treatments-xml/data/03/C9/6F/03C96F50FF85FFEF75DFE7F2FC1AC4C5.xml

<document id="B053CB549EEC353083A266A1BAAE3679" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5160.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175­5334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10544058" ID-ZooBank="A9179C79-EE43-44E4-8723-919505500049" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1656928390227" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Trubovitz, Sarah, Renaudie, Johan, Lazarus, David &amp; Noble, Paula" docDate="2022" docId="03C96F50FF85FFEF75DFE7F2FC1AC4C5" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5160.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5160 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5160.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:8B0D3ECF822058C8413568C103B59429.6:Zootaxa.2001-2006.monograph" docStyleId="8B0D3ECF822058C8413568C103B59429" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.monograph" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Botryopera , Haeckel 1887" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="24" masterDocId="FFF01728FF93FFF87548E477FFC7C37C" masterDocTitle="Late Neogene Lophophaenidae (Nassellaria, Radiolaria) from the eastern equatorial Pacific" masterLastPageNumber="158" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="23" updateTime="1705931330204" updateUser="juliana" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
<mods:mods id="8704F9199AB5802BE679902C1E7385B4" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="3A88148E44CF9737B795A5F3499064E6">
<mods:title id="8C819D716CFB3D513FCED4AC6AB097DC">Late Neogene Lophophaenidae (Nassellaria, Radiolaria) from the eastern equatorial Pacific</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="3E92052EF234E94E582364E2E0492C36" type="personal">
<mods:role id="FC565D160D8C4F3EF4F018A83410D106">
<mods:roleTerm id="35AC1E9B4418F9EBBD5AA821F6C238B1">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="5E14770B1E0954FA5ED9B2EE1A8B3325">Trubovitz, Sarah</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="0E54835FA3595D6B991273BC307C17BA" type="personal">
<mods:role id="558F141488AE6B67928022973BEFE761">
<mods:roleTerm id="1F7FE43AE9482DA1E28F39A9A4B948F3">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="F591AA176533FBC0E222BF922F8422C2">Renaudie, Johan</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="89040B1C7D0E1A843FB6518CC9CE1DB7" type="personal">
<mods:role id="644E47FB0F0A69B28892E6E76547CFB0">
<mods:roleTerm id="DA606922EB0938EC54BA2EB61498A3DE">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="CAA2CEF68E02AE00078DF7A719D5D94C">Lazarus, David</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="18AA4C7A36FC3C61A35149529D1218E3" type="personal">
<mods:role id="C70D5E52B2562ABF020EB5984FF23591">
<mods:roleTerm id="7CD6A3426A2E0904E272EFC45913A253">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="DD7676A0851546269BB1E69080BB0B5A">Noble, Paula</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="833D70581E67CA89F7907543BE2C4892">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="9CB3996CEDF498F3A60C3F85F374912A" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="2560572306D3FD42FA5872A2DBAE70FA">
<mods:title id="72D16A50AF85BD622514F652EE0181D9">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="56F7E349B7CC1643EBFE0E4D3DD15449">
<mods:date id="692596931AD00BBAF3868D2F2EFC4407">2022</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="1F45715C2E82B7980B00807F2B012E61" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="411E082A1B4DD1689054ACDD6279216A">2022-07-04</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="E7A7DD7DD9899D8CEC7748A30C4B2462" type="volume">
<mods:number id="AAD929337C46CFBA5E0E228682642AF2">5160</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="D86F5CF12352B20BC3E9C8F411F61E12" type="issue">
<mods:number id="8E813CE888A10F22DD5E56535386A6B8">1</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="5D0027ACBF7AF311829B3D4765380F9E" unit="page">
<mods:start id="A167130066025413AB79CFB2703524CD">1</mods:start>
<mods:end id="2831D6C83C0C1931B76E4210781270AD">158</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location id="BFEB9A84CC5BC2714D9F9C56919997D2">
<mods:url id="51EF9CFF979D2B2C583B60954451DDC4">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5160.1.1</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="C51D1921FAE07C951297AEE208A80E6E">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="6724BE0ADD4D6BA4DDB5555D8AB02105" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5160.1.1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="D92A0BE10B564AE493358A5297B4EA8B" type="ISSN">1175­5334</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="84E9E9FD07B24DD95AD005CA63251F39" type="Zenodo-Dep">10544058</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="6F8DF65F04D298FB9AE2CF0F1DAAB376" type="ZooBank">A9179C79-EE43-44E4-8723-919505500049</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03C96F50FF85FFEF75DFE7F2FC1AC4C5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C96F50FF85FFEF75DFE7F2FC1AC4C5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C96F50FF85FFEF75DFE7F2FC1AC4C5" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<subSubSection id="C37A8DCDFF85FFEE75DFE7F2FC6CC0E3" box="[151,939,901,928]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FF85FFEE75DFE7F2FC6CC0E3" blockId="22.[151,939,901,928]" box="[151,939,901,928]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<heading id="D097692AFF85FFEE75DFE7F2FC6CC0E3" bold="true" box="[151,939,901,928]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF85FFEE75DFE7F2FC6CC0E3" bold="true" box="[151,939,901,928]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
Genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF85FFEE75A6E7F1FDEAC0E3" authority="Haeckel, 1887" authorityName=", Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[238,557,901,928]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Botryopera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Nassellaria" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF85FFEE75A6E7F1FEB2C0DC" bold="true" box="[238,373,902,928]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Botryopera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF85FFEE7435E7F2FDEAC0E3" author="Haeckel, E." box="[381,557,901,927]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 1803" refId="ref89488" refString="Haeckel, E. (1887) Report on the Radiolaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 18, i - clxxxviii + 1 - 1803. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 31840" type="journal article" year="1887">Haeckel, 1887</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, emend. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF85FFEE77D4E7F2FC6CC0E3" author="Petrushevskaya, M. G." box="[668,939,901,927]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref93509" refString="Petrushevskaya, M. G. (1975) Cenozoic radiolarians of the Antarctic, Leg 29, DSDP. In: Kennet, J. P., Houtz, R. E., Andrews, P. B., Edwards, A. R., Gostin, V. A., Hajos, M., Hampton, M. A., Jenkins, D. G., Margolis, S. V., Ovenshine, A. T. &amp; Perch- Nielsen, K., Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Vol. 29. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., pp. 541 - 675. https: // doi. org / 10.2973 / dsdp. proc. 29.114.1975" type="book" year="1975">Petrushevskaya, 1975</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37A8DCDFF85FFEE75DFE7BDFD5DC09E" box="[151,666,970,994]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FF85FFEE75DFE7BDFD5DC09E" blockId="22.[151,666,970,994]" box="[151,666,970,994]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
Type species: 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF85FFEE746EE7BCFD5DC09E" authority="Haeckel, 1887" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[294,666,970,994]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Botryopera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Nassellaria" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="species" species="cyrtoloba">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF85FFEE746EE7BCFDC6C09E" box="[294,513,970,994]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Botryopera cyrtoloba</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF85FFEE774FE7BDFD5DC09E" author="Haeckel, E." box="[519,666,970,994]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 1803" refId="ref89488" refString="Haeckel, E. (1887) Report on the Radiolaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 18, i - clxxxviii + 1 - 1803. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 31840" type="journal article" year="1887">Haeckel, 1887</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37A8DCDFF85FFEE75DFE067FABFC678" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FF85FFEE75DFE067FABFC678" blockId="22.[151,1437,1040,2010]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF85FFEE75DFE067FEEEC756" bold="true" box="[151,297,1040,1066]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Description.</emphasis>
No clear consensus exists for the definition of this genus, and even the family assignment has been debated in the literature. Here we loosely follow the description given by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF85FFEE76B2E043FAC7C732" author="Petrushevskaya, M. G." box="[1018,1280,1076,1102]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="185 - 195" refId="ref93823" refString="Petrushevskaya, M. G. (1986) Evolution of the Antarctissa group. Marine Micropaleontology, 11, 185 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0377 - 8398 (86) 90013 - 7" type="journal article" year="1986">Petrushevskaya (1986)</bibRefCitation>
, which states that 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF85FFEE7581E02DFE65C70F" box="[201,418,1113,1139]" order="NASSELLARIA" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF85FFEE7581E02DFE8EC70F" box="[201,329,1114,1139]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Botryopera</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
are small in size, with a sub-cylindrical, elongated skeletal shape, a thorax that is ~45–75 microns wide and never broader than 100 microns, and have arches connecting the thorax to the cephalis that reach ~⅓ of the way up the cephalic segment. Here we add that species in this genus often exhibit an axobate, which is a character common to the lophophaenid genera 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF85FFEE77D6E0B1FCEDC79C" baseAuthorityName="Butschli" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[670,810,1222,1248]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Ceratocyrtis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF85FFEE77D6E0B1FCEDC79C" box="[670,810,1222,1248]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Ceratocyrtis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="B9140254FF85FFEE7617E0B1FC23C79C" box="[863,996,1222,1248]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF85FFEE7617E0B1FC27C79C" authorityName="Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1967" box="[863,992,1222,1248]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Antarctissa" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">Antarctissa</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
but is otherwise not widely observed in this family. 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF85FFEE7454E09CFE34C678" box="[284,499,1258,1284]" order="NASSELLARIA" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF85FFEE7454E09CFE5BC678" box="[284,412,1259,1284]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Botryopera</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
also tend to have a cephalis that is heavier and better developed than the thorax.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37A8DCDFF85FFEF758FE179FC1AC4C5" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FF85FFEF758FE179FDD8C3A9" blockId="22.[151,1437,1040,2010]" lastBlockId="23.[151,1437,151,1977]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF85FFEE758FE179FEFCC654" bold="true" box="[199,315,1294,1320]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Remarks.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF85FFEE740DE179FE32C654" author="Haeckel, E." box="[325,501,1294,1320]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 1803" refId="ref89488" refString="Haeckel, E. (1887) Report on the Radiolaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 18, i - clxxxviii + 1 - 1803. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 31840" type="journal article" year="1887">Haeckel (1887)</bibRefCitation>
first described the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF85FFEE766BE178FC64C654" authorityName=", Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[803,931,1295,1320]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Botryopera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Nassellaria" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF85FFEE766BE178FC64C654" box="[803,931,1295,1320]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Botryopera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as one of two genera in the family 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF85FFEE7002E179FE7FC630" authority="(Haeckel, 1881)" baseAuthorityName="Haeckel" baseAuthorityYear="1881" family="Cannobotryida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" rank="family">
Cannobotryida (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF85FFEE744DE145FE68C630" author="Haeckel, E." box="[261,431,1330,1356]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="418 - 472" refId="ref89441" refString="Haeckel, E. (1881) Entwurf eines Radiolarien-Systems auf Grund von Studien der Challenger-Radiolarien (Basis for a radiolarian classification from the study of Radiolaria of the Challenger collection). Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft, 15, 418 - 472 [in German]" type="journal article" year="1881">Haeckel, 1881</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. He described 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF85FFEE772BE145FD33C630" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1881" box="[611,756,1330,1356]" class="Polycystina" family="Cannobotryidae" genus="Cannobotrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF85FFEE772BE145FD33C630" box="[611,756,1330,1356]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Cannobotrys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as the genus with porous tubes on the cephalis (a clear indication that these taxa should belong to the family 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF85FFEE77A0E120FC59C60D" box="[744,926,1367,1393]" class="Polycystina" family="Cannobotryidae" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="family">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF85FFEE77A0E120FC59C60D" box="[744,926,1367,1393]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Cannobotryidae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF85FFEE76A0E120FBAFC60C" authorityName=", Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[1000,1128,1367,1392]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Botryopera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Nassellaria" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF85FFEE76A0E120FBAFC60C" box="[1000,1128,1367,1392]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Botryopera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as the genus without these tubes. Two species previously described by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF85FFEE7734E10CFC84C6E9" author="Ehrenberg, C. G." box="[636,835,1403,1429]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="57 - 97" refId="ref88066" refString="Ehrenberg, C. G. (1844) Uber 2 neue Lager von Gebirgsmassen aus Infusorien als Meeres-Absatz in Nord-Amerika und eine Vergleichung derselben mit den organischen Kreide-Gebilden in Europa und Afrika. Bericht uber die zur Bekanntmachung Verhandlungen der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1844, 57 - 97. [in German]" type="journal article" year="1844">Ehrenberg (1844)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF85FFEE7606E10CFBE6C6E9" authorityName="Ehrenberg, Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1854" box="[846,1057,1403,1429]" class="Polycystina" family="Cannobotryidae" genus="Lithobotrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="triloba">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF85FFEE7606E10CFBE6C6E9" box="[846,1057,1403,1429]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Lithobotrys triloba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF85FFEE711DE10CFA9FC6E9" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1844" box="[1109,1368,1403,1429]" class="Polycystina" family="Cannobotryidae" genus="Lithobotrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="quadriloba">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF85FFEE711DE10CFA9FC6E9" box="[1109,1368,1403,1429]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Lithobotrys quadriloba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, were placed into Haeckel’s new genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF85FFEE7768E1D7FD67C6C5" authorityName=", Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[544,672,1440,1465]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Botryopera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Nassellaria" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF85FFEE7768E1D7FD67C6C5" box="[544,672,1440,1465]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Botryopera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, Ehrenberg’s first published illustrations of 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF85FFEE7053E1E8FF24C6A1" authorityName="Ehrenberg, Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1854" class="Polycystina" family="Cannobotryidae" genus="Lithobotrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="triloba">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF85FFEE7053E1E8FF24C6A1" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Lithobotrys triloba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 1854c (pl. 19, fig. 55; pl. 22, figs. 30A–B) suggests that it is a lophophaenid due to its cephalis shape, lack of lobes or tubes, and pore structure. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF85FFEE7721E19FFCD1C57E" author="Haeckel, E." box="[617,790,1512,1538]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 1803" refId="ref89488" refString="Haeckel, E. (1887) Report on the Radiolaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 18, i - clxxxviii + 1 - 1803. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 31840" type="journal article" year="1887">Haeckel (1887)</bibRefCitation>
states that the cephalis is trilobate, but there appears to be some confusion, as it is the thorax, not the cephalis, that has three lobes in this species. Reexamination and photo documentation of Ehrenberg’s collections by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF85FFEE77C7E247FC9FC536" author="Suzuki, N. &amp; Ogane, K. &amp; Aita, Y. &amp; Sakai, T. &amp; Lazarus, D." box="[655,856,1584,1610]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="87 - 96" refId="ref95478" refString="Suzuki, N., Ogane, K., Aita, Y., Sakai, T. &amp; Lazarus, D. (2009) Reexamination of Ehrenberg's Neogene radiolarian collections and its impact on taxonomic stability. In: Tanimura, Y. &amp; Aita, Y. (Eds.), Joint Haeckel and Ehrenberg Project: Reexamination of the Haeckel and Ehrenberg Microfossil Collections as a Historical and Scientific Legacy. Monograph No. 40. National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, pp. 87 - 96." type="book chapter" year="2009">
Suzuki 
<emphasis id="B9140254FF85FFEE77ABE246FCDDC536" box="[739,794,1584,1610]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
clearly indicates that the species 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF85FFEE7181E247FEA7C513" authority="Ehrenberg, 1854 c" authorityName="Ehrenberg, Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1854" class="Polycystina" family="Cannobotryidae" genus="Lithobotrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="triloba">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF85FFEE7181E247FA5BC536" box="[1225,1436,1584,1610]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Lithobotrys triloba</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF85FFEE75DFE223FEA7C513" author="Ehrenberg, C. G." box="[151,352,1620,1647]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref88299" refString="Ehrenberg, C. G. (1854 c) Mikrogeologie. Das Erden und Felsen schaffende Wirken des unsichtbar kleinen selbststandigen Lebens auf der Erde. Leopold Voss, Leipzig, 374 pp. [in German]" type="book" year="1854">Ehrenberg, 1854c</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
should belong to the family 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF85FFEE77F9E223FCABC512" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1882" box="[689,876,1620,1646]" family="Lophophaenidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="family">Lophophaenidae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF85FFEE7635E223FB9BC513" author="Suzuki, N. &amp; Ogane, K. &amp; Aita, Y. &amp; Sakai, T. &amp; Lazarus, D." box="[893,1116,1620,1647]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="87 - 96" refId="ref95478" refString="Suzuki, N., Ogane, K., Aita, Y., Sakai, T. &amp; Lazarus, D. (2009) Reexamination of Ehrenberg's Neogene radiolarian collections and its impact on taxonomic stability. In: Tanimura, Y. &amp; Aita, Y. (Eds.), Joint Haeckel and Ehrenberg Project: Reexamination of the Haeckel and Ehrenberg Microfossil Collections as a Historical and Scientific Legacy. Monograph No. 40. National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, pp. 87 - 96." type="book chapter" year="2009">
Suzuki 
<emphasis id="B9140254FF85FFEE769EE222FBD0C512" box="[982,1047,1620,1646]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al.,</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
; pl. 20, figs. 3A–B, 9A–E). These photographs show that the overall shape, proportions, and internal skeletal structure are consistent with other lophophaenid taxa, and in particular there are common characteristics to the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF85FFEE7174E2EAFAD2C5CB" authority="Popofsky" authorityName="Popofsky" authorityYear="1913" box="[1084,1301,1693,1719]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Trisulcus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF85FFEE7174E2EAFB64C5CB" box="[1084,1187,1693,1719]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Trisulcus</emphasis>
Popofsky
</taxonomicName>
, such as the three-lobed thorax and relatively small cephalis. Therefore, Ehrenberg’s species concept cannot be easily confused with a cannobotryid; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF85FFEE74CCE292FDF6C47C" author="Haeckel, E." box="[388,561,1765,1792]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 1803" refId="ref89488" refString="Haeckel, E. (1887) Report on the Radiolaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 18, i - clxxxviii + 1 - 1803. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 31840" type="journal article" year="1887">Haeckel (1887)</bibRefCitation>
must have either have mislabeled the cephalis and thorax in his description, or perhaps he misidentified a specimen as Ehrenberg’s species. To our knowledge, 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF85FFEE715EE37DFF08C434" authority="Ehrenberg, 1844" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1844" class="Polycystina" family="Cannobotryidae" genus="Lithobotrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="quadriloba">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF85FFEE715EE37DFADDC458" box="[1046,1306,1802,1828]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Lithobotrys quadriloba</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF85FFEE7069E37DFF08C434" author="Ehrenberg, C. G." pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="57 - 97" refId="ref88066" refString="Ehrenberg, C. G. (1844) Uber 2 neue Lager von Gebirgsmassen aus Infusorien als Meeres-Absatz in Nord-Amerika und eine Vergleichung derselben mit den organischen Kreide-Gebilden in Europa und Afrika. Bericht uber die zur Bekanntmachung Verhandlungen der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1844, 57 - 97. [in German]" type="journal article" year="1844">Ehrenberg, 1844</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
was never illustrated, and is not often discussed in the literature. Accompanying his original genus description of 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF85FFEE75FCE324FE5AC410" authority=", Haeckel" authorityName=", Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[180,413,1874,1901]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Botryopera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Nassellaria" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF85FFEE75FCE324FEF3C410" box="[180,308,1875,1900]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Botryopera</emphasis>
, Haeckel
</taxonomicName>
only illustrated two of the five species he placed in that genus: 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF85FFEE711DE324FF34C4ED" authority="Haeckel, 1887" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Botryopera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Nassellaria" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="species" species="cyrtoloba">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF85FFEE711DE324FA82C410" box="[1109,1349,1874,1900]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Botryopera cyrtoloba</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF85FFEE7003E325FF34C4ED" author="Haeckel, E." pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 1803" refId="ref89488" refString="Haeckel, E. (1887) Report on the Radiolaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 18, i - clxxxviii + 1 - 1803. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 31840" type="journal article" year="1887">Haeckel, 1887</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF85FFEE7464E300FD29C4ED" authority="Haeckel, 1887" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[300,750,1911,1937]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Botryopera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Nassellaria" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="species" species="quinqueloba">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF85FFEE7464E300FD87C4ED" box="[300,576,1911,1937]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Botryopera quinqueloba</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF85FFEE7700E300FD29C4ED" author="Haeckel, E." box="[584,750,1911,1937]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 1803" refId="ref89488" refString="Haeckel, E. (1887) Report on the Radiolaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 18, i - clxxxviii + 1 - 1803. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 31840" type="journal article" year="1887">Haeckel, 1887</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF85FFEE77B3E300FBC9C4ED" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[763,1038,1911,1937]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Botryopera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Nassellaria" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="species" species="quinqueloba">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF85FFEE77B3E300FBC9C4ED" box="[763,1038,1911,1937]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Botryopera quinqueloba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is most likely a true cannobotryid, given its apparently tri-lobed cephalis. However, 
<emphasis id="B9140254FF85FFEE7781E3EBFC7BC4C9" box="[713,956,1947,1973]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Botryopera cyrtoloba</emphasis>
is depicted only in apical view, making it difficult to tell whether all three lobes actually belong to the cephalis (as Haeckel states), or if the species has a typical lophophaenid-type cephalis with a lobed or strongly-shouldered thorax (resembling a species like 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF707EE4E0FED0C3A9" authorityName="Popofsky" authorityYear="1913" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Trisulcus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="triacanthus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF707EE4E0FED0C3A9" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Trisulcus triacanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF7474E4CCFDC8C3A9" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" baseAuthorityName="Ehrenberg" box="[316,527,187,213]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Botryopera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="species" species="triloba">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF7474E4CCFDC8C3A9" box="[316,527,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Botryopera triloba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FF84FFEF758FE4A8FDF0C2F5" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF84FFEF758FE4A8FE43C385" author="Popofsky, A." box="[199,388,223,249]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="216 - 416" refId="ref94175" refString="Popofsky, A. (1913) Die Nassellarien des Warmwassergebietes. Deutsche Su ¨ dpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903, Zoologie, 14, 216 - 416. [in German]" type="journal article" year="1913">Popofsky (1913)</bibRefCitation>
synonymized 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF7762E4A8FCC9C385" authority="Haeckel" authorityName=", Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[554,782,223,249]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Botryopera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF7762E4A8FD6DC384" box="[554,682,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Botryopera</emphasis>
Haeckel
</taxonomicName>
under 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF7617E4A8FB86C385" authority="Haeckel" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1881" box="[863,1089,223,249]" class="Polycystina" family="Cannobotryidae" genus="Botryopyle" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF7617E4A8FC1DC385" box="[863,986,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Botryopyle</emphasis>
Haeckel
</taxonomicName>
, and placed it in the new family, Acrobotrusidae. However, he did not explain why all species in 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF76C3E574FBCCC260" authorityName=", Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[907,1035,259,284]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Botryopera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF76C3E574FBCCC260" box="[907,1035,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Botryopera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should belong in 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF719BE574FA89C261" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1881" box="[1235,1358,259,285]" class="Polycystina" family="Cannobotryidae" genus="Botryopyle" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF719BE574FA89C261" box="[1235,1358,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Botryopyle</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, or the new family, Acrobotrusidae. While some 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF7722E550FC85C23D" box="[618,834,295,321]" order="NASSELLARIA" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF7722E550FD2DC23C" box="[618,746,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Botryopera</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
described at the time could easily be considered cannobotryids, others, such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF7486E53CFC26C219" authority="(Ehrenberg) Haeckel, 1887" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" baseAuthorityName="Ehrenberg" box="[462,993,331,357]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Botryopera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="species" species="triloba">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF7486E53CFD65C219" box="[462,674,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Botryopera triloba</emphasis>
(Ehrenberg) 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF84FFEF7672E53CFC26C219" author="Haeckel, E." box="[826,993,331,357]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 1803" refId="ref89488" refString="Haeckel, E. (1887) Report on the Radiolaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 18, i - clxxxviii + 1 - 1803. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 31840" type="journal article" year="1887">Haeckel, 1887</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, could not. Subsequent authors did not follow 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF84FFEF75AFE518FE60C2F5" author="Popofsky, A." box="[231,423,367,393]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="216 - 416" refId="ref94175" refString="Popofsky, A. (1913) Die Nassellarien des Warmwassergebietes. Deutsche Su ¨ dpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903, Zoologie, 14, 216 - 416. [in German]" type="journal article" year="1913">Popofsky (1913)</bibRefCitation>
’s synonymy.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FF84FFEF758FE5E4FD41C7DD" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
In 1954, Campbell listed 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF74A5E5E4FDAAC2D0" authorityName=", Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[493,621,403,428]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Botryopera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF74A5E5E4FDAAC2D0" box="[493,621,403,428]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Botryopera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a junior objective synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF76B3E5E4FBBBC2D1" box="[1019,1148,403,429]" class="Polycystina" family="Cannobotryidae" genus="Lithobotrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF76B3E5E4FBBBC2D1" box="[1019,1148,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Lithobotrys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but did not provide any explanation for this. The 
<typeStatus id="54DB60E4FF84FFEF74F0E5C0FE2FC2AD" box="[440,488,439,465]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">type</typeStatus>
species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF7723E5C0FD2BC2AD" box="[619,748,439,465]" class="Polycystina" family="Cannobotryidae" genus="Lithobotrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF7723E5C0FD2BC2AD" box="[619,748,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Lithobotrys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was designated as 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF7682E5C0FA5FC2AD" authority="Ehrenberg, 1844" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1844" box="[970,1432,439,465]" class="Polycystina" family="Cannobotryidae" genus="Lithobotrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="quadriloba">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF7682E5C0FB17C2AD" box="[970,1232,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Lithobotrys quadriloba</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF84FFEF7191E5C0FA5FC2AD" author="Ehrenberg, C. G." box="[1241,1432,439,465]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="57 - 97" refId="ref88066" refString="Ehrenberg, C. G. (1844) Uber 2 neue Lager von Gebirgsmassen aus Infusorien als Meeres-Absatz in Nord-Amerika und eine Vergleichung derselben mit den organischen Kreide-Gebilden in Europa und Afrika. Bericht uber die zur Bekanntmachung Verhandlungen der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1844, 57 - 97. [in German]" type="journal article" year="1844">Ehrenberg, 1844</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, which 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF84FFEF75ADE5ACFE53C289" author="Haeckel, E." box="[229,404,475,501]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 1803" refId="ref89488" refString="Haeckel, E. (1887) Report on the Radiolaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 18, i - clxxxviii + 1 - 1803. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 31840" type="journal article" year="1887">Haeckel (1887)</bibRefCitation>
had previously transferred to 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF77B8E5ACFCB7C288" authorityName=", Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[752,880,475,500]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Botryopera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF77B8E5ACFCB7C288" box="[752,880,475,500]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Botryopera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although neither author had illustrated it. Thus, the 
<typeStatus id="54DB60E4FF84FFEF758AE588FF35C165" box="[194,242,511,537]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">type</typeStatus>
species of the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF74AFE588FDAFC165" box="[487,616,511,537]" class="Polycystina" family="Cannobotryidae" genus="Lithobotrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF74AFE588FDAFC165" box="[487,616,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Lithobotrys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is cryptic and may be either a cannobotryid or a lophophaenid. No 
<typeStatus id="54DB60E4FF84FFEF7024E588FA5BC165" box="[1388,1436,511,537]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">type</typeStatus>
species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF7458E654FE57C140" authorityName=", Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[272,400,547,572]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Botryopera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF7458E654FE57C140" box="[272,400,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Botryopera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was designated until 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF84FFEF77CEE654FC5DC141" author="Petrushevskaya, M. G." box="[646,922,546,573]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref93509" refString="Petrushevskaya, M. G. (1975) Cenozoic radiolarians of the Antarctic, Leg 29, DSDP. In: Kennet, J. P., Houtz, R. E., Andrews, P. B., Edwards, A. R., Gostin, V. A., Hajos, M., Hampton, M. A., Jenkins, D. G., Margolis, S. V., Ovenshine, A. T. &amp; Perch- Nielsen, K., Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Vol. 29. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., pp. 541 - 675. https: // doi. org / 10.2973 / dsdp. proc. 29.114.1975" type="book" year="1975">Petrushevskaya’s (1975)</bibRefCitation>
emendation of Haeckel’s genus concept. She considered this genus to be in the family 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF773AE630FC57C11D" authority="Haeckel" authorityName="Haeckel" box="[626,912,583,609]" family="Lampromitridae" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="family">Lampromitridae Haeckel</taxonomicName>
, along with 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF7156E630FB5AC11D" authorityName="Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1967" box="[1054,1181,583,609]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Antarctissa" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF7156E630FB5AC11D" box="[1054,1181,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Antarctissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF719EE630FAA5C11D" baseAuthorityName="Butschli" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[1238,1378,583,609]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Ceratocyrtis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF719EE630FAA5C11D" box="[1238,1378,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ceratocyrtis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, two genera now widely accepted to be lophophaenids. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF84FFEF77ACE61CFC2FC1F9" author="Petrushevskaya, M. G." box="[740,1000,618,645]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref93509" refString="Petrushevskaya, M. G. (1975) Cenozoic radiolarians of the Antarctic, Leg 29, DSDP. In: Kennet, J. P., Houtz, R. E., Andrews, P. B., Edwards, A. R., Gostin, V. A., Hajos, M., Hampton, M. A., Jenkins, D. G., Margolis, S. V., Ovenshine, A. T. &amp; Perch- Nielsen, K., Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Vol. 29. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., pp. 541 - 675. https: // doi. org / 10.2973 / dsdp. proc. 29.114.1975" type="book" year="1975">Petrushevskaya (1975)</bibRefCitation>
listed 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF7172E61CFF08C1D5" authority="Haeckel, 1887" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Botryopera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="species" species="cyrtoloba">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF7172E61CFAE8C1F9" box="[1082,1327,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Botryopera cyrtoloba</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF84FFEF7072E61CFF08C1D5" author="Haeckel, E." pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 1803" refId="ref89488" refString="Haeckel, E. (1887) Report on the Radiolaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 18, i - clxxxviii + 1 - 1803. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 31840" type="journal article" year="1887">Haeckel, 1887</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
as the 
<typeStatus id="54DB60E4FF84FFEF7461E6F8FE9EC1D5" box="[297,345,655,681]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">type</typeStatus>
species, and rejected 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF84FFEF7714E6F8FCE5C1D5" author="Campbell, A. S." box="[604,802,654,681]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref86440" refString="Campbell, A. S. (1954) Radiolaria. In: Moore, R. C. (Ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Vol. 3. Part D, Protista. Geological Society of America, University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, pp. 11 - 195." type="book" year="1954">Campbell (1954)</bibRefCitation>
’s synonymization with 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF717EE6F8FB70C1D5" box="[1078,1207,655,681]" class="Polycystina" family="Cannobotryidae" genus="Lithobotrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF717EE6F8FB70C1D5" box="[1078,1207,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Lithobotrys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In addition, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF84FFEF7010E6F8FE9AC1B1" author="Petrushevskaya, M. G." pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref93509" refString="Petrushevskaya, M. G. (1975) Cenozoic radiolarians of the Antarctic, Leg 29, DSDP. In: Kennet, J. P., Houtz, R. E., Andrews, P. B., Edwards, A. R., Gostin, V. A., Hajos, M., Hampton, M. A., Jenkins, D. G., Margolis, S. V., Ovenshine, A. T. &amp; Perch- Nielsen, K., Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Vol. 29. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., pp. 541 - 675. https: // doi. org / 10.2973 / dsdp. proc. 29.114.1975" type="book" year="1975">Petrushevskaya (1975)</bibRefCitation>
placed three species from 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF77C6E6C4FD32C1B1" authorityName="Popofsky" authorityYear="1913" box="[654,757,691,717]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Trisulcus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF77C6E6C4FD32C1B1" box="[654,757,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Trisulcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
into the revised concept of 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF717BE6C4FB74C1B0" authorityName=", Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[1075,1203,691,716]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Botryopera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF717BE6C4FB74C1B0" box="[1075,1203,691,716]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Botryopera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. These species were discussed and illustrated in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF84FFEF7493E6A0FD19C18D" author="Petrushevskaya, M. G." box="[475,734,727,753]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 294" refId="ref93469" refString="Petrushevskaya, M. G. (1971) Nassellarian radiolarians in the plankton of the world oceans. Investigations of the Fauna of the Seas, 9 (17), 1 - 294. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1971">Petrushevskaya (1971)</bibRefCitation>
as 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF7642E6A0FC11C18D" baseAuthorityName="Ehrenberg" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[778,982,727,753]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Trisulcus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="borealis">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF7642E6A0FC11C18D" box="[778,982,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Trisulcus borealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF76A0E6A0FB3FC18D" box="[1000,1272,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF76A0E6A0FB33C18D" box="[1000,1268,727,753]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Trisulcus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="braevispicula">Trisulcus braevispicula</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF707EE6A0FF3CC069" authorityName="Petrushavskaya" authorityYear="1971" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Trisulcus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="boldyrae">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF707EE6A0FF3CC069" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Trisulcus boldyrae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF84FFEF7440E68CFDCFC069" author="Petrushevskaya, M. G." box="[264,520,762,789]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref93509" refString="Petrushevskaya, M. G. (1975) Cenozoic radiolarians of the Antarctic, Leg 29, DSDP. In: Kennet, J. P., Houtz, R. E., Andrews, P. B., Edwards, A. R., Gostin, V. A., Hajos, M., Hampton, M. A., Jenkins, D. G., Margolis, S. V., Ovenshine, A. T. &amp; Perch- Nielsen, K., Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Vol. 29. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., pp. 541 - 675. https: // doi. org / 10.2973 / dsdp. proc. 29.114.1975" type="book" year="1975">Petrushevskaya (1975)</bibRefCitation>
states that 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF77CCE68CFC04C069" authority="Ehrenberg" authorityName="Ehrenberg" box="[644,963,763,789]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Botrypera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="species" species="triloba">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF77CCE68CFC8FC069" box="[644,840,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Botrypera triloba</emphasis>
Ehrenberg
</taxonomicName>
is the most “typical” species group within this genus; therefore, it is unclear why she designated the poorly-illustrated 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF76B2E768FA95C045" authority="Haeckel" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[1018,1362,799,825]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Botryopera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="species" species="cyrtoloba">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF76B2E768FB2AC045" box="[1018,1261,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Botryopera cyrtoloba</emphasis>
Haeckel
</taxonomicName>
as the 
<typeStatus id="54DB60E4FF84FFEF75DFE734FF00C021" box="[151,199,835,861]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">type</typeStatus>
species instead. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF84FFEF74CEE734FD41C021" author="Petrushevskaya, M. G." box="[390,646,835,861]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref93714" refString="Petrushevskaya, M. G. (1981) Guides on Fauna USSR. Vol. 128. Radiolarians of the order Nassellaria in the world oceans. Zoological Institute, USSR Academy of Sciences, Leningrad, 406 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1981">Petrushevskaya (1981)</bibRefCitation>
considered 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF7647E734FC48C020" authorityName=", Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[783,911,835,860]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Botryopera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF7647E734FC48C020" box="[783,911,835,860]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Botryopera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be within 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF716DE734FB2DC021" box="[1061,1258,835,861]" family="Lophophaenidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lithocampaninae">Lithocampaninae</taxonomicName>
, a new subfamily under 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF744EE710FE7BC0FD" box="[262,444,871,897]" family="Lampromitridae" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="family">Lampromitridae</taxonomicName>
that also included the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF7643E710FCB5C0FD" authorityName="Popofsky" authorityYear="1913" box="[779,882,871,897]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Trisulcus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF7643E710FCB5C0FD" box="[779,882,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Trisulcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF84FFEF76CAE710FB44C0FD" author="Petrushevskaya, M. G." box="[898,1155,871,897]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="185 - 195" refId="ref93823" refString="Petrushevskaya, M. G. (1986) Evolution of the Antarctissa group. Marine Micropaleontology, 11, 185 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0377 - 8398 (86) 90013 - 7" type="journal article" year="1986">Petrushevskaya (1986)</bibRefCitation>
showed that 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF7055E710FA5AC0FC" authorityName=", Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[1309,1437,871,896]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Botryopera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF7055E710FA5AC0FC" box="[1309,1437,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Botryopera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is closely related to 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF7437E7FCFD38C0D9" authority="Petrushevskaya, 1967" authorityName="Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1967" box="[383,767,907,933]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Antarctissa" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF7437E7FCFE39C0D9" box="[383,510,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Antarctissa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF84FFEF774EE7FCFD38C0D9" author="Petrushevskaya, M. G." box="[518,767,907,933]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="5 - 186" refId="ref93375" refString="Petrushevskaya, M. G. (1967) Radiolarians of orders Spumellaria and Nassellaria of the Antarctic Region (from material of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition). In: Andriyashev, A. P. &amp; Ushakob, P. V. (Eds.), Studies of marine fauna. Vol. 4 (12). Biological Reports of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (1955 - 1958). Zoological Institute, USSR Academy of Sciences, Leningrad, pp. 5 - 186. [in Russian]" type="book chapter" year="1967">Petrushevskaya, 1967</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, but differs in having reduced skeletal dimensions, including a thorax never wider than 100 microns, which is often sub-cylindrical in shape. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF84FFEF710EE7D8FAC0C0B5" author="Sugiyama, K." box="[1094,1287,943,969]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="44 - 72" refId="ref95306" refString="Sugiyama, K. (1993) Skeletal structures of lower and middle Miocene Lophophaenids (Radiolaria) from central Japan. Transactions and Proceedings of the Palaeontological Society of Japan, New Series, 169, 44 - 72." type="journal article" year="1993">Sugiyama (1993)</bibRefCitation>
followed the genus concept established by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF84FFEF74A6E7A4FD2EC091" author="Petrushevskaya, M. G." box="[494,745,978,1005]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref93509" refString="Petrushevskaya, M. G. (1975) Cenozoic radiolarians of the Antarctic, Leg 29, DSDP. In: Kennet, J. P., Houtz, R. E., Andrews, P. B., Edwards, A. R., Gostin, V. A., Hajos, M., Hampton, M. A., Jenkins, D. G., Margolis, S. V., Ovenshine, A. T. &amp; Perch- Nielsen, K., Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Vol. 29. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., pp. 541 - 675. https: // doi. org / 10.2973 / dsdp. proc. 29.114.1975" type="book" year="1975">Petrushevskaya (1975</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF84FFEF77B0E7A4FCF5C091" author="Petrushevskaya, M. G." box="[760,818,979,1005]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref93714" refString="Petrushevskaya, M. G. (1981) Guides on Fauna USSR. Vol. 128. Radiolarians of the order Nassellaria in the world oceans. Zoological Institute, USSR Academy of Sciences, Leningrad, 406 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1981">1981</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF84FFEF7608E7A4FCBEC091" author="Petrushevskaya, M. G." box="[832,889,979,1005]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="185 - 195" refId="ref93823" refString="Petrushevskaya, M. G. (1986) Evolution of the Antarctissa group. Marine Micropaleontology, 11, 185 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0377 - 8398 (86) 90013 - 7" type="journal article" year="1986">1986</bibRefCitation>
) but considered 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF7174E7A4FB7BC090" authorityName=", Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[1084,1212,979,1004]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Botryopera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF7174E7A4FB7BC090" box="[1084,1212,979,1004]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Botryopera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be in the family 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF75DFE780FE95C76D" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1882" box="[151,338,1015,1041]" family="Lophophaenidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="family">Lophophaenidae</taxonomicName>
rather than 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF7491E780FD48C76D" box="[473,655,1015,1041]" family="Lampromitridae" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="family">Lampromitridae</taxonomicName>
or the subfamily 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF761EE780FBDCC76D" box="[854,1051,1015,1041]" family="Lophophaenidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lithocampaninae">Lithocampaninae</taxonomicName>
, which he determined to be junior synonyms of 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF7479E06CFE2BC749" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1882" box="[305,492,1051,1077]" family="Lophophaenidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="family">Lophophaenidae</taxonomicName>
based on their internal skeletal structures. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF84FFEF769EE06CFB5EC749" author="Sugiyama, K." box="[982,1177,1051,1077]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="44 - 72" refId="ref95306" refString="Sugiyama, K. (1993) Skeletal structures of lower and middle Miocene Lophophaenids (Radiolaria) from central Japan. Transactions and Proceedings of the Palaeontological Society of Japan, New Series, 169, 44 - 72." type="journal article" year="1993">Sugiyama (1993)</bibRefCitation>
described several new species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF7458E048FE57C724" authorityName=", Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[272,400,1087,1112]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Botryopera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF7458E048FE57C724" box="[272,400,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Botryopera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, all of which are well illustrated and in our opinion, clearly lophophaenids. However, each of these new species were given only a tentative generic assignment due to our poor understanding of the internal skeletal structure for all 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF74EFE0F0FD41C7DD" box="[423,646,1159,1185]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Botryopera" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF74EFE0F0FDE0C7DC" box="[423,551,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Botryopera</emphasis>
species.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FF84FFEF758FE0DCFBD8C605" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
This genus is a problematic one and it is beyond the scope of this paper to resolve it. The majority of species in this genus are endemic to polar oceans, so it will require close examination of high latitude 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF71EEE0B8FAB8C795" box="[1190,1407,1231,1257]" order="NASSELLARIA" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF71EEE0B8FAE1C794" box="[1190,1318,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Botryopera</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
to gain a better understanding of the characteristics of this genus. However, several species observed during this study are tentatively assigned to the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF7773E160FD7CC64C" authorityName=", Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[571,699,1303,1328]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Botryopera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF7773E160FD7CC64C" box="[571,699,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Botryopera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
due to their resemblance to species already placed in this genus. The modern concept of this genus is still very blurry, but most authors agree that it resembles the lophophaenid genera 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF75A1E128FE97C605" authorityName="Popofsky" authorityYear="1913" box="[233,336,1375,1401]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Trisulcus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF75A1E128FE97C605" box="[233,336,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Trisulcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF74CEE128FDCCC605" box="[390,523,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF74CEE128FDC0C605" authorityName="Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1967" box="[390,519,1375,1401]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Antarctissa" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">Antarctissa</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and should thus be considered a lophophaenid.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FF84FFEF758FE1F4FC1AC4C5" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
Here we observed the following species, which we provisionally consider to be 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF717FE1F4FB70C6E0" authorityName=", Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[1079,1207,1411,1436]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Botryopera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF717FE1F4FB70C6E0" box="[1079,1207,1411,1436]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Botryopera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF718CE1F4FA5BC6E1" box="[1220,1436,1411,1437]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Botryopera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="species" species="amabie" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF718CE1F4FA5BC6E1" box="[1220,1436,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Botryopera amabie</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A227BF2FFF84FFEF75DFE1D0FF12C6BD" box="[151,213,1447,1473]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF75A9E1D0FE25C6BD" box="[225,482,1447,1473]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Botryopera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="species" species="babayagae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF75A9E1D0FE25C6BD" box="[225,482,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Botryopera babayagae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A227BF2FFF84FFEF74A0E1D0FDE1C6BD" box="[488,550,1447,1473]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF777AE1D0FCDBC6BD" box="[562,796,1447,1473]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Botryopera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="species" species="bolotniki" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF777AE1D0FCDBC6BD" box="[562,796,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Botryopera bolotniki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A227BF2FFF84FFEF766AE1D0FCA7C6BD" box="[802,864,1447,1473]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, 
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF7623E1D0FB83C6BD" box="[875,1092,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF7623E1D0FC29C6BD" authorityName=", Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[875,1006,1447,1473]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Botryopera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="genus">Botryopera</taxonomicName>
? daleki
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF84FFEF7103E1D0FA52C6BD" author="Renaudie, J. &amp; Lazarus, D. B." box="[1099,1429,1447,1473]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="59 - 86" refId="ref94302" refString="Renaudie, J. &amp; Lazarus, D. B. (2013 a) New species of Neogene radiolarians from the Southern Ocean - part II. Journal of Micropalaeontology, 32 (1), 59 - 86." type="journal article" year="2013">Renaudie and Lazarus, 2013a</bibRefCitation>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF758EE1BCFCE9C699" authority="(Jorgensen, 1900) Kruglikova, 1989" authorityName="Kruglikova" authorityYear="1989" baseAuthorityName="Jorgensen" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[198,814,1483,1509]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Botryopera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="species" species="setosa">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF758EE1BCFE55C698" box="[198,402,1483,1508]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Botryopera setosa</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF84FFEF74E8E1BCFD9FC699" author="Jorgensen, E." box="[416,600,1483,1509]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="51 - 112" refId="ref90418" refString="Jorgensen, E. (1900) Protophyten und Protozoen in Plankton aus der norwegischen Westku ¨ ste. Bergens Museums Aarbog, 6, 51 - 112. [in German]" type="journal article" year="1900">Jorgensen, 1900</bibRefCitation>
) 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF84FFEF772EE1BCFCE9C699" author="Kruglikova, S. B." box="[614,814,1483,1509]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="461 - 479" refId="ref90809" refString="Kruglikova, S. B. (1989) Arctic Ocean Radiolarians. In: Herman, Y. (Ed.), The Arctic Seas: climatology, oceanography, geology and biology. Springer, Boston, Massachusetts, pp. 461 - 479. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4613 - 0677 - 1 _ 19" type="book chapter" year="1989">Kruglikova, 1989</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. We do not include 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF7141E1BCFDE1C575" authority="(Campbell and Clark, 1944) Petrushevskaya, 1986" authorityName="Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1986" baseAuthorityName="Campbell and Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1944" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Botryopera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="species" species="equiceps">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF7141E1BCFB36C698" box="[1033,1265,1483,1508]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Botryopera equiceps</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF84FFEF71B7E1BCFED8C575" author="Campbell, A. S. &amp; Clark, B. L." pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 76" refId="ref86498" refString="Campbell, A. S. &amp; Clark, B. L. (1944) Miocene radiolarian faunas from southern California. Geological Society of America Special Papers, 51, 1 - 76." type="journal article" year="1944">Campbell and Clark, 1944</bibRefCitation>
) 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF84FFEF7478E198FDE1C575" author="Petrushevskaya, M. G." box="[304,550,1519,1545]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="185 - 195" refId="ref93823" refString="Petrushevskaya, M. G. (1986) Evolution of the Antarctissa group. Marine Micropaleontology, 11, 185 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0377 - 8398 (86) 90013 - 7" type="journal article" year="1986">Petrushevskaya, 1986</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
as the original illustration by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF84FFEF76CBE198FB7AC575" author="Campbell, A. S. &amp; Clark, B. L." box="[899,1213,1519,1545]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 76" refId="ref86498" refString="Campbell, A. S. &amp; Clark, B. L. (1944) Miocene radiolarian faunas from southern California. Geological Society of America Special Papers, 51, 1 - 76." type="journal article" year="1944">Campbell and Clark (1944)</bibRefCitation>
appears to indicate the apical spine passing through the center of the cephalis (likely placing this species in 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF71CFE264FAD1C551" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1847" box="[1159,1302,1555,1581]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lithomelissa" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF71CFE264FAD1C551" box="[1159,1302,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Lithomelissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF84FFEF7067E264FE90C52D" author="Campbell, A. S. &amp; Clark, B. L." pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 76" refId="ref86498" refString="Campbell, A. S. &amp; Clark, B. L. (1944) Miocene radiolarian faunas from southern California. Geological Society of America Special Papers, 51, 1 - 76." type="journal article" year="1944">Campbell and Clark (1944)</bibRefCitation>
tentatively placed the species in 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF7781E240FCB0C52D" box="[713,887,1591,1617]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Dictyocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF7781E240FCB0C52D" box="[713,887,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Dictyocephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF84FFEF76CEE240FB42C52D" author="Petrushevskaya, M. G." box="[902,1157,1590,1617]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref93509" refString="Petrushevskaya, M. G. (1975) Cenozoic radiolarians of the Antarctic, Leg 29, DSDP. In: Kennet, J. P., Houtz, R. E., Andrews, P. B., Edwards, A. R., Gostin, V. A., Hajos, M., Hampton, M. A., Jenkins, D. G., Margolis, S. V., Ovenshine, A. T. &amp; Perch- Nielsen, K., Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Vol. 29. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., pp. 541 - 675. https: // doi. org / 10.2973 / dsdp. proc. 29.114.1975" type="book" year="1975">Petrushevskaya (1975)</bibRefCitation>
illustrated the species as 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF75DFE22CFDBAC509" authority="(Campbell and Clark)" baseAuthorityName="Campbell and Clark" box="[151,637,1627,1653]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Antarctissa" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="equiceps">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF75DFE22CFEB8C508" box="[151,383,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Antarctissa equiceps</emphasis>
(Campbell and Clark)
</taxonomicName>
group; these illustrations do not show the apical spine at all, so it does not seem to pass through the center of the cephalis. It is not clear to us whether these specimens are even conspecific. Because the original illustration would appear to fit 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF7650E2D4FC60C5C1" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1847" box="[792,935,1699,1725]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lithomelissa" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF7650E2D4FC60C5C1" box="[792,935,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Lithomelissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
better than 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF7162E2D4FB6DC5C0" authorityName=", Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[1066,1194,1699,1724]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Botryopera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF7162E2D4FB6DC5C0" box="[1066,1194,1699,1724]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Botryopera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF7185E2D4FA8BC5C1" authorityName="Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1967" box="[1229,1356,1699,1725]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Antarctissa" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF7185E2D4FA8BC5C1" box="[1229,1356,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Antarctissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, we do not include it in our list of 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF748BE2B0FD5DC59D" box="[451,666,1735,1761]" order="NASSELLARIA" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF748BE2B0FD84C59C" box="[451,579,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Botryopera</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
and hope that additional study can clarify this species concept in the future. 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF75A0E29CFCE7C479" authority="Renaudie and Lazarus (2015)" authorityName="Renaudie and Lazarus" authorityYear="2015" box="[232,800,1770,1797]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Botryopera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="species" species="piperata">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF75A0E29CFE09C478" box="[232,462,1771,1796]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Botryopera piperata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF84FFEF749DE29CFCE7C479" author="Renaudie, J. &amp; Lazarus, D. B." box="[469,800,1770,1797]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="181 - 209" refId="ref94366" refString="Renaudie, J. &amp; Lazarus, D. B. (2015) New species of Neogene radiolarians from the Southern Ocean - part III. Journal of Micropalaeontology, 34 (2), 181 - 209. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / jmpaleo 2013 - 034" type="journal article" year="2015">Renaudie and Lazarus (2015)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is tentatively transferred to 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF7114E29CFB34C479" box="[1116,1267,1771,1797]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Pelagomanes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF7114E29CFB34C479" box="[1116,1267,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Pelagomanes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A227BF2FFF84FFEF71B3E29CFA80C479" box="[1275,1351,1771,1797]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
later in this manuscript. 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF741CE378FC59C455" authority="Gladenkov and Devyatkin, 1992" authorityName="Gladenkov and Devyatkin" authorityYear="1992" box="[340,926,1807,1833]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Botryopera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="species" species="conica">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF741CE378FDE1C454" box="[340,550,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Botryopera conica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF84FFEF7766E378FC59C455" author="Gladenkov, Y. B. &amp; Devyatkin, E. V." box="[558,926,1807,1833]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="55 - 200" refId="ref89189" refString="Gladenkov, Y. B. &amp; Devyatkin, E. V. (1992) (non viso) Detailed breakdown of the Neogene Kamchatka. Order of the Red Banner of Labor Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 478, 55 - 200. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1992">Gladenkov and Devyatkin, 1992</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
appears to fit better in 
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF71E2E378FAE8C455" box="[1194,1327,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF71E2E378FAECC455" authorityName="Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1967" box="[1194,1323,1807,1833]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Antarctissa" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">Antarctissa</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and so is not included here. 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF742FE344FCAAC431" authority="(Petrushevskaya, 1975)" baseAuthorityName="Petrushevskaya" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[359,877,1842,1869]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Botryopera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="species" species="deflandrei">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF742FE344FD98C431" box="[359,607,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Botryopera deflandrei</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF84FFEF7726E344FCA2C431" author="Petrushevskaya, M. G." box="[622,869,1842,1869]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref93509" refString="Petrushevskaya, M. G. (1975) Cenozoic radiolarians of the Antarctic, Leg 29, DSDP. In: Kennet, J. P., Houtz, R. E., Andrews, P. B., Edwards, A. R., Gostin, V. A., Hajos, M., Hampton, M. A., Jenkins, D. G., Margolis, S. V., Ovenshine, A. T. &amp; Perch- Nielsen, K., Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Vol. 29. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., pp. 541 - 675. https: // doi. org / 10.2973 / dsdp. proc. 29.114.1975" type="book" year="1975">Petrushevskaya, 1975</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
was transferred to 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF710BE344FB05C431" authorityName="Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1967" box="[1091,1218,1843,1869]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Antarctissa" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF710BE344FB05C431" box="[1091,1218,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Antarctissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF84FFEF71A3E344FA5FC431" author="Lazarus, D." box="[1259,1432,1843,1869]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="113" refId="ref90931" refString="Lazarus, D. (1990) Middle Miocene to recent radiolarians from the Weddell Sea, Antarctica, ODP Leg 113. In: Barker, P. E., Kennett, J. P., O'Connell, S., Berkowitz, S., Bryant, W. R., Burckle L. H., Egeberg P. K., Futterer D. K., Gersonde R. E., Golovchenko X., Hamilton, N., Lawver, L., Lazarus, D. B., Lonsdale, M., Mohr, B., Nagao, T., Pereira, P. G., Pudsey, C. J., Robert, C. M., Schandl, E., Spiess, V., Stott, L. D., Thomas, E., Thompson, K. F. M &amp; Wise, S. W. W. Jr., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results. Vol. 113. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., pp. 709 - 727. https: // doi. org / 10.2973 / odp. proc. sr. 113.132.1990" type="book chapter" year="1990">Lazarus (1990)</bibRefCitation>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF75DFE320FDE8C40D" authority="Haeckel, 1887" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[151,559,1879,1905]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Botryopera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="species" species="multiloba">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF75DFE320FE4FC40D" box="[151,392,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Botryopera multiloba</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF84FFEF74C6E320FDE8C40D" author="Haeckel, E." box="[398,559,1879,1905]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 1803" refId="ref89488" refString="Haeckel, E. (1887) Report on the Radiolaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 18, i - clxxxviii + 1 - 1803. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 31840" type="journal article" year="1887">Haeckel, 1887</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
was never illustrated and to our knowledge has never been used or better documented in subsequent literature, so it is likely a 
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF77F9E30CFC9EC4E9" box="[689,857,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">nomen oblitum</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF84FFEF762EE30CFAE5C4E9" authority="Haeckel, 1887" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[870,1314,1915,1941]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Botryopera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Nassellaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="species" species="quinqueloba">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF84FFEF762EE30CFBBEC4E9" box="[870,1145,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Botryopera quinqueloba</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF84FFEF71C8E30CFAE5C4E9" author="Haeckel, E." box="[1152,1314,1915,1941]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 1803" refId="ref89488" refString="Haeckel, E. (1887) Report on the Radiolaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 18, i - clxxxviii + 1 - 1803. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 31840" type="journal article" year="1887">Haeckel, 1887</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
appears to be a cannobotryid rather than a lophophaenid, so we do not include it here.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>