139 lines
17 KiB
XML
139 lines
17 KiB
XML
<document id="27CB70A2DFE8093F8F5735165854FC22" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4270.1.1SLASH11140" ID-CLB-Dataset="32975" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.583183" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6c479acc-8b18-4f0b-a6e5-85bcd6d7b6b7" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="583183" ID-ZooBank="2D00AFF5-4FE2-4EC1-A328-C8670CFB8D6D" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1495696370209" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Jong, Rienk De" docDate="2017" docId="03AA87D32851FFC5F7F0FA77FF4DB1CB" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4270.1.1SLASH11140.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4270 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Sphinx atava" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="18" masterDocId="FF93FFAB2840FFD7F767FF87FFA3B03E" masterDocTitle="Fossil butterflies, calibration points and the molecular clock (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)" masterLastPageNumber="63" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="18" updateTime="1698439901205" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="8EB63EDFACD3DA7C740D620EC717F2AE">Fossil butterflies, calibration points and the molecular clock (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CCC9020150CC8ACF47D8F95D6F030B2E">Jong, Rienk De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="E29DCBB56C91E0CE73AA6D704E0C03CF">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="E6AEC144732C7A8D8409125F3442EE76">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="D975744918B29A3E409CE6AC98D04D20">4270</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03AA87D32851FFC5F7F0FA77FF4DB1CB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6046915" ID-GBIF-Taxon="130844895" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6046915" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA87D32851FFC5F7F0FA77FF4DB1CB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA87D32851FFC5F7F0FA77FF4DB1CB" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<subSubSection id="C319654E2851FFC6F7F0FA77FDA3B671" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52851FFC6F7F0FA77FDCEB634" blockId="17.[151,621,1520,1546]" box="[151,621,1520,1546]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<heading id="D0F481A92851FFC6F7F0FA77FDCEB634" bold="true" box="[151,621,1520,1546]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72851FFC6F7F0FA77FDCEB634" bold="true" box="[151,621,1520,1546]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72851FFC6F7F0FA77FF7DB634" bold="true" box="[151,222,1520,1546]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462851FFC6F7F0FA77FF78B634" box="[151,219,1520,1546]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Sphinx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atava">atava</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462851FFC6F781FA77FDCEB634" authority="Charpentier, 1843" authorityName="Charpentier" authorityYear="1843" box="[230,621,1520,1546]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Sphinx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atava">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72851FFC6F781FA77FE26B634" bold="true" box="[230,389,1520,1546]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Sphinx atava</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342851FFC6F6EBFA77FDCEB634" author="Charpentier" box="[396,621,1520,1546]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Charpentier, T. de (1843) Uber einige fossile Insecten aus Radoboj in Croatia. Ferhandlungen der Kaiserlichen Leopoldinisch - Carolinischen Akademie der Naturforscher, 12, 399 - 410, pls. 20 - 23." type="journal article" year="1843">Charpentier, 1843</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52851FFC6F7F0F9B1FDA3B671" blockId="17.[151,1437,1590,2011]" box="[151,512,1590,1615]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462851FFC6F7F0F9B1FE90B671" box="[151,307,1590,1615]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462851FFC6F65AF9B1FE77B671" box="[317,468,1590,1615]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Nymphalinae">Nymphalinae</taxonomicName>
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(?).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C319654E2851FFC5F7A0F9DDFF4DB1CB" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52851FFC6F7A0F9DDFD73B64D" blockId="17.[151,1437,1590,2011]" box="[199,720,1626,1651]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Croatia, Radoboj; Burdigalian, early Miocene.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52851FFC6F7A0F9F9FDFEB6A9" blockId="17.[151,1437,1590,2011]" box="[199,605,1662,1687]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Depository: specimen probably lost.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52851FFC6F7A0F925FCACB685" blockId="17.[151,1437,1590,2011]" box="[199,783,1698,1723]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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Published figures: Scudder (1875: Pl. I
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<figureCitation id="13382A402851FFC6F5E6F925FD64B685" box="[641,711,1698,1723]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1051,1073]" captionTargetBox="[167,1414,420,1017]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[157,1429,411,1026]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Localities of fossil butterflies plotted ion a modern map. See Table 1 for further, complementary information." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583184/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figs 1</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13382A402851FFC6F5B2F924FD46B685" box="[725,741,1699,1723]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 4" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1801,1823]" captionTargetBox="[165,1429,840,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[154,1438,828,1788]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 4. Wing venation of (A) Pareronia Bingham, 1907 (Pieridae), and (B) Hasora Moore, 1881 (Hesperiidae). See text for explanation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583186/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">3</figureCitation>
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, 7).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52851FFC6F7A0F941FF48B775" blockId="17.[151,1437,1590,2011]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Only part of forewing. Judging from the detailed description by Heer (see Scudder 1875: 42) the radial formula is 1, 2, 3+(4+5) (R2 not clearly seen), with M1 originating from the cell. The cell is open (as far as can be judged). What is left of the apical part of the outer margin seems to be dentate, but the fossil is too much damaged to be certain.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52851FFC5F7A0F8D1FF4DB1CB" blockId="17.[151,1437,1590,2011]" lastBlockId="18.[151,1436,151,501]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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Described by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342851FFC6F60CF8D1FDE6B751" author="Charpentier" box="[363,581,1878,1903]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Charpentier, T. de (1843) Uber einige fossile Insecten aus Radoboj in Croatia. Ferhandlungen der Kaiserlichen Leopoldinisch - Carolinischen Akademie der Naturforscher, 12, 399 - 410, pls. 20 - 23." type="journal article" year="1843">Charpentier (1843)</bibRefCitation>
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as belonging to
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462851FFC6F477F8D1FB98B751" authority="Sphingoidea" authorityName="Sphingoidea" box="[784,1083,1878,1903]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sphingidae (Sphingoidea)</taxonomicName>
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, but Heer (see Scudder 1875) stated that the costa was too strongly curved for a hawkmoth, and he placed it, under the name “
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72851FFC6F383F8FBFAE3B7AD" box="[1252,1344,1916,1939]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">attavina</emphasis>
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”, in the nymphalid genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462851FFC6F638F818FE1AB788" box="[351,441,1951,1974]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72851FFC6F638F818FE1AB788" box="[351,441,1951,1974]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Vanessa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. He was followed by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342851FFC6F5D5F819FCE6B789" author="Kirby" box="[690,837,1950,1975]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Kirby, W. F. (1871) A Synonymic Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera. John van Voorst, London, vii + 690 pp." type="book" year="1871">Kirby (1871)</bibRefCitation>
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who misspelled the name “
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72851FFC6F318F818FB70B788" box="[1151,1235,1951,1974]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">atovina</emphasis>
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”, but later (1877: 733) he listed it under the correct name in
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462851FFC6F5EEF845FCA2B7E5" box="[649,769,1986,2011]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Nymphalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72851FFC6F5EEF845FCA2B7E5" box="[649,769,1986,2011]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Nymphalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342851FFC6F476F845FC1BB7E5" author="Kozlov" box="[785,952,1986,2011]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Kozlov, M. V. (1988) Paleontology of lepidopterans and problems of the phylogeny of the order Papilionida. In: Ponomarenko, A. G. (Ed.), The Mesozoic-Cenozoic Crisis in the Evolution of Insects. Academy of Sciences, Moscow, pp. 16 - 69. [in Russian]" type="book chapter" year="1988">Kozlov (1988)</bibRefCitation>
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listed the fossil as belonging to the fossil genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462852FFC5F786FF10FECEB08E" box="[225,365,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Nymphalites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72852FFC5F786FF10FECEB08E" box="[225,365,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Nymphalites</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Scudder (1875) assigned the fossil to the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462852FFC5F4C7FF1EFC5CB08E" box="[928,1023,153,176]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Eugonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72852FFC5F4C7FF1EFC5CB08E" box="[928,1023,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Eugonia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, which is closely related to
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462852FFC5F225FF1EFA3FB08E" box="[1346,1436,153,176]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72852FFC5F225FF1EFA3FB08E" box="[1346,1436,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Vanessa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462852FFC5F7ADFF3BFEE1B0EB" box="[202,322,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Nymphalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72852FFC5F7ADFF3BFEE1B0EB" box="[202,322,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Nymphalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(the present use of these genus names is slightly different, but not important here). The radial arrangement is a plesiomorphic condition. The open cell is an apomorphy of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462852FFC5F340FF58FB62B0C6" box="[1063,1217,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Nymphalinae">Nymphalinae</taxonomicName>
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, but recurs in some other nymphalids. The dentate apex is suggestive of the apex in the
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462852FFC5F4CFFE83FB8DB123" box="[936,1070,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Nymphalini">Nymphalini</taxonomicName>
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(probably an apomorphy of the tribe), but the fossil is not very clear in this character. What is left of the markings (darker and lighter patches) is very similar to what is found in many
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462852FFC5F50DFECBFD50B15B" box="[618,755,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Nymphalini">Nymphalini</taxonomicName>
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, such as
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462852FFC5F402FECBFB33B15B" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[869,1168,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Aglais" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urticae">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72852FFC5F402FECBFBABB15A" box="[869,1032,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Aglais urticae</emphasis>
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(Linnaeus)
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462852FFC5F3C7FECBFEECB1B6" authority="Schiffermuller" authorityName="Schiffermuller" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Nymphalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vau-album">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72852FFC5F3C7FECBFA3FB15B" box="[1184,1436,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Nymphalis vau-album</emphasis>
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(Schiffermüller)
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462852FFC5F63CFEE8FD17B1B6" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[347,692,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Polygonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="c-album">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72852FFC5F63CFEE8FD92B1B6" box="[347,561,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Polygonia c-album</emphasis>
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(Linnaeus)
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</taxonomicName>
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, etc. This design is possibly apomorphic for the
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462852FFC5F3B1FEE8FAFCB1B6" box="[1238,1375,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Nymphalini">Nymphalini</taxonomicName>
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, as is the dentate apex. The fossil does not appear to show any apomorphic character of an extant genus. It could be used as calibration point at the root of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462852FFC5F57CFE30FD07B1EE" box="[539,676,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Nymphalini">Nymphalini</taxonomicName>
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, but since its age is relatively young, a calibration age will not be helpful.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |