258 lines
36 KiB
XML
258 lines
36 KiB
XML
<document id="F483EBC94A57C21B16E05AC98DCA0270" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.187219" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9408e928-c675-4a30-95a4-4589dd3316ed" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="187219" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461064394328" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Macedo, Antonio Carlos Cruz" docDate="2009" docId="03C987B2B7323724FF7B92ECFB522D93" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02075p032.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2075" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Plutofoenus Kieffer 1911" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="11" masterDocId="FFF0FFCAB73B372EFFEC9321FFED2A37" masterDocTitle="Generic classification for the Gasteruptiinae (Hymenoptera: Gasteruptiidae) based on a cladistic analysis, with the description of two new Neotropical genera and the revalidation of Plutofoenus Kieffer" masterLastPageNumber="32" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="10" updateTime="1698583218253" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="4102A8BAEEA1700AA33479BF39D57750" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="C78690740C5218F30C34B78A8768EC52">
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<mods:title id="CE6D6E46343F39DA20EAB8ABE9A80C50">Generic classification for the Gasteruptiinae (Hymenoptera: Gasteruptiidae) based on a cladistic analysis, with the description of two new Neotropical genera and the revalidation of Plutofoenus Kieffer</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="44F6939546709FEF939646B3AF4D3475" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="A644587A09F7043000FA667207AA135D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="8DF639CEFA68FF742B0249059D51580D">Macedo, Antonio Carlos Cruz</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="51B63FA3F6FC651C999B7C2C05FB8257">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="978636E78DBBEA0A1042111A5E58A725">
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<mods:title id="CC1246911DE7B2F8378C73F7425BD8B2">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="1937B811A73EA690903DBC290CC6BFFE">
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<mods:date id="5464FD3A573E0C2451476699ADEFDCF0">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="E358FAEEA79B7ADEAE0591899D5F47D1" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="8B14873BA832C3D4BAD980BF72D3896F">2075</mods:number>
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<mods:extent id="BEB9FBB9F6C2F917129AC8D61052EBC5" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="F1FAA7950948D0F011220148539E0383">1</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="7E1636EA8CDE98B6F6948AEDF6B32B05">32</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="DB6E7744206126F76E112EECE014678C">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="4D3B3B709F56C0E9C1EA1865A51DB9C9" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.187219</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="9FFD830886D2B3417EABF15E69942B0C" type="GBIF-Dataset">9408e928-c675-4a30-95a4-4589dd3316ed</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="46927444BB4D73006567B9A1992F00AC" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="F51C29101BA576CB553844A030D95F76" type="Zenodo-Dep">187219</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03C987B2B7323724FF7B92ECFB522D93" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6213174" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119614756" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6213174" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C987B2B7323724FF7B92ECFB522D93" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987B2B7323724FF7B92ECFB522D93" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<subSubSection id="C37A652FB7323727FF7B92ECFCF6283D" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BDF36A4B7323727FF7B92ECFD9A2BD0" blockId="9.[151,795,461,522]" box="[151,631,461,487]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<heading id="D09781C8B7323727FF7B92ECFD9A2BD0" bold="true" box="[151,631,461,487]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B914EAB6B7323727FF7B92ECFD9A2BD0" bold="true" box="[151,631,461,487]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<taxonomicName id="4C604D27B7323727FF7B92ECFE222BD0" authority="Kieffer, 1911" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1911" box="[151,463,461,487]" class="Insecta" family="Gasteruptiidae" genus="Plutofoenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B914EAB6B7323727FF7B92ECFEC42BD0" bold="true" box="[151,297,461,487]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Plutofoenus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B55B7323727FEDD92ECFE222BD0" author="Kieffer" box="[305,463,461,487]" pageId="9" pageNumber="29" refString="Kieffer, J. J. (1911) Etude sur les evaniides exotiques (Hym.) du British Museum de Londres. Annales de la Societ Entomologique de France, 80, 151 - 231." type="journal article" year="1911">Kieffer, 1911</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(revalidated)
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDF36A4B7323727FF7B92D1FCF6283D" blockId="9.[151,795,461,522]" box="[151,795,496,522]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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(Figs. 3, 6e,
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<date id="FFDE1064B7323727FEC592D1FEAF283D" box="[297,322,496,522]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">6i</date>
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, 7e, 9b, 11a–f, 12a–c, 13c–e, 14b–c, 15)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37A652FB7323727FF7B911CFAE02843" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BDF36A4B7323727FF7B911CFAE02843" blockId="9.[151,1436,573,628]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB70118AB7323727FF7B911CFAE02843" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<taxonomicName id="4C604D27B7323727FF7B911CFE0E2863" authority="Kieffer, 1911: 177" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityPageNumber="177" authorityYear="1911" box="[151,483,573,596]" class="Insecta" family="Gasteruptiidae" genus="Plutofoenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B914EAB6B7323727FF7B911CFEFA2863" box="[151,279,573,596]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Plutofoenus</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AC110B5B7323727FEF2911CFE0E2863" author="Kieffer" box="[286,483,573,596]" page="177" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="1911">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B55B7323727FEF2911CFE422863" author="Kieffer" box="[286,431,573,596]" pageId="9" pageNumber="29" refString="Kieffer, J. J. (1911) Etude sur les evaniides exotiques (Hym.) du British Museum de Londres. Annales de la Societ Entomologique de France, 80, 151 - 231." type="journal article" year="1911">Kieffer, 1911</bibRefCitation>
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: 177
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(designated in the key);
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<treatmentCitation id="0AC110B5B7323727FD1C911CFC5B2863" author="Kieffer" box="[752,950,573,596]" page="191" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="1912">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B55B7323727FD1C911CFC6E2863" author="Kieffer" box="[752,899,573,596]" pageId="9" pageNumber="29" refString="Kieffer, J. J. (1912) Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidea, Evaniidae. Das Tierreich, 30, 1 - 431." type="journal article" year="1912">Kieffer, 1912</bibRefCitation>
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: 191
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</treatmentCitation>
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(in key), 221 (diagnosis);
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<treatmentCitation id="0AC110B5B7323727FB3A911CFA712863" author="Hedicke" box="[1238,1436,573,596]" page="42" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="1939">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B55B7323727FB3A911CFA9B2863" author="Hedicke" box="[1238,1398,573,596]" pageId="9" pageNumber="29" refString="Hedicke, H. (1939) Gasteruptiidae. In: Hedicke, H. (Ed.) Hymenopterorum Catalogus, Pars 11. Dr. W. Junk, Graveinhage, pp. 1 - 54." type="book chapter" year="1939">Hedicke, 1939</bibRefCitation>
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: 42
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</treatmentCitation>
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(catalog);
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<treatmentCitation id="0AC110B5B7323727FED8917CFDEB2843" author="De" box="[308,518,605,628]" page="95" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="1967">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B55B7323727FED8917CFE0C2843" author="De" box="[308,481,605,628]" pageId="9" pageNumber="29" refString="De Santis, L. (1967) Catalago de los himenopteros argentinos de la Serie Parasitica incluyendo Bethyloidea. Comision de Investigacion Cientifica, La Plata, 337 pp." type="book" year="1967">De Santis, 1967</bibRefCitation>
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: 95
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</treatmentCitation>
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(catalog);
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<treatmentCitation id="0AC110B5B7323727FD96917CFCBE2843" author="Crosskey" box="[634,851,605,628]" page="397" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="1962">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B55B7323727FD96917CFCCC2843" author="Crosskey" box="[634,801,605,628]" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" refString="Crosskey, R. W. (1962) The classification of the Gasteruptiidae (Hymenoptera). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 114, 377 - 402." type="journal article" year="1962">Crosskey, 1962</bibRefCitation>
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: 397
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</treatmentCitation>
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–398 (synonymized under
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<taxonomicName id="4C604D27B7323727FB9C917CFB102843" box="[1136,1277,605,628]" class="Insecta" family="Gasteruptiidae" genus="Gasteruption" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B914EAB6B7323727FB9C917CFB102843" box="[1136,1277,605,628]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Gasteruption</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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).
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C37A652FB7323724FF7B9182FB282AC8" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BDF36A4B7323727FF7B9182FBD328D3" blockId="9.[151,1154,675,740]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<emphasis id="B914EAB6B7323727FF7B9182FED4288A" bold="true" box="[151,313,675,701]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<typeStatus id="54DB8806B7323727FF7B9182FF39288A" box="[151,212,675,701]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Type</typeStatus>
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species.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C604D27B7323727FEAC9185FCA62889" authority="Schrottky, 1906" authorityName="Schrottky" authorityYear="1906" box="[320,843,676,702]" class="Insecta" family="Gasteruptiidae" genus="Gasteruption" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paraguayense">
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<emphasis id="B914EAB6B7323727FEAC9185FD6B288A" box="[320,646,676,701]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Gasteruption paraguayense</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B55B7323727FD629185FCA62889" author="Schrottky" box="[654,843,676,702]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" refString="Schrottky, C. (1906) Neue Evaniiden aus Paraguay. Zeitsehrift fur Systematische Hymenopterologie und Dipterologie, 6, 56 - 62." type="journal article" year="1906">Schrottky, 1906</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Designated by monotypy.
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<emphasis id="B914EAB6B7323727FF2991EBFEB028D3" bold="true" box="[197,349,714,740]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Description.</emphasis>
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Body length between 15.0–19.0 mm (exclusive of ovipositor).
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</paragraph>
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||
<caption id="DF1F662CB7323727FF7B9502FEB92DED" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187221/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" targetBox="[180,1417,826,1519]" targetPageId="9">
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<paragraph id="8BDF36A4B7323727FF7B9502FEB92DED" blockId="9.[151,1437,1571,2010]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<emphasis id="B914EAB6B7323727FF7B9502FEF72C0C" bold="true" box="[151,282,1571,1595]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
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a–c:
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<taxonomicName id="4C604D27B7323727FEB99502FD892C0D" box="[341,612,1571,1594]" class="Insecta" family="Gasteruptiidae" genus="Gasteruption" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bispinosum">
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<emphasis id="B914EAB6B7323727FEB99502FD892C0D" box="[341,612,1571,1594]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Gasteruption bispinosum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, delimitation of the measurements and some characters of cladistic analysis. a: lateral view; b: head in dorsal view; c: propleuron in ventral view; d:
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<taxonomicName id="4C604D27B7323727FC369567FB342C6A" box="[986,1241,1606,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Gasteruptiidae" genus="Gasteruption" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nasutum">
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<emphasis id="B914EAB6B7323727FC369567FB342C6A" box="[986,1241,1606,1629]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Gasteruption nasutum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, left hind tarsus. Measurements: Head: i: head length; ii: eye length; iii: malar space height; iv: distance between posterior ocellus and occipital margin (dorsal view); v: distance between posterior ocelli (dorsal view); vi: scape length; vii: pedicel length; viii: first flagellomere length; ix: second flagellomere length; Mesosoma: x: propleuron length; xi: propleuron width (ventral view); xii: mesosoma length (excluding propleuron); xiii: mesosoma height (distance between metasoma insertion and base of middle coxa); xiv: pronotum length (distance between anterior margin of pronotum and tegula); xv: distance between anterior margin of pronotum and metasoma insertion; xvi: hind coxa length; xvii: hind coxa width; xviii: hind femur length; xix: hind tibia length; xx: hind tibia width; xxi: hind first tarsomere length; Metasoma: xxii: metasoma length; xxiii: ovipositor sheath length; xxiv: body length (measurements i+x+xv+xxii). The following ratios were used in the species descriptions: xxiv/xxiii, i/ii, ii/iii, iv/v, viii/vi, viii/vii, viii/ix, xii/xiii, x/xi, x/xiv; xvi/xvii, xix/xx, xix/xviii, xix/xxi, xxii/xii, and xxiii/xxii. Arabic numbers indicate characters and respective synapomorphic states (within brackets).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BDF36A4B7313724FF2993B6FB282AC8" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1183]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<emphasis id="B914EAB6B7313724FF2993B6FEE32A86" bold="true" box="[197,270,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Head.</emphasis>
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Subrectangular in dorsal view (
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<figureCitation id="135B2A21B7313724FD6593B9FD042A85" box="[649,745,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="21.[151,255,1905,1929]" captionTargetBox="[179,1414,189,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1436,156,1969]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 11. Head in dorsal and lateral views. a – b: Plutofoenus chaeturus; c – d: P. e d w a rd s i; e – f: P. paraguayensis; g – h: Spinolafoenus ruficornis; i – j: Trilobitofoenus alvarengai; k – l: T. plaumanni; m – n: T. sericeus. Scale bar: 1.0 mm. Numbers indicate characters and respective synapomorphic states (within brackets)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187229/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 11</figureCitation>
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a, 11c); mandible in frontal view with apex wide (
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<figureCitation id="135B2A21B7313724FAD793B9FA692A85" box="[1339,1412,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 6. a – g" captionStartId="16.[151,255,1866,1890]" captionTargetBox="[161,1424,430,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,414,1860]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 6. a – g: Head in anterior view. a: Aulacus sp. A; b: Pseudofoenus infumatus; c: Gasteruption bispinosum; d: G. nasutum (without scale); e: Plutofoenus edwardsi; f: Spinolafoenus ruficornis; g: Trilobitofoenus plaumanni; h – i: Left mandible in frontal view (without scale). h: G. bispinosum; i: Plutofoenus edwardsi. Scale bar: 1.0 mm. Numbers indicate characters and respective synapomorphic states (within brackets)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187224/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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Fig.
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<date id="FFDE1064B7313724FA9F93B9FA692A85" box="[1395,1412,152,178]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">6</date>
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</figureCitation>
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i); malar space long, fused with gena (
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<figureCitation id="135B2A21B7313724FDA4939FFD472AEF" box="[584,682,190,216]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="21.[151,255,1905,1929]" captionTargetBox="[179,1414,189,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1436,156,1969]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 11. Head in dorsal and lateral views. a – b: Plutofoenus chaeturus; c – d: P. e d w a rd s i; e – f: P. paraguayensis; g – h: Spinolafoenus ruficornis; i – j: Trilobitofoenus alvarengai; k – l: T. plaumanni; m – n: T. sericeus. Scale bar: 1.0 mm. Numbers indicate characters and respective synapomorphic states (within brackets)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187229/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 11</figureCitation>
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b, 11d, 11f); clypeus with a ridge at anterior margin (
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<figureCitation id="135B2A21B7313724FAD8939FFA602AEF" box="[1332,1421,190,216]" captionStart="FIGURE 6. a – g" captionStartId="16.[151,255,1866,1890]" captionTargetBox="[161,1424,430,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,414,1860]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 6. a – g: Head in anterior view. a: Aulacus sp. A; b: Pseudofoenus infumatus; c: Gasteruption bispinosum; d: G. nasutum (without scale); e: Plutofoenus edwardsi; f: Spinolafoenus ruficornis; g: Trilobitofoenus plaumanni; h – i: Left mandible in frontal view (without scale). h: G. bispinosum; i: Plutofoenus edwardsi. Scale bar: 1.0 mm. Numbers indicate characters and respective synapomorphic states (within brackets)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187224/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6e</figureCitation>
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); clypeus and face with longitudinal striae (
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<figureCitation id="135B2A21B7313724FD6D93C4FD3A2AC8" box="[641,727,229,255]" captionStart="FIGURE 6. a – g" captionStartId="16.[151,255,1866,1890]" captionTargetBox="[161,1424,430,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,414,1860]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 6. a – g: Head in anterior view. a: Aulacus sp. A; b: Pseudofoenus infumatus; c: Gasteruption bispinosum; d: G. nasutum (without scale); e: Plutofoenus edwardsi; f: Spinolafoenus ruficornis; g: Trilobitofoenus plaumanni; h – i: Left mandible in frontal view (without scale). h: G. bispinosum; i: Plutofoenus edwardsi. Scale bar: 1.0 mm. Numbers indicate characters and respective synapomorphic states (within brackets)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187224/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6e</figureCitation>
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); occipital margin simple (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135B2A21B7313724FBFD93C4FB9D2AC8" box="[1041,1136,229,255]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="21.[151,255,1905,1929]" captionTargetBox="[179,1414,189,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1436,156,1969]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 11. Head in dorsal and lateral views. a – b: Plutofoenus chaeturus; c – d: P. e d w a rd s i; e – f: P. paraguayensis; g – h: Spinolafoenus ruficornis; i – j: Trilobitofoenus alvarengai; k – l: T. plaumanni; m – n: T. sericeus. Scale bar: 1.0 mm. Numbers indicate characters and respective synapomorphic states (within brackets)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187229/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
a, 11c).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37A652FB7313724FF29922DFA8E289F" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF36A4B7313724FF29922DFF2E286C" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1183]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAB6B7313724FF29922DFEA02B11" bold="true" box="[197,333,268,294]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Mesosoma.</emphasis>
|
||
Pronotum with three lobes weakly defined (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135B2A21B7313724FCB4922DFC5A2B11" box="[856,951,268,294]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="24.[151,257,1774,1798]" captionTargetBox="[178,1412,189,1773]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[151,1436,161,1853]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 13. Mesosoma in lateral view. a: Gasteruption bispinosum; b: G. guildingi; c: Plutofoenus chaeturus; d: P. edwardsi, e: P. paraguayensis; f: Spinolafoenus ruficornis; g: Trilobitofoenus alvarengai; h: T. plaumanni; i: T. sericeus. Scale bar: 1.0 mm. Lobes of pronotum: vl: ventral lobe; dl: dorsal lobe; ll: lateral lobe. Numbers indicate characters and respective synapomorphic states (within brackets)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187231/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
c-d); pronotal process present (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135B2A21B7313724FAC9922DFA692B11" box="[1317,1412,268,294]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="24.[151,257,1774,1798]" captionTargetBox="[178,1412,189,1773]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[151,1436,161,1853]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 13. Mesosoma in lateral view. a: Gasteruption bispinosum; b: G. guildingi; c: Plutofoenus chaeturus; d: P. edwardsi, e: P. paraguayensis; f: Spinolafoenus ruficornis; g: Trilobitofoenus alvarengai; h: T. plaumanni; i: T. sericeus. Scale bar: 1.0 mm. Lobes of pronotum: vl: ventral lobe; dl: dorsal lobe; ll: lateral lobe. Numbers indicate characters and respective synapomorphic states (within brackets)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187231/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
c- e); propleuron simple anteriorly; mesonotum truncate in lateral view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135B2A21B7313724FC089213FBAB2B7B" box="[996,1094,306,332]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="24.[151,257,1774,1798]" captionTargetBox="[178,1412,189,1773]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[151,1436,161,1853]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 13. Mesosoma in lateral view. a: Gasteruption bispinosum; b: G. guildingi; c: Plutofoenus chaeturus; d: P. edwardsi, e: P. paraguayensis; f: Spinolafoenus ruficornis; g: Trilobitofoenus alvarengai; h: T. plaumanni; i: T. sericeus. Scale bar: 1.0 mm. Lobes of pronotum: vl: ventral lobe; dl: dorsal lobe; ll: lateral lobe. Numbers indicate characters and respective synapomorphic states (within brackets)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187231/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
c-e); mesoscutum uniformly sculptured, longer than wide, and almost forming a unique plane; with two lobes separated by depressed notauli (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135B2A21B7313724FF1592A1FEB72BAD" box="[249,346,384,410]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="22.[151,255,1621,1645]" captionTargetBox="[176,1411,1011,1582]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,993,1614]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 12. Mesonotum in dorsal view. a: Plutofoenus chaeturus; b: P. e d w a rd s i; c: P. paraguayensis; d: Spinolafoenus ruficornis; e: Trilobitofoenus alvarengai; f: T. plaumanni; g: T. sericeus. Scale bar: 1.0 mm. Numbers indicate characters and respective synapomorphic states (within brackets)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187230/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
a-c); parapsides distinct; mesepimeron entirely concave (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135B2A21B7313724FC1692A1FBB72BAD" box="[1018,1114,384,410]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="24.[151,257,1774,1798]" captionTargetBox="[178,1412,189,1773]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[151,1436,161,1853]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 13. Mesosoma in lateral view. a: Gasteruption bispinosum; b: G. guildingi; c: Plutofoenus chaeturus; d: P. edwardsi, e: P. paraguayensis; f: Spinolafoenus ruficornis; g: Trilobitofoenus alvarengai; h: T. plaumanni; i: T. sericeus. Scale bar: 1.0 mm. Lobes of pronotum: vl: ventral lobe; dl: dorsal lobe; ll: lateral lobe. Numbers indicate characters and respective synapomorphic states (within brackets)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187231/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
c-e); fore and middle tibiae with a white stripe from base to apex; hind tibia white basally; metacoxa with fine transversal striae at posterior portion (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135B2A21B7313724FE9D92ECFE272BD0" box="[369,458,461,487]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="25.[151,258,1435,1459]" captionTargetBox="[287,1310,438,1409]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[252,1334,429,1515]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 14. Propodeum and metacoxa in dorsal view. a: Gasteruption bispinosum; b – c: Plutofoenus edwardsi; d: Gasteruption sp. I; e: Spinolafoenus ruficornis; f: Trilobitofoenus plaumanni. Scale bar: 1.0 mm. Numbers indicate characters and respective synapomorphic states (within brackets)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187232/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
b); median propodeal carina convex and percurrent (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135B2A21B7313724FBAD92ECFB4E2BD0" box="[1089,1187,461,487]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="25.[151,258,1435,1459]" captionTargetBox="[287,1310,438,1409]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[252,1334,429,1515]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 14. Propodeum and metacoxa in dorsal view. a: Gasteruption bispinosum; b – c: Plutofoenus edwardsi; d: Gasteruption sp. I; e: Spinolafoenus ruficornis; f: Trilobitofoenus plaumanni. Scale bar: 1.0 mm. Numbers indicate characters and respective synapomorphic states (within brackets)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187232/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
b-c); fore wing jugal lobe present; discal cell present, subtrapezoidal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135B2A21B7313724FD3892D5FCF12839" box="[724,796,500,526]" captionStart="FIGURE 7. a – b" captionStartId="17.[151,255,1753,1777]" captionTargetBox="[162,1423,182,1727]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[151,1436,164,1867]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 7. a – b: Left fore wing (scale bar: 1.0 mm). a: Pseudofoenus infumatus; b: Gasteruption bispinosum; c – h: Left fore wing discal cell (without scale); c: G. bispinosum; d: G. p a r v u m; e: Plutofoenus edwardsi; f: Spinolafoenus ruficornis; g: Trilobitofoenus plaumanni; h: T. alvarengai. Numbers indicate characters and respective synapomorphic" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187225/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
e), vein r–m present, not reaching vein 2-m, vein 2–M tubular in first 1/3 and nebulous in remaining portion (Fig. 3a); hind wing with 3–6 equidistant hamuli (Fig. 3a).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF36A4B7313724FF299146FA8E289F" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1183]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAB6B7313724FF299146FEA128B6" bold="true" box="[197,332,615,641]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Metasoma.</emphasis>
|
||
First metasomal tergum with edges separate, not concealing first sternum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135B2A21B7313724FB359149FACF28B5" box="[1241,1314,616,642]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="19.[151,256,1040,1064]" captionTargetBox="[505,1051,191,988]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[476,1112,180,1034]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 9. First metasomal segment in ventral view. a: Gasteruption bispinosum; b: Plutofoenus edwardsi. S 2: first metasomal sternum; T 2: first metasomal tergum. Without scale. Numbers indicate characters and respective synapomorphic states (within brackets)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187227/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
b); female subgenital sternum with a slitlikeY-shaped notch (as
|
||
<figureCitation id="135B2A21B7313724FCEE91AFFCBA289F" box="[770,855,654,680]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="20.[151,255,853,877]" captionTargetBox="[229,1372,465,784]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[151,1436,419,846]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 10. Subgenital sternum in ventral view. a: notched, Y-shaped; b: notched, V-shaped; c: simple. Without scale. Numbers indicate characters and respective synapomorphic states (within brackets)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187228/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
a); ovipositor longer than metasoma (Fig. 3).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37A652FB7313724FF299194FE0129A7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF36A4B7313724FF299194FE0129A7" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1183]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAB6B7313724FF299194FEB328F8" bold="true" box="[197,350,693,719]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
. South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3777634B7313724FE559194FDCE28F8" box="[441,547,693,719]" name="United States of America" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3777634B7313724FDC39194FD4A28F8" box="[559,679,693,719]" name="Argentina" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3777634B7313724FD5E9194FCCD28F8" box="[690,800,693,719]" name="Paraguay" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
, southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3777634B7313724FC759194FC0C28F8" box="[921,993,693,719]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="135B2A21B7313724FC1E9194FBA428F8" box="[1010,1097,693,719]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="26.[151,255,1356,1380]" captionTargetBox="[191,1401,198,1322]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[175,1411,179,1349]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 15. Geographic distribution of the species of Plutofoenus, Spinolafoenus and Trilobitofoenus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187233/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
). The species occur between 23ºS and 33ºS in subtropical areas, with substantial rainfall in the eastern portions, becoming semiarid in the western and southern portions. This distribution is very similar to the distribution of the only two species of Hyptiogastrinae in the Neotropical Region (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B55B7313724FD4E9008FC062974" author="Jennings" box="[674,1003,809,835]" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" refString="Jennings, J. T. & Austin, A. D. (1997 a) Revision of Aulacofoenus Kieffer (Hymenoptera: Gasteruptiidae), hyptiogastrine wasps with a restricted gondwanic distribution. Invertebrate Taxonomy, 11, 943 - 976." type="journal article" year="1997" yearSuffix="a">Jennings and Austin 1997a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, the species are very rare and additional collections are needed to confirm this pattern. At least one species seems to occur in the eastern Andean slopes (
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAB6B7313724FEB89056FE3A29A7" box="[340,471,887,912]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. e d w a rd s i</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37A652FB7313724FF2990BCFE412980" box="[197,428,925,951]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF36A4B7313724FF2990BCFE412980" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1183]" box="[197,428,925,951]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAB6B7313724FF2990BCFEC42980" bold="true" box="[197,297,925,951]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Biology.</emphasis>
|
||
Unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37A652FB7313724FF2990E2FB522D93" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF36A4B7313724FF2990E2FCC22EA9" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1183]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAB6B7313724FF2990E2FEBE29EA" bold="true" box="[197,339,963,989]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Comments.</emphasis>
|
||
This genus was defined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B55B7313724FD7590E5FCAF29E9" author="Kieffer" box="[665,834,964,990]" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" refString="Kieffer, J. J. (1911) Etude sur les evaniides exotiques (Hym.) du British Museum de Londres. Annales de la Societ Entomologique de France, 80, 151 - 231." type="journal article" year="1911">Kieffer (1911)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to accommodate a single species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604D27B7313724FB3890E5FEC92E33" authority="Schrottky" authorityName="Schrottky" class="Insecta" family="Gasteruptiidae" genus="Plutofoenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paraguayensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAB6B7313724FB3890E5FA7129EA" box="[1236,1436,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. paraguayensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Schrottky)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, based only on the presence of the partially developed vein r-m, a character shown here to be plesiomorphic.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B55B7313724FEA19730FDE22E1C" author="Crosskey" box="[333,527,1041,1067]" pageId="10" pageNumber="28" refString="Crosskey, R. W. (1962) The classification of the Gasteruptiidae (Hymenoptera). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 114, 377 - 402." type="journal article" year="1962">Crosskey (1962)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
synonymized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604D27B7313724FD579730FCAA2E1D" box="[699,839,1041,1066]" class="Insecta" family="Gasteruptiidae" genus="Plutofoenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAB6B7313724FD579730FCAA2E1D" box="[699,839,1041,1066]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Plutofoenus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
under
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAB6B7313724FC759730FBD62E1D" box="[921,1083,1041,1066]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604D27B7313724FC759730FBDA2E1D" box="[921,1079,1041,1066]" class="Insecta" family="Gasteruptiidae" genus="Gasteruption" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gasteruption</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604D27B7313724FB579730FAAA2E1D" box="[1211,1351,1041,1066]" class="Insecta" family="Gasteruptiidae" genus="Plutofoenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAB6B7313724FB579730FAAA2E1D" box="[1211,1351,1041,1066]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Plutofoenus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is here revalidated because its species share nine synapomorphies (fully explained in the cladistic analysis section).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604D27B7313724FF7B977EFE002E4F" authority="Turner" authorityName="Turner" box="[151,493,1118,1144]" class="Insecta" family="Gasteruptiidae" genus="Plutofoenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="edwardsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAB6B7313724FF7B977EFE7B2E4F" box="[151,406,1119,1144]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Plutofoenus edwardsi</emphasis>
|
||
Turner
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was the only other described species in this genus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B55B7313724FBB8977FFB012E4F" author="Turner" box="[1108,1260,1118,1144]" pageId="10" pageNumber="30" refString="Turner, R. E. (1927) New Parasitic Hymenoptera in the British Museum. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 9, 553 - 560." type="journal article" year="1927">Turner 1927</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604D27B7313724FAED977EFE762EA8" authority="Schletterer" authorityName="Schletterer" class="Insecta" family="Gasteruptiidae" genus="Gasteruption" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chaeturum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAB6B7313724FAED977EFEF82EA9" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Gasteruption chaeturum</emphasis>
|
||
Schletterer
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is here transferred to
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAB6B7313724FD7797A4FCC22EA9" box="[667,815,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604D27B7313724FD7797A4FCC62EA9" box="[667,811,1157,1182]" class="Insecta" family="Gasteruptiidae" genus="Plutofoenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Plutofoenus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF36A4B7313724FF7B944BFB522D93" blockId="10.[151,1433,1898,1957]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAB6B7313724FF7B944BFECD2DB5" bold="true" box="[151,288,1898,1922]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAB6B7313724FECB944AFDE22DB5" box="[295,527,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604D27B7313724FECB944AFDE62DB5" box="[295,523,1899,1922]" class="Insecta" family="Gasteruptiidae" genus="Plutofoenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="habitus">Plutofoenus habitus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
a:
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAB6B7313724FDD8944AFD5E2DB5" box="[564,691,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. e d w a rd s i</emphasis>
|
||
; b:
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAB6B7313724FD08944AFC812DB5" box="[740,876,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. c h a e t u r u s</emphasis>
|
||
; c:
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAB6B7313724FC70944AFBF62DB5" box="[924,1051,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. e d w a rd s i</emphasis>
|
||
(without ovipositor sheath); d:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604D27B7313724FA6A944AFEDE2D92" class="Insecta" family="Gasteruptiidae" genus="Plutofoenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paraguayensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAB6B7313724FA6A944AFEDE2D92" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. paraguayensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Numbers indicate characters and respective synapomorphic states (within brackets).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |