318 lines
41 KiB
XML
318 lines
41 KiB
XML
<document id="04801BE321DF9EE3DD4A0C39BC9C2B3A" ID-DOI="10.1080/14772019.2022.2091959" ID-ISSN="1478-0941" ID-ZooBank=":pub:D3D3B15B-36FA-42EB-98AD-FAF369D" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1711485825671" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Gracia, Carlos De, Correa-Metrio, Alex, Carvalho, Monica, Velez-Juarbe, Jorge, P ̆ rik, Tom ́ a ̆ s, , Carlos Jarami & Kri, nd Jurgen" docDate="2022" docId="03CA87C46F24821FFC76F94CFD0A20AA" docLanguage="en" docName="JSystPalaeontol.20.1.1-36.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology (2091959) 20 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2022.2091959" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6400638016C1F4AE0D0B6502E032D571.1:JSystPalaeontol.2016-.journal_article.closed" docStyleId="6400638016C1F4AE0D0B6502E032D571" docStyleName="JSystPalaeontol.2016-.journal_article.closed" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Makaira fierstini Gracia & Correa-Metrio & Carvalho & Velez-Juarbe & P̆rik & & Kri 2022, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="15" masterDocId="FFF3FFBC6F2A820FFF99FF8CFF88256D" masterDocTitle="Towards a unifying systematic scheme of fossil and living billfishes (Teleostei, Istiophoridae)" masterLastPageNumber="36" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="14" updateTime="1711485829411" updateUser="felipe">
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<mods:title id="530FEAA151AA5F6EC6878D46B25B928D">Towards a unifying systematic scheme of fossil and living billfishes (Teleostei, Istiophoridae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="5FF0FF2561D20C50B4C69C170A4F1224" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="D17983A4869620DB7ADDE3F28B226F1A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="7C04DCF001D2DBBC2725949910F0599D">Gracia, Carlos De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="5E87FEA0BA182797C246BA3804C04562">Department of Palaeontology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, University of Vienna, Josef Holaubek Platz 2 (UZA II) / 2 A 323, 1090, Vienna, Austria; & Vienna Doctoral School of Ecology and Evolution (VDSEE), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; & Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843 - 03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama, Republic of Panama;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm id="297F75EB5C6693FE1C36D59056E64485">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="37AF9602277AD9F1986446F192E677D2">Correa-Metrio, Alex</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="5691FF615989CB68217B7E0DD2BA9669">Centro de Geociencias, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de M ́ exico, Campus Juriquilla, Quer ́ etaro 76230, Mexico; & Instituto de Geolog ́ ıa, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de M ́ exico, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, M ́ exico, D. F., Mexico;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm id="35FC130CA9BD9D846EC38AA6363141D3">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="734D037F2DA22C3A0A365BD37EF7ACAF">Carvalho, Monica</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="51C5C9E2343B0C2587B7A06CF086D04F">Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843 - 03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama, Republic of Panama;</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="0692B6774D7C1790DD6226036513E4C1" type="personal">
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="1DCA45E9F7D3A4F82CB90532165E83CF">Velez-Juarbe, Jorge</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F266B6086625BE2161FBA7440D3696BD">Department of Mammalogy, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles Country, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA; & Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="629A89DA9D86A0DF05A4888948D316D8">P ̆ rik, Tom ́ a ̆ s</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="49A5E1F62C475BADC7AD44CBE913A784">, Carlos Jarami</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="99FB0643CE36721197F24EF2AF5685FC" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="4282D081AE23F5210F1FB87A146CE8C4">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="92A9EB51A8D098C214D10FE52EEFB0CE">Kri, nd Jurgen</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="2AAC20D6BB3D2B5F2489D7815213FFA0">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="A8ACCC1A6EC9EF064F838D80E8D6EA5A">Journal of Systematic Palaeontology</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="21668BB15B0D66677704421DB5DC712E">
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<mods:date id="3507E459649DD0D6BB18070A054460E3">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:title id="7EC90D02EF9FF568E94244F8094B0A57">2091959</mods:title>
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<mods:number id="8DBDE3D729712B9B721D02F1520FFBEB">2022-08-19</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="8E024039C6272276793170D2A9F36F5B" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="995F6F846C020B3F8CEC524A36897981">20</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="987F928FFFD579E5A6D400CFBBD4741E" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="AE3BF1428E14863E495EBBE4089E7E8C">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="9845B136966D559ADA0ED3FCD3248C12">1</mods:start>
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<mods:url id="B5019DCBD1F6DFE9B5788C7073018C89">http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2022.2091959</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="C1FBBC0C9EA071A531379609FFAEBFC6">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="E1512FC5B6393B38E8369B86796DBA6E" type="DOI">10.1080/14772019.2022.2091959</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="CE0B02EBF9A9F2484FF0B2FFEA6FCCA0" type="ISSN">1478-0941</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="1C19D6E2DEEEFA65814B61094B41E28D" type="ZooBank">:pub:D3D3B15B-36FA-42EB-98AD-FAF369D</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03CA87C46F24821FFC76F94CFD0A20AA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CA87C46F24821FFC76F94CFD0A20AA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87C46F24821FFC76F94CFD0A20AA" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">
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<subSubSection id="C37965596F248201FC76F94CFB5D2397" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F248201FC76F94CFA9123BA" blockId="14.[980,1331,1659,1786]" box="[1007,1305,1728,1752]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">
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<heading id="D09481BE6F248201FC76F94CFA9123BA" box="[1007,1305,1728,1752]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" reason="8">
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†
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<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F248201FC65F94CFB3223BA" authority="Gracia & Correa-Metrio & Carvalho & Velez-Juarbe & P̆rik & & Kri, 2022" authorityName="Gracia & Correa-Metrio & Carvalho & Velez-Juarbe & P̆rik & & Kri" authorityYear="2022" box="[1020,1210,1728,1751]" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Makaira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fierstini" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F248201FC65F94CFB3223BA" bold="true" box="[1020,1210,1728,1751]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Makaira fierstini</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22457BB6F248201FB5AF94CFA9123BA" box="[1219,1305,1728,1751]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F248201FBABF96FFB5D2397" blockId="14.[980,1331,1659,1786]" box="[1074,1237,1762,1786]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">(Figs 5D–F, 6)</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C37965596F248200FCD4F8B9FEBF2347" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" type="diagnosis">
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||
<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F248201FCD4F8B9FA332200" blockId="14.[845,1467,1844,1901]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F248201FCD4F8B9FC492221" bold="true" box="[845,961,1845,1868]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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†
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<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F248201FC45F8B9FB102221" authority="Gracia & Correa-Metrio & Carvalho & Velez-Juarbe & P̆rik & & Kri, 2022" authorityName="Gracia & Correa-Metrio & Carvalho & Velez-Juarbe & P̆rik & & Kri" authorityYear="2022" box="[988,1176,1845,1868]" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Makaira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fierstini" status="sp. nov.">
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||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F248201FC45F8B9FB102221" box="[988,1176,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Makaira fierstini</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22457BB6F248201FB3CF8B9FA882221" box="[1189,1280,1845,1868]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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is characterized by the following autapomorphy (autapomorphic
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</paragraph>
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||
<caption id="DF1C665A6F258200FF06FD24FD92215F" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" startId="15.[159,226,680,701]" targetBox="[169,1457,192,661]" targetPageId="15" targetType="figure">
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||
<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F258200FF06FD24FD92215F" blockId="15.[159,1468,680,1075]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F258200FF06FD24FEB327D0" bold="true" box="[159,315,680,702]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Figure 7. A–L,</emphasis>
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comparison among selected fossils and extant marlin species with emphasis on the rostral morphology and its crosssections at 0.5 and 0.25 L;
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F258200FE2AFD4FFE4227B5" bold="true" box="[435,458,707,728]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">A,</emphasis>
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reconstruction of the rostrum of †
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<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F258200FCB3FD4FFBA127B5" authorityName="Gracia & Correa-Metrio & Carvalho & Velez-Juarbe & P̆rik & & Kri" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Arambourg" baseAuthorityYear="1927" box="[810,1065,707,728]" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Prototetrapturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="courcelli">
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F258200FCB3FD4FFBA127B5" box="[810,1065,707,728]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Prototetrapturus courcelli</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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gen. et. comb. nov. (MNHN P250);
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F258200FA3CFD4FFA3227B5" bold="true" box="[1445,1466,707,728]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">B,</emphasis>
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reconstruction of the rostrum of †
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<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F258200FE70FD52FD55279E" authorityName="Gracia & Correa-Metrio & Carvalho & Velez-Juarbe & P̆rik & & Kri" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Berry" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[489,733,734,755]" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Spathochoira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calvertense">
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F258200FE70FD52FD55279E" box="[489,733,734,755]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Spathochoira calvertense</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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gen. et. comb. nov. (USNM 9344);
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F258200FBDDFD52FBD3279E" bold="true" box="[1092,1115,734,755]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">C,</emphasis>
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†
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<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F258200FBF6FD52FAF9279E" authority="Gracia & Correa-Metrio & Carvalho & Velez-Juarbe & P̆rik & & Kri, 2022" authorityName="Gracia & Correa-Metrio & Carvalho & Velez-Juarbe & P̆rik & & Kri" authorityYear="2022" box="[1135,1393,734,755]" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Morgula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="donosochagrense" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F258200FBF6FD52FAF9279E" box="[1135,1393,734,755]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Morgula donosochagrense</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22457BB6F258200FAE0FD52FF7A2660" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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(MUPAN–STRI31293);
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F258200FE6CFD74FD842660" bold="true" box="[501,524,760,781]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">D,</emphasis>
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†
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<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F258200FDBFFD74FD6D2660" authority="Gracia & Correa-Metrio & Carvalho & Velez-Juarbe & P̆rik & & Kri, 2022" authorityName="Gracia & Correa-Metrio & Carvalho & Velez-Juarbe & P̆rik & & Kri" authorityYear="2022" box="[550,741,760,781]" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Makaira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="colonense" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F258200FDBFFD74FD6D2660" box="[550,741,760,781]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Makaira colonense</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22457BB6F258200FD6AFD74FCCE2660" box="[755,838,760,781]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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(MUPAN–STRI31292);
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F258200FBD1FD74FBD62660" bold="true" box="[1096,1118,760,781]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">E,</emphasis>
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reconstruction of the rostrum of
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<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F258200FF06FC9FFEED2645" authorityName="Fierstine" authorityYear="1978" box="[159,357,787,808]" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Makaira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panamense">
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F258200FF06FC9FFEED2645" box="[159,357,787,808]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Makaira panamense</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(USNM 181710);
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F258200FDBDFC9FFDB02645" bold="true" box="[548,568,787,808]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">F,</emphasis>
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reconstruction of the rostrum of †
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<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F258200FC0DFC9FFBBD2645" baseAuthorityName="IRSNB P" baseAuthorityYear="1117" box="[916,1077,787,808]" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Makaira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belgica">
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F258200FC0DFC9FFBBD2645" box="[916,1077,787,808]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Makaira belgica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(MAUL 917/1) from the late Miocene of Italy;
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F258200FF64FCA1FE9E262F" bold="true" box="[253,278,813,834]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">G,</emphasis>
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†
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<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F258200FEB7FCA1FE5F262F" authority="Gracia & Correa-Metrio & Carvalho & Velez-Juarbe & P̆rik & & Kri, 2022" authorityName="Gracia & Correa-Metrio & Carvalho & Velez-Juarbe & P̆rik & & Kri" authorityYear="2022" box="[302,471,813,834]" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Makaira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fierstini" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F258200FEB7FCA1FE5F262F" box="[302,471,813,834]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Makaira fierstini</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22457BB6F258200FE7AFCA1FDBD262F" box="[483,565,813,834]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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(USNM 358534);
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F258200FD65FCA1FC9C262F" bold="true" box="[764,788,813,834]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">H,</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F258200FCB9FCA1FC51262F" authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1802" box="[800,985,813,834]" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Makaira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricans">
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F258200FCB9FCA1FC51262F" box="[800,985,813,834]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Makaira nigricans</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
(USNM 196019);
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F258200FB39FCA1FB27262F" bold="true" box="[1184,1199,813,834]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">I,</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F258200FB25FCA1FAEA262F" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1832" box="[1212,1378,813,834]" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Istiompax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F258200FB25FCA1FAEA262F" box="[1212,1378,813,834]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Istiompax indica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(LACM 25509);
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F258200FF6AFCC4FE8D2630" bold="true" box="[243,261,840,861]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">J,</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F258200FE96FCC4FE152630" baseAuthorityName="Poey" baseAuthorityYear="1860" box="[271,413,840,861]" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Kajikia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albida">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F258200FE96FCC4FE152630" box="[271,413,840,861]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Kajikia albida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(USNM 360507);
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F258200FDC7FCC4FDFF2630" bold="true" box="[606,631,840,861]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">K,</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F258200FD18FCC4FC832630" baseAuthorityName="Philippi" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[641,779,840,861]" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Kajikia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="audax">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F258200FD18FCC4FC832630" box="[641,779,840,861]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Kajikia audax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(USNM 372777);
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F258200FC54FCC4FC6B2630" bold="true" box="[973,995,840,861]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">L,</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F258200FC77FCC4FB472630" baseAuthorityName="Shaw" baseAuthorityYear="1792" box="[1006,1231,840,861]" class="Mammalia" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Istiophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="platypterus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F258200FC77FCC4FB472630" box="[1006,1231,840,861]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Istiophorus platypterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MNHN A-9463). The white circle indicates the point where fused prenasals start to divide in two separate bones, if this point is more distal, the narial cavity is longer and rostrum is more open. Arrows indicates where premaxillaries protrude from prenasals in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F258200FB4EFCF1FAA126FF" authorityName="Lacepède" authorityYear="1802" box="[1239,1321,893,914]" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Makaira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F258200FB4EFCF1FAA126FF" box="[1239,1321,893,914]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Makaira</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ssp., the outer projection of the prenasals is represented by an angle symbol. Cross-sections at 0.5 and 0.25 L: blue is oval shape, light blue is oval shape compressed laterally (borders could be more angular instead of smooth and prenasals are embedded into premaxillaries; see Fig. 9H), green is round, yellow is oval highly depressed (almost plane), red represents other shapes (see Fig. 9A, J). Pink water mark indicates the reconstructed sections. Different rostrums are labelled according the observed or inferred feeding strategy. Thrusting refers to rostrums used mostly for direct impacts and specific refers to rostrums used in multidirectional, lateral or complex feeding strategies. Scale bars = 10 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F258200FF06FBEBFC852113" blockId="15.[159,782,1127,1416]" box="[159,781,1127,1150]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">characters indicated by an asterisk): in lateral view, lat-</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F258200FF06FB04FC8421F2" blockId="15.[159,782,1127,1416]" box="[159,780,1160,1183]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">eral planes are present at the level of the triangular pro-</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F258200FF06FB25FC85218F" blockId="15.[159,782,1127,1416]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">
|
||
cess of the premaxillaries that extend up to half of its total height$.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F258200FEA0FB47FE7A218F" authority="Gracia & Correa-Metrio & Carvalho & Velez-Juarbe & P̆rik & & Kri, 2022" authorityName="Gracia & Correa-Metrio & Carvalho & Velez-Juarbe & P̆rik & & Kri" authorityYear="2022" box="[313,498,1227,1250]" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Makaira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fierstini" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F258200FEA0FB47FE7A218F" box="[313,498,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Makaira fierstini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22457BB6F258200FE64FB47FDDD218F" box="[509,597,1227,1250]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
can also be dif-
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F258200FF06FB60FC86206E" blockId="15.[159,782,1127,1416]" box="[159,782,1260,1283]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">ferentiated by the following combination of characters:</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F258200FF06FA81FC852049" blockId="15.[159,782,1127,1416]" box="[159,781,1293,1316]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">the rostrum is straight along its entire length; prenasals</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F258200FF06FAA3FC84202B" blockId="15.[159,782,1127,1416]" box="[159,780,1327,1350]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">never contact each other in dorsal view; denticles cover</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F258200FF06FADCFC84200A" blockId="15.[159,782,1127,1416]" box="[159,780,1360,1383]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">the entire lateral and ventral surfaces; large internal</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F258200FF06FAFDFEB720E5" blockId="15.[159,782,1127,1416]" box="[159,319,1393,1416]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">canals present.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F258200FF06FA23FEBF2347" blockId="15.[159,781,1455,1578]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F258200FF06FA23FE0E20AB" bold="true" box="[159,390,1455,1478]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Derivation of name.</emphasis>
|
||
Named in honour of the late Harry Fierstine (1932–2021) in recognition of his contributions to our understanding of the fossil record of marlins and billfishes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37965596F258200FF06F9DDFE052200" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F258200FF06F9DDFEBC23E4" blockId="15.[159,781,1617,1673]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F258200FF06F9DDFE852305" bold="true" box="[159,269,1617,1640]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D888706F258200FF06F9DDFE812305" box="[159,265,1617,1640]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
USNM 358534, a nearly complete rostrum,
|
||
<quantity id="4C9B9B376F258200FF06F9FEFF7C23E4" box="[159,244,1650,1673]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.94" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="794.0">794 mm</quantity>
|
||
long.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F258200FF06F923FE052200" blockId="15.[159,781,1711,1901]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F258200FF06F923FEA323AB" bold="true" box="[159,299,1711,1734]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Occurrence.</emphasis>
|
||
Late Miocene (12.0–9.2 Ma), lower Gatun Formation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF24B236F258200FE86F95DFE672385" author="Collins, L. S. & Coates, A. G. & Berggren, W. A. & Aubry, M. - P. & Zhang, J." box="[287,495,1745,1768]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="687 - 690" refId="ref24590" refString="Collins, L. S., Coates, A. G., Berggren, W. A., Aubry, M. - P. & Zhang, J. 1996. The late Miocene Panama isthmian strait. Geology, 24, 687 - 690." type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Collins
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F258200FEEEF95DFE382385" box="[375,432,1745,1768]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF24B236F258200FD99F95DFD0E2385" author="Hendy, A. J. W." box="[512,646,1745,1768]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="210 - 227" refId="ref26574" refString="Hendy, A. J. W. 2013. Spatial and stratigraphic variation of marine paleoenvironments in the middle - upper Miocene Gatun Formation, Isthmus of Panama. Palaios, 28, 210 - 227." type="journal article" year="2013">Hendy 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Sabanitas,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A7F8306F258200FF06F97EFF6B2264" box="[159,227,1778,1801]" country="Panama" name="Colon" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Colon</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37476426F258200FE9DF97EFED02264" box="[260,344,1778,1801]" name="Panama" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
at 43
|
||
<superScript id="7C169B9A6F258200FE5BF961FE432393" attach="none" box="[450,459,1773,1790]" fontSize="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">ǫ</superScript>
|
||
38
|
||
<superScript id="7C169B9A6F258200FE7EF961FE642393" attach="left" box="[487,492,1773,1790]" fontSize="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Ɩ</superScript>
|
||
19.39
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F258200FDB3F97FFDBC2267" bold="true" box="[554,564,1779,1802]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">ʺ</emphasis>
|
||
N +
|
||
<quantity id="4C9B9B376F258200FD35F97EFC802264" box="[684,776,1778,1801]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.75" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" unit="m" value="675.0">675 m</quantity>
|
||
, 116
|
||
<superScript id="7C169B9A6F258200FF5EF883FF58224D" attach="none" box="[199,208,1807,1824]" fontSize="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">ǫ</superScript>
|
||
14
|
||
<superScript id="7C169B9A6F258200FF75F883FF79224D" attach="none" box="[236,241,1807,1824]" fontSize="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Ɩ</superScript>
|
||
28.86
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F258200FEB6F898FEB12246" bold="true" box="[303,313,1812,1835]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">ʺ</emphasis>
|
||
W +
|
||
<quantity id="4C9B9B376F258200FEE2F89FFE5A2247" box="[379,466,1811,1834]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" unit="m" value="1600.0">1600 m</quantity>
|
||
, (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF24B236F258200FE7EF89FFD1A2247" author="Fierstine, H. L." box="[487,658,1811,1834]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="430 - 437" refId="ref25205" refString="Fierstine, H. L. 1999 a. Makaira sp., cf. M. nigricans Lac´ep`ede, 1802 (Teleostei: Perciformes: Istiophoridae) from the late Miocene, Panama, and its probable use of the Panama seaway. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 19, 430 - 437. doi: 10.1080 / 02724634.1999.10011156" type="journal article" year="1999">Fierstine 1999a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D888706F258200FD46F89FFC852247" box="[735,781,1811,1834]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality is not accessible anymore, as it is currently a housing development.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37965596F25821FFCD5FBEBFD0A20AA" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F258200FCD5FBEBFA322241" blockId="15.[844,1467,1127,1901]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F258200FCD5FBEBFC332113" bold="true" box="[844,955,1127,1150]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
The rostrum of †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F258200FB0DFBEBFAD92113" authority="Gracia & Correa-Metrio & Carvalho & Velez-Juarbe & P̆rik & & Kri, 2022" authorityName="Gracia & Correa-Metrio & Carvalho & Velez-Juarbe & P̆rik & & Kri" authorityYear="2022" box="[1172,1361,1127,1150]" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Makaira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fierstini" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F258200FB0DFBEBFAD92113" box="[1172,1361,1127,1150]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Makaira fierstini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22457BB6F258200FAC6FBEBFA332113" box="[1375,1467,1127,1150]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED72AE176F258200FCCDFB04FC2B21F2" box="[852,931,1160,1183]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
358534) is almost complete. The premaxillaries and prenasals are well preserved, whereas the nasals are poorly preserved (Fig. 5D–F). The estimated total length is
|
||
<quantity id="4C9B9B376F258200FCF3FB66FC4A206C" box="[874,962,1258,1281]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.94" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="794.0">794 mm</quantity>
|
||
, of which
|
||
<quantity id="4C9B9B376F258200FBD8FB66FB01206C" box="[1089,1161,1258,1281]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="45.0">45 mm</quantity>
|
||
of the distal tip, however, are missing (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF24B236F258200FC7CFA86FB1C204C" author="Fierstine, H. L." box="[997,1172,1290,1313]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="430 - 437" refId="ref25205" refString="Fierstine, H. L. 1999 a. Makaira sp., cf. M. nigricans Lac´ep`ede, 1802 (Teleostei: Perciformes: Istiophoridae) from the late Miocene, Panama, and its probable use of the Panama seaway. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 19, 430 - 437. doi: 10.1080 / 02724634.1999.10011156" type="journal article" year="1999">Fierstine 1999a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The rostrum is slender and has an oval outline in cross-section at 0.5
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED72AE176F258200FAECFAA7FA0D202F" box="[1397,1413,1323,1346]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">L</collectionCode>
|
||
and 0.25
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED72AE176F258200FC19FAC0FC18200E" box="[896,912,1356,1379]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">L</collectionCode>
|
||
distances (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A576F258200FB97FAC0FBEB200E" box="[1038,1123,1356,1379]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[159,226,680,701]" captionTargetBox="[169,1457,192,661]" captionTargetId="figure-417@15.[168,1457,188,663]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. A–L, comparison among selected fossils and extant marlin species with emphasis on the rostral morphology and its crosssections at 0.5 and 0.25L; A, reconstruction of the rostrum of †Prototetrapturus courcelli gen. et. comb. nov. (MNHN P250); B, reconstruction of the rostrum of †Spathochoira calvertense gen. et. comb. nov. (USNM 9344); C, †Morgula donosochagrense gen. et sp. nov. (MUPAN–STRI31293); D, †Makaira colonense sp. nov. (MUPAN–STRI31292); E, reconstruction of the rostrum of Makaira panamense (USNM 181710); F, reconstruction of the rostrum of †Makaira belgica (MAUL 917/1) from the late Miocene of Italy; G, †Makaira fierstini sp. nov. (USNM 358534); H, Makaira nigricans (USNM 196019); I, Istiompax indica (LACM 25509); J, Kajikia albida (USNM 360507); K, Kajikia audax (USNM 372777); L, Istiophorus platypterus (MNHN A-9463). The white circle indicates the point where fused prenasals start to divide in two separate bones, if this point is more distal, the narial cavity is longer and rostrum is more open. Arrows indicates where premaxillaries protrude from prenasals in Makaira ssp., the outer projection of the prenasals is represented by an angle symbol. Cross-sections at 0.5 and 0.25L: blue is oval shape, light blue is oval shape compressed laterally (borders could be more angular instead of smooth and prenasals are embedded into premaxillaries; see Fig. 9H), green is round, yellow is oval highly depressed (almost plane), red represents other shapes (see Fig. 9A, J). Pink water mark indicates the reconstructed sections. Different rostrums are labelled according the observed or inferred feeding strategy. Thrusting refers to rostrums used mostly for direct impacts and specific refers to rostrums used in multidirectional, lateral or complex feeding strategies. Scale bars = 10 cm." pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Fig. 7G</figureCitation>
|
||
). In dorsal view, the prenasals never contact each other or the premaxillaries (Figs 5D, 7G). In lateral view, the rostrum is completely straight with no detectable distal curvature (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF24B236F258200FB63FA22FA2320A8" author="Fierstine, H. L." box="[1274,1451,1454,1477]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="430 - 437" refId="ref25205" refString="Fierstine, H. L. 1999 a. Makaira sp., cf. M. nigricans Lac´ep`ede, 1802 (Teleostei: Perciformes: Istiophoridae) from the late Miocene, Panama, and its probable use of the Panama seaway. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 19, 430 - 437. doi: 10.1080 / 02724634.1999.10011156" type="journal article" year="1999">Fierstine 1999a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The premaxillaries are laterally planar at their proximal ends and occupy half of the total lateral height (Fig. 5F). The rostral morphology indicate that the distal tip is slender and pointed (Supplemental material
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A576F258200FA09F9BCFCF22305" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[159,226,950,971]" captionTargetBox="[159,1470,188,930]" captionTargetId="figure-453@2.[159,1470,188,933]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. A–C, location map; stratigraphy and geological setting of the type locality (Pina, Chagres district, Costa Abajo, Colon Panama) after Collins et al. (1996)." pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Fig. S1B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In ventral view, the premaxillaries begin to be separated at
|
||
<quantity id="4C9B9B376F258200FC41F9FEFBA523E4" box="[984,1069,1650,1673]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.83" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="483.0">483 mm</quantity>
|
||
from their distal tips (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED72AE176F258200FAB2F9FEFAFF23E4" box="[1323,1399,1650,1673]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">VSPM</collectionCode>
|
||
) (Fig. 5E). The nasals are only partially preserved (Fig. 5D, E). The internal canals are in a medial position, centrally aligned and have oval cross-sections (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF24B236F258200FAC2F958FC062266" author="Fierstine, H. L." pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="430 - 437" refId="ref25205" refString="Fierstine, H. L. 1999 a. Makaira sp., cf. M. nigricans Lac´ep`ede, 1802 (Teleostei: Perciformes: Istiophoridae) from the late Miocene, Panama, and its probable use of the Panama seaway. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 19, 430 - 437. doi: 10.1080 / 02724634.1999.10011156" type="journal article" year="1999">Fierstine 1999a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F258200FC20F978FBFF2266" authority="Gracia & Correa-Metrio & Carvalho & Velez-Juarbe & P̆rik & & Kri, 2022" authorityName="Gracia & Correa-Metrio & Carvalho & Velez-Juarbe & P̆rik & & Kri" authorityYear="2022" box="[953,1143,1780,1803]" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Makaira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fierstini" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F258200FC20F978FBFF2266" box="[953,1143,1780,1803]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Makaira fierstini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22457BB6F258200FB1CF978FB6A2266" box="[1157,1250,1780,1803]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
has proportionally large internal canals (Table 4). The statistical analysis
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F25821FFCD4F8BAFD0A20AA" blockId="15.[844,1467,1127,1901]" lastBlockId="16.[159,781,1322,1479]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A576F258200FCCCF8BAFC2E2220" box="[853,934,1846,1869]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="21.[133,200,1387,1408]" captionTargetBox="[133,1871,544,1363]" captionTargetId="figure-0@21.[133,1872,539,1369]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 10. A, PCA morphospace for MAR obtained values from 110 modern marlin individuals distributed in five extant species and 11 fossil specimens. B, probability density function for five modern marlin species and its probabilistic associations with fossil specimens based on the PCA analysis. The PCA explains 90.9% of total variation in the first two axes. In B, the numbers correspond with those in the PCA analysis for species names. Grey lines are the 95% confidence intervals for extant species and the lines represent the distances of each fossil individual. For the three individuals identified as Istiophoridae sp. 1 the correspondence between the numbers in parenthesis and the collection number is: MAUL 57/1 (3), MUPPAN– STRI 31291 (6) and OCPC 31001 (7)." pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
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||
) indicates that the rostrum morphology of †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F258200FA07F8BAFC282200" authority="Gracia & Correa-Metrio & Carvalho & Velez-Juarbe & P̆rik & & Kri, 2022" authorityName="Gracia & Correa-Metrio & Carvalho & Velez-Juarbe & P̆rik & & Kri" authorityYear="2022" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Makaira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fierstini" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F258200FA07F8BAFC282200" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">M. fierstini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22457BB6F258200FC30F8DAFB892200" box="[937,1025,1878,1901]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
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is close in morphology to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F258200FAB6F8DAFA332200" authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1802" box="[1327,1467,1878,1901]" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Makaira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F258200FAB6F8DAFA332200" box="[1327,1467,1878,1901]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">M. nigricans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F3A821FFF48FAA6FEB1202C" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1832" box="[209,313,1322,1345]" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Istiompax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F3A821FFF48FAA6FEB1202C" box="[209,313,1322,1345]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Is. indica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A576F3A821FFED7FAA6FE16202C" box="[334,414,1322,1345]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="21.[133,200,1387,1408]" captionTargetBox="[133,1871,544,1363]" captionTargetId="figure-0@21.[133,1872,539,1369]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 10. A, PCA morphospace for MAR obtained values from 110 modern marlin individuals distributed in five extant species and 11 fossil specimens. B, probability density function for five modern marlin species and its probabilistic associations with fossil specimens based on the PCA analysis. The PCA explains 90.9% of total variation in the first two axes. In B, the numbers correspond with those in the PCA analysis for species names. Grey lines are the 95% confidence intervals for extant species and the lines represent the distances of each fossil individual. For the three individuals identified as Istiophoridae sp. 1 the correspondence between the numbers in parenthesis and the collection number is: MAUL 57/1 (3), MUPPAN– STRI 31291 (6) and OCPC 31001 (7)." pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
), but it differs from them in its extremely long rostrum, shorter narial aperture, the possession of large internal canals (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6E103696F3A821FFD9EFAE1FDD320E9" box="[519,603,1389,1412]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="9.[159,218,187,208]" captionText="Table 3. Relationship between height of left nutrient canal at 0.5 L (H1) with the CA1/AR1 ratio (canal area / cross-section area at 0.5 L). Using H1 as size estimator, small nutrient canals range between 1.0 and 3.9 mm and big canals range between 4.0 and 8.5 mm. The ratio CA1/AR1 removes the size effect and small canals have values CA1/AR1 of 0.002–0.019 and big canals of 0.02–0.07. In the score column ‘b’ is big and ‘s’ is small for the H1 and CA1/AR1 variables. For †Makaira purdyi variables at 0.25 L were used given the special morphology of this species. Ranges were defined after studying fossils and modern specimens together (Table S1)." pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
) and by having planar premaxillaries that occupy half of the lateral height in its proximal part (Figs 5D–F, 7G).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |