314 lines
33 KiB
XML
314 lines
33 KiB
XML
<document id="F1AF5C9F1ED675447FB653C6EFB8F22A" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.180818" ID-GBIF-Dataset="850fc9b3-67a6-4ced-b77b-3cc2bebe8857" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="180818" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459816636239" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Ivie, Michael A. & Philips, Keith" docDate="2008" docId="03BC87DCAF34FFBBFF68FE42FE9D4E2E" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01701p014.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1701" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Digitonthophagus gazella Fabricius 1787" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="11" masterDocId="FF85FFA4AF3DFFB1FFFFFFE8FFEC4D74" masterDocTitle="Three new species of Canthonella Chapin from Hispaniola, with new records and Nomenclatural changes for West Indian dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)" masterLastPageNumber="14" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="10" updateTime="1698221501712" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="1358685717BF0C5DD01FEF3EB6A4D471">Three new species of Canthonella Chapin from Hispaniola, with new records and Nomenclatural changes for West Indian dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F176EB6AC1C6B183CD9362FF5282C391">Ivie, Michael A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5E038B77AC25E57D3F3CF6C3E4780A84">Philips, Keith</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="C933284DB367F36719E0DB31DD8B8EEC">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="608BD01A81DB28E0ADE899903A87739A">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="0BB8E5BAF27D2126FFC8F96B3DAD9AC5">
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<mods:date id="B19D6835018B0D82D2479D01C54BA193">2008</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="2F6D5E59D6DAB61E23CA657C6C1285D9">1701</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="0C1AB29F87FDDEE509ADA2C48AAAA3BD" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.180818</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="526D1546EF2C236EDF24C97E05CF348A" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="98E610F7CA7846598B9FB41589C5F196" type="Zenodo-Dep">180818</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03BC87DCAF34FFBBFF68FE42FE9D4E2E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3509786" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119354887" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3509786" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BC87DCAF34FFBBFF68FE42FE9D4E2E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BC87DCAF34FFBBFF68FE42FE9D4E2E" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<subSubSection id="C30F6541AF34FFB8FF68FE42FF0F4E53" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BAA36CAAF34FFB8FF68FE42FD444CB0" blockId="9.[151,680,426,452]" box="[151,680,426,452]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<heading id="D0E281A6AF34FFB8FF68FE42FD444CB0" bold="true" box="[151,680,426,452]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C154D49AF34FFB8FF68FE42FD444CB0" ID-CoL="363WN" authority="Fabricius, 1787" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1787" box="[151,680,426,452]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Digitonthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gazella">
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<emphasis id="B961EAD8AF34FFB8FF68FE42FD444CB0" bold="true" box="[151,680,426,452]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<emphasis id="B961EAD8AF34FFB8FF68FE42FE214CB0" bold="true" box="[151,461,426,452]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Digitonthophagus gazella</emphasis>
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(Fabricius, 1787)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAA36CAAF34FFB8FF68FE1DFF0F4E53" blockId="9.[151,1437,501,2007]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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This African native (sometimes known as
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<taxonomicName id="4C154D49AF34FFB8FD75FE1DFC684F7A" box="[650,900,501,526]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Onthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gazella">
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<emphasis id="B961EAD8AF34FFB8FD75FE1DFC684F7A" box="[650,900,501,526]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Onthophagus gazella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) has been widely introduced to the
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<collectingCountry id="F302765AAF34FFB8FAD5FE1DFAA34F7B" box="[1322,1359,501,527]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">US</collectingCountry>
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mainland in an attempt to control dung flies and helminth parasites, and improve dung incorporation (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF844B3BAF34FFB8FB00FDF5FF3A4F2B" author="Fincher" pageId="9" pageNumber="13" refString="Fincher, G. T., Stewart, T. B. & Hunter, J. S. III (1983) The 1981 distribution of Onthophagus gazella Fabricius from releases in Texas and Onthophagus taurus Schreber from an unknown release in Florida. The Coleopterists Bulletin, 37, 159 - 163." type="journal article" year="1983">
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Fincher
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<emphasis id="B961EAD8AF34FFB8FA9DFDF5FA704F42" box="[1378,1436,541,566]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
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1983
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Since that time, it has proven to be highly mobile and invasive. From initial releases in Texas in 1972, this species has become established from Florida,
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<collectingCountry id="F302765AAF34FFB8FD0DFD85FCBF4FF3" box="[754,851,621,647]" name="Georgia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Georgia</collectingCountry>
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, and Missouri to California (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF844B3BAF34FFB8FB50FD85FA7B4FF3" author="Fincher" box="[1199,1431,621,647]" pageId="9" pageNumber="13" refString="Fincher, G. T., Stewart, T. B. & Hunter, J. S. III (1983) The 1981 distribution of Onthophagus gazella Fabricius from releases in Texas and Onthophagus taurus Schreber from an unknown release in Florida. The Coleopterists Bulletin, 37, 159 - 163." type="journal article" year="1983">
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Fincher
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<emphasis id="B961EAD8AF34FFB8FAEBFD85FABC4FF2" box="[1300,1360,621,646]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
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1983
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF844B3BAF34FFB8FF68FD7DFE774FDB" author="Vulinec" box="[151,411,661,687]" pageId="9" pageNumber="14" refString="Vulinec, K. & Eudy S. P. (1993) A southern range extension for the introduced dung beetle Onthophagus taurus Schreber (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). The Coleopterists Bulletin, 47, 129 - 131." type="journal article" year="1993">Vulinec & Eudy 1993</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF844B3BAF34FFB8FE57FD7DFD484FDB" author="MacRae" box="[424,676,661,687]" pageId="9" pageNumber="13" refString="MacRae, T. C. & Penn, S. R. (2001) Additional records of adventive Onthophagus Latreille (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in North America. The Coleopterists Bulletin, 55, 49 - 50." type="journal article" year="2001">MacRae & Pen 2001</bibRefCitation>
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), and has invaded
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<collectingCountry id="F302765AAF34FFB8FC80FD7DFC304FDB" box="[895,988,661,687]" name="Mexico" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F302765AAF34FFB8FC17FD7DFB8B4FDB" box="[1000,1127,661,687]" name="Guatemala" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="F302765AAF34FFB8FB5EFD7DFAF04FDB" box="[1185,1308,661,687]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
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, as well as the western Caribbean island of San Andrés (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF844B3BAF34FFB8FD44FD55FB664FA3" author="Rivera-Cervantes" box="[699,1162,701,727]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="13" refString="Rivera-Cervantes, L. E., & Garcia-Real, E. (1991) New locality records for Onthophagus gazella in Jalisco, Mexico. The Coleopterists Bulletin, 45, 370." type="journal article" year="1991">Rivera-Cervantes & Garcia-Real 1991</bibRefCitation>
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, Montes de
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<bibRefCitation id="EF844B3BAF34FFB8FADEFD55FA7B4FA3" author="Oca" box="[1313,1431,701,727]" pageId="9" pageNumber="13" refString="Montes, de Oca, E. (2001) Escarabajos coprofagos de un escenario ganadero tipico de la region de Los Tuxlas, Veracruz, Mexico: Importancia del paisaje en la composicion de un gremio funcional. Acta Zoologica Mexicana, Nueva Serie, 82, 111 - 132." type="journal article" year="2001">Oca 2001</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF844B3BAF34FFB8FF68FD0DFE4D4F8B" author="Noriega" box="[151,417,741,767]" pageId="9" pageNumber="13" refString="Noriega, A. & Jorge, A. (2002) First report of the presence of Digitonthophagus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Colombia. Caldasia, 24, 213 - 215." type="journal article" year="2002">Noriega & Jorge 2002</bibRefCitation>
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). It is also present in South
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<collectingCountry id="F302765AAF34FFB8FD1BFD0DFCA04F8B" box="[740,844,741,767]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">America</collectingCountry>
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, where it was introduced in the 1980s (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF844B3BAF34FFB8FAEAFD0DFF3B4E53" author="Aidar" pageId="9" pageNumber="13" refString="Aidar, T., Koller, W. W., Rodrigues, S. R., Correa, A. M., da Silva, J. C. C., Balta, O. S., de Oliveira, J. M. & Oliveira, J. L. (2000) Besouros coprofagos (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) coletados em Aquidauana, MS, Brasil. Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil, 29, 817 - 820." type="journal article" year="2000">
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Aidar
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<emphasis id="B961EAD8AF34FFB8FA9EFD0DFA704F8A" box="[1377,1436,741,766]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
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2000
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30F6541AF34FFBBFF3AFCDDFE9D4E2E" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BAA36CAAF34FFB8FF3AFCDDFBD84963" blockId="9.[151,1437,501,2007]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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The documentation of this species in the West Indies is very weak.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF844B3BAF34FFB8FC1FFCDDFB504E3B" author="Chalumeau" box="[992,1212,821,847]" pageId="9" pageNumber="13" refString="Chalumeau, F. (1983) Les Coleopteres Scarabaeides des Petites Antilles. Encyclopedie Entomologique (ser. A.), 44, 1 - 292." type="journal article" year="1983">Chalumeau (1983)</bibRefCitation>
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did not record this species from the French Antilles, but in the only published record from the West Indies it had reached the Windward
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<collectingCountry id="F302765AAF34FFB8FEE4FC6DFE8F4EEB" box="[283,355,901,927]" name="Iceland" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Island</collectingCountry>
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of
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<collectingCountry id="F302765AAF34FFB8FE71FC6DFDFC4EEB" box="[398,528,901,927]" name="Martinique" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Martinique</collectingCountry>
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by 1992 (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF844B3BAF34FFB8FD72FC6DFCC14EEB" author="Huchet" box="[653,813,901,927]" pageId="9" pageNumber="13" refString="Huchet, J. B. (1992) Un scarabee nouveau pour les Petites Antilles: Digitonthophagus gazella (Fabricius). Entomologiste (Paris), 48, 297 - 303." type="journal article" year="1992">Huchet 1992</bibRefCitation>
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). We have discovered that this species is present on several islands of the Greater Antilles (
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<collectingCountry id="F302765AAF34FFB8FD97FC45FD274EB3" box="[616,715,941,967]" name="Jamaica" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
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, Hispaniola,
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<collectingCountry id="F302765AAF34FFB8FC97FC45FC1B4EB3" box="[872,1015,941,967]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
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, and St. Croix), as well as the Leeward Islands of
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<collectingCountry id="F302765AAF34FFB8FEA9FC3DFE554E9B" box="[342,441,981,1007]" name="Saint Kitts and Nevis" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">St. Kitts</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F302765AAF34FFB8FE39FC3DFDA64E9B" box="[454,586,981,1007]" name="Montserrat" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Montserrat</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry id="F302765AAF34FFB8FD76FC3DFCF74E9B" box="[649,795,981,1007]" name="Guadeloupe" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Guadeloupe</collectingCountry>
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. Although it was not recorded from
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<collectingCountry id="F302765AAF34FFB8FB35FC3DFAC14E9B" box="[1226,1325,981,1007]" name="Grenada" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Grenada</collectingCountry>
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by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF844B3BAF34FFB8FAA3FC3DFE874963" pageId="9" pageNumber="14" refString="Woodruff, R. E., Beck B. M., Skelley P. E., Schotman C. Y. L. & Thomas M. C. (1998) Checklist and bibliography of the insects of Grenada and the Grenadines. Center for Systematic Entomology, Memoirs, 2, 1 - 286." type="journal article">
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Woodruff
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<emphasis id="B961EAD8AF34FFB8FF27FC15FEFF4962" box="[216,275,1021,1046]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
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(1998)
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</bibRefCitation>
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, it is probably now widely distributed on islands with cattle..
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAA36CAAF34FFB8FF3AFBCDFE2148BB" blockId="9.[151,1437,501,2007]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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The earliest West Indian populations of
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<taxonomicName id="4C154D49AF34FFB8FD67FBCDFCFC494A" box="[664,784,1061,1086]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Onthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gazella">
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<emphasis id="B961EAD8AF34FFB8FD67FBCDFCFC494A" box="[664,784,1061,1086]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. gazella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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known to us were discovered in
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<collectingCountry id="F302765AAF34FFB8FB6EFBCDFAD2494B" box="[1169,1342,1061,1087]" name="Dominican Republic" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">the Dominican</collectingCountry>
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Republic at
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<quantity id="4CED9B2FAF34FFB8FF28FBA5FEF84913" box="[215,276,1101,1127]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="km" value="4.0">4 km</quantity>
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W. Oviedo,
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<date id="FFAB100AAF34FFB8FE58FBA5FD654913" box="[423,649,1101,1127]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1990-11-28">28 November 1990</date>
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-
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<date id="FFAB100AAF34FFB8FD6DFBA5FC894913" box="[658,869,1101,1127]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1991-02-04">04 February 1991</date>
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, in flight intercept traps placed in arid thorn forest by L. Manser and S. Peck (CMNC). Later that year, it was taken on the north coast of
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<collectingCountry id="F302765AAF34FFB8FB55FB9DFAE449FB" box="[1194,1288,1141,1167]" name="Jamaica" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
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at St. Ann's,
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||
<quantity id="4CED9B2FAF34FFB8FF68FB75FF3C49C3" box="[151,208,1181,1207]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.218688" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mi" value="2.0">2 mi</quantity>
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||
. E. Discovery Bay, Runaway Caves,
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||
<date id="FFAB100AAF34FFB8FD79FB75FC4A49C3" box="[646,934,1181,1207]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1991-03-25" valueMax="1991-04-01" valueMin="1991-03-25">25 March-01 April 1991</date>
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||
by T. K. Philips and L. Gerofsky (TKPC). The next year, specimens were collected in widely distributed areas of
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||
<collectingCountry id="F302765AAF34FFB8FC21FB2DFB6049AB" box="[990,1164,1221,1247]" name="Dominican Republic" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">the Dominican</collectingCountry>
|
||
Republic, at Prov.
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<collectingCountry id="F302765AAF34FFB8FA8FFB2DFF374873" name="Saint Pierre and Miquelon" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">San Pedro</collectingCountry>
|
||
de Macoris, Estacion de Acuacultura,
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<date id="FFAB100AAF34FFB8FD5EFB05FCAA4873" box="[673,838,1261,1287]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1992-04-13">13 April 1992</date>
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||
(MNHD), at Prov. La Altagracia, Parque Nacional del Este, Boca de Yuma on
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<date id="FFAB100AAF34FFB8FE25FAFDFDD1485B" box="[474,573,1301,1327]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1930-04">30 April</date>
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||
by K. A. Guerrero and F. Del Monte (MNHD), and at Prov. Altagracia,
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||
<quantity id="4CED9B2FAF34FFB8FA72FAFDFF514823" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
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||
N. Bayahibe,
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<date id="FFAB100AAF34FFB8FE90FAD5FE124823" box="[367,510,1341,1367]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1992-07-03">3 July 1992</date>
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||
(CMNH). Further early Hispaniolan records include Prov. Pedernales, Cabo Rojo to 9.5 km N of Cabo Rojo
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||
<quantity id="4CED9B2FAF34FFB8FDEFFA8DFD88480B" box="[528,612,1381,1407]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.35" metricValueMax="4.2" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="23.5" valueMax="42.0" valueMin="5.0">5–42m</quantity>
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,
|
||
<date id="FFAB100AAF34FFB8FD8FFA8DFCC9480B" box="[624,805,1381,1407]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1993-07-08" valueMax="1993-07-10" valueMin="1993-07-08">8–10 July 1993</date>
|
||
(WIBF); Prov. Independencia, S. Lago Enriquillo,
|
||
<date id="FFAB100AAF34FFB8FA81FA8DFEE748D3" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1993-07-12">12 July 1993</date>
|
||
(WIBF); and Prov. San Juan,
|
||
<quantity id="4CED9B2FAF34FFB8FD8CFA65FD5248D3" box="[627,702,1421,1447]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="km" value="11.0">11 km</quantity>
|
||
SE Ingenio, Presa de Sabaneta, nr. shore,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE21500DAF34FFB8FB4AFA65FAF248D3" box="[1205,1310,1421,1447]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="55" value="19.021">19.021N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE21500DAF34FFB8FAD4FA65FA7B48D3" box="[1323,1431,1421,1447]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="55" value="-71.181">71.181W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFAB100AAF34FFB8FF68FA5DFEBE48BB" box="[151,338,1461,1487]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1995-08-31">31 August 1995</date>
|
||
(CMNH).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAA36CAAF34FFB8FF39FA35FBFC4B1B" blockId="9.[151,1437,501,2007]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
By 1996,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C154D49AF34FFB8FEC7FA35FE5D4882" box="[312,433,1501,1526]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Onthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gazella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961EAD8AF34FFB8FEC7FA35FE5D4882" box="[312,433,1501,1526]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. gazella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had reached
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F302765AAF34FFB8FDB4FA35FD3A4883" box="[587,726,1501,1527]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
|
||
and St. Croix, as documented by Cruzian records from
|
||
<quantity id="4CED9B2FAF34FFB8FA9EFA35FA704883" box="[1377,1436,1501,1527]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="km" value="4.0">4 km</quantity>
|
||
S. Fredriksted, at black light on
|
||
<date id="FFAB100AAF34FFB8FDE7F9EDFD024B6B" box="[536,750,1541,1567]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1996-02-13">13 February 1996</date>
|
||
, W.E. Steiner and J. M. Sweringen, and
|
||
<quantity id="4CED9B2FAF34FFB8FB2CF9EDFAFD4B6B" box="[1235,1297,1541,1567]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="km" value="4.0">4 km</quantity>
|
||
NW Christiansted on 0
|
||
<date id="FFAB100AAF34FFB8FECFF9C5FE184B33" box="[304,500,1581,1607]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1996-02-08">8 February 1996</date>
|
||
(NMNH, WIBF). The earliest known Puerto Rican specimen is from Aricebo, vac. Cueva Vaca, 0
|
||
<date id="FFAB100AAF34FFB8FE89F9BDFDE74B1B" box="[374,523,1621,1647]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1996-04-04">4 April 1996</date>
|
||
collected by L. A. Barley, in dung (URPB).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAA36CAAF34FFB8FF3AF995FA704AF3" blockId="9.[151,1437,501,2007]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
The earliest Lesser Antillean specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C154D49AF34FFB8FD28F995FCB84BE2" box="[727,852,1661,1686]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Onthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gazella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961EAD8AF34FFB8FD28F995FCB84BE2" box="[727,852,1661,1686]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. gazella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
we have seen are from Marie-Gallant, taken in
|
||
<date id="FFAB100AAF34FFB8FF68F94DFEDC4BCB" box="[151,304,1701,1727]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1992-08">August 1992</date>
|
||
(FC-INRA). Five months later it was found on the neighboring island of Basse-Terre, taken at Montebello
|
||
<date id="FFAB100AAF34FFB8FED8F925FE2B4B93" box="[295,455,1741,1767]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1992-01-10">10 JAN 1992</date>
|
||
by Dubois (FC-INRA). Later, F. Chalumeau collected
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C154D49AF34FFB8FBA5F925FB384B92" box="[1114,1236,1741,1766]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Onthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gazella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961EAD8AF34FFB8FBA5F925FB384B92" box="[1114,1236,1741,1766]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. gazella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on Basseterre at St. Rose, Sofaia, in
|
||
<date id="FFAB100AAF34FFB8FE83F91DFDF04A7B" box="[380,540,1781,1807]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1996-10">October 1996</date>
|
||
(WIBF). On
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F302765AAF34FFB8FD47F91DFCD54A7B" box="[696,825,1781,1807]" name="Montserrat" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Montserrat</collectingCountry>
|
||
it was common by
|
||
<date id="FFAB100AAF34FFB8FBE3F91DFB5B4A7B" box="[1052,1207,1781,1807]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="2000-06-24">
|
||
24 June
|
||
<quantity id="4CED9B2FAF34FFB8FB83F91DFB5B4A7B" box="[1148,1207,1781,1807]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="in" value="2000.0">2000</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
in cow dung on the north end of the island, at least as far south as the Lower Belham River and Isles Bay (WIBF). In 2003, it was found in cow pats on
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F302765AAF34FFB8FE67F8ADFE144A2B" box="[408,504,1861,1887]" name="Saint Kitts and Nevis" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">St. Kitts</collectingCountry>
|
||
at St. Peter Basseterre Parish, Bayfor’s, 0
|
||
<date id="FFAB100AAF34FFB8FC17F8ADFBA84A2B" box="[1000,1092,1861,1887]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">2 JULY</date>
|
||
<date id="FFAB100AAF34FFB8FBB3F8ADFB2C4A2B" box="[1100,1216,1861,1887]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="2003-07">July 2003</date>
|
||
(WIBF). A partial specimen was found on
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F302765AAF34FFB8FE4FF885FDFB4AF3" box="[432,535,1901,1927]" name="Anguilla" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Anguilla</collectingCountry>
|
||
under a rotten log in a cow pasture at Low Ground on
|
||
<date id="FFAB100AAF34FFB8FB6AF885FADD4AF3" box="[1173,1329,1901,1927]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="2004-05-17">17 May 2004</date>
|
||
(WIBF).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAA36CAAF34FFBBFF3AF87DFD6B4F6E" blockId="9.[151,1437,501,2007]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1436,152,858]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Thus this species is now on at least nine West Indian islands, with more undiscovered populations probable. Because
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C154D49AF34FFB8FEC6F855FE584AA2" box="[313,436,1981,2006]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Onthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gazella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961EAD8AF34FFB8FEC6F855FE584AA2" box="[313,436,1981,2006]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. gazella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been implicated in the decline of native species in Texas (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF844B3BAF34FFBBFB4CF855FF3A4DC6" author="Howden" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="13" refString="Howden, H. F. & Scholtz C. H. (1986) Changes in a Texas dung community between 1975 and 1985 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae). The Coleopterists Bulletin, 40, 313 - 316." type="journal article" year="1986">Howden & Scholtz 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), this particular introduction comes as a very real threat to the native West Indian dung beetles we are just beginning to document. On Hispaniola,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C154D49AF37FFBBFD60FF28FC334DAE" authority="Oliver" authorityName="Oliver" box="[671,991,192,218]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="violaceus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961EAD8AF37FFBBFD60FF28FC964DAD" box="[671,890,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Canthon violaceus</emphasis>
|
||
(Oliver)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C154D49AF37FFBBFBE6FF28FB014DAE" authority="Harold" authorityName="Harold" box="[1049,1261,192,218]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="signifer">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961EAD8AF37FFBBFBE6FF28FB784DAD" box="[1049,1172,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. signifer</emphasis>
|
||
Harold
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were common in open areas before the arrival of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C154D49AF37FFBBFDD7FF00FD4C4C75" box="[552,672,232,257]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Onthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gazella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961EAD8AF37FFBBFDD7FF00FD4C4C75" box="[552,672,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">D. gazella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but may already be reduced in numbers or extirpated from areas now occupied by
|
||
<emphasis id="B961EAD8AF37FFBBFE99FEF8FE0A4C5D" box="[358,486,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C154D49AF37FFBBFE99FEF8FE0E4C5D" box="[358,482,272,297]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Onthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gazella">D. gazella</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Both native species were seen by the hundreds in Prov. Pedernales in 1988 (Ivie, Philips, and Johnson expedition), as was
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C154D49AF37FFBBFD79FED0FCF64C25" box="[646,794,312,337]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="violaceus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961EAD8AF37FFBBFD79FED0FCF64C25" box="[646,794,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. violaceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Prov. Independencia in 1991 (Rawlins expedition) and 1992 (Ivie and Ivie expedition). Neither species has been found in those areas in our visits subsequent to the establishment of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C154D49AF37FFBBFE74FE60FDEF4CD5" box="[395,515,392,417]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Onthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gazella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961EAD8AF37FFBBFE74FE60FDEF4CD5" box="[395,515,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">D. gazella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and only once has either has been found elsewhere after
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C154D49AF37FFBBFB53FE60FAC84CD5" box="[1196,1316,392,417]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Onthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gazella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961EAD8AF37FFBBFB53FE60FAC84CD5" box="[1196,1316,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">D. gazella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is present —
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D13FD43AF37FFBBFF43FE58FEA04CBE" box="[188,332,432,458]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="generic">8 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C154D49AF37FFBBFE8BFE58FDEA4CBD" box="[372,518,432,457]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="violaceus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961EAD8AF37FFBBFE8BFE58FDEA4CBD" box="[372,518,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. violaceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were taken with the 1992 Bayahibe collection (CMNH). It would be a further sad comment on the decreasing richness of the world's biodiversity if these two beautiful scarabs were pushed out by another of man's weedy tag-alongs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAA36CAAF37FFBBFF3AFDC0FD5E4F96" blockId="10.[151,1436,152,858]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F302765AAF37FFBBFF3AFDC0FECF4F36" box="[197,291,552,578]" name="Jamaica" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
|
||
also has large endemic species that could be harmed by this introduction, most importantly the pasture-dwelling
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C154D49AF37FFBBFE9BFDB8FCE54F1E" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[356,777,592,618]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sulcophanaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carnifex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961EAD8AF37FFBBFE9BFDB8FD924F1D" box="[356,638,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Sulcophanaeus carnifex</emphasis>
|
||
(Linnaeus)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C154D49AF37FFBBFCE9FDB8FB064F1E" authority="Matthews" authorityName="Matthews" box="[790,1258,592,618]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pseudocanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jamaicenesis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961EAD8AF37FFBBFCE9FDB8FB864F1D" box="[790,1130,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pseudocanthon jamaicenesis</emphasis>
|
||
Matthews
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and even possibly the forest-endemic Jamaican genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C154D49AF37FFBBFD7AFD90FCAA4FE5" box="[645,838,632,657]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Anoplodrepanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961EAD8AF37FFBBFD7AFD90FCAA4FE5" box="[645,838,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Anoplodrepanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C154D49AF37FFBBFC30FD90FB114FE6" authority="Matthews" authorityName="Matthews" box="[975,1277,632,658]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Anoplodrepanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reconditus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961EAD8AF37FFBBFC30FD90FB814FE5" box="[975,1133,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A. reconditus</emphasis>
|
||
(Matthews)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C154D49AF37FFBBFAC4FD90FEFD4FCE" authority="Howden" authorityName="Howden" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Drepanocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pecki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961EAD8AF37FFBBFAC4FD90FA704FE5" box="[1339,1436,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A. pecki</emphasis>
|
||
(Howden)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We have no data to indicate if impacts have occurred, but encourage others with access to such data to make them known as soon as possible.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAA36CAAF37FFBBFF39FD18FE9D4E2E" blockId="10.[151,1436,152,858]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Matthews' (1966) key to the West Indian genera does not include
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C154D49AF37FFBBFC2FFD18FB154E7D" box="[976,1273,752,777]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Digitophophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gazella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961EAD8AF37FFBBFC2FFD18FB154E7D" box="[976,1273,752,777]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Digitophophagus gazella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but it cannot be confused with any of the West Indian species illustrated by him.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF844B3BAF37FFBBFC54FCF0FBB84E46" author="Huchet" box="[939,1108,792,818]" pageId="10" pageNumber="13" refString="Huchet, J. B. (1992) Un scarabee nouveau pour les Petites Antilles: Digitonthophagus gazella (Fabricius). Entomologiste (Paris), 48, 297 - 303." type="journal article" year="1992">Huchet (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
gave diagnoses for both the genus and species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |