809 lines
112 KiB
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809 lines
112 KiB
XML
<document id="F301BAEADDEDA7D423E29889ECD68B6E" ID-CLB-Dataset="39044" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4111.5.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="99e4072f-5338-4735-8145-d3f852171682" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="262179" ID-ZooBank="A6BEC731-0447-4BF3-BBB3-B50E4A64135B" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1463553090389" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Shockey, Bruce J., Billet, Guillaume & Salas-Gismondi, Rodolfo" docDate="2016" docId="03AA8786633DFF8FFF494774FE6DFBED" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4111.5.3.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4111 (5)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Trachytherus ramirezi Shockey, Billet & Salas-Gismondi, 2016, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="574" masterDocId="FF93FFFE633EFF86FFDE4344FFAFFFE2" masterDocTitle="A new species of Trachytherus (Notoungulata: Mesotheriidae) from the late Oligocene (Deseadan) of Southern Peru and the middle latitude diversification of early diverging mesotheriids" masterLastPageNumber="583" masterPageNumber="565" pageNumber="568" updateTime="1698662543385" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="F48D4962B78C81CAD73059E9DAEAF0DA">A new species of Trachytherus (Notoungulata: Mesotheriidae) from the late Oligocene (Deseadan) of Southern Peru and the middle latitude diversification of early diverging mesotheriids</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0371364E064B5179D137991837C0896B">Shockey, Bruce J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7516F59FD0E6082F5090638485CE904D">Billet, Guillaume</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5F9F3E5013F7D12D8A4C6BAA8B408C81">Salas-Gismondi, Rodolfo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="5418AF75E6F568382C399D7D7838F47D">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="D7660D7684B908FF261C30FDE0FF35FC">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="8CC63979E791714542F06541673717F5">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="181EE92017418036901D4EE96293F17E">4111</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03AA8786633DFF8FFF494774FE6DFBED" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5681050" ID-GBIF-Taxon="120681927" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5681050" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA8786633DFF8FFF494774FE6DFBED" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA8786633DFF8FFF494774FE6DFBED" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="574" pageId="3" pageNumber="568">
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<subSubSection id="C319651B633DFF85FF494774FCF9FB2D" pageId="3" pageNumber="568" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBC3690633DFF85FF494774FDA6FBA8" blockId="3.[151,521,1072,1131]" box="[151,521,1072,1098]" pageId="3" pageNumber="568">
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<heading id="D0F481FC633DFF85FF494774FDA6FBA8" bold="true" box="[151,521,1072,1098]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="568" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B977EA82633DFF85FF494774FDA6FBA8" bold="true" box="[151,521,1072,1098]" pageId="3" pageNumber="568">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D13633DFF85FF494774FE0AFBA8" box="[151,421,1072,1098]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="3" pageNumber="568" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramirezi" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B977EA82633DFF85FF494774FE0AFBA8" bold="true" box="[151,421,1072,1098]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="568">Trachytherus ramirezi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24457F9633DFF85FE724774FDA6FBA8" box="[428,521,1072,1098]" pageId="3" pageNumber="568" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC3690633DFF85FF494716FEFBFB89" blockId="3.[151,521,1072,1131]" box="[151,340,1106,1131]" pageId="3" pageNumber="568">
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<figureCitation id="13382A15633DFF85FF494716FF4AFB89" box="[151,229,1106,1131]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1853,1875]" captionTargetBox="[217,1369,180,1831]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[217,1369,180,1831]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Holotype Trachytherus ramirezi sp. nov., MUSM 350. A, right lateral view of cranium and mandible; A’, detail of external auditory region of A; B, skull in left lateral view to illustrate the damaged side, revealing the mesodont-to-hypsodont premolars, somewhat hypsodont (rooted) M 1, and hypselodont M 2 – 3; C, ventral view of skull and palate; and D, occlusal view of jaw and lower dentitions. Abbreviations: bc, braincase; crm, crista meatus; eam, external auditory meatus; ets, epitypmanic sinus; gf, glenoid fossa; msty, metastyle; pgp, post glenoid process; rtp, retrotympanic process; and smf, suprameatal fossa. Scale bar at D applies to all, except the slightly enlarged A’." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262181/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="568">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13382A15633DFF85FF2F4717FEAEFB89" box="[241,257,1107,1131]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,884,906]" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype Trachytherus ramirezi sp. nov., MUSM 350. A, line drawing of upper dentition and B, lower dentition." pageId="3" pageNumber="568">3</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13382A15633DFF85FED34717FEB2FB89" box="[269,285,1107,1131]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[191,955,990,1842]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[530,966,990,1818]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Manual elements of Trachytherus spp. A, Trachytherus ramirezi, right distal ulna and radius (with unfused radial epiphysis), carpals (missing trapezium and pisiform) and proximal metacarpals II – V (MUSM 963); B, right carpals (missing trapezoid and pisiform) and damaged Mc I – V (MUSM 965) of small indeterminate species of Moquegua; C, nearly complete right manus of cf. T. spegazzinianus (MUSM 668); left manus of T. alloxus (UF 91933, reversed to show as right). Abbreviations: cun, cuneiform; ln, lunate; Mc, metacarpal; mg, magnum; pis, pisiform; sc, scaphoid; td, trapezoid; tm, trapezium. Scale bar applies to all." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262182/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="568">4</figureCitation>
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, & 5
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC3690633DFF85FF4947DEFCF9FB2D" blockId="3.[151,1435,1178,1231]" pageId="3" pageNumber="568">
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Synonyms.
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D13633DFF85FECF47DEFE38FB52" box="[273,407,1178,1200]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="3" pageNumber="568" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EA82633DFF85FECF47DEFE38FB52" box="[273,407,1178,1200]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="568">Trachytherus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B61633DFF85FE1247DEFD0DFB52" author="Shockey" box="[460,674,1178,1200]" pageId="3" pageNumber="568" refString="Shockey, B. J., Salas, R., Quispe, R., Flores, A., Sargis, E. J., Acosta, J., Pino, A., Jarica, N. J. & Urbino, M. (2006) Discovery of Deseadan fossils in the Upper Moquegua Formation (late Oligocene -? early Miocene) of Southern Peru. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 26 (1), 205 - 208. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 (2006) 26 [205: DODFIT] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2006">
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Shockey
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<emphasis id="B977EA82633DFF85FDF347DFFDCCFB52" box="[557,611,1178,1200]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="568">et al.</emphasis>
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2006
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
: p. 206 & fig. 2);
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D13633DFF85FCB847DEFC44FB52" box="[870,1003,1178,1200]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="3" pageNumber="568" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EA82633DFF85FCB847DEFC44FB52" box="[870,1003,1178,1200]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="568">Trachytherus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. “mid-sized species” or “medium size species” (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B61633DFF85FEF647FDFE59FB2D" author="Shockey" box="[296,502,1209,1231]" pageId="3" pageNumber="568" refString="Shockey, B. J., Salas Gismondi, R., Gans, P., Jeong, A. & Flynn, J. J. (2009) Paleontology and Geochronology of the Deseadan (late Oligocene) of Moquegua, Peru. American Museum of Natural History Novitates, 3668, 1 - 24. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1206 / 662.1" type="journal article" year="2009">
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Shockey
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<emphasis id="B977EA82633DFF85FE5947FEFE14FB2D" box="[391,443,1209,1231]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="568">et al.</emphasis>
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2009
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
: pp. 18, 20, fig. 1C & 8B, table 5).
|
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C319651B633DFF85FF4947B8FE22F942" pageId="3" pageNumber="568" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BBC3690633DFF85FF4947B8FB0EFABE" blockId="3.[151,1436,1276,2020]" pageId="3" pageNumber="568">
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<emphasis id="B977EA82633DFF85FF4947B8FEA4FAF7" bold="true" box="[151,267,1276,1301]" pageId="3" pageNumber="568">
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<typeStatus id="54B88832633DFF85FF4947B8FEA9FAF7" box="[151,262,1276,1301]" pageId="3" pageNumber="568" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<collectionCode id="ED12AE55633DFF85FECC47B8FEC7FAF6" box="[274,360,1276,1300]" pageId="3" pageNumber="568">MUSM</collectionCode>
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350; nearly complete cranium with jaws preserving all of the teeth except right
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<date id="FFBD1050633DFF85FB3047B8FAAAFAF6" box="[1262,1285,1276,1300]" pageId="3" pageNumber="568">I3</date>
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–C, left
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<date id="FFBD1050633DFF85FABF47B8FA38FAF6" box="[1377,1431,1276,1300]" pageId="3" pageNumber="568">I2–3</date>
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; the missing p
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<date id="FFBD1050633DFF85FEF04664FEDCFADA" box="[302,371,1312,1336]" pageId="3" pageNumber="568">2 may</date>
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have been lost during the life of the animal; see Discussion). The
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<typeStatus id="54B88832633DFF85FBBC465BFB6BFADA" box="[1122,1220,1311,1336]" pageId="3" pageNumber="568" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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was discovered by RSG near the summit of Pan de Azúcar, in the Upper Moquegua formation in August, 2002.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC3690633DFF85FF194623FE70FA2A" blockId="3.[151,1436,1276,2020]" pageId="3" pageNumber="568">
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<emphasis id="B977EA82633DFF85FF194623FE12FA62" bold="true" box="[199,445,1383,1408]" pageId="3" pageNumber="568">Referred specimens.</emphasis>
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<collectionCode id="ED12AE55633DFF85FE16462CFDB1FA62" box="[456,542,1384,1408]" pageId="3" pageNumber="568">MUSM</collectionCode>
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963, partial right manus, including distal radius and ulna, cuneiform, lunar, unciform, and magnum, along with proximal Mc II–V;
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<collectionCode id="ED12AE55633DFF85FCDA46C8FCF6FA46" box="[772,857,1420,1444]" pageId="3" pageNumber="568">MUSM</collectionCode>
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961, right astragalus;
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<collectionCode id="ED12AE55633DFF85FB8D46C8FB06FA46" box="[1107,1193,1420,1444]" pageId="3" pageNumber="568">MUSM</collectionCode>
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962, right astragalus;
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<collectionCode id="ED12AE55633DFF85FF4946F4FF42FA2A" box="[151,237,1456,1480]" pageId="3" pageNumber="568">MUSM</collectionCode>
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966, right astragalus.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC3690633DFF85FF194690FE22F942" blockId="3.[151,1436,1276,2020]" pageId="3" pageNumber="568">
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<emphasis id="B977EA82633DFF85FF194690FEF6FA0F" bold="true" box="[199,345,1492,1517]" pageId="3" pageNumber="568">Occurrence.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D13633DFF85FEBC4690FDF2FA0E" box="[354,605,1492,1517]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="3" pageNumber="568" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramirezi">
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<emphasis id="B977EA82633DFF85FEBC4690FDF2FA0E" box="[354,605,1492,1517]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="568">Trachytherus ramirezi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is only known from near the summit of Pan de Azúcar (elevation
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<quantity id="4CFB9B75633DFF85FA834690FF1FF9F2" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.663" pageId="3" pageNumber="568" unit="m" value="1663.0">1,663 m</quantity>
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), located at
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<geoCoordinate id="EE375057633DFF85FEE946BCFE76F9F2" box="[311,473,1528,1552]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="568" precision="1" value="-17.218334">S 17° 13.100”</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE375057633DFF85FE3A46BCFDD0F9F2" box="[484,639,1527,1552]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="568" precision="1" value="-71.011086">W 71° 0.665’</geoCoordinate>
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, nine km WSW of the city of Moquegua,
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<collectingCountry id="F3147600633DFF85FB8A46BCFB25F9ED" box="[1108,1162,1528,1551]" name="Peru" pageId="3" pageNumber="568">Peru</collectingCountry>
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, in the Departamento de Moquegua. The
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<typeStatus id="54B88832633DFF85FE8F4558FE1CF9D7" box="[337,435,1564,1589]" pageId="3" pageNumber="568" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
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<collectionCode id="ED12AE55633DFF85FE1C4558FDB5F9D6" box="[450,538,1564,1588]" pageId="3" pageNumber="568">MUSM</collectionCode>
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350) and all the referred specimens were collected within the upper Moquegua Formation, from about 10 to 20 meters below the summit of Pan de Azúcar, likely (but not certainly) above the level of the Sugarloaf Ash (the specimens were buried in weathered sediments that obscured their precise stratigraphic context).
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C319651B633DFF85FF1945E8FD2EF8EF" pageId="3" pageNumber="568" type="etymology">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBC3690633DFF85FF1945E8FD2EF8EF" blockId="3.[151,1436,1276,2020]" pageId="3" pageNumber="568">
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<emphasis id="B977EA82633DFF85FF1945E8FEE1F927" bold="true" box="[199,334,1708,1733]" pageId="3" pageNumber="568">Etymology.</emphasis>
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The specific name,
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D13633DFF85FD9A45E9FD0DF926" box="[580,674,1709,1732]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="3" pageNumber="568" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramirezi">
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||
<emphasis id="B977EA82633DFF85FD9A45E9FD0DF926" box="[580,674,1709,1732]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="568">ramirezi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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, is a tribute to our late colleague and friend, Gregorio
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D13633DFF85FAE345E8FA33F926" box="[1341,1436,1708,1732]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="3" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramirez">Ramírez</taxonomicName>
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Andrade, who helped excavate the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B88832633DFF85FDFA458BFD29F90A" box="[548,646,1743,1768]" pageId="3" pageNumber="568" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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and provided essential help in the field at Moquegua and in the lab at MUSM during his all too brief tenure there.
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</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C319651B633DFF83FF194453FBD1FB24" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="570" pageId="3" pageNumber="568" type="diagnosis">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBC3690633DFF85FF194453FF03F806" blockId="3.[151,1436,1276,2020]" pageId="3" pageNumber="568">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA82633DFF85FF194453FEEEF8D2" bold="true" box="[199,321,1815,1840]" pageId="3" pageNumber="568">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Relatively small non-mesotheriine (“trachytheriine”) mesotheriid with incisive foramina being parallel, rather than having a triangular or “heart-shaped” form, typical of mesotheriids; enlarged molars (M1–3 occupy> 2/3 of the mesiodistal length of the cheektooth row in mature adult); M1–2 with transverse dimensions nearly twice that of the preceding premolars; upper canine retained and larger than
|
||
<date id="FFBD1050633DFF85FB8444C0FBDBF87E" box="[1114,1140,1924,1948]" pageId="3" pageNumber="568">I3</date>
|
||
; unique pattern of central fossettes co-occurrence on upper cheek teeth, that is, well-isolated central fossettes co-occuring on P3–4 and M2– 3.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7C6618633AFF82FF494479FD59F80E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262181/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="569" targetBox="[217,1369,180,1831]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC3690633AFF82FF494479FD59F80E" blockId="4.[151,1437,1853,2028]" pageId="4" pageNumber="569">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA82633AFF82FF494479FEBDF8B1" bold="true" box="[151,274,1853,1875]" pageId="4" pageNumber="569">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Holotype
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D13633AFF82FEA34479FDF0F8B1" box="[381,607,1853,1875]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="4" pageNumber="569" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramirezi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA82633AFF82FEA34479FDF0F8B1" box="[381,607,1853,1875]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="569">Trachytherus ramirezi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24457F9633AFF82FDBB447AFD19F8B1" box="[613,694,1854,1875]" pageId="4" pageNumber="569" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, MUSM 350. A, right lateral view of cranium and mandible; A’, detail of external auditory region of A; B, skull in left lateral view to illustrate the damaged side, revealing the mesodont-to-hypsodont premolars, somewhat hypsodont (rooted) M1, and hypselodont M2–3; C, ventral view of skull and palate; and D, occlusal view of jaw and lower dentitions. Abbreviations: bc, braincase; crm, crista meatus; eam, external auditory meatus; ets, epitypmanic sinus; gf, glenoid fossa; msty, metastyle; pgp, post glenoid process; rtp, retrotympanic process; and smf, suprameatal fossa. Scale bar at D applies to all, except the slightly enlarged A’.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC3690633BFF83FEB34382FDF1FD11" blockId="5.[365,390,198,232]" lastBlockId="5.[536,791,725,792]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
A B
|
||
<quantity id="4CFB9B75633BFF83FDC64191FDF1FD11" box="[536,606,725,755]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC3690633BFF83FD3541BEFC04FBD4" blockId="5.[536,791,725,792]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,945,2014]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
m1
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D13633BFF83FF1940F5FE6EFC2B" box="[199,449,945,970]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramirezi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA82633BFF83FF1940F5FE6EFC2B" box="[199,449,945,970]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">Trachytherus ramirezi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D13633BFF83FD8540F6FD57FC28" box="[603,760,945,970]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subandinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA82633BFF83FD8540F6FD57FC28" box="[603,760,945,970]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">T. subandinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by upper molars with much greater transverse dimensions, relatively small premolars, relatively smoother ectolophs of cheekteeth, M1 that forms roots and is lower crowned; and closed fossettes co-occurring on P3–4 and M2–3, whereas the lingual apertures of M2–3 remain open in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D13633BFF83FA5940BEFEB8FBD4" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subandinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA82633BFF83FA5940BEFEB8FBD4" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">T. subandinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
when P3–4 have closed and almost disappearing fossettes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7C6618633BFF83FF494030FA20FC68" box="[151,1423,884,906]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC3690633BFF83FF494030FA20FC68" blockId="5.[151,1423,884,906]" box="[151,1423,884,906]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA82633BFF83FF494030FEBDFC68" bold="true" box="[151,274,884,906]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Holotype
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D13633BFF83FEA34030FDF1FC68" box="[381,606,884,906]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramirezi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA82633BFF83FEA34030FDF1FC68" box="[381,606,884,906]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">Trachytherus ramirezi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24457F9633BFF83FDBA4031FD1AFC68" box="[612,693,885,906]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, MUSM 350. A, line drawing of upper dentition and B, lower dentition.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC3690633BFF83FF194705FBD1FB24" blockId="5.[151,1437,945,2014]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
Differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D13633BFF83FE874706FDB1FBBB" box="[345,542,1090,1113]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spegazzinianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA82633BFF83FE874706FDB1FBBB" box="[345,542,1090,1113]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">T. spegazzinianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA82633BFF83FD8C4706FD6CFBB8" box="[594,707,1089,1114]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D13633BFF83FD8C4706FD10FBB8" box="[594,703,1089,1114]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alloxus">T. alloxus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
by presence of upper canine (usually absent in mature specimens of
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA82633BFF83FF654723FE9CFB9F" box="[187,307,1125,1150]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D13633BFF83FF654723FE84FB9C" box="[187,299,1125,1150]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alloxus">T. alloxus</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; greater difference in size and form between upper premolars and molars; M1 hypsodont (not hypselodont as generally occurs in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D13633BFF83FDC047CEFD27FB40" box="[542,648,1161,1186]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alloxus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA82633BFF83FDC047CEFD27FB40" box="[542,648,1161,1186]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">T. alloxus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); closed fossettes co-occurring on P3–4 and M2–3 (see description for a detailed comparison on this aspect); and presence of well-developed suprameatal fossa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C319651B633BFF8FFF194795FE6DFBED" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="574" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC3690633BFF83FF194795FF5DFA98" blockId="5.[151,1437,945,2014]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA82633BFF83FF194795FEF6FB08" bold="true" box="[199,345,1233,1258]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D13633BFF83FEBE4795FDF5FB0B" box="[352,602,1233,1258]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramirezi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA82633BFF83FEBE4795FDF5FB0B" box="[352,602,1233,1258]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">Trachytherus ramirezi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a relatively small mesotheriid, smaller than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D13633BFF83FBB54796FB77FB08" box="[1131,1240,1233,1258]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alloxus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA82633BFF83FBB54796FB77FB08" box="[1131,1240,1233,1258]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">T. alloxus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as evidenced by the palatal length of
|
||
<quantity id="4CFB9B75633BFF83FE5D47B2FE4EFAEF" box="[387,481,1270,1294]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" unit="mm" value="100.0">100 mm</quantity>
|
||
of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B88832633BFF83FDEA47B1FD39FAEC" box="[564,662,1269,1294]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D13633BFF83FD6047B3FC98FAEF" box="[702,823,1270,1294]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramirezi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA82633BFF83FD6047B3FC98FAEF" box="[702,823,1270,1294]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">T. ramirezi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas sampled specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D13633BFF83FB7147B3FAB4FAEC" box="[1199,1307,1269,1294]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alloxus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA82633BFF83FB7147B3FAB4FAEC" box="[1199,1307,1269,1294]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">T. alloxus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Salla (n=8) had a mean of
|
||
<quantity id="4CFB9B75633BFF83FEA0465EFE75FAD3" box="[382,474,1306,1330]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.21" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" unit="mm" value="121.0">121 mm</quantity>
|
||
and ranged from
|
||
<quantity id="4CFB9B75633BFF83FD40465DFC9EFAD3" box="[670,817,1305,1330]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.185" metricValueMax="1.26" metricValueMin="1.1099999999999999" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" unit="mm" value="118.5" valueMax="126.0" valueMin="111.0">111–126 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B61633BFF83FCE0465DFBB0FAD0" author="Shockey" box="[830,1055,1305,1330]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" refString="Shockey, B. J., Salas, R., Quispe, R., Flores, A., Sargis, E. J., Acosta, J., Pino, A., Jarica, N. J. & Urbino, M. (2006) Discovery of Deseadan fossils in the Upper Moquegua Formation (late Oligocene -? early Miocene) of Southern Peru. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 26 (1), 205 - 208. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 (2006) 26 [205: DODFIT] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Shockey
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA82633BFF83FC78465EFC71FAD0" box="[934,990,1305,1330]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B61633BFF83FB56465DFA3EFAD0" author="Billet" box="[1160,1425,1305,1330]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" refString="Billet, G. & Martin, T. (2011) No evidence for an afrotherian-like delayed dental eruption in South American notoungulates. Naturwissenschaften, 98, 509 - 517. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00114 - 011 - 0795 - y" type="journal article" year="2011">Billet and Martin, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Astragali referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D13633BFF83FE5C467BFE53FAB7" box="[386,508,1342,1366]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramirezi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA82633BFF83FE5C467BFE53FAB7" box="[386,508,1342,1366]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">T. ramirezi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also are distinctly smaller and fall outside the range of those referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D13633BFF83FAF1467BFA33FAB4" box="[1327,1436,1341,1366]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alloxus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA82633BFF83FAF1467BFA33FAB4" box="[1327,1436,1341,1366]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">T. alloxus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13382A15633BFF83FF414625FF4BFA98" box="[159,228,1377,1402]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1490,1512]" captionText="FIGURE 5. Astragali of Trachytherus spp. from the Bolivian Orocline Region. A, untransformed maximum astragalar lengths vs. trochlear lengths illustrates distinctive size differences between T. ramirezi astragali (stars) and those of T. alloxus of Salla (n = 22; diamonds), cf. T. spegazzinianus of Cerro Mono (Upper Moquegua Formation, shown as +), and a diminutive (unnamed) mesotheriid of Cerro Pan de Azúcar (Upper Moquegua Formation, shown as a square). B, illustrations of dorsal views (upper row) and ventral views (lower row) of astragali referred to T. ramirez i (MUSM 961), T. alloxus (YPM B # 2862; reversed to show as right), and cf. T. spegazzinianus (MUSM 968; also reversed to show as right). Data used in graph A are from Table 2 (for the Moquegua specimens) and Shockey and Anaya, in prep. (for the Salla specimens of T. alloxus). Scale bar at B (lower left) applies to all three specimens." pageId="5" pageNumber="570">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC3690633BFF83FF1946C2FAD9F9E8" blockId="5.[151,1437,945,2014]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
Upper Dentitions. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B88832633BFF83FE0F46C1FD9CFA7C" box="[465,563,1413,1438]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
has gliriform incisors, hypsodont and rooted premolars, M1 hypsodont and rooted, and M2–3 euhypsodont and apparently hypselodont. The dental formula is 3/2, 1/0, 3/3, 3/3.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3147600633BFF83FAD346EEFA83FA20" box="[1293,1324,1450,1474]" name="American Samoa" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
generally occurs in other known mesotheriids, the teeth are covered with cementum. The upper series is essentially closed, save for the small sizes of
|
||
<date id="FFBD1050633BFF83FE1E46B6FE78F9E8" box="[448,471,1522,1546]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">I2</date>
|
||
–C, which, due to their diminutive form, leave small gaps between them (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13382A15633BFF83FAD146B5FAFDF9E8" box="[1295,1362,1521,1546]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,884,906]" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype Trachytherus ramirezi sp. nov., MUSM 350. A, line drawing of upper dentition and B, lower dentition." pageId="5" pageNumber="570">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC3690633BFF83FF194552FDD9F8C8" blockId="5.[151,1437,945,2014]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3147600633BFF83FF194552FF49F9CC" box="[199,230,1558,1582]" name="American Samoa" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
is typical for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D13633BFF83FE5C4551FDB9F9CC" box="[386,534,1557,1582]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA82633BFF83FE5C4551FDB9F9CC" box="[386,534,1557,1582]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">Trachytherus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and mesotheriids in general, the
|
||
<date id="FFBD1050633BFF83FC4C4552FC06F9CC" box="[914,937,1558,1582]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">I1</date>
|
||
is broad and strongly curved, though that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D13633BFF83FF49457EFEBEF9B3" box="[151,273,1594,1617]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramirezi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA82633BFF83FF49457EFEBEF9B3" box="[151,273,1594,1617]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">T. ramirezi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is neither as broad or as curved as those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D13633BFF83FCDE457EFC69F9B3" box="[768,966,1594,1617]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spegazzinianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA82633BFF83FCDE457EFC69F9B3" box="[768,966,1594,1617]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">T. spegazzinianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D13633BFF83FC32457EFBF8F9B0" box="[1004,1111,1593,1618]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alloxus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA82633BFF83FC32457EFBF8F9B0" box="[1004,1111,1593,1618]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">T. alloxus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Enamel covers the
|
||
<date id="FFBD1050633BFF83FAE1457EFAF9F9B0" box="[1343,1366,1594,1618]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">I1</date>
|
||
labial surface, whereas it is lacking from the lingual side. The lingual surface of
|
||
<date id="FFBD1050633BFF83FC00451AFC5AF994" box="[990,1013,1630,1654]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">I1</date>
|
||
occludes with the tip of the crown of the procumbent lower incisors (
|
||
<date id="FFBD1050633BFF83FE2345C5FD9DF978" box="[509,562,1665,1690]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">i1–2</date>
|
||
), resulting in uneven wear on
|
||
<date id="FFBD1050633BFF83FC5745C6FC0FF978" box="[905,928,1666,1690]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">I1</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13382A15633BFF83FC6E45C5FC5DF978" box="[944,1010,1665,1690]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1853,1875]" captionTargetBox="[217,1369,180,1831]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[217,1369,180,1831]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Holotype Trachytherus ramirezi sp. nov., MUSM 350. A, right lateral view of cranium and mandible; A’, detail of external auditory region of A; B, skull in left lateral view to illustrate the damaged side, revealing the mesodont-to-hypsodont premolars, somewhat hypsodont (rooted) M 1, and hypselodont M 2 – 3; C, ventral view of skull and palate; and D, occlusal view of jaw and lower dentitions. Abbreviations: bc, braincase; crm, crista meatus; eam, external auditory meatus; ets, epitypmanic sinus; gf, glenoid fossa; msty, metastyle; pgp, post glenoid process; rtp, retrotympanic process; and smf, suprameatal fossa. Scale bar at D applies to all, except the slightly enlarged A’." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262181/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A & B). The more durable enamel on the labial surface also likely contributed to the uneven wear.
|
||
<date id="FFBD1050633BFF83FC8C45E2FCC6F95C" box="[850,873,1702,1726]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">I2</date>
|
||
is much smaller than
|
||
<date id="FFBD1050633BFF83FBB445E2FB2DF95C" box="[1130,1154,1702,1726]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">I1</date>
|
||
, being little more than a peg-like cylinder, subcircular in cross section, and with a crown height <1/2 that of the
|
||
<date id="FFBD1050633BFF83FB55458EFB65F900" box="[1163,1226,1738,1762]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">I1. I2</date>
|
||
occludes with the lingual surface of the procumbent
|
||
<date id="FFBD1050633BFF83FDC945A9FD82F8E4" box="[535,557,1773,1798]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">i2</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13382A15633BFF83FDE245A9FDD0F8E4" box="[572,639,1773,1798]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1853,1875]" captionTargetBox="[217,1369,180,1831]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[217,1369,180,1831]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Holotype Trachytherus ramirezi sp. nov., MUSM 350. A, right lateral view of cranium and mandible; A’, detail of external auditory region of A; B, skull in left lateral view to illustrate the damaged side, revealing the mesodont-to-hypsodont premolars, somewhat hypsodont (rooted) M 1, and hypselodont M 2 – 3; C, ventral view of skull and palate; and D, occlusal view of jaw and lower dentitions. Abbreviations: bc, braincase; crm, crista meatus; eam, external auditory meatus; ets, epitypmanic sinus; gf, glenoid fossa; msty, metastyle; pgp, post glenoid process; rtp, retrotympanic process; and smf, suprameatal fossa. Scale bar at D applies to all, except the slightly enlarged A’." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262181/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A). Both
|
||
<date id="FFBD1050633BFF83FD3945AAFCAFF8E4" box="[743,768,1774,1798]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">I3</date>
|
||
s are broken, but judging from their roots in the alveoli they were the smallest teeth in the dental series.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC3690633BFF83FF194471FB4DF874" blockId="5.[151,1437,945,2014]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
Unlike most mature specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D13633BFF83FD9A4473FC29F8AC" authority="Billet et al. 2008" authorityName="Billet et al." authorityYear="2008" box="[580,902,1845,1870]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alloxus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA82633BFF83FD9A4473FD00F8AC" box="[580,687,1845,1870]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">T. alloxus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B61633BFF83FD634471FCD1F8AC" author="Billet" box="[701,894,1845,1870]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" refString="Billet, G., de Muizon, C. & Mamani, B. (2008) Late Oligocene mesotheriids (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from Salla and Lacayani (Bolivia): implications for basal mesotheriid phylogeny and distribution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 152, 153 - 200. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2007.00388. x" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Billet
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA82633BFF83FCDA4473FC93F8AC" box="[772,828,1845,1870]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, an upper canine is present and is larger than
|
||
<date id="FFBD1050633BFF83FAA04472FA33F8AC" box="[1406,1436,1846,1870]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">I3.</date>
|
||
It is slightly spatulate and curved, having a concave lingual surface and convex labial surface. The canine is slightly procumbent, with the tip of the crown lying further from the P2 than the base of the tooth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC3690633BFF80FF1944E5FE56FEFF" blockId="5.[151,1437,945,2014]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,151,2023]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="571" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B88832633BFF83FF2744E5FEF4F858" box="[249,347,1953,1978]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
does not have a P1 (or retained dP1). The P2 is much smaller than the remaining premolars. Like the other upper premolars, the transverse dimension is greater than the distal-mesial dimension. The ectoloph of P2 forms a gentle curve in occlusal view, lacking any distinctive convolutions aside from a subtle, blunt paracone ridge. The lingual border is slightly more curved than is the ectoloph. The tooth is worn such that there is no fossette. P3 and P4 are similar to P2, but they are progressively larger and each retains a small oval fossette that has an obliquely oriented long axis.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36906338FF80FF194263FAFBFD08" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2023]" pageId="6" pageNumber="571">
|
||
There is a marked size discontinuity between the premolars and the much larger molars, exceeding that observed in any ontogenetic/wear stage of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136338FF80FD5A4208FCE4FE81" box="[644,843,332,355]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="571" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spegazzinianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826338FF80FD5A4208FCE4FE81" box="[644,843,332,355]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="571">T. spegazzinianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136338FF80FC824208FC64FE86" box="[860,971,331,356]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="571" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alloxus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826338FF80FC824208FC64FE86" box="[860,971,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="571">T. alloxus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136338FF80FC224208FB0CFE86" box="[1020,1187,331,356]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="571" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subandinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826338FF80FC224208FB0CFE86" box="[1020,1187,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="571">T. subandinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. M1 is heavily worn, leaving no trace of a fossette, and its transverse dimension is greater than the mesiodistal, as in heavily worn M1 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136338FF80FF4942D7FEAEFE49" box="[151,257,402,427]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="571" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alloxus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826338FF80FF4942D7FEAEFE49" box="[151,257,402,427]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="571">T. alloxus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B616338FF80FECF42D6FE77FE49" author="Billet" box="[273,472,402,427]" pageId="6" pageNumber="571" refString="Billet, G., de Muizon, C. & Mamani, B. (2008) Late Oligocene mesotheriids (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from Salla and Lacayani (Bolivia): implications for basal mesotheriid phylogeny and distribution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 152, 153 - 200. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2007.00388. x" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Billet
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826338FF80FE8942D7FE20FE49" box="[343,399,402,427]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="571">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: Appendix 3). M1 is conspicuously lower crowned than M2–3, and unlike the M2–3 it has closed roots (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13382A156338FF80FE8042F1FE0CFE2C" box="[350,419,437,462]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1853,1875]" captionTargetBox="[217,1369,180,1831]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[217,1369,180,1831]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Holotype Trachytherus ramirezi sp. nov., MUSM 350. A, right lateral view of cranium and mandible; A’, detail of external auditory region of A; B, skull in left lateral view to illustrate the damaged side, revealing the mesodont-to-hypsodont premolars, somewhat hypsodont (rooted) M 1, and hypselodont M 2 – 3; C, ventral view of skull and palate; and D, occlusal view of jaw and lower dentitions. Abbreviations: bc, braincase; crm, crista meatus; eam, external auditory meatus; ets, epitypmanic sinus; gf, glenoid fossa; msty, metastyle; pgp, post glenoid process; rtp, retrotympanic process; and smf, suprameatal fossa. Scale bar at D applies to all, except the slightly enlarged A’." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262181/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="571">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Enamel is absent from the lingual and posterior borders of the tooth. The parastyle of M2 slightly overlaps the M1. The M2 is less worn and much higher crowned than the M1 and, unlike M1, is openrooted. It retains an oblique central fossette, which presumably resulted with the basal union of protoloph with a metaloph/posterior cingulum as occurs in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136338FF80FDA74165FC96FDDA" box="[633,825,545,568]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="571" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spegazzinanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826338FF80FDA74165FC96FDDA" box="[633,825,545,568]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="571">T. spegazzinanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136338FF80FCAA4165FB62FDDA" authority="Billet et al., 2008" authorityName="Billet et al." authorityYear="2008" box="[884,1229,544,569]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="571" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alloxus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826338FF80FCAA4165FC4CFDDB" box="[884,995,544,569]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="571">T. alloxus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B616338FF80FC2A4164FB6AFDDA" author="Billet" box="[1012,1221,544,569]" pageId="6" pageNumber="571" refString="Billet, G., de Muizon, C. & Mamani, B. (2008) Late Oligocene mesotheriids (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from Salla and Lacayani (Bolivia): implications for basal mesotheriid phylogeny and distribution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 152, 153 - 200. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2007.00388. x" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Billet
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826338FF80FBE34165FBD7FDDB" box="[1085,1144,544,569]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="571">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Like the M1, the lingual and posterior borders lack enamel. M3 differs from M1–2 by having a distinct metastyle that contributes to the greater mesiodistal dimension of the tooth, resulting in this dimension greater than the transverse (note that the M3 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136338FF80FF3A41C8FEFEFD41" box="[228,337,650,675]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="571" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alloxus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826338FF80FF3A41C8FEFEFD41" box="[228,337,650,675]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="571">T. alloxus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, contrarily to M1–2, also has a greater mesiodistal diameter than the transverse one, at all stages;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B616338FF80FF4941EAFEF5FD25" author="Billet" box="[151,346,686,711]" pageId="6" pageNumber="571" refString="Billet, G., de Muizon, C. & Mamani, B. (2008) Late Oligocene mesotheriids (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from Salla and Lacayani (Bolivia): implications for basal mesotheriid phylogeny and distribution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 152, 153 - 200. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2007.00388. x" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Billet
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826338FF80FF0241EBFEBAFD25" box="[220,277,686,711]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="571">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is fully erupted, as evidenced by wear of the posterior occlusal surface. This posterior border has no enamel, but enamel is present on the lingual side as well as the mesial and labial borders of the tooth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36906338FF80FF1941B1FD9EFBAF" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2023]" pageId="6" pageNumber="571">
|
||
Central fossettes on the P3–4 and M2–3 of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B888326338FF80FD2C41B2FC8DFCEC" box="[754,802,758,782]" pageId="6" pageNumber="571">type</typeStatus>
|
||
are contemporaneous. This is in stark contrast with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136338FF80FA5941B2FEEEFCD2" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="571" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spegazzinianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826338FF80FA5941B2FEEEFCD2" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="571">T. spegazzinianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which loses the central fossettes of P3–4 well before the central fossettes of M2–3 are formed (FMNH P13281, UNPSJB PV 112). The pattern exhibited by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136338FF80FC7E4079FBEBFCB7" box="[928,1092,828,853]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="571" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subandinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826338FF80FC7E4079FBEBFCB7" box="[928,1092,828,853]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="571">T. subandinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also close to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136338FF80FA594079FEEEFC95" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="571" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spegazzinianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826338FF80FA594079FEEEFC95" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="571">T. spegazzinianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in contrast to the form of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136338FF80FDBF4024FD75FC95" box="[609,730,864,887]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="571" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramirezi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826338FF80FDBF4024FD75FC95" box="[609,730,864,887]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="571">T. ramirezi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Indeed, the central fossettes of P3–4 are very small (thus close to disappearance; see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B616338FF80FE5440C7FDE2FC79" author="Billet" box="[394,589,899,924]" pageId="6" pageNumber="571" refString="Billet, G., de Muizon, C. & Mamani, B. (2008) Late Oligocene mesotheriids (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from Salla and Lacayani (Bolivia): implications for basal mesotheriid phylogeny and distribution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 152, 153 - 200. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2007.00388. x" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Billet
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826338FF80FE1040C0FDA9FC7E" box="[462,518,899,924]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="571">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) in the unique specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136338FF80FC5E40C0FBB4FC7E" box="[896,1051,899,924]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="571" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subandinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826338FF80FC5E40C0FBB4FC7E" box="[896,1051,899,924]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="571">T. subandinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
while M2–3 are far removed from isolating a central fossette (a stage possibly never attained for M
|
||
<quantity id="4CFB9B756338FF80FCA040E3FC69FC5D" box="[894,966,934,959]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.35" metricValueMax="7.62" metricValueMin="5.08" pageId="6" pageNumber="571" unit="in" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 in</quantity>
|
||
this species;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B616338FF80FBBC40E2FADFFC5D" author="Villarroel" box="[1122,1392,934,959]" pageId="6" pageNumber="571" refString="Villarroel, C., Sempere, T. & Marshall, L. G. (1994) Un nuevo Trachytherus (Notoungulata, Mammalia) en el Terciario de la faja subandina norte de Bolivia. In: Congreso Geologico de Bolivia, Memorias. Vol. 9. Santa Cruz, Bolivia, pp. 28 - 32." type="book" year="1994" yearSuffix="p">
|
||
Villarroel
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826338FF80FB0840E3FABFFC5D" box="[1238,1296,934,959]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="571">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1994 p
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
29); thus the central fossette probably disappears from P3–4 before being isolated on M
|
||
<quantity id="4CFB9B756338FF80FBB4408EFB1AFC00" box="[1130,1205,969,994]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.35" metricValueMax="7.62" metricValueMin="5.08" pageId="6" pageNumber="571" unit="in" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136338FF80FB61408FFAF1FC00" box="[1215,1374,969,994]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="571" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subandinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826338FF80FB61408FFAF1FC00" box="[1215,1374,969,994]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="571">T. subandinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The situation in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136338FF80FEFA40AAFE3CFBE4" box="[292,403,1005,1030]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="571" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alloxus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826338FF80FEFA40AAFE3CFBE4" box="[292,403,1005,1030]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="571">T. alloxus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is rather intermediate as it barely loses the central fossettes of P3–4 before the central fossettes are isolated on both M2 and M3 (see diagnosis above and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B616338FF80FC594754FBE9FBCB" author="Billet" box="[903,1094,1040,1065]" pageId="6" pageNumber="571" refString="Billet, G., de Muizon, C. & Mamani, B. (2008) Late Oligocene mesotheriids (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from Salla and Lacayani (Bolivia): implications for basal mesotheriid phylogeny and distribution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 152, 153 - 200. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2007.00388. x" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Billet
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826338FF80FC124756FBABFBCB" box="[972,1028,1040,1065]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="571">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: Appendix 2: stages
|
||
<date id="FFBD10506338FF80FAF04755FA38FBCB" box="[1326,1431,1041,1065]" pageId="6" pageNumber="571" value="2013-12-14">12-13-14</date>
|
||
; MNHN-Bol-V 0 0 5011 and 003478).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36906338FF80FF194713FE86FB1C" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2023]" pageId="6" pageNumber="571">
|
||
Mandible and Lower Dentitions. The mandible is fairly complete, except for the ascending rami, which were badly crushed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13382A156338FF80FE9D473FFE28FB71" box="[323,391,1147,1172]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1853,1875]" captionTargetBox="[217,1369,180,1831]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[217,1369,180,1831]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Holotype Trachytherus ramirezi sp. nov., MUSM 350. A, right lateral view of cranium and mandible; A’, detail of external auditory region of A; B, skull in left lateral view to illustrate the damaged side, revealing the mesodont-to-hypsodont premolars, somewhat hypsodont (rooted) M 1, and hypselodont M 2 – 3; C, ventral view of skull and palate; and D, occlusal view of jaw and lower dentitions. Abbreviations: bc, braincase; crm, crista meatus; eam, external auditory meatus; ets, epitypmanic sinus; gf, glenoid fossa; msty, metastyle; pgp, post glenoid process; rtp, retrotympanic process; and smf, suprameatal fossa. Scale bar at D applies to all, except the slightly enlarged A’." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262181/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="571">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
B). One of the mandibular condyles was preserved and its long axis (transverse dimension) is
|
||
<quantity id="4CFB9B756338FF80FF4947DBFF46FB54" box="[151,233,1183,1207]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="6" pageNumber="571" unit="mm" value="21.0">21 mm</quantity>
|
||
. The jaw is smaller and more gracile than that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136338FF80FCD147DBFCD4FB55" box="[783,891,1182,1207]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="571" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alloxus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826338FF80FCD147DBFCD4FB55" box="[783,891,1182,1207]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="571">T. alloxus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Likely indicative of its late ontogenetic age, the molars of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B888326338FF80FEEE4786FE3DFB39" box="[304,402,1218,1243]" pageId="6" pageNumber="571" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
are quite large relative to the premolars, occupying about 70% of the cheektooth length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13382A156338FF80FAB14786FF0AFB1C" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,884,906]" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype Trachytherus ramirezi sp. nov., MUSM 350. A, line drawing of upper dentition and B, lower dentition." pageId="6" pageNumber="571">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
B;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C681032B6338FF80FF1847A1FEB3FB1C" box="[198,284,1253,1278]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,239,1714,1737]" captionText="TABLE 2. Comparative measurements (mm) of astragali of Trachytherus spp. from the Upper Moquegua Formation, Depto. de Moquegua." pageId="6" pageNumber="571">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36906338FF80FF19464DFDC3FA8A" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2023]" pageId="6" pageNumber="571">
|
||
The incisors (
|
||
<date id="FFBD10506338FF80FEBA464DFE39FAC0" box="[356,406,1289,1314]" pageId="6" pageNumber="571">i1–2</date>
|
||
) are columnar, procumbent, and relatively and absolutely thinner than those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136338FF80FAF9464EFA3CFAC0" box="[1319,1427,1289,1314]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="571" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alloxus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826338FF80FAF9464EFA3CFAC0" box="[1319,1427,1289,1314]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="571">T. alloxus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The wear surface of
|
||
<date id="FFBD10506338FF80FEA04668FE3BFAA7" box="[382,404,1324,1349]" pageId="6" pageNumber="571">i1</date>
|
||
is flat and perpendicular to the long axis of the tooth, whereas
|
||
<date id="FFBD10506338FF80FB844668FBDFFAA7" box="[1114,1136,1324,1349]" pageId="6" pageNumber="571">i2</date>
|
||
shows significant wear on its lingual surface from occlusion with
|
||
<date id="FFBD10506338FF80FD934614FDC3FA8A" box="[589,620,1360,1384]" pageId="6" pageNumber="571">I2.</date>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36906338FF80FF194637FB5DF94A" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2023]" pageId="6" pageNumber="571">There is no sign of either a canine or first premolar (neither dp1 or p1). The p2 is lost from both sides, but the shallow alveoli remaining on each side indicate that a single-rooted tooth was present and smaller than the remaining premolars. These posterior premolars (p3–4) are high crowned, but very small relative to the molars. Both p3s show significant wear; the trigonid/talonid fossettid had worn away on the left p3, but a minute part remains on the lingual side of the right p3. This tooth is nearly rectangular in occlusal outline, with just a barely discernable sulcus demarcating the trigonid and talonid boundary. The mesiodistal dimension of the tooth is greatest at the occlusal level and tapers ventrally nearly to a point at the root such that the length of the occlusal surface decreases with wear (the opposite is true of m3). The p4 has a more distinctive trigonid/talonid fossettid, which lies close to the lingual border of the tooth. The p4 trigonid is slightly larger than the talonid.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36906338FF80FF1945F6FBBEF87D" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2023]" pageId="6" pageNumber="571">The m1 has an asymmetric figure-eight shape in occlusal view, with the talonid being longer and wider than the trigonid. The vertical groove of the labial sulcus is better defined than those of the premolars. The m1 has significant wear, lacking any hint of a trigonid/talonid fossettid. The m2 is larger than m1. Consistent with its later eruption, it shows less wear, as evidenced by the presence of the trigonid/talonid fossettid. The m3 is the largest molar and has a similar form as m2, except that the talonid is longer and extends distally to a point, whereas m1–2 have blunt posterior ends. The base of the m3 talonid extends beyond the terminal border of the occlusal surface, indicating that the total length of the tooth would increase with continued wear.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36906338FF81FF1944EFFE81FF36" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2023]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,151,895]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="572" pageId="6" pageNumber="571">
|
||
Skull. The area containing the incisive foramina does not present the typical triangular (heart-shaped) outline observed in mesotheriids by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B616338FF80FE03448AFD1EF805" box="[477,689,1998,2023]" pageId="6" pageNumber="571" refString="Billet, G., de Muizon, C. & Mamani, B. (2008) Late Oligocene mesotheriids (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from Salla and Lacayani (Bolivia): implications for basal mesotheriid phylogeny and distribution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 152, 153 - 200. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2007.00388. x" type="journal article">
|
||
Billet
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826338FF80FDFD4494FDF3F805" box="[547,604,1998,2023]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="571">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2008)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136338FF80FD054494FCFAF804" box="[731,853,1999,2023]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="571" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramirezi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826338FF80FD054494FCFAF804" box="[731,853,1999,2023]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="571">T. ramirezi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the distal end of these foramina is not pointed and the lateral border of each foramen is more parallel to its medial border than it is in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136339FF81FB7543DDFAB3FF52" box="[1195,1308,151,176]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="7" pageNumber="572" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alloxus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826339FF81FB7543DDFAB3FF52" box="[1195,1308,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="572">T. alloxus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other mesotheriids.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36906339FF81FF19439AFD5FFE65" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,895]" pageId="7" pageNumber="572">
|
||
The maxillae overlap the nasals, as occurs in other mesotheres and a few other typotheres (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136339FF81FF494246FEE8FEF9" box="[151,327,258,283]" class="Mammalia" family="Interatheriidae" genus="Protypotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="7" pageNumber="572" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826339FF81FF494246FEE8FEF9" box="[151,327,258,283]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="572">Protypotherium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
AMNH 9226;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136339FF81FDDF4246FD06FEF9" box="[513,681,258,283]" class="Mammalia" family="Hegetotheriidae" genus="Hegetotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="7" pageNumber="572" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826339FF81FDDF4246FD06FEF9" box="[513,681,258,283]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="572">Hegetotherium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
AMNH 9501). The nasal/frontal sutures are at the level of the anterior margin of the orbits and the nasals extend anteriorly such that they overlap the nasal aperture. The frontals have well developed triangular postorbital processes that define the dorsoposterior region of the orbit. These do not reach the zygomatic arch, leaving a gap of over
|
||
<quantity id="4CFB9B756339FF81FD6F422BFD43FE65" box="[689,748,367,391]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="572" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36906339FF81FF1942D6FE1BFC9D" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,895]" pageId="7" pageNumber="572">
|
||
The long axis of the glenoid fossa is transversely oriented, but slightly oblique, with its lateral margin projecting slightly anterior to the medial edge. Its long axis has a dimension of
|
||
<quantity id="4CFB9B756339FF81FBCC42F3FBD6FE2D" box="[1042,1145,439,463]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.44" pageId="7" pageNumber="572" unit="mm" value="24.4">24.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
. The post glenoid process is robust and abuts a distinctive descending crest of the auditory meatus, the “crista meatus” of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B616339FF81FB3F429FFA33FE11" author="Patterson" box="[1249,1436,475,499]" pageId="7" pageNumber="572" refString="Patterson, B. (1934) Trachytherus, a typotherid from the Deseado beds of Patagonia. Field Museum of Natural History, Geological Series, 6, 119 - 139." type="journal article" year="1934">Patterson (1934)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and subsequent workers (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13382A156339FF81FE6C42BAFE5AFDF5" box="[434,501,510,535]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1853,1875]" captionTargetBox="[217,1369,180,1831]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[217,1369,180,1831]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Holotype Trachytherus ramirezi sp. nov., MUSM 350. A, right lateral view of cranium and mandible; A’, detail of external auditory region of A; B, skull in left lateral view to illustrate the damaged side, revealing the mesodont-to-hypsodont premolars, somewhat hypsodont (rooted) M 1, and hypselodont M 2 – 3; C, ventral view of skull and palate; and D, occlusal view of jaw and lower dentitions. Abbreviations: bc, braincase; crm, crista meatus; eam, external auditory meatus; ets, epitypmanic sinus; gf, glenoid fossa; msty, metastyle; pgp, post glenoid process; rtp, retrotympanic process; and smf, suprameatal fossa. Scale bar at D applies to all, except the slightly enlarged A’." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262181/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="572">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A’). The contact of the postglenoid process and crista meatus is unlike the condition seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136339FF81FF2E4166FE65FDD9" box="[240,458,546,571]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Pseudotypotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="7" pageNumber="572" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826339FF81FF2E4166FE65FDD9" box="[240,458,546,571]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="572">Pseudotypotherium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B616339FF81FE044167FD7DFDD9" author="Patterson" box="[474,722,546,571]" pageId="7" pageNumber="572" refString="Patterson, B. (1934) Trachytherus, a typotherid from the Deseado beds of Patagonia. Field Museum of Natural History, Geological Series, 6, 119 - 139." type="journal article" year="1934">Patterson, 1934:fig. 8</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136339FF81FD344166FCD1FDD9" box="[746,894,546,571]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Mesotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="7" pageNumber="572" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826339FF81FD344166FCD1FDD9" box="[746,894,546,571]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="572">Mesotherium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g., AMNH 14965), or some specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136339FF81FA594160FF47FDBD" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="7" pageNumber="572" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alloxus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826339FF81FA594160FF47FDBD" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="572">T. alloxus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g., UF 91933), in which there is a significant gap between the crista meatus and postglenoid process. The crista meatus appears to be shorter than those of other mesotheres, but breakage obscures its complete form. A suprameatal fossa defines the dorsal boundary between the postglenoid process and the dorsal region of the external auditory meatus. An associated foramen is superficial to the deep part of the fossa, and lies in the same position as the suprameatal foramen of the leontiniid notoungulates,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136339FF81FC794192FB93FD0D" box="[935,1084,726,751]" class="Mammalia" family="Leontiniidae" genus="Ancylocoelus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="7" pageNumber="572" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826339FF81FC794192FB93FD0D" box="[935,1084,726,751]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="572">Ancylocoelus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B616339FF81FB934192FACDFD0D" author="Gabbert" box="[1101,1378,726,751]" pageId="7" pageNumber="572" refString="Gabbert, S. L. (2004) The basicranial and posterior cranial anatomy of the families of the Toxodontia. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 285, 177 - 190. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0090 (2004) 285 % 3 C 0177: C % 3 E 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2004">Gabbert, 2004: fig. 14.2</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the mesotheriid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136339FF81FE9241B8FD7DFCF6" authority="Billet et al., 2008: 163" authorityName="Billet et al." authorityPageNumber="163" authorityYear="2008" box="[332,722,763,788]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="7" pageNumber="572" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alloxus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826339FF81FE9241B8FE19FCF6" box="[332,438,763,788]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="572">T. alloxus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B616339FF81FE1941BFFD3EFCF1" author="Billet" box="[455,657,763,788]" pageId="7" pageNumber="572" refString="Billet, G., de Muizon, C. & Mamani, B. (2008) Late Oligocene mesotheriids (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from Salla and Lacayani (Bolivia): implications for basal mesotheriid phylogeny and distribution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 152, 153 - 200. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2007.00388. x" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Billet
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826339FF81FDD041B8FDE9FCF6" box="[526,582,763,788]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="572">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 163)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The retrotympanic (or posttympanic) process of the squamosal is small, much shorter than the crista meatus. The posterior portion of the external auditory meatus lies at the posterolateral border of the skull. Breakage at the dorso-posterior region of the skull reveals a hollow epitympanic sinus (visible in
|
||
<figureCitation id="13382A156339FF81FE914022FE3DFC9D" box="[335,402,870,895]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1853,1875]" captionTargetBox="[217,1369,180,1831]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[217,1369,180,1831]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Holotype Trachytherus ramirezi sp. nov., MUSM 350. A, right lateral view of cranium and mandible; A’, detail of external auditory region of A; B, skull in left lateral view to illustrate the damaged side, revealing the mesodont-to-hypsodont premolars, somewhat hypsodont (rooted) M 1, and hypselodont M 2 – 3; C, ventral view of skull and palate; and D, occlusal view of jaw and lower dentitions. Abbreviations: bc, braincase; crm, crista meatus; eam, external auditory meatus; ets, epitypmanic sinus; gf, glenoid fossa; msty, metastyle; pgp, post glenoid process; rtp, retrotympanic process; and smf, suprameatal fossa. Scale bar at D applies to all, except the slightly enlarged A’." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262181/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="572">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
C).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36906339FF81FD6C40FEFC85FC32" blockId="7.[690,1052,954,1030]" box="[690,810,954,976]" pageId="7" pageNumber="572">grooves for</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36906339FF8EFBDF40A0FEF1FF1F" blockId="7.[690,1052,954,1030]" lastBlockId="8.[325,793,219,316]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="573" pageId="7" pageNumber="572">D A</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7C66186339FF81FF494402FE5AF817" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262182/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="572" targetBox="[191,955,990,1842]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36906339FF81FF494402FE5AF817" blockId="7.[151,1437,1862,2037]" pageId="7" pageNumber="572">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826339FF81FF494402FEBCF8BE" bold="true" box="[151,275,1862,1884]" pageId="7" pageNumber="572">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Manual elements of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136339FF81FE324402FDDDF8BE" box="[492,626,1862,1884]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="7" pageNumber="572" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826339FF81FE324402FDDDF8BE" box="[492,626,1862,1884]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="572">Trachytherus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. A,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136339FF81FD164402FC05F8BE" box="[712,938,1862,1884]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="7" pageNumber="572" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramirezi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826339FF81FD164402FC05F8BE" box="[712,938,1862,1884]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="572">Trachytherus ramirezi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, right distal ulna and radius (with unfused radial epiphysis), carpals (missing trapezium and pisiform) and proximal metacarpals II–V (MUSM 963); B, right carpals (missing trapezoid and pisiform) and damaged Mc I–V (MUSM 965) of small indeterminate species of Moquegua; C, nearly complete right manus of cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136339FF81FEB244E7FD8BF85A" box="[364,548,1955,1976]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="7" pageNumber="572" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spegazzinianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826339FF81FEB244E7FD8BF85A" box="[364,548,1955,1976]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="572">T. spegazzinianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MUSM 668); left manus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136339FF81FCA944E7FC4FF85A" box="[887,992,1954,1976]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="7" pageNumber="572" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alloxus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826339FF81FCA944E7FC4FF85A" box="[887,992,1954,1976]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="572">T. alloxus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(UF 91933, reversed to show as right). Abbreviations: cun, cuneiform; ln, lunate; Mc, metacarpal; mg, magnum; pis, pisiform; sc, scaphoid; td, trapezoid; tm, trapezium. Scale bar applies to all.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36906336FF8EFD8A4248FED9FE01" blockId="8.[325,793,219,316]" lastBlockId="8.[305,1038,397,562]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826336FF8EFD8A4248FCB6FEC3" box="[596,793,268,289]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">
|
||
cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136336FF8EFDA74248FCB6FEC3" box="[633,793,268,289]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Trachytherus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
40
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136336FF8EFD8A4267FCBCFEDB" box="[596,787,291,313]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spegazzinianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826336FF8EFD8A4267FCBCFEDB" box="[596,787,291,313]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">spegazzinianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
35
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136336FF8EFC4442E6FBA1FE54" box="[922,1038,417,438]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alloxus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826336FF8EFC4442E6FBA1FE54" box="[922,1038,417,438]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">T. alloxus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L total
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36906336FF8EFEBA42B2FE2FFDED" blockId="8.[305,1038,397,562]" box="[356,384,502,527]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">30</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36906336FF8EFD35415FFCD0FDD0" blockId="8.[305,1038,397,562]" box="[747,895,538,562]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136336FF8EFD35415FFCD0FDD0" box="[747,895,538,562]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramirezi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826336FF8EFD35415FFCD0FDD0" bold="true" box="[747,895,538,562]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">T. ramirezi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36906336FF8EFE2B410AFED0FD01" blockId="8.[356,655,590,640]" lastBlockId="8.[355,1247,714,803]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">Indet. taxon 25 of Moquegua 20</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36906336FF8EFE7641A0FB70FD1F" blockId="8.[355,1247,714,803]" box="[424,1247,740,765]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">10 12 14 16 18 20 22</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36906336FF8EFD204041FC2BFCC1" blockId="8.[355,1247,714,803]" box="[766,900,773,803]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">Wtrochlear</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36906336FF8EFBA8401AFB28FC97" blockId="8.[325,1159,862,926]" box="[1142,1159,862,885]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">W</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36906336FF8EFE9B4038FEF1FC7C" blockId="8.[325,1159,862,926]" box="[325,350,892,926]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">B</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36906336FF8EFD62402FFD4DFC63" blockId="8.[325,1159,862,926]" box="[700,738,875,897]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">fib f</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36906336FF8EFC5B40C4FC1DFC74" blockId="8.[325,1159,862,926]" box="[901,946,896,918]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">cot f</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36906336FF8EFB58402EFB0BFC98" box="[1158,1188,874,890]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">troch</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36906336FF8EFCD740FCFCA1FBA9" blockId="8.[686,1069,953,999]" lastBlockId="8.[751,970,1077,1189]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">troch ppa (tib f) L total tib</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36906336FF8EFD31470EFCB3FB82" blockId="8.[751,970,1077,1189]" box="[751,796,1098,1120]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">stop</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36906336FF8EFCF7472CFC05FB47" blockId="8.[751,970,1077,1189]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">fg nav f fib f</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36906336FF8EFCE94786FCB7FAFC" blockId="8.[494,942,1218,1334]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">ect f ppa sus</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36906336FF8EFE304652FCAAFAD4" blockId="8.[494,942,1218,1334]" box="[494,773,1302,1334]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">
|
||
<quantity id="4CFB9B756336FF8EFE304652FD8EFACE" box="[494,545,1302,1324]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
|
||
f
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36906336FF8EFDA54611FD1AFA8C" blockId="8.[635,693,1365,1390]" box="[635,693,1365,1390]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">nav f</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36906336FF8EFE7B46DAFAADFA5A" blockId="8.[151,1436,1436,1727]" box="[421,1282,1436,1464]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826336FF8EFE7B46DAFAADFA5A" box="[421,1282,1436,1464]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136336FF8EFE7B46DAFDE9FA5A" box="[421,582,1436,1464]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramirezi">T. ramirezi</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136336FF8EFD1246DAFCF2FA55" box="[716,861,1436,1464]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alloxus">T. alloxus</taxonomicName>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136336FF8EFC3346DAFAADFA5A" box="[1005,1282,1436,1464]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spegazzinianus">T. spegazzinianus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7C66186336FF8EFF494696FDDEF95D" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36906336FF8EFF494696FDDEF95D" blockId="8.[151,1436,1436,1727]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826336FF8EFF494696FEBDFA0A" bold="true" box="[151,274,1490,1512]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Astragali of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136336FF8EFE464696FDB1FA0A" box="[408,542,1490,1512]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826336FF8EFE464696FDB1FA0A" box="[408,542,1490,1512]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">Trachytherus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. from the Bolivian Orocline Region. A, untransformed maximum astragalar lengths vs. trochlear lengths illustrates distinctive size differences between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136336FF8EFC9946B6FC1AF9E5" box="[839,949,1522,1543]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramirezi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826336FF8EFC9946B6FC1AF9E5" box="[839,949,1522,1543]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">T. ramirezi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
astragali (stars) and those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136336FF8EFB3D46B6FAEAF9E5" box="[1251,1349,1521,1543]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alloxus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826336FF8EFB3D46B6FAEAF9E5" box="[1251,1349,1521,1543]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">T. alloxus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of Salla (n=22; diamonds), cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136336FF8EFE524555FDEAF9C4" box="[396,581,1553,1574]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spegazzinianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826336FF8EFE524555FDEAF9C4" box="[396,581,1553,1574]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">T. spegazzinianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of Cerro Mono (Upper Moquegua Formation, shown as +), and a diminutive (unnamed) mesotheriid of Cerro Pan de Azúcar (Upper Moquegua Formation, shown as a square). B, illustrations of dorsal views (upper row) and ventral views (lower row) of astragali referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136336FF8EFC5A450AFC43F981" box="[900,1004,1614,1635]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramirez">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826336FF8EFC5A450AFC43F981" box="[900,1004,1614,1635]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">T. ramirez</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
i (MUSM 961),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136336FF8EFB4D450AFB59F981" box="[1171,1270,1613,1635]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alloxus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826336FF8EFB4D450AFB59F981" box="[1171,1270,1613,1635]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">T. alloxus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(YPM B#2862; reversed to show as right), and cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136336FF8EFE214529FD1CF960" box="[511,691,1645,1666]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spegazzinianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826336FF8EFE214529FD1CF960" box="[511,691,1645,1666]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">T. spegazzinianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MUSM 968; also reversed to show as right). Data used in graph A are from Table 2 (for the Moquegua specimens) and Shockey and Anaya, in prep. (for the Salla specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136336FF8EFB1945CFFA86F942" box="[1223,1321,1674,1696]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alloxus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826336FF8EFB1945CFFA86F942" box="[1223,1321,1674,1696]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">T. alloxus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Scale bar at B (lower left) applies to all three specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36906336FF8EFF1945AFFCCCF8AE" blockId="8.[151,1436,1771,2012]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">The paroccipital process is broken and the occipital condyles are missing. The basisphenoid and sphenoid were recovered, but we are unable to connect these to the rest of the skull due to damage. This damage and missing pieces also makes it impossible to observe the ventral foramina.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36906336FF8EFF194413FED1F85A" blockId="8.[151,1436,1771,2012]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">The braincase is not large, its broadest dimension being distinctively less than the width reached by the postorbital process of the frontals. A sagittal crest is present, its modest size exaggerated by the smallness of the braincase it overlies.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36906336FF8FFF194487FDA1FE87" blockId="8.[151,1436,1771,2012]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,151,1040]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="574" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">
|
||
Postcranial Elements. A variety of postcranial elements of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136336FF8EFCAE4487FBABF83E" box="[880,1028,1987,2012]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826336FF8EFCAE4487FBABF83E" box="[880,1028,1987,2012]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">Trachytherus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were found alongside the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B888326336FF8EFAE44487FA33F83E" box="[1338,1436,1987,2012]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
skull as well as an m3 of a different individual of
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826337FF8FFD1C43DDFCEDFF52" box="[706,834,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136337FF8FFD1C43DDFC91FF52" box="[706,830,153,176]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="9" pageNumber="574" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramirezi">T. ramirezi</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
They apparently do not represent the same individual as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B888326337FF8FFF3E43F9FEBFFF37" box="[224,272,189,213]" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">type</typeStatus>
|
||
since they appear to be from ontogenetically young individuals, whereas the dentitions of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B888326337FF8FFAE443F8FA33FF37" box="[1338,1436,188,213]" pageId="9" pageNumber="574" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
are heavily worn, suggestive of a more advanced ontogenetic age. Of these elements, we refer the partial manus of MUSM 963 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13382A156337FF8FFEF34240FEDEFEFE" box="[301,369,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[191,955,990,1842]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[530,966,990,1818]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Manual elements of Trachytherus spp. A, Trachytherus ramirezi, right distal ulna and radius (with unfused radial epiphysis), carpals (missing trapezium and pisiform) and proximal metacarpals II – V (MUSM 963); B, right carpals (missing trapezoid and pisiform) and damaged Mc I – V (MUSM 965) of small indeterminate species of Moquegua; C, nearly complete right manus of cf. T. spegazzinianus (MUSM 668); left manus of T. alloxus (UF 91933, reversed to show as right). Abbreviations: cun, cuneiform; ln, lunate; Mc, metacarpal; mg, magnum; pis, pisiform; sc, scaphoid; td, trapezoid; tm, trapezium. Scale bar applies to all." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262182/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A), as well as some tarsals found near the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B888326337FF8FFC934240FC1DFEFF" box="[845,946,260,285]" pageId="9" pageNumber="574" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136337FF8FFC054241FBFBFEFE" box="[987,1108,261,284]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="9" pageNumber="574" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramirezi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826337FF8FFC054241FBFBFEFE" box="[987,1108,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">T. ramirezi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A smaller mesothere manus (MUSM 968;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13382A156337FF8FFEE84263FEDDFEA2" box="[310,370,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[191,955,990,1842]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[530,966,990,1818]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Manual elements of Trachytherus spp. A, Trachytherus ramirezi, right distal ulna and radius (with unfused radial epiphysis), carpals (missing trapezium and pisiform) and proximal metacarpals II – V (MUSM 963); B, right carpals (missing trapezoid and pisiform) and damaged Mc I – V (MUSM 965) of small indeterminate species of Moquegua; C, nearly complete right manus of cf. T. spegazzinianus (MUSM 668); left manus of T. alloxus (UF 91933, reversed to show as right). Abbreviations: cun, cuneiform; ln, lunate; Mc, metacarpal; mg, magnum; pis, pisiform; sc, scaphoid; td, trapezoid; tm, trapezium. Scale bar applies to all." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262182/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">Fig 4</figureCitation>
|
||
B) may also pertain to
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826337FF8FFDAA426DFD5BFEA2" box="[628,756,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136337FF8FFDAA426DFD5FFEA2" box="[628,752,297,320]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="9" pageNumber="574" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramirezi">T. ramirezi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
but we do not refer it to this taxon since it is so small that it may represent a different species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36906337FF8FFF19422BFC76FD4A" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1040]" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">
|
||
The manus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136337FF8FFEAF422BFDC2FE6A" box="[369,621,367,392]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="9" pageNumber="574" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramirezi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826337FF8FFEAF422BFDC2FE6A" box="[369,621,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">Trachytherus ramirezi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MUSM 963;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13382A156337FF8FFCC2422BFCF5FE6A" box="[796,858,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[191,955,990,1842]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[530,966,990,1818]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Manual elements of Trachytherus spp. A, Trachytherus ramirezi, right distal ulna and radius (with unfused radial epiphysis), carpals (missing trapezium and pisiform) and proximal metacarpals II – V (MUSM 963); B, right carpals (missing trapezoid and pisiform) and damaged Mc I – V (MUSM 965) of small indeterminate species of Moquegua; C, nearly complete right manus of cf. T. spegazzinianus (MUSM 668); left manus of T. alloxus (UF 91933, reversed to show as right). Abbreviations: cun, cuneiform; ln, lunate; Mc, metacarpal; mg, magnum; pis, pisiform; sc, scaphoid; td, trapezoid; tm, trapezium. Scale bar applies to all." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262182/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">Fig 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A) is similar to that of cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136337FF8FFB4D4235FAF3FE6A" box="[1171,1372,369,392]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="9" pageNumber="574" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spegazzinianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826337FF8FFB4D4235FAF3FE6A" box="[1171,1372,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">T. spegazzinianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Cerro Mono of Moquegua (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13382A156337FF8FFE1042D0FDBEFE4E" box="[462,529,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[191,955,990,1842]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[530,966,990,1818]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Manual elements of Trachytherus spp. A, Trachytherus ramirezi, right distal ulna and radius (with unfused radial epiphysis), carpals (missing trapezium and pisiform) and proximal metacarpals II – V (MUSM 963); B, right carpals (missing trapezoid and pisiform) and damaged Mc I – V (MUSM 965) of small indeterminate species of Moquegua; C, nearly complete right manus of cf. T. spegazzinianus (MUSM 668); left manus of T. alloxus (UF 91933, reversed to show as right). Abbreviations: cun, cuneiform; ln, lunate; Mc, metacarpal; mg, magnum; pis, pisiform; sc, scaphoid; td, trapezoid; tm, trapezium. Scale bar applies to all." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262182/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
C;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B616337FF8FFDEC42D0FCBAFE4E" author="Shockey" box="[562,789,404,429]" pageId="9" pageNumber="574" refString="Shockey, B. J., Salas Gismondi, R., Gans, P., Jeong, A. & Flynn, J. J. (2009) Paleontology and Geochronology of the Deseadan (late Oligocene) of Moquegua, Peru. American Museum of Natural History Novitates, 3668, 1 - 24. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1206 / 662.1" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Shockey
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826337FF8FFD4742D1FD7EFE4F" box="[665,721,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFB9B756337FF8FFC9342D0FCC6FE4E" box="[845,873,404,428]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="574" unit="g" value="1.0">1g</quantity>
|
||
[map] for locality) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136337FF8FFBA842D1FB4FFE4F" box="[1142,1248,404,429]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="9" pageNumber="574" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alloxus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826337FF8FFBA842D1FB4FFE4F" box="[1142,1248,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">T. alloxus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Salla (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13382A156337FF8FFAB042D0FF08FE32" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[191,955,990,1842]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[530,966,990,1818]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Manual elements of Trachytherus spp. A, Trachytherus ramirezi, right distal ulna and radius (with unfused radial epiphysis), carpals (missing trapezium and pisiform) and proximal metacarpals II – V (MUSM 963); B, right carpals (missing trapezoid and pisiform) and damaged Mc I – V (MUSM 965) of small indeterminate species of Moquegua; C, nearly complete right manus of cf. T. spegazzinianus (MUSM 668); left manus of T. alloxus (UF 91933, reversed to show as right). Abbreviations: cun, cuneiform; ln, lunate; Mc, metacarpal; mg, magnum; pis, pisiform; sc, scaphoid; td, trapezoid; tm, trapezium. Scale bar applies to all." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262182/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
D). We note the unfused epiphyses of the distal radius of the specimen referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136337FF8FFBAA42FDFB5EFE32" box="[1140,1265,441,464]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="9" pageNumber="574" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramirezi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826337FF8FFBAA42FDFB5EFE32" box="[1140,1265,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">T. ramirezi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13382A156337FF8FFADA42F3FAE5FE32" box="[1284,1354,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[191,955,990,1842]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[530,966,990,1818]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Manual elements of Trachytherus spp. A, Trachytherus ramirezi, right distal ulna and radius (with unfused radial epiphysis), carpals (missing trapezium and pisiform) and proximal metacarpals II – V (MUSM 963); B, right carpals (missing trapezoid and pisiform) and damaged Mc I – V (MUSM 965) of small indeterminate species of Moquegua; C, nearly complete right manus of cf. T. spegazzinianus (MUSM 668); left manus of T. alloxus (UF 91933, reversed to show as right). Abbreviations: cun, cuneiform; ln, lunate; Mc, metacarpal; mg, magnum; pis, pisiform; sc, scaphoid; td, trapezoid; tm, trapezium. Scale bar applies to all." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262182/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A) that indicates its relatively young ontogenetic age. The form of the carpals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136337FF8FFC0D4299FBE2FE16" box="[979,1101,477,500]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="9" pageNumber="574" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramirezi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826337FF8FFC0D4299FBE2FE16" box="[979,1101,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">T. ramirezi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is nearly identical to those of
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826337FF8FFF494145FE7AFDFA" box="[151,469,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136337FF8FFF494145FEF1FDFA" box="[151,350,513,536]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="9" pageNumber="574" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spegazzinianus">T. spegazzinianus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136337FF8FFEB74145FE7AFDFA" box="[361,469,511,536]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="9" pageNumber="574" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alloxus">T. alloxus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and the small indeterminate species (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13382A156337FF8FFC5E42BBFC60FDFA" box="[896,975,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[191,955,990,1842]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[530,966,990,1818]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Manual elements of Trachytherus spp. A, Trachytherus ramirezi, right distal ulna and radius (with unfused radial epiphysis), carpals (missing trapezium and pisiform) and proximal metacarpals II – V (MUSM 963); B, right carpals (missing trapezoid and pisiform) and damaged Mc I – V (MUSM 965) of small indeterminate species of Moquegua; C, nearly complete right manus of cf. T. spegazzinianus (MUSM 668); left manus of T. alloxus (UF 91933, reversed to show as right). Abbreviations: cun, cuneiform; ln, lunate; Mc, metacarpal; mg, magnum; pis, pisiform; sc, scaphoid; td, trapezoid; tm, trapezium. Scale bar applies to all." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262182/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
), save for being intermediate in size; i.e., larger than the diminutive MUSM 965 and smaller than both those of cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136337FF8FFC114161FB3AFDDE" box="[975,1173,549,572]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="9" pageNumber="574" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spegazzinianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826337FF8FFC114161FB3AFDDE" box="[975,1173,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">T. spegazzinianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136337FF8FFB124161FA98FDDF" box="[1228,1335,548,573]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="9" pageNumber="574" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alloxus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826337FF8FFB124161FA98FDDF" box="[1228,1335,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">T. alloxus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13382A156337FF8FFA974160FA21FDDE" box="[1353,1422,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[191,955,990,1842]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[530,966,990,1818]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Manual elements of Trachytherus spp. A, Trachytherus ramirezi, right distal ulna and radius (with unfused radial epiphysis), carpals (missing trapezium and pisiform) and proximal metacarpals II – V (MUSM 963); B, right carpals (missing trapezoid and pisiform) and damaged Mc I – V (MUSM 965) of small indeterminate species of Moquegua; C, nearly complete right manus of cf. T. spegazzinianus (MUSM 668); left manus of T. alloxus (UF 91933, reversed to show as right). Abbreviations: cun, cuneiform; ln, lunate; Mc, metacarpal; mg, magnum; pis, pisiform; sc, scaphoid; td, trapezoid; tm, trapezium. Scale bar applies to all." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262182/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Where known, mesotheriid hands are pentadactyl, however, since neither the Mc I nor trapezoid of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136337FF8FFB38410DFAF0FD82" box="[1254,1375,585,608]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="9" pageNumber="574" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramirezi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826337FF8FFB38410DFAF0FD82" box="[1254,1375,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">T. ramirezi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were recovered, we cannot assert that it also was pentadactyl. (Note, even the geologically younger, Pleistocene
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136337FF8FFF4941CBFE84FD4A" box="[151,299,655,680]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Mesotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="9" pageNumber="574" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826337FF8FFF4941CBFE84FD4A" box="[151,299,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">Mesotherium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had five digits on its manus [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B616337FF8FFDAA41D4FD50FD4A" author="Serres" box="[628,767,655,680]" pageId="9" pageNumber="574" refString="Serres, M. (1867) De l'osteographie du Mesotherium et de ses affinities zoologiques. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris, 65, 6 - 7, 140 - 148, 273 - 278, 429 - 437, 593 - 599, 740 - 748, 841 - 848." type="journal article" year="1867">Serres 1867</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B616337FF8FFCD441CBFC69FD4A" author="Ameghino" box="[778,966,655,680]" pageId="9" pageNumber="574" refString="Ameghino, F. (1891) Los monos fosiles del Eoceno de la Republica Argentina. Revista Argentina de Historia Natural, 1, 383 - 397." type="journal article" year="1891">Ameghino 1891</bibRefCitation>
|
||
].)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36906337FF8FFF1941F0FE6DFBED" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1040]" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">
|
||
Astragali referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136337FF8FFE6541F1FD98FD2E" box="[443,567,693,716]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="9" pageNumber="574" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramirezi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826337FF8FFE6541F1FD98FD2E" box="[443,567,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">T. ramirezi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MUSM 961, 962, and 966) are like those of known mesotheriids, having assymetric trochlea (lateral trochlear ridge much larger than the medial), a separate groove for the flexor hallucis longus (suggestive of a pentadactyl manus), distinct constricted neck (though not greatly elongated) and a well developed medial process (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13382A156337FF8FFE16405BFDA3FCDA" box="[456,524,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1490,1512]" captionText="FIGURE 5. Astragali of Trachytherus spp. from the Bolivian Orocline Region. A, untransformed maximum astragalar lengths vs. trochlear lengths illustrates distinctive size differences between T. ramirezi astragali (stars) and those of T. alloxus of Salla (n = 22; diamonds), cf. T. spegazzinianus of Cerro Mono (Upper Moquegua Formation, shown as +), and a diminutive (unnamed) mesotheriid of Cerro Pan de Azúcar (Upper Moquegua Formation, shown as a square). B, illustrations of dorsal views (upper row) and ventral views (lower row) of astragali referred to T. ramirez i (MUSM 961), T. alloxus (YPM B # 2862; reversed to show as right), and cf. T. spegazzinianus (MUSM 968; also reversed to show as right). Data used in graph A are from Table 2 (for the Moquegua specimens) and Shockey and Anaya, in prep. (for the Salla specimens of T. alloxus). Scale bar at B (lower left) applies to all three specimens." pageId="9" pageNumber="574">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
; see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B616337FF8FFDA6405BFCF6FCDA" author="Shockey" box="[632,857,799,824]" pageId="9" pageNumber="574" refString="Shockey, B. J., Croft, D. A. & Anaya, F. (2007) Analysis of function in absence of extant functional homologues: a case study using mesotheriid notoungulates (Mammalia). Paleobiology, 33 (2), 227 - 247. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1666 / 05052.1" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Shockey
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826337FF8FFD014065FCB7FCDA" box="[735,792,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B616337FF8FFCBA4064FC0EFCDA" author="Shockey" box="[868,929,800,824]" pageId="9" pageNumber="574" refString="Shockey, B. J., Salas Gismondi, R., Gans, P., Jeong, A. & Flynn, J. J. (2009) Paleontology and Geochronology of the Deseadan (late Oligocene) of Moquegua, Peru. American Museum of Natural History Novitates, 3668, 1 - 24. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1206 / 662.1" type="journal article" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The referral of these specimens specifically to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136337FF8FFF6D4001FE83FCBE" box="[179,300,837,860]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="9" pageNumber="574" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramirezi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826337FF8FFF6D4001FE83FCBE" box="[179,300,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">T. ramirezi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was based primarily upon size; i.e., they include the larger astragali from Cerro Pan de Azúcar, which are distinctly smaller than the one associated with the partial skeleton of cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136337FF8FFC2B402DFB13FC62" box="[1013,1212,873,896]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="9" pageNumber="574" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spegazzinianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826337FF8FFC2B402DFB13FC62" box="[1013,1212,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">T. spegazzinianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MUSM 668) from Cerro Mono (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C681032B6337FF8FFEEE40C8FE27FC46" box="[304,392,908,933]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,239,1714,1737]" captionText="TABLE 2. Comparative measurements (mm) of astragali of Trachytherus spp. from the Upper Moquegua Formation, Depto. de Moquegua." pageId="9" pageNumber="574">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13382A156337FF8FFE4B40C8FE76FC47" box="[405,473,908,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1490,1512]" captionText="FIGURE 5. Astragali of Trachytherus spp. from the Bolivian Orocline Region. A, untransformed maximum astragalar lengths vs. trochlear lengths illustrates distinctive size differences between T. ramirezi astragali (stars) and those of T. alloxus of Salla (n = 22; diamonds), cf. T. spegazzinianus of Cerro Mono (Upper Moquegua Formation, shown as +), and a diminutive (unnamed) mesotheriid of Cerro Pan de Azúcar (Upper Moquegua Formation, shown as a square). B, illustrations of dorsal views (upper row) and ventral views (lower row) of astragali referred to T. ramirez i (MUSM 961), T. alloxus (YPM B # 2862; reversed to show as right), and cf. T. spegazzinianus (MUSM 968; also reversed to show as right). Data used in graph A are from Table 2 (for the Moquegua specimens) and Shockey and Anaya, in prep. (for the Salla specimens of T. alloxus). Scale bar at B (lower left) applies to all three specimens." pageId="9" pageNumber="574">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). Due to our uncertainty of the alpha taxonomy of mesotheriid postcranial specimens that are discontinuously smaller than those referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D136337FF8FFCC340F5FC35FC2A" box="[797,922,945,968]" class="Mammalia" family="Mesotheriidae" genus="Trachytherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="9" pageNumber="574" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramirezi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EA826337FF8FFCC340F5FC35FC2A" box="[797,922,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">T. ramirezi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we did not refer the diminutive astragalus (MUSM 967) or a partial manus (MUSM 965) of Pan de Azúcar to that, or any, taxon. These remain as an indeterminate small taxon.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |