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<document id="C00337F3C11CA85FA604B4A675E68C0A" ID-CLB-Dataset="32399" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ad746972-3837-4f1d-bf97-c09e5d7f1bd5" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="843325" ID-ZooBank="EFE86EDD-D170-4D97-87D9-3125400713EC" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1502790552672" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Filander, Zoleka &amp; Griffiths, Charles" docDate="2017" docId="03FE87F0FFBFFFC5FF57F9FAFBB1FAA6" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4296.1.1.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4296 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Phormosoma placenta subsp. africana : Mortensen 1934" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="26" masterDocId="FFC7FF88FFA7FFDCFFC0FF97FFC9FFF3" masterDocTitle="Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa" masterLastPageNumber="72" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="25" updateTime="1698466659567" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="9E861937C038CE6C1905589F85996DB8">Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03FE87F0FFBFFFC5FF57F9FAFBB1FAA6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6022642" ID-GBIF-Taxon="132650315" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6022642" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FE87F0FFBFFFC5FF57F9FAFBB1FAA6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FE87F0FFBFFFC5FF57F9FAFBB1FAA6" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<subSubSection id="C34D656DFFBFFFC4FF57F9FAFEE3F95B" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BE836E6FFBFFFC4FF57F9FAFD30F974" blockId="24.[151,761,1645,1704]" box="[151,761,1645,1671]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<heading id="D0A0818AFFBFFFC4FF57F9FAFD30F974" bold="true" box="[151,761,1645,1671]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C574D65FFBFFFC4FF57F9FAFD30F974" ID-CoL="7HR4N" authority="Mortensen, 1934 a" authorityName=": Mortensen" authorityYear="1934" box="[151,761,1645,1671]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phormosomatidae" genus="Phormosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="placenta" subSpecies="africana">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFBFFFC4FF57F9FAFD30F974" bold="true" box="[151,761,1645,1671]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFBFFFC4FF57F9FAFDDAF974" bold="true" box="[151,531,1645,1671]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Phormosoma placenta africana</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B17FFBFFFC4FDDBF9FAFD30F974" author="Mortensen" box="[539,761,1645,1671]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Mortensen, T. (1934 a) New Echinoidea (Preliminary Notice). V idenskabelige Meddelelser fra Danks naturhistorisk Forening i KObenhavn, 98, 161 - 167." type="journal article" year="1934" yearSuffix="a">Mortensen, 1934a</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE836E6FFBFFFC4FF57F918FEE3F95B" blockId="24.[151,761,1645,1704]" box="[151,298,1679,1704]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<figureCitation id="136C2A63FFBFFFC4FF57F918FF2FF95B" box="[151,230,1679,1704]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="25.[151,250,875,897]" captionTargetBox="[370,1246,194,845]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[342,1249,193,848]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 23. Phormosoma placenta africana (SAMC- A 22250). A. Map showing distribution. B. Aboral view of preserved specimen. C. Oral view of preserved specimen." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/843373/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
AC.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34D656DFFBFFFC4FF57F940FE89F8B9" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BE836E6FFBFFFC4FF57F940FCC1F91E" blockId="24.[151,1436,1751,1866]" box="[151,776,1751,1773]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4711C8FFBFFFC4FF57F940FCC1F91E" box="[151,776,1751,1773]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName id="4C574D65FFBFFFC4FF57F940FCCDF91E" ID-CoL="7HR4N" authority=": Mortensen, 1934 a: 162" authorityName=": Mortensen" authorityPageNumber="162" authorityYear="1934" box="[151,772,1751,1773]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phormosomatidae" genus="Phormosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="variety" species="placenta" variety="africana">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFBFFFC4FF57F940FEB2F91E" box="[151,379,1751,1773]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Phormosoma placenta</emphasis>
, var.
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFBFFFC4FE74F940FDC0F91E" box="[436,521,1751,1773]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">africana</emphasis>
:
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610F7FFBFFFC4FDD7F94FFCCDF91E" author="Mortensen" box="[535,772,1751,1773]" page="162" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" year="1934">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B17FFBFFFC4FDD7F94FFD1BF91E" author="Mortensen" box="[535,722,1751,1773]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Mortensen, T. (1934 a) New Echinoidea (Preliminary Notice). V idenskabelige Meddelelser fra Danks naturhistorisk Forening i KObenhavn, 98, 161 - 167." type="journal article" year="1934" yearSuffix="a">Mortensen, 1934a</bibRefCitation>
: 162
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE836E6FFBFFFC4FF57F961FE89F8B9" blockId="24.[151,1436,1751,1866]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4711C8FFBFFFC4FF57F961FE89F8B9" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName id="4C574D65FFBFFFC4FF57F961FC93F8FF" ID-CoL="7HR4N" authority=": Clark &amp; Courtman-Stock, 1976: 221" authorityName=": Clark &amp; Courtman-Stock" authorityPageNumber="221" authorityYear="1976" box="[151,858,1782,1804]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phormosomatidae" genus="Phormosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="placenta" subSpecies="africana">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFBFFFC4FF57F961FE11F8FF" box="[151,472,1782,1804]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Phormosoma placenta africana</emphasis>
:
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610F7FFBFFFC4FE25F961FC93F8FF" author="Clark" box="[485,858,1782,1804]" page="221" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" year="1976">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B17FFBFFFC4FE25F961FCEEF8FF" author="Clark" box="[485,807,1782,1804]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Clark, A. &amp; Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publication no. 766. British Museum of Natural History, London, 277 pp." type="book" year="1976">Clark &amp; Courtman-Stock, 1976</bibRefCitation>
: 221
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C574D65FFBFFFC4FF57F882FD8AF8D8" ID-CoL="4GRNZ" authority=": H. L. Clark, 1923" authorityName=": H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1923" box="[151,579,1813,1835]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phormosomatidae" genus="Phormosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="placenta">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFBFFFC4FF57F882FEB4F8D8" box="[151,381,1813,1835]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Phormosoma placenta</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B17FFBFFFC4FE4DF881FD8AF8D8" author="Clark" box="[397,579,1813,1835]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Clark, H. L. (1923) The echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 13 (7), 221 - 435." type="journal article" year="1923">H.L. Clark, 1923</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
*: 374375;
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610F7FFBFFFC4FD02F881FC58F8D8" author="Clark" box="[706,913,1813,1835]" page="4" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" year="1924">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B17FFBFFFC4FD02F881FCBFF8D8" author="Clark" box="[706,886,1813,1835]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Clark, H. L. (1924) Echinoderms from the South African Fisheries and Marine Biology Survey. Part I. Sea-Urchins (Echinoidea). Report, Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey, Union of South Africa, 4 (1), 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="1924">H.L. Clark, 1924</bibRefCitation>
: 4
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610F7FFBFFFC4FC5EF881FB4FF8D8" author="Clark" box="[926,1158,1813,1835]" page="54" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" year="1925">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B17FFBFFFC4FC5EF881FB97F8D8" author="Clark" box="[926,1118,1813,1835]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Clark, H. L. (1925 a) A Catalogue of the Recent Sea-urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum, London, 250 pp." type="book" year="1925" yearSuffix="a">H.L. Clark, 1925a</bibRefCitation>
: 54
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610F7FFBFFFC4FB53F882FAAAF8D8" author="Schultz" box="[1171,1379,1813,1835]" page="1073" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" year="2011">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B17FFBFFFC4FB53F882FAEAF8D8" author="Schultz" box="[1171,1315,1813,1835]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Schultz, H. (2011) Sea-Urchins III, Worldwide Regular Deep Water Species. 1 st Edition. Scientific Publications, Hemdingen, 1338 pp." type="book" year="2011">Schultz, 2011</bibRefCitation>
: 1073
</treatmentCitation>
, Figs
<date id="FFE91026FFBFFFC4FF07F8A3FEF5F8B9" box="[199,316,1844,1866]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="1869" valueMax="1870">18691870</date>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34D656DFFBFFFC5FF57F8E1FC63FBC2" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BE836E6FFBFFFC4FF57F8E1FE87F824" blockId="24.[151,1436,1910,2007]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFBFFFC4FF57F8E1FE4AF87C" bold="true" box="[151,387,1910,1935]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Material examined.</emphasis>
MBC-A
<date id="FFE91026FFBFFFC4FE2AF8E0FD89F87C" box="[490,576,1911,1935]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="20-02-22">022220</date>
; MBC-A
<date id="FFE91026FFBFFFC4FD6DF8E0FCCBF87C" box="[685,770,1911,1935]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="41-02-22">022241</date>
; MBC-A
<date id="FFE91026FFBFFFC4FCADF8E0FC0AF87C" box="[877,963,1911,1935]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="42-02-22">022242</date>
; MBC-A
<date id="FFE91026FFBFFFC4FBF0F8E0FB4CF87C" box="[1072,1157,1911,1935]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="43-02-22">022243</date>
; MBC-A
<date id="FFE91026FFBFFFC4FB30F8E0FA8FF87C" box="[1264,1350,1911,1935]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="44-02-22">022244</date>
; MBC- A
<date id="FFE91026FFBFFFC4FF6BF80DFECBF840" box="[171,258,1946,1971]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="45-02-22">022245</date>
; MBC-A
<date id="FFE91026FFBFFFC4FEB0F80DFE0FF840" box="[368,454,1946,1971]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="46-02-22">022246</date>
; MBC-A
<date id="FFE91026FFBFFFC4FDF4F80CFD43F840" box="[564,650,1947,1971]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="47-02-22">022247</date>
; MBC-A
<date id="FFE91026FFBFFFC4FD38F80CFC87F840" box="[760,846,1947,1971]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="49-02-22">022249</date>
; MBC-A
<date id="FFE91026FFBFFFC4FC7BF80DFBD8F840" box="[955,1041,1946,1971]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="50-02-22">022250</date>
; MBC-A077775; MBC-A077776; MBC-A077777.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF28666EFFBEFFC5FF57FCFCFDB1FC53" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/843373/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" targetBox="[370,1246,194,845]" targetPageId="25">
<paragraph id="8BE836E6FFBEFFC5FF57FCFCFDB1FC53" blockId="25.[151,1436,875,928]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFBEFFC5FF57FCFCFEE8FC72" bold="true" box="[151,289,875,897]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">FIGURE 23.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C574D65FFBEFFC5FEE9FCFCFDA4FC72" authorityName=": Clark &amp; Courtman-Stock" authorityYear="1976" box="[297,621,875,897]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phormosomatidae" genus="Phormosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="placenta" subSpecies="africana">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFBEFFC5FEE9FCFCFDA4FC72" box="[297,621,875,897]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Phormosoma placenta africana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(SAMC- A22250).
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFBEFFC5FCFEFCFCFC99FC72" bold="true" box="[830,848,875,897]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">A</emphasis>
. Map showing distribution.
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFBEFFC5FBB6FCFCFB4EFC72" bold="true" box="[1142,1159,875,897]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">B</emphasis>
. Aboral view of preserved specimen.
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFBEFFC5FEC3FC1DFEDCFC53" bold="true" box="[259,277,906,928]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">C</emphasis>
. Oral view of preserved specimen.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE836E6FFBEFFC5FF07FC47FC63FBC2" blockId="25.[151,1437,976,1365]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFBEFFC5FF07FC47FEB9FC1A" bold="true" box="[199,368,976,1001]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Identification.</emphasis>
Differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C574D65FFBEFFC5FDEEFC47FC88FC1A" box="[558,833,976,1001]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phormosomatidae" genus="Phormosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="busarium">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFBEFFC5FDEEFC47FC88FC1A" box="[558,833,976,1001]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Phormosoma busarium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having straight aboral primary spines. Low hemispherical test with sharp margin. Small tubercles are surrounded by large areoles on oral side; aborally tubercles in an irregular arrangement, where areoles are not deepened.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34D656DFFBEFFC5FF07FBD7FB94FB52" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE836E6FFBEFFC5FF07FBD7FC86FBAB" blockId="25.[151,1437,976,1365]" box="[199,847,1088,1113]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFBEFFC5FF07FBD7FE1BFBAA" bold="true" box="[199,466,1088,1113]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Global maximum size.</emphasis>
Maximum test diameter
<quantity id="4CAF9B03FFBEFFC5FD2BFBD7FC82FBAB" box="[747,843,1088,1112]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" unit="mm" value="120.0">120 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE836E6FFBEFFC5FF07FBF3FB94FB52" blockId="25.[151,1437,976,1365]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFBEFFC5FF07FBF3FE7DFB8E" bold="true" box="[199,436,1124,1149]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Global distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C574D65FFBEFFC5FE7CFBF2FDF0FB8E" authorityName=": H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1923" box="[444,569,1124,1149]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phormosomatidae" genus="Phormosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="placenta">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFBEFFC5FE7CFBF2FDF0FB8E" box="[444,569,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">P. placenta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a widely-distributed Atlantic species, while the South African subspecies,
<taxonomicName id="4C574D65FFBEFFC5FF57FB1EFEB0FB53" authorityName=": Clark &amp; Courtman-Stock" authorityYear="1976" box="[151,377,1160,1185]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phormosomatidae" genus="Phormosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="placenta" subSpecies="africana">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFBEFFC5FF57FB1EFEB0FB53" box="[151,377,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">P. placenta africana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is restricted to the Southern Atlantic, at
<quantity id="4CAF9B03FFBEFFC5FCFEFB1FFC02FB53" box="[830,971,1160,1185]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.875" metricValueMax="3.7" metricValueMin="0.05" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" unit="m" value="1875.0" valueMax="3700.0" valueMin="50.0">50 3700 m</quantity>
depth range.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34D656DFFBEFFC5FF07FB3BFBB1FAA6" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BE836E6FFBEFFC5FF07FB3BFBB1FAA6" blockId="25.[151,1437,976,1365]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFBEFFC5FF07FB3BFEF2FB36" bold="true" box="[199,315,1196,1221]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Remarks.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B17FFBEFFC5FE81FB3AFDC3FB36" author="Mortensen" box="[321,522,1196,1221]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Mortensen, T., (1935) A Monograph of the Echiniodea. II. Bothriocidarioda, Melonechinoida, Lepidocebtroida, and Stirodonta. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 647 pp." type="book" year="1935">Mortensen (1935)</bibRefCitation>
distinguished the
<collectingRegion id="4993F804FFBEFFC5FD15FB3BFCDFFB36" box="[725,790,1196,1221]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">South</collectingRegion>
African
<taxonomicName id="4C574D65FFBEFFC5FCB9FB3AFC3DFB36" authorityName=": H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1923" box="[889,1012,1196,1221]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phormosomatidae" genus="Phormosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="placenta">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFBEFFC5FCB9FB3AFC3DFB36" box="[889,1012,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">P. placenta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Atlantic
<taxonomicName id="4C574D65FFBEFFC5FB01FB3AFAF5FB36" authorityName=": H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1923" box="[1217,1340,1196,1221]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phormosomatidae" genus="Phormosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="placenta">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFBEFFC5FB01FB3AFAF5FB36" box="[1217,1340,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">P. placenta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because of the presence of large tubercles, which suggests larger spines and the feature of species reaching a considerably larger size. Therefore he placed
<collectingRegion id="4993F804FFBEFFC5FDC2FB63FD8AFAFE" box="[514,579,1268,1293]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">South</collectingRegion>
African
<taxonomicName id="4C574D65FFBEFFC5FD67FB62FCEDFAFE" authorityName=": H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1923" box="[679,804,1268,1293]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phormosomatidae" genus="Phormosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="placenta">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFBEFFC5FD67FB62FCEDFAFE" box="[679,804,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">P. placenta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the separate subspecies,
<taxonomicName id="4C574D65FFBEFFC5FB9CFB62FAF6FAFE" authorityName=": Clark &amp; Courtman-Stock" authorityYear="1976" box="[1116,1343,1268,1293]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phormosomatidae" genus="Phormosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="placenta" subSpecies="africana">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFBEFFC5FB9CFB62FAF6FAFE" box="[1116,1343,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">P. placenta africana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C574D65FFBEFFC5FF16FA8EFEA0FAC2" authorityName=": A. Agassiz" authorityYear="1881" box="[214,361,1304,1329]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phormosomatidae" genus="Phormosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bursarium">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFBEFFC5FF16FA8EFEA0FAC2" box="[214,361,1304,1329]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">P. bursarium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having a distinctive sharper outline and finer tubercles, and by geographic distribution—
<taxonomicName id="4C574D65FFBEFFC5FA47FA8EFEC5FAA6" authorityName=": A. Agassiz" authorityYear="1881" class="Echinoidea" family="Phormosomatidae" genus="Phormosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bursarium">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFBEFFC5FA47FA8EFEC5FAA6" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">P. bursarium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
being known from the Indian Ocean and
<taxonomicName id="4C574D65FFBEFFC5FD1EFAAAFC93FAA6" authorityName=": H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1923" box="[734,858,1340,1365]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phormosomatidae" genus="Phormosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="placenta">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFBEFFC5FD1EFAAAFC93FAA6" box="[734,858,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">P. placenta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Atlantic Ocean.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>