443 lines
61 KiB
XML
443 lines
61 KiB
XML
<document id="A3CA4AA11808B8A8421CA4C9FBB0E94B" ID-CLB-Dataset="298386" ID-DOI="10.5194/fr-18-37-2015" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d8a57c98-397a-4f3c-a562-0eea94d26d13" ID-ISSN="2193-0074" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11359346" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1716844344195" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Mitov, P. G., Dunlop, J. A. & Penney, D." docDate="2015" docId="780C6D6744712256FC832990FDDD6F20" docLanguage="en" docName="FossRec.18.1.37-42.pdf" docOrigin="Fossil Record 18 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/fr-18-37-2015" docStyle="DocumentStyle:1B3764FFAC190C6D25C29F616DE4358D.2:FossRec.2014-2021.journal_article" docStyleId="1B3764FFAC190C6D25C29F616DE4358D" docStyleName="FossRec.2014-2021.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Lacinius bizleyi Mitov & Dunlop & Penney 2015, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="40" masterDocId="8435151F44702252FFEA2F01FFE36B44" masterDocTitle="A new species of Lacinius in amber (Arachnida: Opiliones)" masterLastPageNumber="42" masterPageNumber="37" pageNumber="38" updateTime="1718147498688" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:mods id="040BA2079E220A72C05871365D6DD925" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="5FEF7D0ABF4AB9730B1B162B86D42103">
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<mods:title id="99659B5B88CB39C2478CBC707B69CCBB">A new species of Lacinius in amber (Arachnida: Opiliones)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="9F897ABEAB072F7968E667A08A85E823" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="3C48EBCDB77FEB560F8B9EEC55B6B369">
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<mods:roleTerm id="6106A1EDD42E48FCF4A9B71BE0518955">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="C45F5C39C1A33D9F83934BEBB9D7B7B4">Mitov, P. G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="135A90319B72C301764A367C42D17BA0">J. A. Dunlop & Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, University of Sofia, 8 Dragan Tsankov Blvd.,</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm id="E84D1382DFA50A97611A8C549CF4876F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="2ACC3BA2A60E71A954FD7B457760EDF7">Dunlop, J. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="BC999BB6370F2513EAF30FC37093C9B1">D. Penney & Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstrasse 43,</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="6D693BDEE693D585AB8DBDCB1B4D0F98" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="0763457076127CC9B1EE0222DBEDF98C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="62664C3223BB7F0C1F465C54EF6B5529">Penney, D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1BE0FC32167D4105C0AB848F3744EC8B">Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M 13 9 PL, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="2B1C5C27584F47026012043387FA7F21">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="2C9027884A4FFBF31A31304DFE113E0E">Fossil Record</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="F1515EDDFDB451BFD5EBA42BE8C617DB">
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<mods:date id="C83CD61523BCACE72488DFCE09B0D121">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="038F4B6AEF898C92BA76AB7A0201E7B1">2014-12-02</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="3F6F58A6B3FEAD57A16A3C5BE022A394">18</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="37451B86DB19273FA958E572E7B9500E">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="A7C826595BA6A8982F615D0D760E86DE">37</mods:start>
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<mods:url id="9F2C56CD5074789B70E767C4E494A38F">http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/fr-18-37-2015</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="85205288E865EF1FD5E4DF3583FF0728">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="D38918E5B33BCC2922406A73A4D759C5" type="DOI">10.5194/fr-18-37-2015</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="780C6D6744712256FC832990FDDD6F20" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11585107" ID-GBIF-Taxon="232731728" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11585107" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:780C6D6744712256FC832990FDDD6F20" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/780C6D6744712256FC832990FDDD6F20" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">
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<subSubSection id="B8BF8FFA44712253FC832990FB936DED" box="[873,1136,1681,1705]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="F01ADC7144712253FC832990FB936DED" blockId="1.[873,1136,1681,1705]" box="[873,1136,1681,1705]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">
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<heading id="AB526B1D44712253FC832990FB936DED" box="[873,1136,1681,1705]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" reason="7">
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<emphasis id="C2D1006344712253FC832990FB936DED" bold="true" box="[873,1136,1681,1705]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">
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<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244712253FC832990FBF76DED" ID-CoL="7WTSR" authority="Mitov & Dunlop & Penney, 2015" authorityName="Mitov & Dunlop & Penney" authorityYear="2015" box="[873,1044,1681,1705]" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Lacinius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bizleyi" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="C2D1006344712253FC832990FBF76DED" bold="true" box="[873,1044,1681,1705]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">Lacinius bizleyi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="D9E2BD1844712253FBF12990FB936DED" box="[1051,1136,1681,1705]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="B8BF8FFA44712253FC8329C7FC286D99" box="[873,971,1734,1757]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" type="description">
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<paragraph id="F01ADC7144712253FC8329C7FC286D99" blockId="1.[873,1462,1734,1831]" box="[873,971,1734,1757]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">
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<figureCitation id="689EC0F444712253FC8329C7FC286D99" box="[873,971,1734,1757]" captionStart-0="Figure 1" captionStart-1="Figure 2" captionStartId-0="2.[124,191,1045,1066]" captionStartId-1="2.[819,886,1110,1131]" captionTargetBox-0="[132,759,177,1013]" captionTargetBox-1="[827,1453,178,1078]" captionTargetId-0="figure-15@2.[132,759,177,1013]" captionTargetId-1="figure-245@2.[827,1454,177,1078]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="2" captionText-0="Figure 1. Lacinius bizleyi sp. nov. MB.A. 2815 from Eocene (Lutetian) Baltic amber.At ca.44–49Ma, this is the oldest putative record of the genus. (a) Overview.(b) Detail of the anterior prosoma showing the ocularium (oc), the three spines in front of this and the distinct apophyses on the patella and tibia (arrowed) of the pedipalp (pp). Scale bar equals 1.0 mm." captionText-1="Figure 2. Camera lucida drawings of the specimen shown in Fig. 1. (a) Overview. (b) Detail of the anterior prosoma. Legs numbered from I to IV." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11359348" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11359350" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/11359348/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/11359350/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">Figs. 1–2</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B8BF8FFA44712253FC8329F1FA786C63" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" type="synonymic_list">
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<paragraph id="F01ADC7144712253FC8329F1FA786C63" blockId="1.[873,1462,1734,1831]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">
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2009?
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<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244712253FC5929F0FB9C6C4C" box="[947,1151,1777,1800]" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Lacinius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erinaceus">
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<emphasis id="C2D1006344712253FC5929F0FB9C6C4C" box="[947,1151,1777,1800]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">Lacinius erinaceus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Star˛ega, 1966; Dunlop and Mitov, 368–369; Figs. 27, 31–32 – misidentification)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B8BF8FFA44712250FCA4284BFEA96D46" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="F01ADC7144712253FCA4284BFC236CC5" blockId="1.[819,1462,1866,1921]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">
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<materialsCitation id="40CDD62C44712253FCA4284BFC236CC5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4876193301" collectionCode="MB.A" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="C2D1006344712253FCA4284BFC026C25" box="[846,993,1866,1889]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">Type material</emphasis>
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.
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<typeStatus id="2F1E62D344712253FC04284BFBB76C25" box="[1006,1108,1866,1889]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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, Museum für Naturkunde Berlin,
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<collectionCode id="96B444B444712253FCD9286BFC996CC5" box="[819,890,1898,1921]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">MB.A</collectionCode>
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. 1661.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="A4DA8CF944722250FF962B14FE7C6FF8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11359348" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11359348" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11359348/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" startId="2.[124,191,1045,1066]" targetBox="[132,759,177,1013]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="F01ADC7144722250FF962B14FE7C6FF8" blockId="2.[124,767,1045,1212]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">
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<emphasis id="C2D1006344722250FF962B14FF346F6E" bold="true" box="[124,215,1045,1066]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Figure 1.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244722250FF362B14FE916F6E" authority="Mitov & Dunlop & Penney, 2015" authorityName="Mitov & Dunlop & Penney" authorityYear="2015" box="[220,370,1045,1066]" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Lacinius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bizleyi" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="C2D1006344722250FF362B14FE916F6E" box="[220,370,1045,1066]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Lacinius bizleyi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="D9E2BD1844722250FE9D2B14FE226F6E" box="[375,449,1045,1066]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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MB.A. 2815 from Eocene (Lutetian) Baltic amber. At ca. 44–49 Ma, this is the oldest putative record of the genus.
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<emphasis id="C2D1006344722250FF102B4EFEF66F20" bold="true" box="[250,277,1103,1124]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">(a)</emphasis>
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Overview.
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<emphasis id="C2D1006344722250FE6B2B4EFE7D6F20" bold="true" box="[385,414,1103,1124]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">(b)</emphasis>
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Detail of the anterior prosoma showing the ocularium (oc), the three spines in front of this and the distinct apophyses on the patella and tibia (arrowed) of the pedipalp (pp). Scale bar equals 1.0 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="A4DA8CF944722250FCD92B57FC4F6FE1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11359350" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11359350" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11359350/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" startId="2.[819,886,1110,1131]" targetBox="[827,1453,178,1078]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="F01ADC7144722250FCD92B57FC4F6FE1" blockId="2.[819,1462,1110,1189]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">
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<emphasis id="C2D1006344722250FCD92B57FC6D6F2F" bold="true" box="[819,910,1110,1131]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Figure 2.</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="C2D1006344722250FC792B57FBC26F2F" box="[915,1057,1110,1131]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Camera lucida</emphasis>
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drawings of the specimen shown in Fig. 1.
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<emphasis id="C2D1006344722250FCD92B72FCAC6FCC" bold="true" box="[819,847,1139,1160]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">(a)</emphasis>
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Overview.
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<emphasis id="C2D1006344722250FC282B72FC3C6FCC" bold="true" box="[962,991,1139,1160]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">(b)</emphasis>
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Detail of the anterior prosoma. Legs numbered from I to IV.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="F01ADC7144722250FF7D2A0DFE3D6E27" blockId="2.[124,767,1292,1921]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">
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<emphasis id="C2D1006344722250FF7D2A0DFE416E67" box="[151,418,1292,1315]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">
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<typeStatus id="2F1E62D344722250FF7D2A0DFF2A6E67" box="[151,201,1292,1315]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Type</typeStatus>
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locality and horizon
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</emphasis>
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. From Bitterfeld amber, Saxony-Anhalt,
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<collectingCountry id="88B29CE144722250FF3A2A2DFED76E07" box="[208,308,1324,1347]" name="Germany" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Germany</collectingCountry>
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. Palaeogene (?Oligocene). Described in detail by
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<bibRefCitation id="9434A18044722250FF2C2A4DFE386E27" author="Dunlop, J. A. & Mitov, P. G." box="[198,475,1356,1379]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" pagination="347 - 375" refId="ref4183" refString="Dunlop, J. A. and Mitov, P. G.: Fossil harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones) from Bitterfeld amber, Zookeys, 16, 347 - 375, 2009." type="journal article" year="2009">Dunlop and Mitov (2009)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F01ADC7144722250FF7D2A6DFEA96D46" blockId="2.[124,767,1292,1921]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">
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<emphasis id="C2D1006344722250FF7D2A6DFE8D6EC7" box="[151,366,1388,1411]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Additional material</emphasis>
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. MB.A. 2815 (
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<emphasis id="C2D1006344722250FDC92A6DFDD96EC7" box="[547,570,1388,1411]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">ex</emphasis>
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D. Penney coll., via J. Damzen). Baltic amber; precise locality not recorded, but most of the recently acquired material stems from the Kaliningrad region of the Russian Baltic coast. Palaeogene (Eocene: Lutetian).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="B8BF8FFA44722250FF7D290AFDB36D26" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="F01ADC7144722250FF7D290AFDB36D26" blockId="2.[124,767,1292,1921]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">
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<emphasis id="C2D1006344722250FF7D290AFE896D66" box="[151,362,1547,1570]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Derivation of name</emphasis>
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. In honour of the British palaeoartist Richard Bizley (Lyme Regis) for his assistance to D. Penney with various palaeontology-related projects.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B8BF8FFA44722250FF7D296AFE496C45" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="F01ADC7144722250FF7D296AFE496C45" blockId="2.[124,767,1292,1921]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">
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<emphasis id="C2D1006344722250FF7D296AFEE16DC6" box="[151,258,1643,1666]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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. Species of
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<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244722250FE6D296AFE006DC6" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" box="[391,483,1643,1666]" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Lacinius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="C2D1006344722250FE6D296AFE006DC6" box="[391,483,1643,1666]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Lacinius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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with a combination of ornamented body and leg articles (except tarsi) with numerous long sharp-pointed/tipped thorns, and distinct apophyses on both the patella and tibia of the pedipalp; patellar apophysis longer than tibial apophysis.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B8BF8FFA44722256FF7D280BFDDD6F20" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" type="description">
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<paragraph id="F01ADC7144722251FF7D280BFE4F6AA2" blockId="2.[124,767,1292,1921]" lastBlockId="3.[124,767,176,1921]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">
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<emphasis id="C2D1006344722250FF7D280BFE256C65" box="[151,454,1802,1825]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Description of MB.A. 2815</emphasis>
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. Relatively complete specimen (right leg II mostly missing), best seen in dorso–lateral view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="689EC0F444722250FF2B284BFECF6C25" box="[193,300,1866,1889]" captionStart-0="Figure 1" captionStart-1="Figure 2" captionStartId-0="2.[124,191,1045,1066]" captionStartId-1="2.[819,886,1110,1131]" captionTargetBox-0="[132,759,177,1013]" captionTargetBox-1="[827,1453,178,1078]" captionTargetId-0="figure-15@2.[132,759,177,1013]" captionTargetId-1="figure-245@2.[827,1454,177,1078]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="2" captionText-0="Figure 1. Lacinius bizleyi sp. nov. MB.A. 2815 from Eocene (Lutetian) Baltic amber.At ca.44–49Ma, this is the oldest putative record of the genus. (a) Overview.(b) Detail of the anterior prosoma showing the ocularium (oc), the three spines in front of this and the distinct apophyses on the patella and tibia (arrowed) of the pedipalp (pp). Scale bar equals 1.0 mm." captionText-1="Figure 2. Camera lucida drawings of the specimen shown in Fig. 1. (a) Overview. (b) Detail of the anterior prosoma. Legs numbered from I to IV." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11359348" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11359350" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/11359348/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/11359350/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Figs. 1–2</figureCitation>
|
||
). Body oval, flattened, length ca. 1.2 mm; maximum width of prosoma ca. 1.0 mm, of opisthosoma ca. 0.9 mm. Ocularium raised and ornamented with at least five curving thorns (whereby thorns here have a thick base and then taper about midway along their length into a sharp spine); ocularium length and width ca. 0.14 and 0.23 mm respectively, distance from front of carapace ca. 0.2 mm. Distinct pattern of triad of forward-projecting spines immediately in front of ocularium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="689EC0F444722250FB6E2AAAFB3C6E86" box="[1156,1247,1451,1474]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[124,191,1045,1066]" captionTargetBox="[132,759,177,1013]" captionTargetId="figure-15@2.[132,759,177,1013]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Lacinius bizleyi sp. nov. MB.A. 2815 from Eocene (Lutetian) Baltic amber.At ca.44–49Ma, this is the oldest putative record of the genus. (a) Overview.(b) Detail of the anterior prosoma showing the ocularium (oc), the three spines in front of this and the distinct apophyses on the patella and tibia (arrowed) of the pedipalp (pp). Scale bar equals 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11359348" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11359348/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Figs. 1a</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="689EC0F444722250FB042AAAFAEF6E86" box="[1262,1292,1451,1474]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[819,886,1110,1131]" captionTargetBox="[827,1453,178,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-245@2.[827,1454,177,1078]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2. Camera lucida drawings of the specimen shown in Fig. 1. (a) Overview. (b) Detail of the anterior prosoma. Legs numbered from I to IV." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11359350" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11359350/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">2b</figureCitation>
|
||
). Opisthosoma, particularly the posterior portion, ornamented with numerous backwards-pointing thorns, each consisting of a thicker base with a short, stiff seta at the tip. Chelicerae equivocal. Pedipalps with distinct apophyses projecting from both patella and tibia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="689EC0F444722250FC13294AFBB76D26" box="[1017,1108,1611,1634]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[124,191,1045,1066]" captionTargetBox="[132,759,177,1013]" captionTargetId="figure-15@2.[132,759,177,1013]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Lacinius bizleyi sp. nov. MB.A. 2815 from Eocene (Lutetian) Baltic amber.At ca.44–49Ma, this is the oldest putative record of the genus. (a) Overview.(b) Detail of the anterior prosoma showing the ocularium (oc), the three spines in front of this and the distinct apophyses on the patella and tibia (arrowed) of the pedipalp (pp). Scale bar equals 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11359348" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11359348/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Figs. 1a</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="689EC0F444722250FB8E294AFB616D26" box="[1124,1154,1611,1634]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[819,886,1110,1131]" captionTargetBox="[827,1453,178,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-245@2.[827,1454,177,1078]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2. Camera lucida drawings of the specimen shown in Fig. 1. (a) Overview. (b) Detail of the anterior prosoma. Legs numbered from I to IV." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11359350" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11359350/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">2b</figureCitation>
|
||
). Palpal femur disto-medial with one setose, apophysis-like protrusion. Patellar apophysis long, somewhat spatulate – almost reaching length of tibia – and highly setose on its mesal surface as well as apophysis tip. Tibial apophysis short and blunt, projecting mesally and again bearing numerous setae. Legs moderately long, leg II markedly longer than others (leg formula from longest to shortest: II, IV, III, I); approximate total lengths: I, 2.0 mm; II, 6.0 mm; III, 2.4 mm; IV, 3.2 mm. Trochanter, femur, patella and tibia of all legs more robust, again with distinct arrangement of thorns topped with stiff setae, arranged in discrete rows along length of limb article. Tibia to tarsus more slender. Basal part of the tibia with two robust thorns; distal portion of the legs otherwise with stiff setae only. Metatarsi dorsally bear short thorns and strong setae. Tarsi subdivided into ca. seven tarsomeres in each leg where visible (exact number equivocal on some legs); proximal and distal-most tarsomeres longer than those in between. All legs end, where preserved, in a single, curved claw. Genital characters could not be resolved.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F01ADC7144732251FF7D2EEEFD936E47" blockId="3.[124,767,176,1921]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D1006344732251FF7D2EEEFEEF6942" box="[151,268,495,518]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Discussion</emphasis>
|
||
. The new Baltic amber fossil is similar in habitus to the previous record from Bitterfeld, which
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9434A18044732251FD452D0EFEDA6902" author="Dunlop, J. A. & Mitov, P. G." pageId="3" pageNumber="40" pagination="347 - 375" refId="ref4183" refString="Dunlop, J. A. and Mitov, P. G.: Fossil harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones) from Bitterfeld amber, Zookeys, 16, 347 - 375, 2009." type="journal article" year="2009">Dunlop and Mitov (2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Figs. 27, 31–32) tentatively assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244732251FF962D4EFEA96922" box="[124,330,591,614]" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Lacinius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erinaceus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D1006344732251FF962D4EFEA96922" box="[124,330,591,614]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Lacinius erinaceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In the present study, we also considered a similar-looking, spiny harvestman genus:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244732251FD4A2D6EFEA669E1" authority="Banks, 1893" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1893" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Homolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D1006344732251FD4A2D6EFF4D69E2" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Homolophus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9434A18044732251FF532D8FFEA669E1" author="Banks, N." box="[185,325,654,677]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" pagination="402 - 403" refId="ref3701" refString="Banks, N.: A new American Lacinius, Psyche, 6, 402 - 403, 1893." type="journal article" year="1893">Banks, 1893</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. For details of this taxon, see e.g. published descriptions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244732251FE842DAFFD466981" authority="(Roewer, 1956)" baseAuthorityName="Roewer" baseAuthorityYear="1956" box="[366,677,686,709]" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Homolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="afghanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D1006344732251FE842DAFFE116981" box="[366,498,686,709]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">H. afghanus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9434A18044732251FDE82DAFFD7D6981" author="Roewer, C. - F." box="[514,670,686,709]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" pagination="247 - 318" refId="ref4715" refString="Roewer, C. - F.: Uber Phalangiinae (Phalangiidae, Opiliones Palpatores). (Weitere Weberknechte XIX), Senckenbergiana Biologica, Frankfurt, 37, 247 - 318, 1956." type="journal article" year="1956">Roewer, 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244732251FD592DAFFE6D69A1" authority="(Roewer, 1956)" baseAuthorityName="Roewer" baseAuthorityYear="1956" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Homolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chitralensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D1006344732251FD592DAFFF3469A1" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">H. chitralensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9434A18044732251FF032DCFFE6569A1" author="Roewer, C. - F." box="[233,390,718,741]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" pagination="247 - 318" refId="ref4715" refString="Roewer, C. - F.: Uber Phalangiinae (Phalangiidae, Opiliones Palpatores). (Weitere Weberknechte XIX), Senckenbergiana Biologica, Frankfurt, 37, 247 - 318, 1956." type="journal article" year="1956">Roewer, 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244732251FE772DCFFD2D69A1" authority="(Roewer, 1956)" baseAuthorityName="Roewer" baseAuthorityYear="1956" box="[413,718,718,741]" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Homolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trinkleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D1006344732251FE772DCFFDFA69A1" box="[413,537,718,741]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">H. trinkleri</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9434A18044732251FDC12DCFFD2669A1" author="Roewer, C. - F." box="[555,709,718,741]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" pagination="247 - 318" refId="ref4715" refString="Roewer, C. - F.: Uber Phalangiinae (Phalangiidae, Opiliones Palpatores). (Weitere Weberknechte XIX), Senckenbergiana Biologica, Frankfurt, 37, 247 - 318, 1956." type="journal article" year="1956">Roewer, 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244732251FF962DEFFE476841" authority="(Roewer, 1959)" baseAuthorityName="Roewer" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[124,420,750,773]" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Homolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turcicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D1006344732251FF962DEFFF106841" box="[124,243,750,773]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">H. turcicus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9434A18044732251FEEB2DEFFE786841" author="Roewer, C. - F." box="[257,411,750,773]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 47" refId="ref4796" refString="Roewer, C. - F.: Die Araneae, Solifuga und Opiliones der Sammlungen des Herrn Dr. K. Lindberg aus Griechenland, Creta, Anatolien, Iran und Indien, Goteborgs Kungliga Vetenskapsoch Vitterhets-Samhalles handlingar, Goteborg, Ser. B, Matematiska och naturvetenskapliga skrifter, 8, 1 - 47, 1959." type="journal article" year="1959">Roewer, 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Note that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9434A18044732251FDF02DEFFD566841" author="Roewer, C. - F." box="[538,693,750,773]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" pagination="247 - 318" refId="ref4715" refString="Roewer, C. - F.: Uber Phalangiinae (Phalangiidae, Opiliones Palpatores). (Weitere Weberknechte XIX), Senckenbergiana Biologica, Frankfurt, 37, 247 - 318, 1956." type="journal article" year="1956">Roewer (1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9434A18044732251FD2A2DEFFD156841" author="Roewer, C. - F." box="[704,758,750,773]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 47" refId="ref4796" refString="Roewer, C. - F.: Die Araneae, Solifuga und Opiliones der Sammlungen des Herrn Dr. K. Lindberg aus Griechenland, Creta, Anatolien, Iran und Indien, Goteborgs Kungliga Vetenskapsoch Vitterhets-Samhalles handlingar, Goteborg, Ser. B, Matematiska och naturvetenskapliga skrifter, 8, 1 - 47, 1959." type="journal article" year="1959">1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) originally described these species under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244732251FDD92C0FFD2C6861" box="[563,719,782,805]" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Euphalangium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D1006344732251FDD92C0FFD2C6861" box="[563,719,782,805]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Euphalangium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; for a generic synonymy, see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9434A18044732251FE6F2C2FFD886801" author="Cokendolpher, J. C." box="[389,619,814,837]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" pagination="89 - 96" refId="ref3797" refString="Cokendolpher, J. C.: On the identity of the genus Homolophus: A senior synonym of Euphalangium (Opiliones: Phalangiidae), Acta Arachnologica, 35, 89 - 96, 1987." type="journal article" year="1987">Cokendolpher (1987)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. We also consulted Snegovaya’s recent (2012) description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244732251FD9D2C4FFE1168C0" authority="Snegovaya, 2012" authorityName="Snegovaya" authorityYear="2012" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Homolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nakhichevanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D1006344732251FD9D2C4FFECF68C1" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Homolophus nakhichevanicus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9434A18044732251FEDC2C6CFE1168C0" author="Snegovaya, N. Y." box="[310,498,877,900]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" pagination="5 - 10" refId="ref5124" refString="Snegovaya, N. Y.: A new harvestman species (Arachnida: Opiliones: Phalangiidae: Homolophus) from Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic (Azerbaijan), Fragmenta Faunistica, 55, 5 - 10, 2012." type="journal article" year="2012">Snegovaya, 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We believe that we can exclude the amber inclusions from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244732251FE042C8FFD9568E1" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1893" box="[494,630,910,933]" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Homolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D1006344732251FE042C8FFD9568E1" box="[494,630,910,933]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Homolophus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on the presence in the fossils of a triad of spines at the front of the carapace (
|
||
<figureCitation id="689EC0F444732251FF022CCCFEDC68A0" box="[232,319,973,996]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[124,191,1045,1066]" captionTargetBox="[132,759,177,1013]" captionTargetId="figure-15@2.[132,759,177,1013]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Lacinius bizleyi sp. nov. MB.A. 2815 from Eocene (Lutetian) Baltic amber.At ca.44–49Ma, this is the oldest putative record of the genus. (a) Overview.(b) Detail of the anterior prosoma showing the ocularium (oc), the three spines in front of this and the distinct apophyses on the patella and tibia (arrowed) of the pedipalp (pp). Scale bar equals 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11359348" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11359348/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Figs. 1b</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="689EC0F444732251FEA62CCCFE8468A0" box="[332,359,973,996]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[819,886,1110,1131]" captionTargetBox="[827,1453,178,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-245@2.[827,1454,177,1078]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2. Camera lucida drawings of the specimen shown in Fig. 1. (a) Overview. (b) Detail of the anterior prosoma. Legs numbered from I to IV." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11359350" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11359350/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">2b</figureCitation>
|
||
) and the additional presence of spines on the metatarsi of the legs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="689EC0F444732251FE582CECFDE26F40" box="[434,513,1005,1028]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[819,886,1110,1131]" captionTargetBox="[827,1453,178,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-245@2.[827,1454,177,1078]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2. Camera lucida drawings of the specimen shown in Fig. 1. (a) Overview. (b) Detail of the anterior prosoma. Legs numbered from I to IV." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11359350" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11359350/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Fig. 2a</figureCitation>
|
||
). In many
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244732251FD9D2CECFF286F60" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D1006344732251FD9D2CECFD1C6F40" box="[631,767,1005,1028]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Homolophus</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, there are two principal, diverging forward-pointing spines – or “Gabelzähnchen” – at the front of the carapace, surrounded by a group of denticles sometimes forming a crown. The remaining
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244732251FE4F2B6CFD636FC7" box="[421,640,1132,1156]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D1006344732251FE4F2B6CFDCE6FC0" box="[421,557,1133,1156]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Homolophus</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
only have a group of frontal denticles. Furthermore, the metatarsi of the legs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244732251FF3A2BADFEBB6F87" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1893" box="[208,344,1196,1219]" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Homolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D1006344732251FF3A2BADFEBB6F87" box="[208,344,1196,1219]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Homolophus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are normally smoother than the spiny metatarsi seen in the amber specimens; only some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244732251FD4A2BCDFEE16E47" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D1006344732251FD4A2BCDFF4D6E47" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Homolophus</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have denticles/tubercles ventrally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="A4DA8CF944732251FCD92B1BFB6A6FE0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11359352" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11359352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11359352/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" startId="3.[819,886,1050,1071]" targetBox="[827,1454,177,1018]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="F01ADC7144732251FCD92B1BFB6A6FE0" blockId="3.[819,1462,1050,1188]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D1006344732251FCD92B1BFC6C6F6B" bold="true" box="[819,911,1050,1071]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Comparative photographs of two of the more widespread recent European
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244732251FC362B36FB606F08" box="[988,1155,1079,1100]" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Lacinius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D1006344732251FC362B36FBCD6F08" box="[988,1070,1079,1100]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Lacinius</emphasis>
|
||
species.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D1006344732251FB612B36FB446F08" bold="true" box="[1163,1191,1079,1100]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">(a)</emphasis>
|
||
Female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244732251FAEA2B36FC886F2D" authority="(Koch, 1848)" baseAuthorityName="Koch" baseAuthorityYear="1848" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Lacinius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dentiger">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D1006344732251FAEA2B36FA886F08" box="[1280,1387,1079,1100]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">L. dentiger</emphasis>
|
||
(Koch, 1848)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Graz, Austria.
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D1006344732251FBDA2B55FBAE6F2D" bold="true" box="[1072,1101,1108,1129]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">(b)</emphasis>
|
||
The more heavily ornamented
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244732251FA9F2B54FC1B6FC3" authority="(Panzer, 1795)" baseAuthorityName="Panzer" baseAuthorityYear="1795" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Lacinius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="horridus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D1006344732251FA9F2B54FC876FC3" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">L. horridus</emphasis>
|
||
(Panzer, 1795)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
male from Luberkogel, Austria. Images courtesy of Christian Komposch (Graz).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="F01ADC7144732251FF7D2A0DFAB86EC7" blockId="3.[124,767,176,1921]" lastBlockId="3.[819,1463,1260,1921]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">
|
||
We thus believe that both amber fossils can be comfortably referred to as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244732251FEB82A2DFE4D6E07" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" box="[338,430,1324,1347]" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Lacinius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D1006344732251FEB82A2DFE4D6E07" box="[338,430,1324,1347]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Lacinius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although the absence of genital characters in these inclusions will always preclude an unequivocal assignment. The fossils are more spiny than the modern species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244732251FEB02A8DFD296EE6" authority="(Simon, 1878)" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1878" box="[346,714,1419,1443]" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Lacinius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angulifer">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D1006344732251FEB02A8DFDC26EE7" box="[346,545,1420,1443]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Lacinius angulifer</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9434A18044732251FDD92A8AFD226EE6" author="Simon, E." box="[563,705,1419,1442]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" pagination="ccxv - ccxxiv" refId="ref5089" refString="Simon, E.: Descriptions d'Opiliones (faucheurs) nouveaux de la faune circa-Mediterraneenne, Annales de la Societe de Belgique, Bruxelles 21 (Comptes-Rendus): ccxv - ccxxiv, 1878." type="journal article" year="1878">Simon, 1878</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9434A18044732251FF962AAAFEF56E86" author="Roewer, C. F." box="[124,278,1451,1474]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 295" refId="ref4632" refString="Roewer, C. F.: Revision der Opiliones Palpatores (= Opiliones Plagiostethi). II. Teil: Familie der Phalangiidae. (Subfamilien: Sclerosomini, Oligolophini, Phalangiini), Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften, herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg, 20, 1 - 295, 1912." type="journal article" year="1912">Roewer, 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: p. 77;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9434A18044732251FE862AAAFDE56E86" author="Roewer, C. F." box="[364,518,1451,1474]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" refId="ref4689" refString="Roewer, C. F.: Die Weberknechte der Erde. Systematische Bearbeitung der bisher bekannten Opiliones, Gustav Fischer, Jena, 1923." type="book" year="1923">Roewer, 1923</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: Fig. 915),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244732251FD6D2AADFD1D6E87" baseAuthorityName="Koch" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[647,766,1452,1475]" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Lacinius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dentiger">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D1006344732251FD6D2AADFD1D6E87" box="[647,766,1452,1475]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">L. dentiger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="689EC0F444732251FF6E2ACAFF376EA6" box="[132,212,1483,1506]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="3.[819,886,1050,1071]" captionTargetBox="[827,1454,177,1018]" captionTargetId="figure-529@3.[827,1454,177,1018]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 3. Comparative photographs of two of the more widespread recent European Lacinius species. (a) Female L. dentiger (Koch, 1848) from Graz, Austria. (b) The more heavily ornamented L. horridus (Panzer, 1795) male from Luberkogel, Austria. Images courtesy of Christian Komposch (Graz)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11359352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11359352/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Fig. 3a</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244732251FF062ACAFDC16EA6" authority="(Koch, 1835)" baseAuthorityName="Koch" baseAuthorityYear="1835" box="[236,546,1483,1506]" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Lacinius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ephippiatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D1006344732251FF062ACAFE646EA6" box="[236,391,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">L. ephippiatus</emphasis>
|
||
(Koch, 1835)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9434A18044732251FD8B2ACAFD186EA6" author="Silhavy, V." box="[609,763,1483,1506]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" refId="ref5005" refString="Silhavy, V.: Sekaci-Opilionidea, Fauna CSR 7, CSAV, Praha, 1956." type="book" year="1956">Šilhavý, 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: Table VII, Fig. 28;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9434A18044732251FEB02AEAFE186D46" author="Martens, J." box="[346,507,1515,1538]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" refId="ref4497" refString="Martens, J.: Spinnentiere, Arachnida, Weberknechte, Opiliones, Die Tierwelt Deutschlands, 64, Teil. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, 1978." type="book" year="1978">Martens, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: Fig. 619),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244732251FD6B2AEAFEF06D66" authority="Roewer, 1923" authorityName="Roewer" authorityYear="1923" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Lacinius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D1006344732251FD6B2AEAFD1D6D46" box="[641,766,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">L. insularis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9434A18044732251FF96290AFEF06D66" author="Roewer, C. F." box="[124,275,1547,1570]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" refId="ref4689" refString="Roewer, C. F.: Die Weberknechte der Erde. Systematische Bearbeitung der bisher bekannten Opiliones, Gustav Fischer, Jena, 1923." type="book" year="1923">Roewer, 1923</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9434A18044732251FEB9290AFE0D6D66" author="Roewer, C. F." box="[339,494,1547,1570]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" refId="ref4689" refString="Roewer, C. F.: Die Weberknechte der Erde. Systematische Bearbeitung der bisher bekannten Opiliones, Gustav Fischer, Jena, 1923." type="book" year="1923">Roewer, 1923</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: Fig. 918), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244732251FD49290AFE976D06" authority="(Banks, 1893)" baseAuthorityName="Banks" baseAuthorityYear="1893" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Lacinius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="texanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D1006344732251FD49290AFF2E6D06" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Lacinius texanus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9434A18044732251FF0A292AFE886D06" author="Banks, N." box="[224,363,1579,1602]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" pagination="402 - 403" refId="ref3701" refString="Banks, N.: A new American Lacinius, Psyche, 6, 402 - 403, 1893." type="journal article" year="1893">Banks, 1893</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9434A18044732251FE5F292AFDA16D06" author="Banks, N." box="[437,578,1579,1602]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" pagination="669 - 679" refId="ref3721" refString="Banks, N.: Synopses of North-American invertebrates. XVI. The Phalangida, American Naturalist, 35, 669 - 679, 1901." type="journal article" year="1901">Banks, 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: Fig. 4;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9434A18044732251FD4D292AFF566D26" author="Roewer, C. F." pageId="3" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 295" refId="ref4632" refString="Roewer, C. F.: Revision der Opiliones Palpatores (= Opiliones Plagiostethi). II. Teil: Familie der Phalangiidae. (Subfamilien: Sclerosomini, Oligolophini, Phalangiini), Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften, herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg, 20, 1 - 295, 1912." type="journal article" year="1912">Roewer, 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: p. 81;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9434A18044732251FEE7294AFE4B6D26" author="Roewer, C. F." box="[269,424,1611,1634]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" refId="ref4689" refString="Roewer, C. F.: Die Weberknechte der Erde. Systematische Bearbeitung der bisher bekannten Opiliones, Gustav Fischer, Jena, 1923." type="book" year="1923">Roewer, 1923</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: p. 743). The fossils thus have more in common in terms of their external morphology with species like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244732251FEEA298AFDFD6DE5" authority="(Panzer, 1794)" baseAuthorityName="Panzer" baseAuthorityYear="1794" box="[256,542,1674,1698]" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Lacinius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="horridus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D1006344732251FEEA298AFE996DE6" box="[256,378,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">L. horridus</emphasis>
|
||
(Panzer, 1794)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="689EC0F444732251FDC4298BFD9F6DE5" box="[558,636,1674,1697]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="3.[819,886,1050,1071]" captionTargetBox="[827,1454,177,1018]" captionTargetId="figure-529@3.[827,1454,177,1018]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 3. Comparative photographs of two of the more widespread recent European Lacinius species. (a) Female L. dentiger (Koch, 1848) from Graz, Austria. (b) The more heavily ornamented L. horridus (Panzer, 1795) male from Luberkogel, Austria. Images courtesy of Christian Komposch (Graz)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11359352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11359352/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Fig. 3b</figureCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244732251FD51298AFF256D86" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Lacinius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erinaceus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D1006344732251FD51298AFF256D86" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">L. erinaceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The most specific characteristic of the new Baltic amber fossil is the presence of well-developed apophyses on both the patella and tibia. Apophyses of this form are not present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244732251FF18280BFE5D6C65" box="[242,446,1802,1825]" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Lacinius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erinaceus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D1006344732251FF18280BFE5D6C65" box="[242,446,1802,1825]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Lacinius erinaceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9434A18044732251FDC5280BFF576C05" author="Dunlop, J. A. & Mitov, P. G." pageId="3" pageNumber="40" pagination="347 - 375" refId="ref4183" refString="Dunlop, J. A. and Mitov, P. G.: Fossil harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones) from Bitterfeld amber, Zookeys, 16, 347 - 375, 2009." type="journal article" year="2009">Dunlop and Mitov, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, sub
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244732251FF01282BFE8C6C05" box="[235,367,1834,1857]" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Lacinius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erinaceus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D1006344732251FF01282BFE8C6C05" box="[235,367,1834,1857]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">L. erinaceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Figs. 28–29;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9434A18044732251FDE3282BFD186C05" author="Kurt, K. & Erman, O. K." box="[521,763,1834,1857]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" pagination="659 - 665" refId="ref4336" refString="Kurt, K. and Erman, O. K.: The first record of the species Lacinius erinaceus Star ˛ ega, 1966 (Opiliones, Phalangiidae) in Turkey with some SEM studies on its morphology, Archives of Biological Science, Belgrade, 64, 659 - 665, 2012." type="journal article" year="2012">Kurt and Erman, 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Fig. 5c,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244732251FF33284BFEBC6C25" box="[217,351,1866,1889]" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Lacinius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erinaceus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D1006344732251FF33284BFEBC6C25" box="[217,351,1866,1889]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">L. erinaceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). We re-examined the original Bitterfeld
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244732251FF46286BFEEB6CC5" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" box="[172,264,1898,1921]" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Lacinius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D1006344732251FF46286BFEEB6CC5" box="[172,264,1898,1921]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Lacinius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
record (MB.A. 1661). The original description did not figure the pedipalps so clearly, but upon restudy, we could confirm that patellar and tibial apophyses are present here too. This suggests that the two fossil
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244732251FAE92A2DFABC6E07" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" box="[1283,1375,1324,1347]" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Lacinius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D1006344732251FAE92A2DFABC6E07" box="[1283,1375,1324,1347]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Lacinius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
records probably are conspecific, but differ from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244732251FB002A4DFA8D6E27" box="[1258,1390,1356,1379]" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Lacinius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erinaceus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D1006344732251FB002A4DFA8D6E27" box="[1258,1390,1356,1379]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">L. erinaceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and at least all the modern Palearctic species in this genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F01ADC7144732251FCA42A8AFA696C05" blockId="3.[819,1463,1260,1921]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">
|
||
The closest potential match would be the North American species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244732251FC632AADFB686E86" authority="Banks, 1893" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1893" box="[905,1163,1451,1475]" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Lacinius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="texanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D1006344732251FC632AADFC1B6E87" box="[905,1016,1452,1475]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">L. texanus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9434A18044732251FBEB2AAAFB686E86" author="Banks, N." box="[1025,1163,1451,1474]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" pagination="402 - 403" refId="ref3701" refString="Banks, N.: A new American Lacinius, Psyche, 6, 402 - 403, 1893." type="journal article" year="1893">Banks, 1893</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, for which
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9434A18044732251FAE32AAAFA776E86" author="Banks, N." box="[1289,1428,1451,1474]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" pagination="402 - 403" refId="ref3701" refString="Banks, N.: A new American Lacinius, Psyche, 6, 402 - 403, 1893." type="journal article" year="1893">Banks (1893</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 403) stated that “The patella is prolonged, the inner side and prolongation being covered with short, stiff, black hairs. The tibia is enlarged at the end on the inner side and covered with similar hairs [...]”. Unfortunately there is no illustration in the original description to show whether Bank’s “prolongation” of the patella is a substantial apophysis as per the fossil specimens, but subsequent figures and/or redescriptions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244732251FA99298AFC866D86" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1893" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Lacinius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="texanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D1006344732251FA99298AFC866D86" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">L. texanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9434A18044732251FC6429ABFBF46D85" author="Banks, N." box="[910,1047,1706,1729]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" pagination="669 - 679" refId="ref3721" refString="Banks, N.: Synopses of North-American invertebrates. XVI. The Phalangida, American Naturalist, 35, 669 - 679, 1901." type="journal article" year="1901">Banks (1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Fig. 4) and later
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9434A18044732251FB3F29ABFA8D6D85" author="Roewer, C. F." box="[1237,1390,1706,1729]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 295" refId="ref4632" refString="Roewer, C. F.: Revision der Opiliones Palpatores (= Opiliones Plagiostethi). II. Teil: Familie der Phalangiidae. (Subfamilien: Sclerosomini, Oligolophini, Phalangiini), Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften, herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg, 20, 1 - 295, 1912." type="journal article" year="1912">Roewer (1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 81; 1923, p. 743) do not indicate explicit pedipalpal apophyses. As noted above, the general habitus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244732251FB3B29EBFADD6C45" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1893" box="[1233,1342,1770,1793]" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Lacinius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="texanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D1006344732251FB3B29EBFADD6C45" box="[1233,1342,1770,1793]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">L. texanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also less spiny than our amber material, which argues against the fossils being closely related to the living American species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F01ADC7144732256FCA4284BFDDD6F20" blockId="3.[819,1463,1260,1921]" lastBlockId="4.[124,767,176,1124]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">
|
||
On balance, we feel justified in proposing a new (fossil)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244732251FCB4286BFBED6CC5" box="[862,1038,1898,1921]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D1006344732251FCB4286BFC596CC5" box="[862,954,1898,1921]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Lacinius</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
diagnosed on the combination of body ornamentation and pedipalp morphology as above. As noted previously, the new specimen is quite small, and the individual may be immature. Where apophyses are present in phalangiid harvestmen, they can be more prominent in immature instars and become less well expressed in adults. We select the first specimen to be described (MB.A. 1661 from Bitterfeld amber) as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="2F1E62D344742256FE672E6EFE096AC2" box="[397,490,367,390]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of our new taxon. Since the second (Baltic) specimen is not from the same locality as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="2F1E62D344742256FF2E2EAEFEC76A82" box="[196,292,431,454]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, we chose not to treat it as a
|
||
<typeStatus id="2F1E62D344742256FD802EAEFD2A6A82" box="[618,713,431,454]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
. The Baltic example of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244742256FEA92ECEFE0F6AA2" authority="Mitov & Dunlop & Penney, 2015" authorityName="Mitov & Dunlop & Penney" authorityYear="2015" box="[323,492,463,486]" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Lacinius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bizleyi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D1006344742256FEA92ECEFE0F6AA2" box="[323,492,463,486]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">Lacinius bizleyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="D9E2BD1844742256FE192ECEFDA46AA2" box="[499,583,463,486]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
places the genus back at least in the Eocene, and can also be added to the list of harvestmen found in both Baltic and Bitterfeld amber. The other harvestmen common to both ambers are the nemastomatid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244742256FF142D4EFF5E69C1" authority="(Koch and Berendt, 1854)" baseAuthorityName="Koch and Berendt" baseAuthorityYear="1854" class="Arachnida" family="Nemastomatidae" genus="Histricostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuberculatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D1006344742256FF142D4EFDCA6922" box="[254,553,591,614]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">Histricostoma tuberculatum</emphasis>
|
||
(Koch and Berendt, 1854)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the caddid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244742256FEA12D6EFF5E69E1" authority="(Koch and Berendt, 1854)" baseAuthorityName="Koch and Berendt" baseAuthorityYear="1854" class="Arachnida" family="Caddidae" genus="Caddo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dentipalpus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D1006344742256FEA12D6EFDFA69C2" box="[331,537,623,646]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">Caddo dentipalpus</emphasis>
|
||
(Koch and Berendt, 1854)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the phalangiid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244742256FE902D8EFEC36981" authority="(Koch and Berendt, 1854)" baseAuthorityName="Koch and Berendt" baseAuthorityYear="1854" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Dicranopalpus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ramiger">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D1006344742256FE902D8EFD9869E2" box="[378,635,655,678]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">Dicranopalpus ramiger</emphasis>
|
||
(Koch and Berendt, 1854)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the sclerosomatid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244742256FDC92DAFFEED69A1" authority="Menge, 1854" authorityName="Menge" authorityYear="1854" class="Arachnida" family="Sclerosomatidae" genus="Leiobunum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D1006344742256FDC92DAFFD1D6981" box="[547,766,686,709]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">Leiobunum longipes</emphasis>
|
||
Menge, 1854
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37A5A7F244742256FEA42DCFFE5669A1" authorityName="Sundevall" authorityYear="1833" box="[334,437,718,741]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Opiliones</taxonomicName>
|
||
data thus remain preliminary, but our new fossil contributes to the debate (reviewed by, e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9434A18044742256FF962C0FFEF46861" author="Standke, G." box="[124,279,782,805]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" pagination="11 - 33" refId="ref5163" refString="Standke, G.: Bitterfeld Bernstein gleich Baltischer Bernstein? - eine geologische Raum- Zeit- Betrachtung und genetische Schlussfolgerungen, Exkursionsfuhrer und Veroffentlichungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Geowissenschaften, 236, 11 - 33, 2008." type="journal article" year="2008">Standke, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9434A18044742256FEBA2C0FFE076861" author="Dunlop, J. A." box="[336,484,782,805]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" pagination="57 - 68" refId="ref4140" refString="Dunlop, J. A.: Bitterfeld amber, in: Biodiversity of fossils in amber from the major world deposits, edited by: Penney, D., Siri Scientific Press, Manchester, 57 - 68, 2010." type="book chapter" year="2010">Dunlop, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) about whether Baltic and Bitterfeld ambers are in fact contemporary deposits, sampling the same (implicitly Eocene) fauna. Alternatively, if Bitterfeld amber is a distinct and younger deposit – and not merely older Baltic amber reworked into younger sediments – it implies that there was something of a faunal continuum in the Paleogene of northern–central Europe. In other words, the same (morpho)species of harvestmen, and probably other arachnids too, can be found in the fossil record of this region of Europe across an Eocene-to-Oligocene time period which may correspond to about 25 million years.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |