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<mods:title id="CD03ECA3F978DF03EFDAD99D89984686">Literature review of the systematics, biology and role in malaria transmission of species in the Afrotropical Anopheles subgenus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="038D87B8FF9AFFCA64B3FD9C5D9BF9F9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6522884" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195192429" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6522884" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038D87B8FF9AFFCA64B3FD9C5D9BF9F9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038D87B8FF9AFFCA64B3FD9C5D9BF9F9" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="185" pageId="2" pageNumber="184">
<subSubSection id="C33E6525FF9AFFCB64B3FD9C5B5DF88B" box="[151,636,1432,1459]" pageId="2" pageNumber="184" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9B36AEFF9AFFCB64B3FD9C5B5DF88B" blockId="2.[151,636,1432,1459]" box="[151,636,1432,1459]" pageId="2" pageNumber="184">
<heading id="D0D381C2FF9AFFCB64B3FD9C5B5DF88B" bold="true" box="[151,636,1432,1459]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="184" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C244D2DFF9AFFCB64B3FD9C5B5DF88B" ID-CoL="89Z2V" authority="de Meillon, 1943" authorityName="de Meillon" authorityYear="1943" box="[151,636,1432,1459]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caliginosus">
<emphasis id="B950EABCFF9AFFCB64B3FD9C5B5DF88B" bold="true" box="[151,636,1432,1459]" pageId="2" pageNumber="184">
<emphasis id="B950EABCFF9AFFCB64B3FD9C5886F88A" bold="true" box="[151,423,1432,1459]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="184">Anopheles caliginosus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B5FFF9AFFCB658AFD9C5B5DF88B" author="de Meillon, B." box="[430,636,1432,1458]" pageId="2" pageNumber="184" pagination="90 - 113" refId="ref7954" refString="de Meillon, B. (1943) New records and new species of Nematocera (Diptera) from the Ethiopian region. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 6 (1), 90 - 113." type="journal article" year="1943">de Meillon, 1943</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33E6525FF9AFFCB64B3FDD95A88FB2A" pageId="2" pageNumber="184" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B9B36AEFF9AFFCB64B3FDD95BAAF8CC" blockId="2.[151,937,1501,1555]" box="[151,651,1501,1525]" pageId="2" pageNumber="184">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B5FFF9AFFCB64B3FDD959ECF8CC" author="de Meillon, B." box="[151,205,1501,1525]" pageId="2" pageNumber="184" pagination="90 - 113" refId="ref7954" refString="de Meillon, B. (1943) New records and new species of Nematocera (Diptera) from the Ethiopian region. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 6 (1), 90 - 113." type="journal article" year="1943">1943</bibRefCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C244D2DFF9AFFCB64F3FDD95BAAF8CC" ID-CoL="89Z2V" authority="de Meillon" box="[215,651,1501,1525]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="coustani" subSpecies="caliginosus">
<emphasis id="B950EABCFF9AFFCB64F3FDD95B37F8CC" box="[215,534,1501,1525]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="184">Anopheles coustani caliginosus</emphasis>
de Meillon
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9B36AEFF9AFFCB64B3FDFF5A88FB2A" blockId="2.[151,937,1501,1555]" box="[151,937,1531,1555]" pageId="2" pageNumber="184">
1968.
<taxonomicName id="4C244D2DFF9AFFCB64F3FDFF5B10FB2A" ID-CoL="89Z2V" authority="de Meillon" authorityName="de Meillon" authorityYear="1943" box="[215,561,1531,1555]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caliginosus">
<emphasis id="B950EABCFF9AFFCB64F3FDFF5898FB2A" box="[215,441,1531,1555]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="184">Anopheles caliginosus</emphasis>
de Meillon
</taxonomicName>
, specific status, Gillies &amp; de Meillon
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33E6525FF9AFFCB64B3FE395CB1FB43" pageId="2" pageNumber="184" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B9B36AEFF9AFFCB64B3FE395C44FB6F" blockId="2.[151,1424,1596,1659]" box="[151,1381,1596,1623]" pageId="2" pageNumber="184">
<materialsCitation id="3B4C3CF3FF9AFFCB64B3FE395C44FB6F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3763101301" box="[151,1381,1596,1623]" collectionCode="LOCALITY" country="Democratic Republic of the Congo" county="This" location="Likasi" municipality="Haut-Katanga Province" pageId="2" pageNumber="184" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="549F880CFF9AFFCB64B3FE3959FCFB6E" box="[151,221,1597,1623]" pageId="2" pageNumber="184">TYPE</typeStatus>
<collectionCode id="ED35AE6BFF9AFFCB64C0FE385853FB6F" box="[228,370,1596,1622]" pageId="2" pageNumber="184">LOCALITY</collectionCode>
:
<location id="8EFB6075FF9AFFCB6558FE3858E3FB6F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038D87B8FF9AFFCA64B3FD9C5D9BF9F9:8EFB6075FF9AFFCB6558FE3858E3FB6F" box="[380,450,1596,1622]" country="Democratic Republic of the Congo" county="This" municipality="Haut-Katanga Province" name="Likasi" pageId="2" pageNumber="184">Likasi</location>
(formerly Jadotville),
<collectingMunicipality id="6BFFACD4FF9AFFCB66E4FE395AEBFB6F" box="[704,970,1596,1623]" pageId="2" pageNumber="184">Haut-Katanga Province</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingCountry id="F333763EFF9AFFCB67F1FE385C40FB6F" box="[981,1377,1596,1622]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="2" pageNumber="184">Democratic Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9B36AEFF9AFFCB64E3FE645CB1FB43" blockId="2.[151,1424,1596,1659]" box="[199,1424,1632,1659]" pageId="2" pageNumber="184">
<collectingCounty id="62FA4E22FF9AFFCB64E3FE6459D8FB43" box="[199,249,1632,1658]" pageId="2" pageNumber="184">This</collectingCounty>
species appears to be distinct from
<emphasis id="B950EABCFF9AFFCB66ADFE655A14FB43" box="[649,821,1632,1659]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="184">
<taxonomicName id="4C244D2DFF9AFFCB66ADFE655A13FB43" authorityName="Donitz" authorityYear="1902" box="[649,818,1632,1659]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tenebrosus">An. tenebrosus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
but the males and immature stages are still unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33E6525FF9AFFCA64B3FEAC5A8AFE99" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="185" pageId="2" pageNumber="184" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9B36AEFF9AFFCB64B3FEAC5877FBFB" blockId="2.[151,1437,1704,2019]" box="[151,342,1704,1730]" pageId="2" pageNumber="184">DESCRIPTION:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9B36AEFF9AFFCB64E3FEC95884FBDE" blockId="2.[151,1437,1704,2019]" box="[199,421,1740,1767]" pageId="2" pageNumber="184">
<emphasis id="B950EABCFF9AFFCB64E3FEC9586FFBDF" box="[199,334,1740,1766]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="184">Wing length</emphasis>
:
<quantity id="4CDC9B4BFF9AFFCB6579FEC85880FBDE" box="[349,417,1740,1767]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="184" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9B36AEFF9AFFCB64E3FEF55884FA16" blockId="2.[151,1437,1704,2019]" pageId="2" pageNumber="184">
<emphasis id="B950EABCFF9AFFCB64E3FEF55822FA33" box="[199,259,1777,1802]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="184">Wing</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="131F2A2BFF9AFFCB6532FEF4584EFA33" box="[278,367,1776,1802]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,264,760,784]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,192,728]" captionTargetId="figure-29@3.[151,1436,181,736]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Anopheles caliginosus: a, wing; b, hindleg (from Gillies &amp; de Meillon 1968)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521609" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521609/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="184">Fig. 2a</figureCitation>
):
<collectingRegion id="49E0F84CFF9AFFCB65A3FEF458EBFA33" box="[391,458,1776,1802]" country="Tanzania" name="Pwani" pageId="2" pageNumber="184">Costa</collectingRegion>
entirely dark-scaled; preapical pale spot on R
<subScript id="17A034EBFF9AFFCB67DCFF075D20FA28" attach="left" box="[1016,1025,1795,1809]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="184">1</subScript>
; apical pale fringe spot extending from R
<subScript id="17A034EBFF9AFFCB64CFFF2359D5FA0C" attach="left" box="[235,244,1831,1845]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="184">2</subScript>
almost to R
<subScript id="17A034EBFF9AFFCB65A7FF2258BFFA0D" attach="left" box="[387,414,1830,1844]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="184">4+5</subScript>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9B36AEFF9AFFCB64E3FF3C5A9CFA4E" blockId="2.[151,1437,1704,2019]" pageId="2" pageNumber="184">
<emphasis id="B950EABCFF9AFFCB64E3FF3C58B0FA6B" box="[199,401,1848,1874]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="184">Maxillary palpus</emphasis>
: Distal two palpomeres slightly less shaggy than is usual for the group; usually entirely dark-scaled, sometimes a few pale scales at apex of palpomeres 35.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9B36AEFF9AFFCB64E3FF8558F6FADA" blockId="2.[151,1437,1704,2019]" pageId="2" pageNumber="184">
<emphasis id="B950EABCFF9AFFCB64E3FF8559DEFAA3" box="[199,255,1921,1946]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="184">Legs</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="131F2A2BFF9AFFCB6535FF84584AFAA2" box="[273,363,1920,1947]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,264,760,784]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,192,728]" captionTargetId="figure-29@3.[151,1436,181,736]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Anopheles caliginosus: a, wing; b, hindleg (from Gillies &amp; de Meillon 1968)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521609" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521609/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="184">Fig. 2b</figureCitation>
): All dark except hindtarsomeres 4 and 5 all pale and apical 0.2 of hindtarsomere 3 pale. Sometimes a few pale scales present at apices of foretarsomeres 13 and hindtarsomeres 1 and 2, especially in specimens from
<collectingCountry id="F333763EFF9AFFCB657FFFCD58F2FADA" box="[347,467,1993,2019]" name="Botswana" pageId="2" pageNumber="184">Botswana</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5B6626FF9BFFCA64B3FAFC5DB7FE29" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521609" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6521609" box="[151,1174,760,784]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521609/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="185" startId="3.[151,264,760,784]" targetBox="[157,1430,192,728]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8B9B36AEFF9BFFCA64B3FAFC5DB7FE29" blockId="3.[151,1174,760,784]" box="[151,1174,760,784]" pageId="3" pageNumber="185">
<emphasis id="B950EABCFF9BFFCA64B3FAFC5807FE29" bold="true" box="[151,294,760,784]" pageId="3" pageNumber="185">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C244D2DFF9BFFCA6509FAFC5B12FE29" authorityName="de Meillon" authorityYear="1943" box="[301,563,760,784]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caliginosus">
<emphasis id="B950EABCFF9BFFCA6509FAFC5B12FE29" box="[301,563,760,784]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="185">Anopheles caliginosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: a, wing; b, hindleg (from
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B5FFF9BFFCA677BFAFC5DABFE29" author="Gillies, M. T. &amp; de Meillon, B." box="[863,1162,760,784]" pageId="3" pageNumber="185" pagination="1 - 343" refId="ref8483" refString="Gillies, M. T. &amp; de Meillon, B. (1968) The Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Ethiopian Zoogeographical Region). Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 54, 1 - 343." type="journal article" year="1968">Gillies &amp; de Meillon 1968</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9B36AEFF9BFFCA64E3FB3B5A8AFE99" blockId="3.[151,1437,830,1217]" pageId="3" pageNumber="185">
<emphasis id="B950EABCFF9BFFCA64E3FB3B5815FE61" box="[199,308,831,856]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="185">Variation</emphasis>
: Specimens from Kasane,
<collectingCountry id="F333763EFF9BFFCA6648FB3B5BC1FE60" box="[620,736,831,857]" name="Botswana" pageId="3" pageNumber="185">Botswana</collectingCountry>
show some darkening of hindtarsomere 5 and, hence, bear a superficial resemblance to
<emphasis id="B950EABCFF9BFFCA65F7FB665B79FE45" box="[467,600,866,892]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="185">
<taxonomicName id="4C244D2DFF9BFFCA65F7FB665B75FE45" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1928" box="[467,596,866,892]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="symesi">An. symesi</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
They differ markedly from this species, however, in the dark costa and thorax, and in having less than apical half of hindtarsomere 3 pale.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33E6525FF9BFFCA64E3FBAE585CF934" pageId="3" pageNumber="185" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8B9B36AEFF9BFFCA64E3FBAE5B65FEFD" blockId="3.[151,1437,830,1217]" box="[199,580,938,964]" pageId="3" pageNumber="185">LARVAL HABITAT: Unknown.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9B36AEFF9BFFCA64E3FBCA585CF934" blockId="3.[151,1437,830,1217]" pageId="3" pageNumber="185">
ADULT BIOLOGY:
<collectingCountry id="F333763EFF9BFFCA65E5FBCA5AB4FED1" box="[449,917,974,1000]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="3" pageNumber="185">The Democratic Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingCountry id="F333763EFF9BFFCA6782FBCA5AC7FED1" box="[934,998,974,1000]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="3" pageNumber="185">DRC</collectingCountry>
) specimens were mainly collected in a sheep-baited trap.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33E6525FF9BFFCA64E3FC125D9BF9F9" pageId="3" pageNumber="185" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B9B36AEFF9BFFCA64E3FC125D9BF9F9" blockId="3.[151,1437,830,1217]" pageId="3" pageNumber="185">
DISTRIBUTION: Known only from
<collectingCountry id="F333763EFF9BFFCA6649FC125B9EF909" box="[621,703,1046,1072]" name="Angola" pageId="3" pageNumber="185">Angola</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B5FFF9BFFCA66EBFC125AC1F909" author="Gillies, M. T. &amp; Coetzee, M." box="[719,992,1046,1072]" pageId="3" pageNumber="185" pagination="1 - 143" refId="ref8437" refString="Gillies, M. T. &amp; Coetzee, M. (1987) A supplement to the Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Afrotropical Region). Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 55, 1 - 143." type="journal article" year="1987">Gillies &amp; Coetzee 1987</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="F333763EFF9BFFCA67D0FC135D43F908" box="[1012,1122,1047,1073]" name="Botswana" pageId="3" pageNumber="185">Botswana</collectingCountry>
and the
<collectingCountry id="F333763EFF9BFFCA60E2FC125C21F909" box="[1222,1280,1046,1072]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="3" pageNumber="185">DRC</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B5FFF9BFFCA612BFC125815F96C" author="Gillies, M. T. &amp; de Meillon, B." pageId="3" pageNumber="185" pagination="1 - 343" refId="ref8483" refString="Gillies, M. T. &amp; de Meillon, B. (1968) The Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Ethiopian Zoogeographical Region). Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 54, 1 - 343." type="journal article" year="1968">Gillies &amp; de Meillon 1968</bibRefCitation>
). The record from
<collectingCountry id="F333763EFF9BFFCA662CFC3E5B4BF96D" box="[520,618,1082,1108]" name="Swaziland" pageId="3" pageNumber="185">Eswatini</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B5FFF9BFFCA665EFC3E5A10F96D" author="Irish, S. R. &amp; Kyalo, D. &amp; Snow, R. W. &amp; Coetzee, M." box="[634,817,1082,1108]" pageId="3" pageNumber="185" pagination="401 - 449" refId="ref9235" refString="Irish, S. R., Kyalo, D., Snow, R. W. &amp; Coetzee, M. (2020) Updated list of Anopheles species (Diptera: Culicidae) by country in the Afrotropical Region and associated islands. Zootaxa, 4747 (3), 401 - 449. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4747.3.1" type="journal article" year="2020">
Irish
<emphasis id="B950EABCFF9BFFCA6693FC3F5BD1F96D" box="[695,752,1082,1108]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="185">et al.</emphasis>
2020
</bibRefCitation>
) is from an unpublished WHO report on an evaluation mission by a consultant team to
<collectingCountry id="F333763EFF9BFFCA6635FC5A5BA7F941" box="[529,646,1118,1144]" name="Swaziland" pageId="3" pageNumber="185">Swaziland</collectingCountry>
in November/
<date id="FF9A106EFF9BFFCA6708FC5A5AC5F941" box="[812,996,1118,1144]" pageId="3" pageNumber="185" value="1984-12">December 1984</date>
, led by malariologist L.T. de Almeida Franco. This identification of
<taxonomicName id="4C244D2DFF9BFFCA65C1FC865BB3F9A5" authorityName="de Meillon" authorityYear="1943" box="[485,658,1154,1180]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caliginosus">
<emphasis id="B950EABCFF9BFFCA65C1FC865BB3F9A5" box="[485,658,1154,1180]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="185">An. caliginosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
requires confirmation as it could have been a misidentification of
<taxonomicName id="4C244D2DFF9BFFCA6152FC86582EF9F9" authorityName="Donitz" authorityYear="1902" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tenebrosus">
<emphasis id="B950EABCFF9BFFCA6152FC86582EF9F9" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="185">An. tenebrosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is common in the neighbouring countries of
<collectingCountry id="F333763EFF9BFFCA677EFCA25ACFF9F9" box="[858,1006,1190,1216]" name="Mozambique" pageId="3" pageNumber="185">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F333763EFF9BFFCA6000FCA25D97F9F9" box="[1060,1206,1190,1216]" name="South Africa" pageId="3" pageNumber="185">South Africa</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>