269 lines
42 KiB
XML
269 lines
42 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="6B60713E649CB4CB50052DE0285DC1F4">Contributions to the study of the grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae Gomphocerinae) courtship songs from Kazakhstan and adjacent territories</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0DEEA8647D191971C9A015277C909254">Vedenina, Varvara</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C40C7F0BA85D8153E0A931D8138B3931">Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy Karetny per. 19, Moscow 127051 Russia. & vedenin @ iitp. ru; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 2694 - 4152</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="3C6EAF03280F111CB35985D61093537D" type="email">vedenin@iitp.ru</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="98E09C695DA661CB3D66F25A1EB267C6">Sevastianov, Nikita</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="83F44D733EC97C922A25E1A9184AC800" type="ORCID">0000-0002-1563-5194</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="E4A0DDA1D2EB0A33E3F7976E16BD8087">Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy Karetny per. 19, Moscow 127051 Russia. & met 3254 @ yandex. ru; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 1563 - 5194</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="22E26F14B195EDBAC140E8DC80A829A0" type="email">met3254@yandex.ru</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="5429970C709BD77E4FF453C09A0102FA">Tarasova, Tatiana</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E5D675D1D4E8FCBE1B04BE697364A362">Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy Karetny per. 19, Moscow 127051 Russia. & thomisida @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 7956 - 9333</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="5BBDD19ED3A374FCB39A571E83D78143" type="email">thomisida@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<treatment id="03D81D4EFFC90E12FF4EFE0A4A321840" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4386344" ID-GBIF-Taxon="176234793" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4386344" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D81D4EFFC90E12FF4EFE0A4A321840" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D81D4EFFC90E12FF4EFE0A4A321840" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="515" pageId="8" pageNumber="513">
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<heading id="D0861B34FFC90E10FF4EFE0A4A7B1ADD" bold="true" box="[151,862,366,393]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="513" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C71D7DBFFC90E10FF4EFE0A4A7B1ADD" authority="(Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882)" baseAuthorityName="Brunner von Wattenwyl" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[151,862,366,393]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Myrmeleotettix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="513" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidus">
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<emphasis id="B905704AFFC90E10FF4EFE0A4A7B1ADD" bold="true" box="[151,862,366,393]" pageId="8" pageNumber="513">
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<emphasis id="B905704AFFC90E10FF4EFE0A489A1ADC" bold="true" box="[151,447,366,393]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="513">Myrmeleotettix pallidus</emphasis>
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(Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B905704AFFC90E10FF4EFED248131A85" bold="true" box="[151,310,438,464]" pageId="8" pageNumber="513">Distribution.</emphasis>
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South-eastern part of European
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<collectingCountry id="F366ECC8FFC90E10FD77FED34BDB1A84" box="[686,766,439,465]" name="Russia" pageId="8" pageNumber="513">Russia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F366ECC8FFC90E10FCD3FED34AB11A84" box="[778,916,439,465]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="8" pageNumber="513">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
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, Altai, south-western Siberia.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C36BFFD3FFC90E10FF1EFEBE4A981936" pageId="8" pageNumber="513" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BCEAC58FFC90E10FF1EFEBE4A981936" blockId="8.[151,1437,438,1797]" pageId="8" pageNumber="513">
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<emphasis id="B905704AFFC90E10FF1EFEBE481F1AA1" bold="true" box="[199,314,474,500]" pageId="8" pageNumber="513">Material.</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="3B19A605FFC90E10FE9BFEBF4B9E194E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3003796321" collectingDate="2019-03-07" collectingDateMax="2019-05-07" collectingDateMin="2019-03-07" country="Kazakhstan" county="Pavlodar region" latitude="53.336666" location="Akmola region" longLatPrecision="107" longitude="75.43" municipality="Pavlodar region" pageId="8" pageNumber="513" specimenCount="1">
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<collectingCountry id="F366ECC8FFC90E10FE9BFEBF48EB1AA0" box="[322,462,475,501]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="8" pageNumber="513">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
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:
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<emphasis id="B905704AFFC90E10FE00FEBE48CA1AA1" bold="true" box="[473,495,474,500]" pageId="8" pageNumber="513">4.</emphasis>
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<location id="8EAEFA83FFC90E10FE2FFEBF4B8D1AA0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D81D4EFFC90E12FF4EFE0A4A321840:8EAEFA83FFC90E10FE2FFEBF4B8D1AA0" box="[502,680,475,501]" country="Kazakhstan" county="Pavlodar region" latitude="53.336666" longLatPrecision="107" longitude="75.43" municipality="Pavlodar region" name="Akmola region" pageId="8" pageNumber="513">Akmola region</location>
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, ab.
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NW of Ereimentau
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</locationDeviation>
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, steppe near
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<location id="8EAEFA83FFC90E10FB70FEBF4C2C1AA0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D81D4EFFC90E12FF4EFE0A4A321840:8EAEFA83FFC90E10FB70FEBF4C2C1AA0" box="[1193,1289,475,501]" country="Kazakhstan" county="Pavlodar region" latitude="53.336666" longLatPrecision="107" longitude="75.43" municipality="Pavlodar region" name="Baysary" pageId="8" pageNumber="513">Baysary</location>
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,
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,
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,
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<date id="FFCF8A98FFC90E10FEFBFE9B4882194C" box="[290,423,511,537]" pageId="8" pageNumber="513" value="2019-03-07">
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<collectingDate id="EF8B7370FFC90E10FEFBFE9B4882194C" box="[290,423,511,537]" pageId="8" pageNumber="513" value="2019-03-07">03.07.2019</collectingDate>
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</date>
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, song recording in 1 ³;
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="3B19A605FFC90E10FD1BFE9B4D04196A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3003796306" collectingDate="2019-03-07" collectingDateMax="2019-05-07" collectingDateMin="2019-03-07" country="Kazakhstan" county="Pavlodar region" latitude="53.336666" location="Akmola region" longLatPrecision="107" longitude="75.43" municipality="Pavlodar region" pageId="8" pageNumber="513" specimenCount="1">
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<emphasis id="B905704AFFC90E10FD1BFE9B4BFD194C" bold="true" box="[706,728,511,537]" pageId="8" pageNumber="513">5.</emphasis>
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BAA3622FFC90E10FD39FE9B4AB9194C" box="[736,924,511,537]" pageId="8" pageNumber="513">Pavlodar region</collectingMunicipality>
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, ab.
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<quantity id="4C8901BDFFC90E10FC0BFE9B4D39194C" box="[978,1052,511,537]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="8" pageNumber="513" unit="km" value="48.0">48 km</quantity>
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W of Ekibastuz
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</locationDeviation>
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, steppe ab.
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<quantity id="4C8901BDFFC90E10FABBFE9B4CB9194C" box="[1378,1436,511,537]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="513" unit="km" value="3.0">3 km</quantity>
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W of Schiderty
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE45CA9FFFC90E10FE85FD4648C51968" box="[348,480,546,573]" degrees="51" direction="north" minutes="42.9" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="513" precision="92" value="51.715">51°42.9’ N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE45CA9FFFC90E10FE36FD464B4A1968" box="[495,623,546,573]" degrees="74" direction="east" minutes="38.5" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="513" precision="92" value="74.64167">74°38.5’ E</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<date id="FFCF8A98FFC90E10FDA7FD474A261968" box="[638,771,547,573]" pageId="8" pageNumber="513" value="2019-04-07">
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<collectingDate id="EF8B7370FFC90E10FDA7FD474A261968" box="[638,771,547,573]" pageId="8" pageNumber="513" value="2019-04-07">04.07.2019</collectingDate>
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</date>
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, song recording in 1 ³;
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="3B19A605FFC90E10FBF2FD464A901936" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3003796320" collectingDate="2019-03-07" collectingDateMax="2019-05-07" collectingDateMin="2019-03-07" country="Kazakhstan" county="Pavlodar region" latitude="53.336666" location="Akmola region" longLatPrecision="107" longitude="75.43" municipality="Pavlodar region" pageId="8" pageNumber="513" specimenCount="1">
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<emphasis id="B905704AFFC90E10FBF2FD464D641969" bold="true" box="[1067,1089,546,572]" pageId="8" pageNumber="513">9.</emphasis>
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<collectingCounty id="62AFD4D4FFC90E10FB92FD474C2C1968" box="[1099,1289,547,573]" pageId="8" pageNumber="513">Pavlodar region</collectingCounty>
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, environs of Irtyshsk,
|
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<geoCoordinate id="EE45CA9FFFC90E10FEDDFD2248A01934" box="[260,389,582,609]" degrees="53" direction="north" minutes="20.2" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="513" precision="92" value="53.336666">53°20.2’ N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE45CA9FFFC90E10FE48FD224B351934" box="[401,528,582,609]" degrees="75" direction="east" minutes="25.8" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="513" precision="92" value="75.43">75°25.8’ E</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<date id="FFCF8A98FFC90E10FDC5FD224B841934" box="[540,673,582,609]" pageId="8" pageNumber="513" value="2019-05-07">
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<collectingDate id="EF8B7370FFC90E10FDC5FD224B841934" box="[540,673,582,609]" pageId="8" pageNumber="513" value="2019-05-07">05.07.2019</collectingDate>
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</date>
|
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, song recordings in 3 ³
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
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</paragraph>
|
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</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="C36BFFD3FFC90E12FF1EFD0E4A321840" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="515" pageId="8" pageNumber="513" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BCEAC58FFC90E10FF1EFD0E483D19FC" blockId="8.[151,1437,438,1797]" pageId="8" pageNumber="513">
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<emphasis id="B905704AFFC90E10FF1EFD0E489319D0" bold="true" box="[199,438,618,645]" pageId="8" pageNumber="513">References to song.</emphasis>
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE0D1A9FFC90E10FE66FD0F4B4B19D0" author="Savitsky, V. Yu." box="[447,622,618,645]" pageId="8" pageNumber="513" pagination="92 - 117" refId="ref12372" refString="Savitsky, V. Yu. (2005) New data on acoustic communication of grasshoppers of the genera Omocestus Bol. and Myrmeleotettix Bol. (Orthoptera, Acrididae) from Southern European Russia and their taxonomic importance. Trudy Russkogo Entomologicheskogo Obshchestva, 76, 92 - 117 [in Russian, English abstract]" type="journal article" year="2005">Savitsky, 2005</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE0D1A9FFC90E10FDA2FD0F4B9C19D0" author="Savitsky, V. Yu." box="[635,697,619,645]" pageId="8" pageNumber="513" pagination="29 - 49" refId="ref12429" refString="Savitsky, V. Yu. (2009) Fauna, structure of communities and acoustic signals of grasshoppers (Orthoptera, Acridoidea) in environs of the Dzhanybek Research Station. Caucasian Entomological Bulluten, 5, 29 - 49. [in Russian, English abstract] https: // doi. org / 10.23885 / 1814 - 3326 - 2009 - 5 - 1 - 29 - 49" type="journal article" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: recordings from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366ECC8FFC90E10FC50FD0F4AF319D0" box="[905,982,619,645]" name="Russia" pageId="8" pageNumber="513">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
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(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B562BAFFC90E10FC3FFD0F4D9D19D3" box="[998,1208,619,646]" country="Russia" name="Volgograd" pageId="8" pageNumber="513">Volgograd region</collectingRegion>
|
||
), calling and courtship songs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCEAC58FFC90E10FF1EFDD64B611D78" blockId="8.[151,1437,438,1797]" pageId="8" pageNumber="513">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905704AFFC90E10FF1EFDD6482E1999" bold="true" box="[199,267,690,716]" pageId="8" pageNumber="513">Song.</emphasis>
|
||
The courtship song starts with alternating movements of the two hind legs (element 1,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134AB0DDFFC90E10FAD3FDD74CAA1998" box="[1290,1423,690,717]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[371,1301,207,1650]" captionTargetId="figure-20@9.[227,1361,181,1757]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Oscillograms and frequency spectra of the courtship songs of two males (A, B) of Myrmeleotettix pallidus from Pavlodar region. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in C–G). In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. Different elements of the courtship song are indicated by numbers 1–4. Frequency spectra shown for the elements 2 (H), 3 (I) and 4 (J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4358744" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4358744/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="513">Fig. 5 A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). One leg produces from 10 to 15 low-amplitude up and down movements, whereas the other leg doesn’t move. Next, the legs change the roles. Despite the two legs demonstrate similar movement patterns, one leg produces the pulses of larger amplitude than the other leg. Thus, the syllables of larger pulses alternate with the syllables of the smaller pulses. Sometimes the legs do not show regular alternation of vibrations and pauses, in which case the pulse amplitude varies randomly (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134AB0DDFFC90E10FD52FC034BD418D4" box="[651,753,870,897]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[371,1301,207,1650]" captionTargetId="figure-20@9.[227,1361,181,1757]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Oscillograms and frequency spectra of the courtship songs of two males (A, B) of Myrmeleotettix pallidus from Pavlodar region. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in C–G). In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. Different elements of the courtship song are indicated by numbers 1–4. Frequency spectra shown for the elements 2 (H), 3 (I) and 4 (J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4358744" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4358744/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="513">Fig. 5 D</figureCitation>
|
||
). The pulse repetition rate is typically about 40–55/s. This element lasting 6–10 s follows by the element 2 of the courtship song, which is similar to the calling song (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134AB0DDFFC90E10FAB7FCEF49E6189C" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[371,1301,207,1650]" captionTargetId="figure-20@9.[227,1361,181,1757]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Oscillograms and frequency spectra of the courtship songs of two males (A, B) of Myrmeleotettix pallidus from Pavlodar region. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in C–G). In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. Different elements of the courtship song are indicated by numbers 1–4. Frequency spectra shown for the elements 2 (H), 3 (I) and 4 (J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4358744" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4358744/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="513">Fig. 5 E</figureCitation>
|
||
). It lasts 1–3 s and consists of the syllables repeated at the rate of about 10–20/s. Each syllable is usually composed of 7–10 pulses that reach maximum intensity in the end of each syllable. During the element 2, the legs are moved almost synchronously (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134AB0DDFFC90E10FD8FFC934B901F44" box="[598,693,1014,1041]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[371,1301,207,1650]" captionTargetId="figure-20@9.[227,1361,181,1757]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Oscillograms and frequency spectra of the courtship songs of two males (A, B) of Myrmeleotettix pallidus from Pavlodar region. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in C–G). In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. Different elements of the courtship song are indicated by numbers 1–4. Frequency spectra shown for the elements 2 (H), 3 (I) and 4 (J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4358744" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4358744/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="513">Fig. 5 F</figureCitation>
|
||
). The two elements alternate during several minutes. Thereupon, the element 2 is followed by the element 3 that is accompanied by a visual display (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134AB0DDFFC90E10FBA8FB7F4DDC1F60" box="[1137,1273,1050,1077]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[371,1301,207,1650]" captionTargetId="figure-20@9.[227,1361,181,1757]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Oscillograms and frequency spectra of the courtship songs of two males (A, B) of Myrmeleotettix pallidus from Pavlodar region. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in C–G). In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. Different elements of the courtship song are indicated by numbers 1–4. Frequency spectra shown for the elements 2 (H), 3 (I) and 4 (J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4358744" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4358744/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="513">Fig. 5 E, G</figureCitation>
|
||
). The legs are lifted to an extra high position and are moved according to a specific pattern, which is nearly similar to the pattern of the element 2, but the very movements are larger in amplitude. The rate of the principal leg-movements is about 16/s, and superimposed on these movements there are the small-amplitude vibrations of the rate of about 90–110/s. The amplitude of syllables gradually increases so that the last syllable is the loudest. During the element 3, a male is also conspicuously moving his clubbed antennae in horizontal plane (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134AB0DDFFC90E10FB5FFBAB4DE81FBF" box="[1158,1229,1231,1258]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1557,1581]" captionTargetBox="[263,1352,846,1476]" captionTargetId="figure-318@10.[176,1412,813,1534]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Movements of antennae during the element 3 of courtship in Myrmeleotettix pallidus. Figures A–F demonstrate successive stages of the antennae position." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4358750" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4358750/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="513">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). Immediately after the element 3, the element 4 is emitted. It is produced by synchronous, low-amplitude movements of the legs and lasts about 6–10 s. A low-amplitude pulse is produced during up-stroke, whereas a high-amplitude pulse is generated during down-stroke. Sometimes, the low-amplitude pulses are almost invisible on the oscillogram. The syllable rate in the element 4 is about 50–63/s. After the element 4, there is a sequence of the elements 1–4; several sequences are followed by precopulatory movements and an attempt to copulate with a female (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134AB0DDFFC90E10FA8EFAE749F51E94" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[371,1301,207,1650]" captionTargetId="figure-20@9.[227,1361,181,1757]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Oscillograms and frequency spectra of the courtship songs of two males (A, B) of Myrmeleotettix pallidus from Pavlodar region. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in C–G). In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. Different elements of the courtship song are indicated by numbers 1–4. Frequency spectra shown for the elements 2 (H), 3 (I) and 4 (J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4358744" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4358744/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="513">Fig. 5 A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The frequency spectra of the sound produced during various parts of the courtship song are different. The frequency spectrum the element 2 has the main maxima around 25 and 28 kHz; the spectrum of the element 3 has many periodical peaks in the broad range of 15–45 kHz; the spectrum of the element 4 has main components between 25 and 45 kHz (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134AB0DDFFC90E10FE61F97748D81D78" box="[440,509,1554,1581]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[371,1301,207,1650]" captionTargetId="figure-20@9.[227,1361,181,1757]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Oscillograms and frequency spectra of the courtship songs of two males (A, B) of Myrmeleotettix pallidus from Pavlodar region. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in C–G). In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. Different elements of the courtship song are indicated by numbers 1–4. Frequency spectra shown for the elements 2 (H), 3 (I) and 4 (J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4358744" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4358744/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="513">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
H–J).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCEAC58FFC90E12FF1EF9524BAB1AF8" blockId="8.[151,1437,438,1797]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,151,789]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="515" pageId="8" pageNumber="513">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905704AFFC90E10FF1EF95248F91D04" bold="true" box="[199,476,1590,1617]" pageId="8" pageNumber="513">Comparative remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Our recordings of the courtship song in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C71D7DBFFC90E10FC44F9534D381D04" baseAuthorityName="Brunner von Wattenwyl" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[925,1053,1591,1617]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Myrmeleotettix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="513" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905704AFFC90E10FC44F9534D381D04" box="[925,1053,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="513">M. pallidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366ECC8FFC90E10FB86F9534DC31D04" box="[1119,1254,1591,1617]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="8" pageNumber="513">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
|
||
do not basically differ from the recordings of this species from Volgograd region (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE0D1A9FFC90E10FCA0F93F4D0D1D20" author="Savitsky, V. Yu." box="[889,1064,1626,1653]" pageId="8" pageNumber="513" pagination="92 - 117" refId="ref12372" refString="Savitsky, V. Yu. (2005) New data on acoustic communication of grasshoppers of the genera Omocestus Bol. and Myrmeleotettix Bol. (Orthoptera, Acrididae) from Southern European Russia and their taxonomic importance. Trudy Russkogo Entomologicheskogo Obshchestva, 76, 92 - 117 [in Russian, English abstract]" type="journal article" year="2005">Savitsky, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, there are some minor differences. First, we found the difference in the fine temporal structure of the syllables in the song element 4. In the song recordings from Volgograd, the pulses of the element 4 are of similar amplitude, whereas the analysis of the recordings from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366ECC8FFC90E10FEA7F9A34B201DB4" box="[382,517,1735,1761]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="8" pageNumber="513">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
|
||
reveals the alternation of the low-and the high-amplitude pulses. In addition, the syllables of the element 3 are the loudest ones in the recordings from Volgograd (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE0D1A9FFC90E10FBEAF98F4DC71C50" author="Savitsky, V. Yu." box="[1075,1250,1770,1797]" pageId="8" pageNumber="513" pagination="92 - 117" refId="ref12372" refString="Savitsky, V. Yu. (2005) New data on acoustic communication of grasshoppers of the genera Omocestus Bol. and Myrmeleotettix Bol. (Orthoptera, Acrididae) from Southern European Russia and their taxonomic importance. Trudy Russkogo Entomologicheskogo Obshchestva, 76, 92 - 117 [in Russian, English abstract]" type="journal article" year="2005">Savitsky, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), whereas in our recordings, the element 4 is the loudest. This can be explained by different frequency characteristics of these two elements. A more broad-band sound is typical for the syllables of the element 3, whereas dominant frequencies of the element 4 shift to the ultrasound band (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134AB0DDFFCB0E12FD5DFFBB4BD31BAC" box="[644,758,222,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[371,1301,207,1650]" captionTargetId="figure-20@9.[227,1361,181,1757]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Oscillograms and frequency spectra of the courtship songs of two males (A, B) of Myrmeleotettix pallidus from Pavlodar region. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in C–G). In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. Different elements of the courtship song are indicated by numbers 1–4. Frequency spectra shown for the elements 2 (H), 3 (I) and 4 (J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4358744" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4358744/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="515">Fig. 5 I, J</figureCitation>
|
||
). The recordings of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE0D1A9FFCB0E12FC07FFBB4DB11BAC" author="Savitsky, V. Yu." box="[990,1172,222,249]" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" pagination="92 - 117" refId="ref12372" refString="Savitsky, V. Yu. (2005) New data on acoustic communication of grasshoppers of the genera Omocestus Bol. and Myrmeleotettix Bol. (Orthoptera, Acrididae) from Southern European Russia and their taxonomic importance. Trudy Russkogo Entomologicheskogo Obshchestva, 76, 92 - 117 [in Russian, English abstract]" type="journal article" year="2005">Savitsky (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
were made in the field with cassette recorders; the upper frequency limit was not higher than 15 kHz. This could explain why the amplitude ratio of the elements 3 and 4 of the courtship song might be distorted in the recordings from Volgograd. The distortion of the frequency characteristics may also explain the difference in the pulse structure of the element 4 between the recordings from Volgograd region and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366ECC8FFCB0E12FD37FE0B4A521ADC" box="[750,887,367,393]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="10" pageNumber="515">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Finally,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE0D1A9FFCB0E12FC3AFE0B4DBF1ADC" author="Savitsky, V. Yu." box="[995,1178,366,393]" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" pagination="92 - 117" refId="ref12372" refString="Savitsky, V. Yu. (2005) New data on acoustic communication of grasshoppers of the genera Omocestus Bol. and Myrmeleotettix Bol. (Orthoptera, Acrididae) from Southern European Russia and their taxonomic importance. Trudy Russkogo Entomologicheskogo Obshchestva, 76, 92 - 117 [in Russian, English abstract]" type="journal article" year="2005">Savitsky (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
does not mention any movements with antennae during courtship.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0EFCD0FFC80E11FF4EF996487C1CCE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4358744" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4358744" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4358744/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="514" startId="9.[151,250,1778,1802]" targetBox="[371,1301,207,1650]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCEAC58FFC80E11FF4EF996487C1CCE" blockId="9.[151,1437,1778,1947]" pageId="9" pageNumber="514">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905704AFFC80E11FF4EF99648311C5E" bold="true" box="[151,276,1778,1803]" pageId="9" pageNumber="514">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Oscillograms and frequency spectra of the courtship songs of two males (A, B) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C71D7DBFFC80E11FBA8F9974C411C5E" baseAuthorityName="Brunner von Wattenwyl" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[1137,1380,1779,1803]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Myrmeleotettix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="514" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905704AFFC80E11FBA8F9974C411C5E" box="[1137,1380,1779,1803]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="514">Myrmeleotettix pallidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Pavlodar region. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in C–G). In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. Different elements of the courtship song are indicated by numbers 1–4. Frequency spectra shown for the elements 2 (H), 3 (I) and 4 (J).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCEAC58FFCB0E12FF1EFED34A321840" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,789]" pageId="10" pageNumber="515">
|
||
The movements with antennae during courtship are typical for all three species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C71D7DBFFCB0E12FB4AFED34C651A84" authorityName="Bolivar" authorityYear="1914" box="[1171,1344,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Myrmeleotettix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905704AFFCB0E12FB4AFED34C651A84" box="[1171,1344,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="515">Myrmeleotettix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
studied so far. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C71D7DBFFCB0E12FEDCFEBF4B541AA0" authority="(Thunberg, 1815)" baseAuthorityName="Thunberg" baseAuthorityYear="1815" box="[261,625,474,501]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Myrmeleotettix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905704AFFCB0E12FEDCFEBF48851AA0" box="[261,416,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="515">M. maculatus</emphasis>
|
||
(Thunberg, 1815)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C71D7DBFFCB0E12FD73FEBF4AD91AA0" authority="(Fieber, 1853)" baseAuthorityName="Fieber" baseAuthorityYear="1853" box="[682,1020,474,501]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Myrmeleotettix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antennatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905704AFFCB0E12FD73FEBF4A681AA1" box="[682,845,475,500]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="515">M. antennatus</emphasis>
|
||
(Fieber, 1853)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, antennae are moved in longitudinal plane—back and forth over the head (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE0D1A9FFCB0E12FD90FE9B4BED194C" author="Bull, C. M." box="[585,712,511,537]" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" pagination="201 - 216" refId="ref11658" refString="Bull, C. M. (1979) The function of complexity in the courtship of the grasshopper Myrmeleotettix maculatus. Behaviour, 69, 201 - 216. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 156853979 X 00476" type="journal article" year="1979">Bull, 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE0D1A9FFCB0E12FD0AFE9B4D32194C" author="Berger, D. & Gottsberger, B." box="[723,1047,511,537]" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref11509" refString="Berger, D. & Gottsberger, B. (2010) Analysis of the courtship of Myrmeleotettix antennatus (Fieber, 1853) - with general remarks on multimodal courtship behavior in gomphocerine grasshoppers. Articulata, 25, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="2010">Berger & Gottsberger, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE0D1A9FFCB0E12FBFBFE9B4C54194C" author="Vedenina, V. Y. & Shestakov, L. S." box="[1058,1393,511,537]" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref13005" refString="Vedenina, V. Y. & Shestakov, L. S. (2014) Stable and variable parameters in courtship songs of grasshoppers of the subfamily Gomphocerinae (Orthoptera, Acrididae). Entomological Review, 94, 1 - 20. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0013873814010011" type="journal article" year="2014">Vedenina & Shestakov, 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In some other grasshopper species of the genera
|
||
<emphasis id="B905704AFFCB0E12FD75FD474AD61968" box="[684,1011,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C71D7DBFFCB0E12FD75FD474A631968" authorityName="Fischer" authorityYear="1853" box="[684,838,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Stenobothrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stenobothrus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C71D7DBFFCB0E12FC8AFD474AD61968" box="[851,1011,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Gomphocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gomphocerus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C71D7DBFFCB0E12FBF4FD474DD71968" authorityName="Roberts" authorityYear="1941" box="[1069,1266,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Gomphocerippus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905704AFFCB0E12FBF4FD474DD71968" box="[1069,1266,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="515">Gomphocerippus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE0D1A9FFCB0E12FADBFD474CB21968" author="Elsner, N." box="[1282,1431,547,573]" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" pagination="67 - 102" refId="ref11734" refString="Elsner, N. (1974) Neuroethology of Sound Production in Gomphocerinae Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) I. Song Patterns and Stridulatory Movements. Journal of Comparative Physiology, 88, 67 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00695923" type="journal article" year="1974">Elsner, 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE0D1A9FFCB0E12FF4EFD2348B61934" author="Ostrowski, T. D. & Sradnick, J. & Stumpner, A. & Elsner, N." box="[151,403,583,609]" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" pagination="171 - 182" refId="ref12227" refString="Ostrowski, T. D., Sradnick, J., Stumpner, A. & Elsner, N. (2009) The elaborate courtship behavior of Stenobothrus clavatus Willemse, 1979 (Acrididae: Gomphocerinae). Journal of Orthoptera Research, 18, 171 - 182. https: // doi. org / 10.1665 / 034.018.0206" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Ostrowski
|
||
<emphasis id="B905704AFFCB0E12FECAFD2348611934" box="[275,324,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="515">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) antennae are also swung mainly in longitudinal plane. Strokes with antennae are supposed to originate from the disturbance reactions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE0D1A9FFCB0E12FD4BFD0F4AB819D0" author="Willey, R. B. & Willey, R. L." box="[658,925,619,645]" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" pagination="280 - 305" refId="ref13196" refString="Willey, R. B. & Willey, R. L. (1969) Visual and acoustical social displays by the grasshopper Arphia conspersa (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Psyche, 76, 280 - 305. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1969 / 39531" type="journal article" year="1969">Willey & Willey, 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE0D1A9FFCB0E12FC73FD0F4DD519D0" author="Berger, D. & Gottsberger, B." box="[938,1264,619,645]" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref11509" refString="Berger, D. & Gottsberger, B. (2010) Analysis of the courtship of Myrmeleotettix antennatus (Fieber, 1853) - with general remarks on multimodal courtship behavior in gomphocerine grasshoppers. Articulata, 25, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="2010">Berger & Gottsberger, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
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), which can be frequently observed when animals are disturbed or touched by other animals or an experimenter. In this case the animals raise antennae into an opposite side of the disturbing interference, which usually means backwards. By contrast, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C71D7DBFFCB0E12FEC7FDB3488419A4" baseAuthorityName="Brunner von Wattenwyl" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[286,417,727,753]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Myrmeleotettix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905704AFFCB0E12FEC7FDB3488419A4" box="[286,417,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="515">M. pallidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
antennae are moved in horizontal plane (from side to side). Such pattern of the antennae movements seems to be unique among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C71D7DBFFCB0E12FD80FD9F4A361840" authorityName="Fieber" authorityYear="1853" box="[601,787,763,789]" class="Insecta" family="Gomphocerinae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Gomphocerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |