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<mods:title id="5B757993265C1D843AE0FEE0D8667850">Late Neogene Lophophaenidae (Nassellaria, Radiolaria) from the eastern equatorial Pacific</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FFDCFFB775DFE5C6FC12C2B7" blockId="79.[151,981,433,495]" box="[151,981,433,459]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFDCFFB775DFE5C6FCA4C2B7" authority="(Sugiyama and Furutani, 1992)" baseAuthorityName="Sugiyama and Furutani" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[151,867,433,459]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Pelagomanes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Nassellaria" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="species" species="cantharoides" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFDCFFB775DFE5C6FE12C2B7" box="[151,469,433,459]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Pelagomanes cantharoides</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B9140254FFDCFFB77494E5C6FCA4C2B7" bold="true" box="[476,867,433,459]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFDCFFB774AEE5C6FC9CC2B7" author="Sugiyama, K. &amp; Furutani, H." box="[486,859,433,459]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="199 - 213" refId="ref95385" refString="Sugiyama, K. &amp; Furutani, H. (1992) Middle Miocene radiolarians from the Oidawara formation, Mizunami Group, Gifu Prefecture, central Japan. Bulletin of the Mizunami Fossil Museum, 19, 199 - 213." type="journal article" year="1992">Sugiyama and Furutani, 1992</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9140254FFDCFFB77622E5C6FC12C2B7" bold="true" box="[874,981,433,459]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A227BF2FFFDCFFB77622E5C6FC12C2B7" box="[874,981,433,459]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<subSubSection id="C37A8DCDFFDCFFB775DFE5A2FE3CC293" box="[151,507,469,495]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FFDCFFB775DFE5A2FE3CC293" blockId="79.[151,981,433,495]" box="[151,507,469,495]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
Plate 40,
<figureCitation id="135BC2C3FFDCFFB77448E5A2FEACC293" box="[256,363,469,495]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStartId-0="6.[151,250,1340,1364]" captionStartId-1="7.[151,250,1538,1562]" captionStartId-2="9.[151,250,1885,1909]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1430,743,1316]" captionTargetBox-1="[157,1428,745,1510]" captionTargetBox-2="[189,1398,1065,1862]" captionTargetId-0="figure-284@6.[151,1436,741,1317]" captionTargetId-1="figure-251@7.[151,1436,741,1514]" captionTargetId-2="figure-391@9.[189,1398,1065,1862]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="9" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Diagram illustrating the general skeletal morphology of Lophophaenidae, and terminology used in this manuscript. Dashed lines indicate spines that are not visible from the angle shown, as they extend into the skeleton. An example specimen of Lophophaena casperi n. sp. is included for comparison to the diagrams." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Relative abundance of specimens and taxa belonging to Plagiacanthoidea and Lophophaenidae per sample, from IODP Site U1337 in the EEP over the last ~10 Ma. The relative percentages of total taxa are represented by the blue lines and the red lines represent the percentages of total specimens (triangles = Plagiacanthoidea; circles = Lophophaenidae). The Plagiacanthoidea was among the most abundant and speciose of radiolarian groups encountered in Trubovitz et al. (2020), with at least 10% of the specimens and 20% of the taxonomic richness in every sample. Within the Plagiacanthoidea, lophophaenids consistently made up the majority of specimens (~67%) and taxa (~61%). Data are from Trubovitz et al. (2020)." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Locality map of IODP Site U1337, where all samples for this study were collected. Map from Google EarthTM." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10544060" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10544062" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10544064" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/10544060/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/10544062/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/10544064/files/figure.png" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Figs. 13</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="135BC2C3FFDCFFB7743EE5A2FE64C293" box="[374,419,469,495]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 7" captionStart-1="FIGURE 8" captionStartId-0="18.[151,250,1317,1341]" captionStartId-1="24.[151,250,1090,1114]" captionTargetBox-0="[164,1422,562,1294]" captionTargetBox-1="[178,1411,181,1066]" captionTargetId-0="figure-182@18.[164,1422,561,1294]" captionTargetId-1="figure-22@24.[177,1411,181,1066]" captionTargetPageId-0="18" captionTargetPageId-1="24" captionText-0="FIGURE 7. Internal skeletal structure of Arachnocorys umbellifera (Haeckel, 1862) Petrushevskaya, 1971." captionText-1="FIGURE 8. Internal skeletal structure of Botryopera amabie n. sp." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10544072" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10544074" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/10544072/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/10544074/files/figure.png" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">78</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="135BC2C3FFDCFFB774E6E5A2FE0BC293" box="[430,460,469,495]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1263,1287]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,418,1240]" captionTargetId="figure-130@40.[164,1423,417,1240]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 10. Internal skeletal structure of Lithomelissa alkonost n. sp." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10544078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10544078/files/figure.png" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">10</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="135BC2C3FFDCFFB77490E5A2FE30C293" box="[472,503,469,495]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1182,1206]" captionTargetBox="[169,1418,386,1151]" captionTargetId="figure-94@64.[163,1423,381,1159]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 14. Chart illustrating the different cephalis sizes in Lophophaena shishigae n. sp. and Arachnocorys jorogumoae n. sp. The yellow circles indicate L. shishigae, with a small cephalis, and the purple triangles represent A. jorogumoae, with a significantly larger and proportionally higher cephalis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10544084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10544084/files/figure.png" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">14</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C37A8DCDFFDCFFB775DFE66DFBA1C1F1" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FFDCFFB775DFE66DFB4AC14E" blockId="79.[151,1165,538,654]" box="[151,1165,538,562]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFDCFFB775DFE66DFE6BC14E" authorityName="Butschli" authorityYear="1882" baseAuthorityName="Sugiyama and Furutani" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[151,428,538,562]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Ceratocyrtis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="cantharoides" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFDCFFB775DFE66DFE6BC14E" box="[151,428,538,562]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Ceratocyrtis? cantharoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A227BF2FFFDCFFB774FBE66DFE2CC14D" box="[435,491,538,561]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFDCFFB774BDE66DFCE4C14E" author="Sugiyama, K. &amp; Furutani, H." box="[501,803,538,562]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="199 - 213" refId="ref95385" refString="Sugiyama, K. &amp; Furutani, H. (1992) Middle Miocene radiolarians from the Oidawara formation, Mizunami Group, Gifu Prefecture, central Japan. Bulletin of the Mizunami Fossil Museum, 19, 199 - 213." type="journal article" year="1992">Sugiyama and Furutani, 1992</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 13, figs. 12; pl. 20, figs. 12b.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FFDCFFB775DFE64EFC3AC12C" blockId="79.[151,1165,538,654]" box="[151,1021,568,593]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFDCFFB775DFE64EFEFDC12C" box="[151,314,569,592]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Ceratocyrtis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFDCFFB775DFE64EFED1C12C" box="[151,278,569,592]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Ceratocyrtis</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
aff.
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFDCFFB77420E64EFDA9C12C" authority="(Ehrenberg)" authorityName="Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1971" baseAuthorityName="Ehrenberg" box="[360,622,568,592]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Ceratocyrtis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="cucullaris">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFDCFFB77420E64EFE2DC12C" box="[360,490,568,592]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">C. cucullaris</emphasis>
(Ehrenberg)
</taxonomicName>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFDCFFB7773FE64EFCB6C12D" author="Tsoy, I. B. &amp; Shastina, V. V." box="[631,881,568,593]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" refId="ref96368" refString="Tsoy, I. B. &amp; Shastina, V. V. (1999) Neogene Siliceous Microplankton of the Japan Sea (Diatoms and Radiolarians). Russian Academy of Sciences, Far Eastern Branch, Pacific Oceanological Institute, Vladivostok, 241 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1999">Tsoy and Shastina, 1999</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 35, fig. 6.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FFDCFFB775DFE62FFC1EC113" blockId="79.[151,1165,538,654]" box="[151,985,599,623]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFDCFFB775DFE62FFC8AC113" authority="Sugiyama and Furutani, Renaudie, 2014" authorityName="Sugiyama and Furutani, Renaudie" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,845,599,623]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Ceratocyrtis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="cantharoides">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFDCFFB775DFE62FFEE4C113" box="[151,291,600,623]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Ceratocyrtis?</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B9140254FFDCFFB77461E620FE6BC113" box="[297,428,599,623]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">cantharoides</emphasis>
Sugiyama and Furutani,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFDCFFB777E4E620FC8AC113" author="Renaudie, J." box="[684,845,599,623]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" refId="ref94207" refString="Renaudie, J. (2014) A synthesis of Antarctic Neogene radiolarians: taxonomy, macroevolution and biostratigraphy. PhD Thesis, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin, 300 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.18452 / 16985" type="book" year="2014">Renaudie, 2014</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 22, fig. 3.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FFDCFFB775DFE601FBA1C1F1" blockId="79.[151,1165,538,654]" box="[151,1126,630,654]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFDCFFB775DFE601FCBBC1F2" authority="Sugiyama and Furutani, Trubovitz et al., 2020" authorityName="Sugiyama and Furutani, Trubovitz" authorityYear="2020" box="[151,892,630,654]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Ceratocyrtis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="cantharoides">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFDCFFB775DFE601FE58C1F2" box="[151,415,630,654]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Ceratocyrtis cantharoides</emphasis>
Sugiyama and Furutani,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFDCFFB777D6E601FCBBC1F2" author="Trubovitz, S. &amp; Lazarus, D. &amp; Renaudie, J. &amp; Noble, P. J." box="[670,892,630,654]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref96304" refString="Trubovitz, S., Lazarus, D., Renaudie, J. &amp; Noble, P. J. (2020) Marine plankton show threshold extinction response to Neogene climate change. Nature Communications, 11 (5069), 1 - 10. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / s 41467 - 020 - 18879 - 7" type="journal article" year="2020">
Trubovitz
<emphasis id="B9140254FFDCFFB77640E600FC87C1F2" box="[776,832,630,654]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">et al.,</emphasis>
2020
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, supplementary data 7.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C37A8DCDFFDCFFB775DFE6CBFDD8C08B" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FFDCFFB775DFE6CBFDD8C08B" blockId="79.[151,1437,700,1122]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFDCFFB775DFE6CBFECCC1AA" bold="true" box="[151,267,700,726]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Remarks.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFDCFFB7745CE6CBFDA8C1AA" author="Sugiyama, K. &amp; Furutani, H." box="[276,623,700,726]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="199 - 213" refId="ref95385" refString="Sugiyama, K. &amp; Furutani, H. (1992) Middle Miocene radiolarians from the Oidawara formation, Mizunami Group, Gifu Prefecture, central Japan. Bulletin of the Mizunami Fossil Museum, 19, 199 - 213." type="journal article" year="1992">Sugiyama and Furutani (1992)</bibRefCitation>
only tentatively placed this species in
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFDCFFB77162E6CBFB71C1AA" authorityName="Butschli" authorityYear="1882" box="[1066,1206,700,726]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Ceratocyrtis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFDCFFB77162E6CBFB71C1AA" box="[1066,1206,700,726]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Ceratocyrtis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because it lacks the well-developed, dendritic axobate that is typical of
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFDCFFB77793E697FC00C186" box="[731,967,736,762]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Ceratocyrtis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFDCFFB77793E697FCA0C186" box="[731,871,736,762]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Ceratocyrtis</emphasis>
species.
</taxonomicName>
The authors state that the apical horn has 12 branches on the dorsal side. It is this forked apical horn that separates
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFDCFFB776A1E772FB51C062" box="[1001,1174,772,798]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Ceratocyrtis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="cantharoides">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFDCFFB776A1E772FB51C062" box="[1001,1174,772,798]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">P. cantharoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from similar taxa (i.e.,
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFDCFFB775DFE75EFE92C03E" baseAuthorityName="Funakawa" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[151,341,809,834]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Pelagomanes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="species" species="morawanensis">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFDCFFB775DFE75EFE92C03E" box="[151,341,809,834]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">P. morawanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFDCFFB774C5E75EFDC5C03E" baseAuthorityName="O'Connor" baseAuthorityYear="1997" box="[397,514,808,834]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Pelagomanes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="species" species="tekopua">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFDCFFB774C5E75EFDC5C03E" box="[397,514,808,834]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">P. tekopua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). However, it is unclear whether this character alone should justify the separation of this species from
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFDCFFB77434E73AFD0DC01A" authority="(Funakawa)" baseAuthorityName="Funakawa" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[380,714,844,870]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Pelagomanes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="species" species="morawanensis">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFDCFFB77434E73AFDFDC01A" box="[380,570,845,870]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">P. morawanensis</emphasis>
(Funakawa)
</taxonomicName>
. Plate 40 demonstrates that specimens sharing the character of a forked apical horn often have as many differences between one another as with specimens without a forked horn. This suggests that a forked horn may not be a reliable distinguishing character, and these two species concepts may require revision. Here we provisionally accept these two concepts as separate species, but acknowledge that further study may show they are the same.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37A8DCDFFDCFFB7758FE077FD61C71E" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FFDCFFB7758FE077FD61C71E" blockId="79.[151,1437,700,1122]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFDCFFB7758FE077FEDDC766" bold="true" box="[199,282,1024,1050]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Range.</emphasis>
Middle Miocene in the EEP, though the range in our material is not well constrained (
<tableCitation id="C6E2EBFDFFDCFFB7718CE077FAD1C766" box="[1220,1302,1024,1050]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="84.[151,248,834,860]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="TABLE 1. Occurrence chart of Late NeogeneRecent lophophaenids in the EEP." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1F8ECEFFC7FFAC75DFE735FB46C021" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" tableUuid="DF1F8ECEFFC7FFAC75DFE735FB46C021">Table 1</tableCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFDCFFB77064E077FEB1C742" author="Sugiyama, K. &amp; Furutani, H." pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="199 - 213" refId="ref95385" refString="Sugiyama, K. &amp; Furutani, H. (1992) Middle Miocene radiolarians from the Oidawara formation, Mizunami Group, Gifu Prefecture, central Japan. Bulletin of the Mizunami Fossil Museum, 19, 199 - 213." type="journal article" year="1992">Sugiyama and Furutani (1992)</bibRefCitation>
described this species from the Middle Miocene of
<collectingCountry id="F3779ED6FFDCFFB776FEE052FC3EC743" box="[950,1017,1061,1087]" name="Japan" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Japan</collectingCountry>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFDCFFB7714BE053FB79C742" author="Renaudie, J." box="[1027,1214,1060,1086]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" refId="ref94207" refString="Renaudie, J. (2014) A synthesis of Antarctic Neogene radiolarians: taxonomy, macroevolution and biostratigraphy. PhD Thesis, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin, 300 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.18452 / 16985" type="book" year="2014">Renaudie (2014)</bibRefCitation>
reported it from the EarlyMiddle Miocene of the Southern Ocean.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>