigeria. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 55 (2): 59 - 130." title="Tortricidae (Lepidoptera) from Nigeria" type="journal article" year="2012">Razowski and Wojtusiak, 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DCD1764F8E08AF5A46A4FD85FBC1FD23" box="[998,1092,639,663]" name="Nigeria" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="ECDC65548E08AF5A4582FD4AFB29FA67" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="A47936DF8E08AF5A4582FD4AFBE9FBD9" blockId="5.[192,1441,687,1783]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A4582FD4AFEE8FD7C" bold="true" box="[192,365,688,712]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Morphology.</emphasis>
|
||
Species currently assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A479FFD55FC1BFD73" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1912" box="[733,926,687,711]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A479FFD55FC1BFD73" box="[733,926,687,711]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Cosmorrhyncha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are extremely similar in facies and nearly indistinguishable from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A4499FD2AFC99FD5C" authority="Aarvik, 2004" authorityName="Aarvik" authorityYear="2004" box="[475,796,720,744]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Neorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A4499FD2AFDFFFD5C" box="[475,634,720,744]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Neorrhyncha</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0574B2E8E08AF5A473DFD2AFC99FD5C" author="Aarvik" box="[639,796,720,744]" firstAuthor="Aarvik" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="71 - 122" refId="ref14209" refString="Aarvik, L. 2004. Revision of the subtribe Neopotamiae (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Africa. Norwegian Journal of Entomology 51: 71 - 122." type="journal article" year="2004">Aarvik, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0574B2E8E08AF5A466BFD2AFC47FD5C" author="Aarvik" box="[809,962,720,744]" firstAuthor="Aarvik" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="71 - 122" refId="ref14209" refString="Aarvik, L. 2004. Revision of the subtribe Neopotamiae (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Africa. Norwegian Journal of Entomology 51: 71 - 122." type="journal article" year="2004">Aarvik 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0574B2E8E08AF5A468EFD2AFAB8FD5C" author="Razowski, J. & J. Wojtusiak" box="[972,1341,720,744]" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="59 - 130" part="55" refId="ref15571" refString="Razowski, J., and J. Wojtusiak. 2012. Tortricidae (Lepidoptera) from Nigeria. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 55 (2): 59 - 130." title="Tortricidae (Lepidoptera) from Nigeria" type="journal article" year="2012">Razowski and Wojtusiak 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). All are medium-small, reddish- or grayish-brown moths with a distinct rounded patch of raised silver gray or bluish gray scales near the distal end of the forewing discal cell. Within the group Neopotamiae (sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0574B2E8E08AF5A4582FCC8FEFBFCFE" author="Diakonoff" box="[192,382,818,842]" firstAuthor="Diakonoff" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="7 - 32" refId="ref14644" refString="Diakonoff, A. 1981. Tortricidae from Madagascar, Part 2. Olethreutinae, 1. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France (N. S.) 17 (1): 7 - 32." type="journal article" year="1981">Diakonoff 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0574B2E8E08AF5A44C8FCC8FDA1FCFE" author="Aarvik" box="[394,548,818,842]" firstAuthor="Aarvik" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="71 - 122" refId="ref14209" refString="Aarvik, L. 2004. Revision of the subtribe Neopotamiae (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Africa. Norwegian Journal of Entomology 51: 71 - 122." type="journal article" year="2004">Aarvik 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the genitalia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A47B8FCC8FCE4FCFD" authorityName="Zeller" authorityYear="1852" box="[762,865,818,841]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Eccopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A47B8FCC8FCE4FCFD" box="[762,865,818,841]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Eccopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are extremely similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A4043FCCBFF6EFCDE" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1912" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A4043FCCBFF6EFCDE" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Cosmorrhyncha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but the forewing shape, size, and pattern of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A4656FCA8FCFEFCDD" authorityName="Zeller" authorityYear="1852" box="[788,891,850,873]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Eccopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A4656FCA8FCFEFCDD" box="[788,891,850,873]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Eccopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are all dissimilar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A419CFCA8FA1AFCDE" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1912" box="[1246,1439,850,874]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A419CFCA8FA1AFCDE" box="[1246,1439,850,874]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Cosmorrhyncha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(many
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A4454FC89FEF8FC3E" authorityName="Zeller" authorityYear="1852" box="[278,381,883,906]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Eccopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A4454FC89FEF8FC3E" box="[278,381,883,906]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Eccopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are superficially similar to members of the Holarctic genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A4126FC88FA25FC3F" authority="Hubner, 1822" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1822" box="[1124,1440,882,907]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Olethreutes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A4126FC88FB6AFC3E" box="[1124,1263,882,906]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Olethreutes</emphasis>
|
||
Hübner, 1822
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the pantropical genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A474BFC69FCC2FC1F" authority="Diakonoff, 1966" authorityName="Diakonoff" authorityYear="1966" box="[521,839,915,939]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Megalota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A474BFC69FDFFFC1F" box="[521,634,915,939]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Megalota</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0574B2E8E08AF5A47C3FC69FCC2FC1F" author="Diakonoff" box="[641,839,915,939]" firstAuthor="Diakonoff" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 86" refId="ref14560" refString="Diakonoff, A. 1966. Notes on the Olethreutini and on some Tortricinae from the Papuan Region in the Meyrick collection, British Museum, with selection of lectotypes (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden) 85: 1 - 86." type="journal article" year="1966">Diakonoff, 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A4688FC69FB0EFC1F" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1912" box="[970,1163,915,939]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A4688FC69FB0EFC1F" box="[970,1163,915,939]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Cosmorrhyncha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a well-developed roll of secondary sex scales along the anal margin of the hindwing, and this feature is shared with many species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A447EFC2EFE26FC5F" authorityName="Zeller" authorityYear="1852" box="[316,419,980,1003]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Eccopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A447EFC2EFE26FC5F" box="[316,419,980,1003]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Eccopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A44F1FC29FDBBFC5F" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1822" box="[435,574,979,1003]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Olethreutes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A44F1FC29FDBBFC5F" box="[435,574,979,1003]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Olethreutes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A47C6FC29FD70FC5F" authorityName="Diakonoff" authorityYear="1966" box="[644,757,979,1003]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Megalota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A47C6FC29FD70FC5F" box="[644,757,979,1003]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Megalota</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In contrast to related and/or similar genera, the labial palpi in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A4462FC0EFE65FBB8" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1912" box="[288,480,1012,1036]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A4462FC0EFE65FBB8" box="[288,480,1012,1036]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Cosmorrhyncha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A475BFC0EFD32FBB8" authorityName="Aarvik" authorityYear="2004" box="[537,695,1012,1036]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Neorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A475BFC0EFD32FBB8" box="[537,695,1012,1036]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Neorrhyncha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are elongate, slender, porrect, and somewhat pointed apically, usually orange or reddish brown with a dorsal or subdorsal iridescent bluish or black longitudinal line along the second segment. However, the labial palpi of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A4618FBCFFC59FBF9" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[858,988,1077,1101]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tonsana">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A4618FBCFFC59FBF9" box="[858,988,1077,1101]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">C. tonsana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lack this modification, and hence are more similar to those of putative related genera, e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A4612FBACFC32FBD9" authorityName="Zeller" authorityYear="1852" box="[848,951,1110,1133]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Eccopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A4612FBACFC32FBD9" box="[848,951,1110,1133]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Eccopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A46B6FBAFFBE0FBD9" authorityName="Diakonoff" authorityYear="1966" box="[1012,1125,1109,1133]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Megalota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A46B6FBAFFBE0FBD9" box="[1012,1125,1109,1133]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Megalota</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A47936DF8E08AF5A45AAFB8CFB29FA67" blockId="5.[192,1441,687,1783]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">
|
||
The male genitalia of Neotropical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A47C9FB8CFCC9FB3A" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1912" box="[651,844,1142,1166]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A47C9FB8CFCC9FB3A" box="[651,844,1142,1166]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Cosmorrhyncha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are nearly indistinguishable from those of some species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A4479FB6DFE27FB1A" authorityName="Zeller" authorityYear="1852" box="[315,418,1175,1198]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Eccopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A4479FB6DFE27FB1A" box="[315,418,1175,1198]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Eccopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with a broad uncus with a rounded, bifid, spined apex; a broadly hourglass-shaped tegumen with rounded dorso-lateral shoulders; elongate, digitate socii; a short but well-defined subbasal process (“labis” sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0574B2E8E08AF5A4484FB2DFDFBFB5B" author="Diakonoff" box="[454,638,1239,1263]" firstAuthor="Diakonoff" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 86" refId="ref14560" refString="Diakonoff, A. 1966. Notes on the Olethreutini and on some Tortricinae from the Papuan Region in the Meyrick collection, British Museum, with selection of lectotypes (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden) 85: 1 - 86." type="journal article" year="1966">Diakonoff 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) from the costa of the valva; and a valva that is distinctly expanded at the lower edge of the cucullus. Afrotropical species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A46CCFB0DFBCAFABB" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1912" box="[910,1103,1271,1295]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A46CCFB0DFBCAFABB" box="[910,1103,1271,1295]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Cosmorrhyncha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A4582FAE3FEA2FA84" authorityName="Zeller" authorityYear="1852" box="[192,295,1305,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Eccopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A4582FAE3FEA2FA84" box="[192,295,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Eccopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the less developed subbasal process of the valva and an elongate dense row of stout setae along the basal edge of the cucullus. The male genitalia of some species of Neotropical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A419CFAC2FA1AFAE4" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1912" box="[1246,1439,1336,1360]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A419CFAC2FA1AFAE4" box="[1246,1439,1336,1360]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Cosmorrhyncha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A4728FAA0FD54FAC5" authorityName="Zeller" authorityYear="1852" box="[618,721,1370,1393]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Eccopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A4728FAA0FD54FAC5" box="[618,721,1370,1393]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Eccopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the presence of one or more stout spines from the basal one-third of the valva, immediately basad of the cucullus, but these are absent in a few species. Similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A459CFA60FEC0FA05" authorityName="Zeller" authorityYear="1852" box="[222,325,1434,1457]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Eccopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A459CFA60FEC0FA05" box="[222,325,1434,1457]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Eccopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A44C0FA60FE76FA06" authorityName="Diakonoff" authorityYear="1966" box="[386,499,1434,1458]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Megalota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A44C0FA60FE76FA06" box="[386,499,1434,1458]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Megalota</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a small degree of asymmetry is present in the male genitalia of some species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A459FFA40FE1BFA66" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1912" box="[221,414,1466,1490]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A459FFA40FE1BFA66" box="[221,414,1466,1490]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Cosmorrhyncha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, mostly in the configuration and number of spines on the valva.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="ECDC65548E08AF5945AAFA21FD93FE00" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="A47936DF8E08AF5A45AAFA21FA24F943" blockId="5.[192,1441,687,1783]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">
|
||
The female genitalia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A4752FA21FD54FA47" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1912" box="[528,721,1499,1523]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A4752FA21FD54FA47" box="[528,721,1499,1523]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Cosmorrhyncha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are extremely similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A413BFA21FA9DFA47" authorityName="Aarvik" authorityYear="2004" box="[1145,1304,1499,1523]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Neorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A413BFA21FA9DFA47" box="[1145,1304,1499,1523]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Neorrhyncha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. They also are similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A4490FA06FDBCF9A7" authorityName="Zeller" authorityYear="1852" box="[466,569,1532,1555]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Eccopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A4490FA06FDBCF9A7" box="[466,569,1532,1555]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Eccopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A479CFA01FC1AF9A7" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1912" box="[734,927,1531,1555]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A479CFA01FC1AF9A7" box="[734,927,1531,1555]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Cosmorrhyncha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can always be distinguished by the shape of the signum—a straight, somewhat spindle-shaped plate from a weakly rounded base, shared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A4582F9C6FEDAF9E0" authorityName="Aarvik" authorityYear="2004" box="[192,351,1596,1620]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Neorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A4582F9C6FEDAF9E0" box="[192,351,1596,1620]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Neorrhyncha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The signum in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A475DF9C7FD03F9E0" authorityName="Zeller" authorityYear="1852" box="[543,646,1597,1620]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Eccopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A475DF9C7FD03F9E0" box="[543,646,1597,1620]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Eccopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
usually bears two spindle-shaped plates or blades. In Afrotropical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A4582F9A6FE04F9C0" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1912" box="[192,385,1628,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A4582F9A6FE04F9C0" box="[192,385,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Cosmorrhyncha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the posterior margin of sternum 7 is broadly V-shaped; in the Neotropical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A4057F9A7FA1DF9C0" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[1301,1432,1629,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tonsana">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A4057F9A7FA1DF9C0" box="[1301,1432,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">C. tonsana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A4582F987FEEAF921" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1863" box="[192,367,1661,1685]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Carpocapsa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocelliferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A4582F987FEEAF921" box="[192,367,1661,1685]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">C. ocelliferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A44F0F987FDE7F921" authorityName="Brown and Razowski" authorityYear="2020" box="[434,610,1661,1685]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macrospina">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A44F0F987FDE7F921" box="[434,610,1661,1685]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">C. macrospina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
it is more narrowly V-shaped (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3CFD2A5A8E08AF5A469AF987FBDEF921" box="[984,1115,1661,1685]" captionStart="Figures 22–26" captionStartId="21.[192,285,1848,1870]" captionTargetBox="[216,1418,214,1818]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[215,1418,211,1821]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figures 22–26. Female genitalia of Cosmorrhyncha. 22) C. tonsana from Brazil, USNM slide 145,538.23) C.ocelliferana from Brazil, USNM slide 124,775. 24) C. macrospina from Brazil, USNM slide 126,236. 25) C. albistrigulana from Guatemala, USNM slide 124,801. 26) C. osana from Costa Rica, USNM slide 142,202." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3702995" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3702995/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Fig. 22–24</figureCitation>
|
||
); and in the Neotropical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A40C7F987FEEAF901" authorityName="Brown and Razowski" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albistrigulana">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A40C7F987FEEAF901" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">C. albistrigulana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A44EBF964FD94F901" authorityName="Brown and Razowski" authorityYear="2020" box="[425,529,1694,1717]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="osana">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A44EBF964FD94F901" box="[425,529,1694,1717]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">C. osana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
it is broadly rectangular (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3CFD2A5A8E08AF5A460BF964FC49F902" box="[841,972,1694,1718]" captionStart="Figures 22–26" captionStartId="21.[192,285,1848,1870]" captionTargetBox="[216,1418,214,1818]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[215,1418,211,1821]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figures 22–26. Female genitalia of Cosmorrhyncha. 22) C. tonsana from Brazil, USNM slide 145,538.23) C.ocelliferana from Brazil, USNM slide 124,775. 24) C. macrospina from Brazil, USNM slide 126,236. 25) C. albistrigulana from Guatemala, USNM slide 124,801. 26) C. osana from Costa Rica, USNM slide 142,202." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3702995" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3702995/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Fig. 25–26</figureCitation>
|
||
). This shape (V-shaped vs. rectangular or U-shaped) divides New World members of the genus into two groups. However, because females are unknown for three of the seven species, assignment of all species to one of these groups is not possible.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A47936DF8E08AF594582F8F5FD93FE00" blockId="5.[192,1440,1807,1928]" lastBlockId="6.[192,1440,217,436]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A4582F8F5FD25F893" bold="true" box="[192,672,1807,1831]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Relationships within Neopotamiae.</emphasis>
|
||
On the basis of the nearly indistinguishable forewing shape and pattern, and the signum of the female genitalia,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A4663F8D5FC67F8F3" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1912" box="[801,994,1839,1863]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A4663F8D5FC67F8F3" box="[801,994,1839,1863]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Cosmorrhyncha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is almost certainly the sister-group to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A45A2F8AAFEFAF8DC" authorityName="Aarvik" authorityYear="2004" box="[224,383,1872,1896]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Neorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A45A2F8AAFEFAF8DC" box="[224,383,1872,1896]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Neorrhyncha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, male genitalia of the two genera are moderately divergent, most likely the result of numerous autapomorphies acquired by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E08AF5A4656F88AFC36F83C" authorityName="Aarvik" authorityYear="2004" box="[788,947,1904,1928]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Neorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E08AF5A4656F88AFC36F83C" box="[788,947,1904,1928]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Neorrhyncha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Based on numerous derived features of the male genitalia (i.e., uncus broad and distally bifid and spined; rounded dorsal shoulders of the tegu- men; valva broadened at the base of the cucullus),
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF594667FF00FB10FEA6" box="[805,1173,250,274]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF594667FF00FC60FEA6" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1912" box="[805,997,250,274]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cosmorrhyncha</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF5946B7FF00FB10FEA6" authorityName="Aarvik" authorityYear="2004" box="[1013,1173,250,274]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Neorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neorrhyncha</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is the putative sistergroup to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF59446CFEE1FE10FE86" authorityName="Zeller" authorityYear="1852" box="[302,405,283,306]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Eccopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF59446CFEE1FE10FE86" box="[302,405,283,306]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Eccopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Within the context of Neopotamiae, additional related genera include
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF594046FEE1FED8FEE7" authority="Aarvik, 2004" authorityName="Aarvik" authorityYear="2004" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Paraeccopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF594046FEE1FA25FE86" box="[1284,1440,283,306]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Paraeccopsis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0574B2E8E0BAF594582FEC1FED8FEE7" author="Aarvik" box="[192,349,315,339]" firstAuthor="Aarvik" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="71 - 122" refId="ref14209" refString="Aarvik, L. 2004. Revision of the subtribe Neopotamiae (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Africa. Norwegian Journal of Entomology 51: 71 - 122." type="journal article" year="2004">Aarvik, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF594425FEC0FE52FEE6" authorityName="Diakonoff" authorityYear="1966" box="[359,471,314,338]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Megalota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF594425FEC0FE52FEE6" box="[359,471,314,338]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Megalota</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF5944A6FEC0FCD8FEE7" authority="Diakonoff, 1973" authorityName="Diakonoff" authorityYear="1973" box="[484,861,314,339]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Metendothenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF5944A6FEC0FD1DFEE6" box="[484,664,314,338]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Metendothenia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0574B2E8E0BAF5947DFFEC1FCD8FEE7" author="Diakonoff" box="[669,861,315,339]" firstAuthor="Diakonoff" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" refId="ref14607" refString="Diakonoff, A. 1973. The South Asiatic Olethreutini (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zoologische Monographieen van het Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie 1. E. J. Brill, Leiden. 699 p." type="book" year="1973">Diakonoff, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF594625FEC1FBCEFEE7" authority="Aarvik, 2004" authorityName="Aarvik" authorityYear="2004" box="[871,1099,315,339]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Geita" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF594625FEC1FC2DFEE6" box="[871,936,315,338]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Geita</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0574B2E8E0BAF5946ECFEC1FBCEFEE7" author="Aarvik" box="[942,1099,315,339]" firstAuthor="Aarvik" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="71 - 122" refId="ref14209" refString="Aarvik, L. 2004. Revision of the subtribe Neopotamiae (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Africa. Norwegian Journal of Entomology 51: 71 - 122." type="journal article" year="2004">Aarvik, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF594117FEC0FAEDFEE7" authority="Aarvik, 2004" authorityName="Aarvik" authorityYear="2004" box="[1109,1384,314,339]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Afroploce" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF594117FEC0FB40FEE6" box="[1109,1221,314,338]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Afroploce</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0574B2E8E0BAF594189FEC1FAEDFEE7" author="Aarvik" box="[1227,1384,315,339]" firstAuthor="Aarvik" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="71 - 122" refId="ref14209" refString="Aarvik, L. 2004. Revision of the subtribe Neopotamiae (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Africa. Norwegian Journal of Entomology 51: 71 - 122." type="journal article" year="2004">Aarvik, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF594582FEA1FD35FEC7" authority="Aarvik, 2004" authorityName="Aarvik" authorityYear="2004" box="[192,688,347,371]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Afrothreutes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF594582FEA1FED2FEC7" box="[192,343,347,371]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Afrothreutes</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0574B2E8E0BAF59441CFEA1FE78FEC7" author="Aarvik" box="[350,509,347,371]" firstAuthor="Aarvik" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="71 - 122" refId="ref14209" refString="Aarvik, L. 2004. Revision of the subtribe Neopotamiae (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Africa. Norwegian Journal of Entomology 51: 71 - 122." type="journal article" year="2004">Aarvik, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0574B2E8E0BAF59474EFEA1FD22FEC7" author="Aarvik" box="[524,679,347,371]" firstAuthor="Aarvik" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="71 - 122" refId="ref14209" refString="Aarvik, L. 2004. Revision of the subtribe Neopotamiae (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Africa. Norwegian Journal of Entomology 51: 71 - 122." type="journal article" year="2004">Aarvik 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, all of which share a similar signum. In contrast, the signum of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF59459FFE86FDBCFE20" authority="Diakonoff, 1973" authorityName="Diakonoff" authorityYear="1973" box="[221,569,380,404]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Neopotamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF59459FFE86FEF5FE27" box="[221,368,380,403]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Neopotamia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0574B2E8E0BAF59443AFE86FDBCFE20" author="Diakonoff" box="[376,569,380,404]" firstAuthor="Diakonoff" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" refId="ref14607" refString="Diakonoff, A. 1973. The South Asiatic Olethreutini (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zoologische Monographieen van het Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie 1. E. J. Brill, Leiden. 699 p." type="book" year="1973">Diakonoff, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is very different – a pair of subequal, U-shaped plates (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0574B2E8E0BAF59419FFE86FA1EFE20" author="Diakonoff" box="[1245,1435,380,404]" firstAuthor="Diakonoff" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" refId="ref14607" refString="Diakonoff, A. 1973. The South Asiatic Olethreutini (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zoologische Monographieen van het Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie 1. E. J. Brill, Leiden. 699 p." type="book" year="1973">Diakonoff 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0574B2E8E0BAF594582FE66FD8CFE00" author="Razowski, J. & J. W. Brown" box="[192,521,412,436]" journalOrPublisher="Tropical Lepidoptera Research" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="61 - 65" part="28" refId="ref15531" refString="Razowski, J., and J. W. Brown. 2018. A new genus for Olethreutes streblopa Meyrick, 1936 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae). Tropical Lepidoptera Research 28: 61 - 65." title="A new genus for Olethreutes streblopa Meyrick, 1936 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae)" type="journal article" year="2018">Razowski and Brown 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="ECDC65548E0BAF594582FE36FE45FCBD" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="A47936DF8E0BAF594582FE36FE45FCBD" blockId="6.[192,1441,460,1685]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF594582FE36FE09FE51" bold="true" box="[192,396,460,485]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">DNA barcodes.</emphasis>
|
||
Although all specimens from ACG were successfully sequenced (i.e., 75 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF59405FFE37FA25FE50" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[1309,1440,461,484]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tonsana">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF59405FFE37FAB5FE50" box="[1309,1328,461,484]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF59407DFE37FA25FE50" box="[1343,1440,461,484]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">tonsana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and 49 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF594473FE17FE78FDB1" authorityName="Brown and Razowski" authorityYear="2020" box="[305,509,493,517]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albistrigulana">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF594473FE17FEC1FDB0" box="[305,324,493,516]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF594412FE17FE78FDB1" box="[336,509,493,517]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">albistrigulana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0574B2E8E0BAF594751FE17FCE0FDB1" author="Janzen, D. H. & W. Hallwachs" box="[531,869,493,517]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="18123" part="6" refId="ref15105" refString="Janzen, D. H., and W. Hallwachs. 2011. Joining inventory by parataxonomists with DNA barcoding of a large complex tropical conserved wildland in northwestern Costa Rica. PLoS ONE 6 (8): e 18123." title="Joining inventory by parataxonomists with DNA barcoding of a large complex tropical conserved wildland in northwestern Costa Rica" type="journal article" year="2011">Janzen and Hallwachs 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), with few exceptions specimens from elsewhere yielded only short or no sequences. Short sequences were generated for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF59417AFDF4FA8FFD91" authorityName="Brown and Razowski" authorityYear="2020" box="[1080,1290,525,549]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albistrigulana">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF59417AFDF4FA8FFD91" box="[1080,1290,525,549]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">C. albistrigulana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DCD1764F8E0BAF594017FDF4FA25FD92" box="[1365,1440,526,550]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(258bp) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF59441BFDD4FD8FFDF2" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1863" box="[345,522,558,582]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Carpocapsa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocelliferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF59441BFDD4FD8FFDF2" box="[345,522,558,582]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">C. ocelliferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<collectionCode id="C2D7AE1A8E0BAF594753FDD4FDFFFDF2" box="[529,634,558,582]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">LNAUV</collectionCode>
|
||
642-16 (290bp), as well as for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF5946A1FDD4FBC8FDF1" authorityName="Brown and Razowski" authorityYear="2020" box="[995,1101,558,581]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="osana">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF5946A1FDD4FBC8FDF1" box="[995,1101,558,581]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">C. osana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<collectionCode id="C2D7AE1A8E0BAF594117FDD4FB3EFDF2" box="[1109,1211,558,582]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">LNAUV</collectionCode>
|
||
633 (286bp) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF5940C7FDD4FE8DFDD2" authorityName="Brown and Razowski" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="osana">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF5940C7FDD4FE8DFDD2" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">C. osana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<collectionCode id="C2D7AE1A8E0BAF594452FDB4FEF3FDD2" box="[272,374,590,614]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">LNAUV</collectionCode>
|
||
635 (289bp). For a number of specimens, a 200bp segment near the center of the DNA barcode could not be amplified, including two specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF5946C7FD95FBD1FD33" authorityName="Brown and Razowski" authorityYear="2020" box="[901,1108,623,647]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albistrigulana">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF5946C7FD95FBD1FD33" box="[901,1108,623,647]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">C. albistrigulana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="C2D7AE1A8E0BAF594120FD95FB46FD33" box="[1122,1219,623,647]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">NGSFT</collectionCode>
|
||
4202-17 and NGS- FT4203-17), both specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF594771FD75FD64FD13" authorityName="Brown and Razowski" authorityYear="2020" box="[563,737,655,679]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macrospina">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF594771FD75FD64FD13" box="[563,737,655,679]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">C. macrospina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and a single specimen each of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF594113FD75FB4EFD13" authorityName="Brown and Razowski" authorityYear="2020" box="[1105,1227,655,679]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="landryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF594113FD75FB4EFD13" box="[1105,1227,655,679]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">C. landryi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="C2D7AE1A8E0BAF59419AFD75FABCFD13" box="[1240,1337,655,679]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">NGSFT</collectionCode>
|
||
4199-17) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF5945B7FD4AFE20FD73" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1863" box="[245,421,687,711]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Carpocapsa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocelliferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF5945B7FD4AFE20FD73" box="[245,421,687,711]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">C. ocelliferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="C2D7AE1A8E0BAF5944F6FD4AFD93FD7C" box="[436,534,688,712]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">NGSFT</collectionCode>
|
||
4208-17) (
|
||
<tableCitation id="E94403648E0BAF5947CFFD4AFD63FD7C" box="[653,742,688,712]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="4.[192,261,217,238]" captionTargetId="graphics@4.[192,1440,378,1618]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 1. Species identities, collecting location (BR = Brazil; CR = Costa Rica; KEN = Kenya; SA = South Africa), accession data, and collection dates, and number of base pairs for specimens included in the molecular analysis. Brazilian locations are states, Costa Rican, South African, and Kenyan locations are provinces. Sequences indicated by an asterisk (*) include a 200bp segment that could not be amplified, but this segment is included in the total sequence length." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F0B966578E09AF5B4582FF23FEFDFED6" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" tableUuid="F0B966578E09AF5B4582FF23FEFDFED6">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). All other sequences were trimmed to a length of 654bp. Amplification failure likely was due to specimen age and/or storage in a humid environment, resulting in DNA degradation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="ECDC65548E0BAF5745AAFCEBFC9AFCA7" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="A47936DF8E0BAF5945AAFCEBFD72FCDE" blockId="6.[192,1441,460,1685]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Although single gene trees are a poor substitute for those based on multiple genes and/or morphology, they often are consistent with the distribution of morphological characters at the species level, and hence, possess a degree of phylogenetic signal.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A47936DF8E0BAF5945AAFC88FCE1FBDA" blockId="6.[192,1441,460,1685]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<figureCitation id="3CFD2A5A8E0BAF5945AAFC88FED4FC3F" box="[232,337,882,907]" captionStart="Figures 1–3" captionStartId="7.[192,287,1743,1765]" captionTargetBox="[219,1418,229,1705]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[192,1440,213,1734]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figures 1–3. Neighbor-joining trees. 1) Tree based on all available sequences of Cosmorrhyncha (n = 28), regardless of sequence length. 2) Tree based on sequences excluding the the 200bp segment that could not be amplified for several specimens of Cosmorrhyncha (n = 24). 3) Tree based on all sequences longer than 500bp (n = 23). [Bootstrap values ≥70 shown at nodes; BOLD process IDs or GenBank accession numbers next to species names.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3702987" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3702987/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
is a neighbor-joining tree of 28
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF594798FC88FC1EFC3E" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1912" box="[730,923,882,906]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF594798FC88FC1EFC3E" box="[730,923,882,906]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Cosmorrhyncha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sequences, regardless of sequence length, rooted with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF59440EFC69FE60FC1E" authorityName="Aarvik" authorityYear="2004" box="[332,485,915,938]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Paraeccopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF59440EFC69FE60FC1E" box="[332,485,915,938]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Paraeccopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF59475FFC69FD07FC1E" authorityName="Zeller" authorityYear="1852" box="[541,642,915,938]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Eccopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF59475FFC69FD07FC1E" box="[541,642,915,938]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Eccopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF594624FC69FBA1FC1F" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1912" box="[870,1060,915,939]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF594624FC69FBA1FC1F" box="[870,1060,915,939]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Cosmorrhyncha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is well supported (i.e., bootstrap support (BS) = 94) in relation to the outgroup taxa, and within the genus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF59417AFC49FA82FC7F" authorityName="Brown and Razowski" authorityYear="2020" box="[1080,1287,947,971]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albistrigulana">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF59417AFC49FA82FC7F" box="[1080,1287,947,971]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">C. albistrigulana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is portrayed as sister to the remaining species. There is strong support for the monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF5941D8FC2EFAEEFC5F" authorityName="Brown and Razowski" authorityYear="2020" box="[1178,1387,979,1003]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albistrigulana">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF5941D8FC2EFAEEFC5F" box="[1178,1387,979,1003]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">C. albistrigulana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BS = 82),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF594452FC0EFE10FBB8" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[272,405,1012,1036]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tonsana">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF594452FC0EFE10FBB8" box="[272,405,1012,1036]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">C. tonsana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BS = 100), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF59472EFC0EFD5DFBB8" authorityName="Brown and Razowski" authorityYear="2020" box="[620,728,1012,1036]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="osana">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF59472EFC0EFD5DFBB8" box="[620,728,1012,1036]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">C. osana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BS = 97), but not for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF5946B4FC0EFB2DFBB8" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1863" box="[1014,1192,1012,1036]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Carpocapsa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocelliferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF5946B4FC0EFB2DFBB8" box="[1014,1192,1012,1036]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">C. ocelliferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(i.e., two sequences appear to be conspecific, but a third is not). Because the tree is based on sequences of variable length (i.e., missing data), and most of the species are represented by few examples, the relationships portrayed within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF594455FBAFFE5DFBD9" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1912" box="[279,472,1109,1133]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF594455FBAFFE5DFBD9" box="[279,472,1109,1133]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Cosmorrhyncha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not particularly compelling.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A47936DF8E0BAF5945AAFB8CFDA0FA66" blockId="6.[192,1441,460,1685]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<figureCitation id="3CFD2A5A8E0BAF5945AAFB8CFED4FB3A" box="[232,337,1142,1166]" captionStart="Figures 1–3" captionStartId="7.[192,287,1743,1765]" captionTargetBox="[219,1418,229,1705]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[192,1440,213,1734]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figures 1–3. Neighbor-joining trees. 1) Tree based on all available sequences of Cosmorrhyncha (n = 28), regardless of sequence length. 2) Tree based on sequences excluding the the 200bp segment that could not be amplified for several specimens of Cosmorrhyncha (n = 24). 3) Tree based on all sequences longer than 500bp (n = 23). [Bootstrap values ≥70 shown at nodes; BOLD process IDs or GenBank accession numbers next to species names.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3702987" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3702987/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
is a neighbor-joining tree of 24
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF5947A2FB8CFC24FB3A" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1912" box="[736,929,1142,1166]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF5947A2FB8CFC24FB3A" box="[736,929,1142,1166]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Cosmorrhyncha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sequences, rooted with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF59418FFB8CFAECFB39" authorityName="Aarvik" authorityYear="2004" box="[1229,1385,1142,1165]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Paraeccopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF59418FFB8CFAECFB39" box="[1229,1385,1142,1165]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Paraeccopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF594582FB6DFEA2FB1A" authorityName="Zeller" authorityYear="1852" box="[192,295,1175,1198]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Eccopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF594582FB6DFEA2FB1A" box="[192,295,1175,1198]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Eccopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In this tree the sequence data for all specimens excludes the 200bp segment that could not be amplified for several specimens. For example,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF59465CFB4DFC0DFB7A" authorityName="Brown and Razowski" authorityYear="2020" box="[798,904,1207,1230]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="osana">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF59465CFB4DFC0DFB7A" box="[798,904,1207,1230]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">C. osana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was excluded from the analysis because its short sequences overlap considerably with the 200bp segment that was missing for several specimens. As in
|
||
<figureCitation id="3CFD2A5A8E0BAF594446FB02FEEEFAA4" box="[260,363,1272,1296]" captionStart="Figures 1–3" captionStartId="7.[192,287,1743,1765]" captionTargetBox="[219,1418,229,1705]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[192,1440,213,1734]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figures 1–3. Neighbor-joining trees. 1) Tree based on all available sequences of Cosmorrhyncha (n = 28), regardless of sequence length. 2) Tree based on sequences excluding the the 200bp segment that could not be amplified for several specimens of Cosmorrhyncha (n = 24). 3) Tree based on all sequences longer than 500bp (n = 23). [Bootstrap values ≥70 shown at nodes; BOLD process IDs or GenBank accession numbers next to species names.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3702987" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3702987/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
, the monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF59470DFB0DFC95FABB" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1912" box="[591,784,1271,1295]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF59470DFB0DFC95FABB" box="[591,784,1271,1295]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Cosmorrhyncha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is well supported (BS = 73) in relation to the outgroup taxa. However, within the genus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF59471DFAE2FD67FA84" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[607,738,1304,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tonsana">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF59471DFAE2FD67FA84" box="[607,738,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">C. tonsana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is portrayed as sister to the remaining species. Although this tree suffers from many of the same shortcomings as the tree in
|
||
<figureCitation id="3CFD2A5A8E0BAF594155FAC3FB05FAE5" box="[1047,1152,1337,1361]" captionStart="Figures 1–3" captionStartId="7.[192,287,1743,1765]" captionTargetBox="[219,1418,229,1705]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[192,1440,213,1734]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figures 1–3. Neighbor-joining trees. 1) Tree based on all available sequences of Cosmorrhyncha (n = 28), regardless of sequence length. 2) Tree based on sequences excluding the the 200bp segment that could not be amplified for several specimens of Cosmorrhyncha (n = 24). 3) Tree based on all sequences longer than 500bp (n = 23). [Bootstrap values ≥70 shown at nodes; BOLD process IDs or GenBank accession numbers next to species names.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3702987" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3702987/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
, the sequences used to generate
|
||
<figureCitation id="3CFD2A5A8E0BAF594471FAA3FE1EFAC5" box="[307,411,1369,1393]" captionStart="Figures 1–3" captionStartId="7.[192,287,1743,1765]" captionTargetBox="[219,1418,229,1705]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[192,1440,213,1734]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figures 1–3. Neighbor-joining trees. 1) Tree based on all available sequences of Cosmorrhyncha (n = 28), regardless of sequence length. 2) Tree based on sequences excluding the the 200bp segment that could not be amplified for several specimens of Cosmorrhyncha (n = 24). 3) Tree based on all sequences longer than 500bp (n = 23). [Bootstrap values ≥70 shown at nodes; BOLD process IDs or GenBank accession numbers next to species names.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3702987" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3702987/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
are more consistent in length among the sampled taxa. This arrangement, with the other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF594448FA83FE4EFA25" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1912" box="[266,459,1401,1425]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF594448FA83FE4EFA25" box="[266,459,1401,1425]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Cosmorrhyncha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprising a clade without
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF59466EFA80FC34FA25" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[812,945,1402,1425]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tonsana">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF59466EFA80FC34FA25" box="[812,945,1402,1425]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">C. tonsana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is consistent with morphology; i.e., the short labial palpi and putative plesiomorphic wing pattern of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF594680FA60FBC3FA06" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[962,1094,1434,1458]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tonsana">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF594680FA60FBC3FA06" box="[962,1094,1434,1458]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">C. tonsana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and it is perhaps the most compelling of the three trees.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A47936DF8E0BAF5945AAFA21FA25F921" blockId="6.[192,1441,460,1685]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<figureCitation id="3CFD2A5A8E0BAF5945AAFA21FED4FA47" box="[232,337,1499,1523]" captionStart="Figures 1–3" captionStartId="7.[192,287,1743,1765]" captionTargetBox="[219,1418,229,1705]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[192,1440,213,1734]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figures 1–3. Neighbor-joining trees. 1) Tree based on all available sequences of Cosmorrhyncha (n = 28), regardless of sequence length. 2) Tree based on sequences excluding the the 200bp segment that could not be amplified for several specimens of Cosmorrhyncha (n = 24). 3) Tree based on all sequences longer than 500bp (n = 23). [Bootstrap values ≥70 shown at nodes; BOLD process IDs or GenBank accession numbers next to species names.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3702987" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3702987/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
is a neighbor-joining tree of 23
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF5947A2FA21FC24FA47" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1912" box="[736,929,1499,1523]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF5947A2FA21FC24FA47" box="[736,929,1499,1523]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Cosmorrhyncha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sequences, rooted with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF59418FFA21FAECFA46" authorityName="Aarvik" authorityYear="2004" box="[1229,1385,1499,1522]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Paraeccopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF59418FFA21FAECFA46" box="[1229,1385,1499,1522]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Paraeccopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF594582FA06FEA2F9A7" authorityName="Zeller" authorityYear="1852" box="[192,295,1532,1555]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Eccopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF594582FA06FEA2F9A7" box="[192,295,1532,1555]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Eccopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This tree includes only specimens for which sequences longer than 500bp were analyzed. As a result, only three species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF594764F9E6FD62F980" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1912" box="[550,743,1564,1588]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF594764F9E6FD62F980" box="[550,743,1564,1588]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Cosmorrhyncha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are included (less than half of the recognized Neotropical species), which provides extremely limited insight into relationships among the species of the genus. As in the other trees, the monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF594735F9A6FCBDF9C0" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1912" box="[631,824,1628,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF594735F9A6FCBDF9C0" box="[631,824,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Cosmorrhyncha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is well supported (BS = 97), as is the monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF594582F987FE01F921" box="[192,388,1661,1685]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albistigulana">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF594582F987FE01F921" box="[192,388,1661,1685]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">C. albistigulana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BS = 87) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF594775F987FD3CF921" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[567,697,1661,1685]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tonsana">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF594775F987FD3CF921" box="[567,697,1661,1685]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">C. tonsana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BS = 100), and two of the three specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF5941ABF987FA1DF921" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1863" box="[1257,1432,1661,1685]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Carpocapsa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocelliferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF5941ABF987FA1DF921" box="[1257,1432,1661,1685]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">C. ocelliferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A47936DF8E0BAF574582F957FE56FE26" blockId="6.[192,1441,1709,1928]" lastBlockId="8.[192,1440,217,787]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF594582F957FDC1F971" bold="true" box="[192,580,1709,1733]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Biogeographic implications.</emphasis>
|
||
The geographic distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF594683F957FB07F971" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1912" box="[961,1154,1709,1733]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF594683F957FB07F971" box="[961,1154,1709,1733]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Cosmorrhyncha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is intriguing, with four species from the Afrotropical region, seven species from the Neotropical region, and none from elsewhere. While this Afrotropical-Neotropical connection suggests a Gondwanan origin of the genus, the group is too recent for its distribution to be the result of continental drift (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0574B2E8E0BAF59414BF8F5FB63F893" author="Fagua" box="[1033,1254,1807,1831]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Fagua" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="449 - 466" refId="ref14755" refString="Fagua, G., F. L. Condamine, M. Horak, A. Zwick, and F. A. H. Sperling. 2016. Diversification shifts in leafroller moths linked to continental colonization and the rise of angiosperms. Cladistics 33: 449 - 466." type="journal article" year="2016">Fagua et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Several other tortricid genera are found in both the Afrotropical and Neotropical Regions, but most are not restricted to this distribution. For example,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0BAF594775F8AAFD2DF8DC" authorityName="Diakonoff" authorityYear="1966" box="[567,680,1872,1896]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Megalota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0BAF594775F8AAFD2DF8DC" box="[567,680,1872,1896]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Megalota</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is species-rich in the Neotropical and Afrotropical Regions, but also occurs in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DCD1764F8E0BAF594429F88AFE5AF83C" box="[363,479,1904,1928]" name="Australia" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and the tropical regions of Asia, and is absent from typical Gondwanan locales (e.g., Notogea (Australasia) and the Patagonian Province of the Neotropical Region) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0574B2E8E05AF574188FF20FAE7FF46" author="Brown" box="[1226,1378,218,242]" firstAuthor="Brown" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 50" refId="ref14345" refString="Brown, J. W. 2009. Discovery of Megalota in the Neotropics, with a revision of New World species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae). Zootaxa 2278: 1 - 50." type="journal article" year="2009">Brown 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). For
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E05AF574582FF03FEB4FEA5" authorityName="Diakonoff" authorityYear="1966" box="[192,305,249,273]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Megalota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E05AF574582FF03FEB4FEA5" box="[192,305,249,273]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Megalota</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other genera, the pattern is pantropical rather than Gondwanan. A similarly intriguing pattern is illustrated by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E05AF5744A1FEE3FC09FE86" authority="Walsingham, 1879" authorityName="Walsingham" authorityYear="1879" box="[483,908,281,306]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Hystrichophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E05AF5744A1FEE3FD24FE85" box="[483,673,281,305]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Hystrichophora</emphasis>
|
||
Walsingham, 1879
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, distributed in the Afrotropical and Nearctic regions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0574B2E8E05AF57446BFEC0FDDAFEE6" author="Agassiz and Aarvik" box="[297,607,314,338]" firstAuthor="Agassiz" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" pagination="369 - 397" refId="ref14270" refString="Agassiz, D. J. L., and L. Aarvik. 2014. New Tortricidae (Lepidoptera) from East Africa with an account of the tortricid fauna of acacia in the Kenyan Rift Valley. Zootaxa 3861: 369 - 397." type="journal article" year="2014">Agassiz and Aarvik 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0574B2E8E05AF57472EFEC0FC95FEE6" author="Agassiz" box="[620,784,314,338]" firstAuthor="Agassiz" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" pagination="21 - 22" refId="ref14238" refString="Agassiz, D. J. L. 2016. A fieldwork challenge: Hystrichophora kwazuluana Razowski, 2015 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Metamorphosis 27: 21 - 22." type="journal article" year="2016">Agassiz 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Because these patterns are almost certainly not the result of continent drift, it is likely that the distributions of these and many other tortricid groups are the result of dispersal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="F0B966578E0AAF584582F935FAA0F88F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3702987" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3702987" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3702987/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" startId="7.[192,287,1743,1765]" targetBox="[219,1418,229,1705]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="A47936DF8E0AAF584582F935FAA0F88F" blockId="7.[192,1441,1743,1852]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0AAF584582F935FED4F950" bold="true" box="[192,337,1743,1765]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Figures 1–3.</emphasis>
|
||
Neighbor-joining trees.
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0AAF584717F935FDE9F951" bold="true" box="[597,620,1743,1765]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">1)</emphasis>
|
||
Tree based on all available sequences of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0AAF584162F935FB48F950" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1912" box="[1056,1229,1743,1764]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0AAF584162F935FB48F950" box="[1056,1229,1743,1764]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Cosmorrhyncha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0AAF584198F92AFB7EF951" box="[1242,1275,1744,1765]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">n =</emphasis>
|
||
28), regardless of sequence length.
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0AAF5844DEF916FE36F8B6" bold="true" box="[412,435,1772,1794]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">2)</emphasis>
|
||
Tree based on sequences excluding the the 200bp segment that could not be amplified for several specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E0AAF5844E6F8F3FDD7F8AA" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1912" box="[420,594,1801,1822]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0AAF5844E6F8F3FDD7F8AA" box="[420,594,1801,1822]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Cosmorrhyncha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0AAF58471DF8F3FD04F8AA" box="[607,641,1801,1822]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">n =</emphasis>
|
||
24).
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0AAF5847F7F8F2FD49F8AA" bold="true" box="[693,716,1800,1822]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">3)</emphasis>
|
||
Tree based on all sequences longer than 500bp (
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E0AAF584194F8F3FB7DF8AA" box="[1238,1272,1801,1822]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">n =</emphasis>
|
||
23). [Bootstrap values ≥70 shown at nodes; BOLD process IDs or GenBank accession numbers next to species names.]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A47936DF8E05AF5745AAFE60FC9AFCA7" blockId="8.[192,1440,217,787]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
|
||
While vicariance undoubtedly played a major role in the early evolution and distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E05AF574077FE60FF71FE66" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, dispersal may be responsible for many of the observed distributions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E05AF574137FE40FA8CFE66" box="[1141,1289,442,466]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
species and genera today (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0574B2E8E05AF5744E1FE21FD09FE46" author="Kergoat, G. J. & D. P. Prowell & B. Le Ru & A. Mitchell & P. Dumas & A. - L. Clamens & F. L. Condamine & J. - F. Silvain" box="[419,652,474,499]" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" pagination="855 - 870" part="65" refId="ref15209" refString="Kergoat, G. J., D. P. Prowell, B. Le Ru, A. Mitchell, P. Dumas, A. - L. Clamens, F. L. Condamine, and J. - F. Silvain. 2012. Disentangling dispersal, vicariance and adaptive radiation patterns: A case study using armyworms in the pest genus Spodoptera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 65: 855 - 870." title="Disentangling dispersal, vicariance and adaptive radiation patterns: A case study using armyworms in the pest genus Spodoptera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)" type="journal article" year="2012">Kergoat et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0574B2E8E05AF5747D4FE21FCD3FE46" author="Rota, J. & C. Pena & S. E. Miller" box="[662,854,474,498]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Biogeography" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" pagination="1254 - 1265" part="43" refId="ref15602" refString="Rota, J., C. Pena, and S. E. Miller. 2016. The importance of long-distance dispersal and establishment events in small insects: historical biogeography of metalmark moths (Lepidoptera, Choreutidae). Journal of Biogeography 43: 1254 - 1265." title="The importance of long-distance dispersal and establishment events in small insects: historical biogeography of metalmark moths (Lepidoptera, Choreutidae)" type="journal article" year="2016">Rota et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0574B2E8E05AF57462AFE21FBB3FE46" author="Rota, J. & C. Pena & S. E. Miller" box="[872,1078,474,498]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Biogeography" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" pagination="1254 - 1265" part="43" refId="ref15602" refString="Rota, J., C. Pena, and S. E. Miller. 2016. The importance of long-distance dispersal and establishment events in small insects: historical biogeography of metalmark moths (Lepidoptera, Choreutidae). Journal of Biogeography 43: 1254 - 1265." title="The importance of long-distance dispersal and establishment events in small insects: historical biogeography of metalmark moths (Lepidoptera, Choreutidae)" type="journal article" year="2016">Rota et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported dispersal over large, intercontinental distances in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E05AF574764FE00FD44FDA6" box="[550,705,506,530]" class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Choreutidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
: four between Australasia and the Afrotropics, and one each between the Afrotropical and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="6602F83D8E05AF574763FDE0FD0DFD86" box="[545,648,538,562]" country="Democratic Republic of the Congo" name="Orientale" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Oriental</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Nearctic and Afrotropical Regions.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0574B2E8E05AF574121FDE1FAD3FD87" author="Kergoat, G. J. & D. P. Prowell & B. Le Ru & A. Mitchell & P. Dumas & A. - L. Clamens & F. L. Condamine & J. - F. Silvain" box="[1123,1366,538,563]" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" pagination="855 - 870" part="65" refId="ref15209" refString="Kergoat, G. J., D. P. Prowell, B. Le Ru, A. Mitchell, P. Dumas, A. - L. Clamens, F. L. Condamine, and J. - F. Silvain. 2012. Disentangling dispersal, vicariance and adaptive radiation patterns: A case study using armyworms in the pest genus Spodoptera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 65: 855 - 870." title="Disentangling dispersal, vicariance and adaptive radiation patterns: A case study using armyworms in the pest genus Spodoptera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)" type="journal article" year="2012">Kergoat et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E05AF5745A8FDC0FD39FDE7" authority="Guenee, 1852" authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1852" box="[234,700,570,595]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Spodoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E05AF5745A8FDC0FEF0FDE6" box="[234,373,570,594]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Spodoptera</emphasis>
|
||
Guenée, 1852 (Noctuidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the “… occurrence of two symmetric long-distance dispersal events between the Afrotropical and the Neotropical region, which appear to have occurred in the late Miocene.” However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E05AF5744FEFD80FDC2FD26" authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1852" box="[444,583,634,658]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Spodoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E05AF5744FEFD80FDC2FD26" box="[444,583,634,658]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Spodoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are known to be strong fliers, and hence their observed distributions are more likely to be the result of dispersal.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0574B2E8E05AF574789FD61FCE9FD07" author="Frolov" box="[715,876,667,691]" firstAuthor="Frolov" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" pagination="33 - 46" refId="ref14885" refString="Frolov, A. 2013. Stenosternus Karsch, a possible link between Neotropical and Afrotropical Orphninae (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae). Zookeys 335: 33 - 46." type="journal article" year="2013">Frolov (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also invoked a similar trans-Atlantic dispersal for the scarab beetle genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E05AF574748FD41FCC8FD67" authority="Karsch, 1881" authorityName="Karsch" authorityYear="1881" box="[522,845,699,723]" class="Insecta" family="Orphnidae" genus="Stenosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E05AF574748FD41FD22FD66" box="[522,679,699,722]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Stenosternus</emphasis>
|
||
Karsch, 1881
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E05AF574619FD41FC61FD67" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[859,996,699,723]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E05AF5746ACFD41FB13FD67" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1006,1174,699,723]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scarabaeidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E05AF5741DDFD41FAA2FD67" authorityName="Erichson" authorityYear="1847" box="[1183,1319,699,723]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Orphninae">Orphninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), concluding that “Vicariance of the previously Gondwanan group due to the continent breakup seems the least probable hypothesis in the case of the orphnines.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="ECDC65548E05AF574582FCD1FCDAFC70" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="A47936DF8E05AF574582FCD1FCDAFC70" blockId="8.[192,1441,811,1125]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E05AF574582FCD1FEEFFCF7" bold="true" box="[192,362,811,835]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Life history.</emphasis>
|
||
Adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E05AF5744AFFCD1FDEBFCF7" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[493,622,811,835]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tonsana">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E05AF5744AFFCD1FDEBFCF7" box="[493,622,811,835]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">C. tonsana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been reared from field-collected larvae on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E05AF5741F5FCD1FD9BFCD7" authority="(Aubl.) Sandwith" authorityName="Sandwith" authorityYear="1981" baseAuthorityName="Aubl." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Dialium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="guianense">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E05AF5741F5FCD1FA25FCF7" box="[1207,1440,811,835]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Dialium guianense</emphasis>
|
||
(Aubl.) Sandwith (Fabaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E05AF57476DFCB6FDD2FCD7" box="[559,599,844,867]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">n =</emphasis>
|
||
51 individuals),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E05AF574666FCB1FA25FCD7" authority="Benth. ex Seem." authorityName="Seem." box="[804,1440,843,868]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Machaerium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="seemannii">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E05AF574666FCB1FBC1FCD7" box="[804,1092,843,867]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Machaerium seemannii</emphasis>
|
||
Benth. ex Seem. (Fabaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E05AF57458AFC96FF75FC37" box="[200,240,876,899]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">n =</emphasis>
|
||
5),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E05AF57445FFC96FC87FC37" authority="Tul." authorityName="Tul." box="[285,770,875,899]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Picramniaceae" genus="Picramnia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Picramniales" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="latifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E05AF57445FFC96FD84FC37" box="[285,513,875,899]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Picramnia latifolia</emphasis>
|
||
Tul. (Picramniaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E05AF574650FC96FCBCFC37" box="[786,825,876,899]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">n =</emphasis>
|
||
3), and “unknown Simarbouaceae” (
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E05AF5741ACFC96FA93FC37" box="[1262,1302,876,899]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">n =</emphasis>
|
||
6) in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DCD1764F8E05AF574019FC96FF7DFC10" name="Costa Rica" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E05AF574438FC76FDC2FC17" authorityName="Brown and Razowski" authorityYear="2020" box="[378,583,907,931]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cosmorrhyncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albistrigulana">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E05AF574438FC76FDC2FC17" box="[378,583,907,931]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">C. albistrigulana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been reared from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E05AF57462BFC71FB5AFC10" authorityName="Sandwith" authorityYear="1981" baseAuthorityName="Aubl." box="[873,1247,907,932]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Dialium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="guianense">
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E05AF57462BFC71FBD7FC17" box="[873,1106,907,931]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Dialium guianense</emphasis>
|
||
(Fabaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="96B2EACD8E05AF5741B3FC76FA9FFC17" box="[1265,1306,908,931]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">n =</emphasis>
|
||
45). These records suggest a preference for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C64D5C8E05AF574703FC56FD34FC70" box="[577,689,940,964]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DCD1764F8E05AF57479AFC56FCDEFC70" box="[728,859,940,964]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="ECDC65548E05AF5745AAFC36FAA4FBD0" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="A47936DF8E05AF5745AAFC36FAA4FBD0" blockId="8.[192,1441,811,1125]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Larvae are translucent pale green with a black to dark-brown head capsule and a pale greenish-amber prothoracic shield with a narrow, weakly bilobed, anterior band. They construct a shelter from a single rolled leaf from which they feed and within which they eventually pupate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3CFD2A5A8E05AF574168FBF6FB2FFB90" box="[1066,1194,1036,1060]" captionStart="Figures 27–30" captionStartId="22.[192,285,1470,1492]" captionTargetBox="[193,1440,599,1437]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[192,1440,596,1439]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figures 27–30. Early stages of Cosmorrhyncha in Costa Rica. 27) Rolled leaf shelter of C. tonsana. 28) Larva of C. albistrigulana emerging to feed from leaf roll. 29) Last instar larva of C. tonsana. 30) Pupa of C. tonsana." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3702997" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3702997/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Fig. 27–30</figureCitation>
|
||
). Pupae are typically tortricid with two rows of dorsal spines, and typically olethreutine without a distinct cremaster. The pupal stage lasts 7–8 days, and field-collected larvae reared in captivity rarely produced parasitoids.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |