468 lines
58 KiB
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468 lines
58 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="571ED21A4F00BBDF8071ABF40C011C07">Revision of the poorly known Neotropical butterfly genus Zischkaia Forster, 1964 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae), with descriptions of nine new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DE46C5A1222514A90191C497536FB5BD">Zacca, Thamara</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4E46642AD738E7E115747869185178D4">McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA. & Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="14C45B47A0FF33F5AA78D36FC16E0B7A">McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.</mods:affiliation>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D26FFB1FFA40744FD0714E3FD44" authority="Nakahara & Petit" authorityName="Nakahara & Petit" authorityYear="2019" box="[525,961,644,671]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Zischkaia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abanico" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B928EAB7FFB1FFA40744FD0715C9FD45" bold="true" box="[525,747,644,671]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Zischkaia abanico</emphasis>
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Nakahara & Petit
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,
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<figureCitation id="13672A20FFB1FFA40731FD4915E3FD3E" box="[632,705,714,740]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[189,232,1930,1956]" captionTargetBox="[223,1382,1262,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[189,1398,1258,1920]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 1. Likelihood tree with the best log-likelihood score (-LnL = -2536.1613) given our data based on DNA ‘barcodes’, depicting Zischkaia as a well-supported clade. Support values are represented by SHaLRT/UF Bootstrap. Abbreviations: HT = Holotype; NT = Neotype." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3476678" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3476678/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Figs 1</figureCitation>
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,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A20FFB1FFA40786FD4915FFFD3E" box="[719,733,714,740]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1648,1674]" captionTargetBox="[262,1313,277,1607]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[257,1315,265,1627]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 2. Zischkaia “pacarus clade”, wing plate. A–B. Z. amalda (Weymer, 1911), lectotype, ♂, dorsal and ventral views. C–D. Z. arctoa Nakahara, sp. nov., paratype, ♂ (in RFC, collected in 1975), dorsal and ventral views. E–F. Z. chullachaki Nakahara & Zacca, sp. nov., holotype, ♂, dorsal and ventral views. G–H. Z. chullachaki sp. nov., paratype, ♀ (DZ 36. 508), dorsal and ventral views. I–J. Z. baku Zacca, Dolibaina & Dias, sp. nov., holotype, ♂, dorsal and ventral views. K–L. Z. baku sp. nov., paratype, ♀ (DZ 36. 404), dorsal and ventral views. M–N. Z. arenisca Nakahara, Willmott & Hall, sp. nov., holotype, ♂, dorsal and ventral views. O–P. Z. arenisca sp. nov., paratype, ♀ (FLMNH-MGCL 297320), dorsal and ventral views. Q–R. Z. argyrosflecha Nakahara, L. Miller & Huertas, sp. nov., holotype, ♂, dorsal and ventral views. S–T. Z. pacarus (Godart, [1824]), neotype, ♂, dorsal and ventral views. U–V. Z. pacarus, ♀ (DZ 36. 909), dorsal and ventral views. W–X. Z. abanico Nakahara & Petit, sp. nov., holotype, ♂, dorsal and ventral views. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3476680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3476680/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">2</figureCitation>
|
||
W–X,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A20FFB1FFA40665FD49141EFD3E" box="[812,828,714,740]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[189,232,906,932]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,862]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[189,1398,265,862]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig. 4. Zischkaia “pacarus clade”, male genitalia. A. Z. amalda (Weymer, 1911), lectotype, ♂, lateral view, with phallus separated (winglet on aedeagus shown inside rectangle) (Genitalic vial: SN-17- 21). B. Z. arctoa Nakahara, sp. nov., ♂, lateral view, with phallus separated (Genitalic vial: SN-17-9). C. Z. chullachaki Nakahara & Zacca, sp. nov., ♂, lateral view, with phallus separated (Genitalic vial: DZ 21. 235). D. Z. baku Zacca, Dolibaina & Dias, sp. nov., ♂, lateral view, with phallus separated (Genitalic vial: DZ 5. 573). E. Z. arenisca Nakahara, Willmott & Hall, sp. nov., ♂, lateral view, with phallus separated (Genitalic vial: SN-17-16). F. Z. argyrosflecha Nakahara, L. Miller & Huertas, sp. nov. ♂, lateral view, with phallus separated (two winglets on aedeagus shown inside rectangle) (Genitalic vial: M-9142 ♂, Lee D. Miller). G. Z. pacarus (Godart, [1824]), ♂, lateral view, with phallus separated (Genitalic vial: DZ 5. 578). H. Z. abanico Nakahara & Petit, sp. nov., ♂, lateral view, with phallus separated (Genitalic vial: 575/19.07.2017, J. Lorenc-Brudecka, MZUJ)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3476684" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3476684/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">4</figureCitation>
|
||
H,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A20FFB1FFA40616FD49145DFD3E" box="[863,895,714,740]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="56.[189,232,1998,2024]" captionTargetBox="[199,1389,642,1946]" captionTargetId="figure@56.[189,1398,633,1956]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="Fig. 14. Distribution maps for taxa of Zischkaia Forster, 1964." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3476704" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3476704/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">14</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A20FFB1FFA406C2FD491485FD3F" box="[907,935,714,741]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="57.[189,232,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,845,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@57.[189,1398,845,1769]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="Fig. 15. Habitats of species of Zischkaia Forster, 1964. A. Climbing bamboo species (Poaceae, likely Chusquea Kunth) that was common along the Sumak Yaku mine track, Zamora-Chinchipe, Ecuador, where Z. arenisca Nakahara, Willmott & Hall, sp. nov. was common (photo by Keith Willmott). B. Ridge top at San Roque ridge, Zamora-Chinchipe, Ecuador, where females of Z. arenisca sp. nov. were found (photo by Keith Willmott). C. View of the ridge line 500 m west of the Río Abanico (Morona-Santiago, Ecuador) collecting site (photo by Andrew Neild)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3476706" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3476706/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">15</figureCitation>
|
||
C
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346652EFFB1FFA405F4FC8816C9FB57" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FFB1FFA405F4FC881614FCFF" blockId="43.[189,310,779,805]" box="[189,310,779,805]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<heading id="D0AB81C9FFB1FFA405F4FC881614FCFF" bold="true" box="[189,310,779,805]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FFB1FFA405F4FC881614FCFF" bold="true" box="[189,310,779,805]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FFB1FFA405F4FCBA16C9FB57" blockId="43.[189,1399,825,1165]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D26FFB1FFA405F4FCBA16B5FC89" authority="Nakahara & Zacca & Dias & Dolibaina & Xiao & Espeland & Casagrande & Mielke & Lamas & Huertas & Kleckner & Willmott, 2019" authorityName="Nakahara & Zacca & Dias & Dolibaina & Xiao & Espeland & Casagrande & Mielke & Lamas & Huertas & Kleckner & Willmott" authorityYear="2019" box="[189,407,825,851]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Zischkaia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abanico" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FFB1FFA405F4FCBA16B5FC89" box="[189,407,825,851]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Zischkaia abanico</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21B57CCFFB1FFA404D6FCB916D9FC8E" box="[415,507,826,852]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is readily distinguishable from other species in the “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D26FFB1FFA4013BFCB913F3FC89" baseAuthorityName="Godart" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[1138,1233,826,851]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Zischkaia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pacarus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FFB1FFA4013BFCB913F3FC89" box="[1138,1233,826,851]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">pacarus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade” by the shape of the apical portion of the valva, which is somewhat rectangular with a convex (i.e., projecting) distal margin in lateral view, whereas the apical process of the valva is more triangular in other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D26FFB1FFA40596FC211673FC66" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1964" box="[223,337,930,956]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Zischkaia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FFB1FFA40596FC211673FC66" box="[223,337,930,956]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Zischkaia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, except for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D26FFB1FFA404ACFC201544FC66" baseAuthorityName="Godart" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[485,614,931,956]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Zischkaia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pacarus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FFB1FFA404ACFC201544FC66" box="[485,614,931,956]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Z. pacarus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D26FFB1FFA4073EFC211470FC66" authority="Nakahara & Zacca & Dias & Dolibaina & Xiao & Espeland & Casagrande & Mielke & Lamas & Huertas & Kleckner & Willmott, 2019" authorityName="Nakahara & Zacca & Dias & Dolibaina & Xiao & Espeland & Casagrande & Mielke & Lamas & Huertas & Kleckner & Willmott" authorityYear="2019" box="[631,850,930,956]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Zischkaia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abanico" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FFB1FFA4073EFC211470FC66" box="[631,850,930,956]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Zischkaia abanico</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21B57CCFFB1FFA40612FC21149AFC66" box="[859,952,930,956]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D26FFB1FFA406BFFC201355FC66" baseAuthorityName="Godart" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[1014,1143,931,956]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Zischkaia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pacarus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FFB1FFA406BFFC201355FC66" box="[1014,1143,931,956]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Z. pacarus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are in fact similar in terms of the shape of the valva, as well as other external characters, including wing pattern, and these two taxa cannot be distinguished externally, although our DNA ‘barcodes’ data clearly suggest they are not conspecific (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A20FFB1FFA404E5FB8916D2FBFE" box="[428,496,1034,1060]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[189,232,1930,1956]" captionTargetBox="[223,1382,1262,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[189,1398,1258,1920]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 1. Likelihood tree with the best log-likelihood score (-LnL = -2536.1613) given our data based on DNA ‘barcodes’, depicting Zischkaia as a well-supported clade. Support values are represented by SHaLRT/UF Bootstrap. Abbreviations: HT = Holotype; NT = Neotype." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3476678" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3476678/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). In fact, these two taxa can be distinguished by their range, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D26FFB1FFA401B0FB881255FBFE" authority="Nakahara & Zacca & Dias & Dolibaina & Xiao & Espeland & Casagrande & Mielke & Lamas & Huertas & Kleckner & Willmott, 2019" authorityName="Nakahara & Zacca & Dias & Dolibaina & Xiao & Espeland & Casagrande & Mielke & Lamas & Huertas & Kleckner & Willmott" authorityYear="2019" box="[1273,1399,1034,1060]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Zischkaia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abanico" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FFB1FFA401B0FB881255FBFE" box="[1273,1399,1034,1060]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Z. abanico</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21B57CCFFB1FFA405F4FBAD1638FB92" box="[189,282,1070,1096]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
known from the slopes of the Andes from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34B7635FFB1FFA40669FBAE14B6FB9D" box="[800,916,1069,1095]" name="Colombia" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34B7635FFB1FFA406F4FBAE133DFB9D" box="[957,1055,1069,1095]" name="Ecuador" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D26FFB1FFA40115FBAD13FEFB9D" baseAuthorityName="Godart" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[1116,1244,1070,1095]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Zischkaia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pacarus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FFB1FFA40115FBAD13FEFB9D" box="[1116,1244,1070,1095]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Z. pacarus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
known from southern and southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34B7635FFB1FFA404B7FBD31564FBB0" box="[510,582,1104,1130]" name="Brazil" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
to northeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34B7635FFB1FFA40645FBD314A7FBB0" box="[780,901,1104,1130]" name="Argentina" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
. We do not know of any putative female specimen for this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346652EFFB1FFA405F4FB371371FA9B" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FFB1FFA405F4FB371666FB14" blockId="43.[189,324,1204,1230]" box="[189,324,1204,1230]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<heading id="D0AB81C9FFB1FFA405F4FB371666FB14" bold="true" box="[189,324,1204,1230]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FFB1FFA405F4FB371666FB14" bold="true" box="[189,324,1204,1230]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FFB1FFA405F4FB611371FA9B" blockId="43.[189,1399,1250,1346]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
The specific epithet is based on the name of the river, Río Abanico, which flows below the ridge where the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E78807FFB1FFA405A3FA861673FAC5" box="[234,337,1285,1311]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
was captured; the site is thus referred to as as the ‘Abanico ridge’ among lepidopterists. This specific epithet is considered as a latinized masculine noun in apposition.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346652EFFB1FFA405F4FAEA151DF976" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FFB1FFA405F4FAEA16CEFA58" blockId="43.[189,492,1384,1411]" box="[189,492,1384,1411]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<heading id="D0AB81C9FFB1FFA405F4FAEA16CEFA58" bold="true" box="[189,492,1384,1411]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FFB1FFA405F4FAEA16CEFA58" bold="true" box="[189,492,1384,1411]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Type material examined</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B343CF8FFB1FFA405A3FA141409F9C0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2425040063" collectingDate="2017-07-19" collectionCode="JEPE, MZUJ" collectorName="J. Lorenc" country="Ecuador" elevation="1600" location="Nueve do Octubre Ecuador" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Morona-Santiago" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FFB1FFA405A3FA14167EFA6B" blockId="43.[189,1398,1431,1562]" box="[234,348,1431,1457]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FFB1FFA405A3FA14167EFA6B" bold="true" box="[234,348,1431,1457]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E78807FFB1FFA405A3FA14167EFA6B" box="[234,348,1431,1457]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FFB1FFA405F4FA391409F9C0" blockId="43.[189,1398,1431,1562]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34B7635FFB1FFA405F4FA391669FA0E" box="[189,331,1466,1492]" name="Ecuador" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">ECUADOR</collectingCountry>
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FFB1FFA4041BFA39167EFA0E" bold="true" box="[338,348,1466,1492]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">•</emphasis>
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D5AFD2CFFB1FFA4042AFA39165EFA0E" box="[355,380,1466,1492]" count="1" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
|
||
; “//11926
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D26FFB1FFA404BCFA3A154EFA09" box="[501,620,1465,1491]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Euptychia</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. 2002, 1213 Ecuador 9 de Octubre, M-Sgo [
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4998F847FFB1FFA401DCFA3A124EFA0E" box="[1173,1388,1465,1492]" country="Ecuador" name="Morona-Santiago" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Morona-Santiago</collectingRegion>
|
||
],
|
||
<quantity id="4CA49B40FFB1FFA405F4FA5F162DFA2C" box="[189,271,1500,1526]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" unit="m" value="1600.0">
|
||
<elevation id="0071D196FFB1FFA405F4FA5F162DFA2C" box="[189,271,1500,1526]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" unit="m" value="1600.0">1600m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
JCP// DNA voucher
|
||
<accessionNumber id="940FAB46FFB1FFA40742FA5F15B3FA2C" box="[523,657,1500,1526]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">LEP-37388</accessionNumber>
|
||
// prep. genit. 575
|
||
<date id="FFE21065FFB1FFA40624FA5F14D0FA2C" box="[877,1010,1500,1526]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" value="2017-07-19">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFA6E98DFFB1FFA40624FA5F14D0FA2C" box="[877,1010,1500,1526]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" value="2017-07-19">19.07.2017</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
/
|
||
<collectorName id="26A95373FFB1FFA406B5FA5F137DFA2C" box="[1020,1119,1500,1526]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">J.Lorenc</collectorName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D26FFB1FFA40121FA5F13F8FA2C" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1964" box="[1128,1242,1500,1526]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Zischkaia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zischkaia</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp
|
||
<location id="8E83607EFFB1FFA4004DFA5E16ABF9C3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F587B3FFB1FFA20744FD071480F91B:8E83607EFFB1FFA4004DFA5E16ABF9C3" country="Ecuador" name="Nueve do Octubre Ecuador" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" stateProvince="Morona-Santiago">Nueve do Octubre Ecuador</location>
|
||
//”;
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4DAE60FFB1FFA404F8F98316D6F9C0" box="[433,500,1536,1562]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">JEPE</collectionCode>
|
||
, to be deposited in
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4DAE60FFB1FFA4079EF9831405F9C0" box="[727,807,1536,1562]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">MZUJ</collectionCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FFB1FFA405F4F9C31574F981" blockId="43.[189,1399,1600,1708]" box="[189,598,1600,1627]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FFB1FFA405F4F9C316DBF980" bold="true" box="[189,505,1600,1626]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Other material examined</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D5AFD2CFFB1FFA40740F9C3156FF981" box="[521,589,1600,1627]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="male">2 ♂♂</specimenCount>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FFB1FFA405F4F9ED151DF976" blockId="43.[189,1399,1600,1708]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B343CF8FFB1FFA405F4F9ED1255F953" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2425040073" box="[189,1399,1645,1673]" collectionCode="NHMUK" collectorName="Lehmann" country="Colombia" latitude="2.45" location="Cauca" longLatPrecision="1307" longitude="-76.6" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" specimenCode="BMNH(E)-10430710" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-male="2" stateProvince="Cauca">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34B7635FFB1FFA405F4F9ED167AF952" box="[189,344,1646,1672]" name="Colombia" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">COLOMBIA</collectingCountry>
|
||
–
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FFB1FFA4043EF9ED16E5F952" bold="true" box="[375,455,1646,1672]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4998F847FFB1FFA4043EF9ED16E5F952" box="[375,455,1646,1672]" country="Colombia" name="Cauca" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Cauca</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
•
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D5AFD2CFFB1FFA404A8F9ED1505F953" box="[481,551,1646,1673]" count="2" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="male">2 ♂♂</specimenCount>
|
||
; Popayán; [
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE685062FFB1FFA407F8F9EE1430F953" box="[689,786,1645,1673]" degrees="2" direction="north" minutes="27" orientation="latitude" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" precision="925" value="2.45">2°27′ N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE685062FFB1FFA40657F9EE14B6F953" box="[798,916,1645,1673]" degrees="76" direction="west" minutes="36" orientation="longitude" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" precision="925" value="-76.6">76°36′ W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
];
|
||
<collectorName id="26A95373FFB1FFA406E0F9ED133AF952" box="[937,1048,1646,1672]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Lehmann</collectorName>
|
||
leg.;
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBFA9EDEFFB1FFA40112F9ED1275F952" box="[1115,1367,1646,1672]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">BMNH(E)-10430710</specimenCode>
|
||
to
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B343CF8FFB1FFA405F4F9121519F976" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2425040073" box="[189,571,1681,1708]" collectionCode="NHMUK" collectorName="Lehmann" country="Colombia" latitude="2.45" location="Cauca" longLatPrecision="1307" longitude="-76.6" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" specimenCode="BMNH(E)-10430711" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="2" stateProvince="Cauca">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBFA9EDEFFB1FFA405F4F912169EF971" box="[189,444,1681,1707]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">BMNH(E)-10430711</specimenCode>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4DAE60FFB1FFA40481F9111519F976" box="[456,571,1682,1708]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346652EFFB1FFA205F4F95114A8FC56" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FFB1FFA405F4F951166CF936" blockId="43.[189,334,1746,1772]" box="[189,334,1746,1772]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<heading id="D0AB81C9FFB1FFA405F4F951166CF936" bold="true" box="[189,334,1746,1772]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FFB1FFA405F4F951166CF936" bold="true" box="[189,334,1746,1772]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Description</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FFB1FFA405A3F8821608F8C1" blockId="43.[189,583,1793,1855]" box="[234,298,1793,1819]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FFB1FFA405A3F8821608F8C1" bold="true" box="[234,298,1793,1819]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Male</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FFB1FFA405F4F8A61565F8E4" blockId="43.[189,583,1793,1855]" box="[189,583,1828,1855]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
FOREWING LENGTH.
|
||
<quantity id="4CA49B40FFB1FFA404DFF8A716CBF8E5" box="[406,489,1828,1855]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="23.0">23 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FFB1FFA305F4F8E5136FFE4B" blockId="43.[189,1399,1894,2027]" lastBlockId="44.[189,1398,267,402]" lastPageId="44" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">HEAD. Eyes naked, with grayish scales at base. Frons brownish. Post-genal area with lightly colored long hair-like scales and grayish scales. Labial palpi with first segment mostly with brownish long hairlike scales; second segment length almost twice as great as eye depth and adorned with brown scales laterally, dorsally mostly with light brownish long hair-like scales, ventrally adorned with brownish and white hair-like scales, about 3-4 times as long as segment width; third segment about two-fifth of second segment in length and covered with brownish scales, ventrally with brownish hair-like scales, with slight patch of creamy-white scales laterally. Antennae approximately two-fifth of forewing length, with ca 39 segments (n = 1), distal 13–15 segments composing club, club not prominent.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FFB6FFA305F4FE3A1629FE2D" blockId="44.[189,1399,441,503]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">THORAX. Dorsally, laterally and ventrally scattered with grayish scales with long multi-colored hair-like scales.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FFB6FFA305F4FD9C138DFD5A" blockId="44.[189,1398,543,641]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">LEGS. Foreleg brownish, foretarsus slightly shorter than tibia, femur similar to tarsus in length; midleg and hindleg with femur creamy white ventrally, tibia and tarsus grayish dorsally, whitish ventrally, tarsus and tibia spined ventrally, and a pair of tibial spurs present at distal end of tibia.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FFB6FFA305F4FD2A1647FD3C" blockId="44.[189,1399,680,742]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">ABDOMEN. Eighth tergite as stripe at base of eighth abdominal segment, in addition to presence of distal broader patch.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FFB6FFA305F4FC8C1331FC96" blockId="44.[189,1399,782,850]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
|
||
WING VENATION. Most of forewing Subcostal swollen; base of Cubitus swollen; forewing recurrent vein absent; origin of M
|
||
<subScript id="17D834E0FFB6FFA304D6FCC7168AFC88" attach="left" box="[415,424,836,850]" fontSize="6" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">2</subScript>
|
||
towards M
|
||
<subScript id="17D834E0FFB6FFA30764FCC71514FC88" attach="left" box="[557,566,836,850]" fontSize="6" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">1</subScript>
|
||
than M
|
||
<subScript id="17D834E0FFB6FFA307D8FCC715B8FC88" attach="left" box="[657,666,836,850]" fontSize="6" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">3</subScript>
|
||
. Hindwing Humeral developed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FFB6FFA305F4FCF6162BFBC7" blockId="44.[189,1399,884,1053]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">WING SHAPE. Forewing subtriangular, apex rounded, costal margin convex, outer margin slightly convex (almost straight, but see also below), inner margin straight, but rounded towards thorax near base; hindwing slightly elongate, rounded, costal margin almost straight, angled towards thorax near base, outer margin slightly undulating, inner margin slightly concave near tornus, anal lobe convex, slightly round.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FFB6FFA305F4FBC516E2FB7D" blockId="44.[189,1399,1094,1191]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">DORSAL FOREWING. Ground color light brownish, distally slightly paler; black androconial scales, not prominent, present in middle of DFW, from base to submedian area; trace of submarginal and marginal band almost invisible.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FFB6FFA305F4FB53164DFAE8" blockId="44.[189,1399,1231,1330]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">DORSAL HINDWING. Ground color similar to forewing, black androconial scales present in discal cell and adjacent area, not as prominent as DFW; trace of submarginal band almost invisible (clearly absent in one specimen).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FFB6FFA305F4FAD915EBF9D8" blockId="44.[189,1399,1369,1538]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
|
||
VENTRAL FOREWING. Ground color light chestnut brown; submedian line invisible; dark brown narrow median line extends from near costa to Cu
|
||
<subScript id="17D834E0FFB6FFA3078CFA0C15ECFA47" attach="left" box="[709,718,1423,1437]" fontSize="6" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">2</subScript>
|
||
-2A, in slightly outward diagonal direction, concolorous slightly sinuate submarginal line extending from apex towards tornus, but terminates around 2A; concolorous marginal line, narrower than submarginal line, extending from apex towards tornus, but terminates around 2A; fringe dark brownish.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FFB6FFA305F4F9A815A4F85C" blockId="44.[189,1399,1578,1926]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
|
||
VENTRAL HINDWING. Ground color similar to forewing; regular dark-brown submedian line almost straight, extending from costal to inner margin, passing origin of M
|
||
<subScript id="17D834E0FFB6FFA3063FF9E3145DF9B4" attach="left" box="[886,895,1632,1646]" fontSize="6" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">1</subScript>
|
||
; median line almost parallel to submedian line, concolorous, similar in width, passing origin of M
|
||
<subScript id="17D834E0FFB6FFA30616F907144AF948" attach="left" box="[863,872,1668,1682]" fontSize="6" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">3</subScript>
|
||
, and posterior end bent inwards in 2A-3A; submarginal line extending from apex towards tornus, undulating, posterior end slightly broadening and apparently fused to submedian line in 2A-3A; marginal line, concolorous, slightly undulating along outer margin, thinner than submarginal line; submarginal ocelli from Rs to 2A (ocellus in Rs-M
|
||
<subScript id="17D834E0FFB6FFA30055F9731207F924" attach="left" box="[1308,1317,1776,1790]" fontSize="6" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">1</subScript>
|
||
absent in one specimen), rounded, pupil appear as scattered silverish scales placed rather distally, black central spot ringed with orangish ring then with thin dark brownish indistinct ring, ocellus in Rs-M
|
||
<subScript id="17D834E0FFB6FFA301AEF8B413D2F89F" attach="left" box="[1255,1264,1847,1861]" fontSize="6" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">1</subScript>
|
||
smallest, if present; bright silvery purple ground color visible between submedian line and submarginal line when seen under light; fringe dark brownish.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FFB6FFA205F4F82D1394FDBD" blockId="44.[189,1398,1965,2027]" lastBlockId="45.[189,1399,267,615]" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
|
||
GENITALIA (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A20FFB6FFA3040EF82E1689F812" box="[327,427,1965,1992]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[189,232,906,932]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,862]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[189,1398,265,862]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig. 4. Zischkaia “pacarus clade”, male genitalia. A. Z. amalda (Weymer, 1911), lectotype, ♂, lateral view, with phallus separated (winglet on aedeagus shown inside rectangle) (Genitalic vial: SN-17- 21). B. Z. arctoa Nakahara, sp. nov., ♂, lateral view, with phallus separated (Genitalic vial: SN-17-9). C. Z. chullachaki Nakahara & Zacca, sp. nov., ♂, lateral view, with phallus separated (Genitalic vial: DZ 21. 235). D. Z. baku Zacca, Dolibaina & Dias, sp. nov., ♂, lateral view, with phallus separated (Genitalic vial: DZ 5. 573). E. Z. arenisca Nakahara, Willmott & Hall, sp. nov., ♂, lateral view, with phallus separated (Genitalic vial: SN-17-16). F. Z. argyrosflecha Nakahara, L. Miller & Huertas, sp. nov. ♂, lateral view, with phallus separated (two winglets on aedeagus shown inside rectangle) (Genitalic vial: M-9142 ♂, Lee D. Miller). G. Z. pacarus (Godart, [1824]), ♂, lateral view, with phallus separated (Genitalic vial: DZ 5. 578). H. Z. abanico Nakahara & Petit, sp. nov., ♂, lateral view, with phallus separated (Genitalic vial: 575/19.07.2017, J. Lorenc-Brudecka, MZUJ)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3476684" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3476684/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Fig. 4H</figureCitation>
|
||
). Tegumen rounded in lateral view, elongated posterior projection of tegumen developed, apparently slightly shorter than uncus, tapering posteriorly and hooked at terminal point; combination of ventral arms of tegumen and dorsal arms of saccus sinuous, broadens towards saccus; appendices angulares present, but somewhat reduced; saccus anterior half slightly curved upwards, similar to uncus in length; uncus long and narrow, sparsely with hair-like setae, curved ventrally, rounded at terminal point, posterior end of ventral margin appearing as small projection; either side of base of uncus with hair-like setae; brachia similar to uncus in length, slightly narrower, curved in lateral view, tapering posteriorly and crossing over each other near terminal point; fultura inferior present; valva subtriangular in lateral view, apical process subtriangular, somewhat pointy distal end, scarcely covered by hairy-like setae; costa developed and triangular, dorsal margin slightly sinuous; phallobase slightly shorter than phallus in length, curved; ductus ejaculatorius not examined; aedeagus straight with manica not examined, winglet present, distal opening located ventrally where vesica is visible.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FFB7FFA205A3FD131667FD70" blockId="45.[189,510,656,719]" box="[234,325,656,682]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FFB7FFA205A3FD131667FD70" bold="true" box="[234,325,656,682]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Female</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FFB7FFA205F4FD3616DCFD15" blockId="45.[189,510,656,719]" box="[189,510,693,719]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Unknown or unrecognized.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FFB7FFA205F4FD7B1611FCC8" blockId="45.[189,307,760,786]" box="[189,307,760,786]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<heading id="D0AB81C9FFB7FFA205F4FD7B1611FCC8" bold="true" box="[189,307,760,786]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FFB7FFA205F4FD7B1611FCC8" bold="true" box="[189,307,760,786]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Variation</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FFB7FFA205F4FCAB14A8FC56" blockId="45.[189,1398,808,908]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
The FW outer margin is more curved in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E78807FFB7FFA207ADFCAB146CFC98" box="[740,846,808,834]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, whereas it is straighter in the two examined specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34B7635FFB7FFA204CEFCCE16DDFCBD" box="[391,511,845,871]" name="Colombia" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
; the VHW median line is wavy below the origin of M
|
||
<quantity id="4CA49B40FFB7FFA201EAFCDC13ECFCBD" box="[1187,1230,845,877]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" unit="in" value="3.0">
|
||
<subScript id="17D834E0FFB7FFA201EAFCDC138EFCB7" attach="left" box="[1187,1196,863,877]" fontSize="6" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">3</subScript>
|
||
in
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E78807FFB7FFA20041FCCE1250FCBD" box="[1288,1394,845,871]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, whereas it is rather straight in the two Colombian specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346652EFFB7FFA205F4FC3615CFFB93" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FFB7FFA205F4FC3616E6FC15" blockId="45.[189,452,949,975]" box="[189,452,949,975]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FFB7FFA205F4FC361674FC15" bold="true" box="[189,342,949,975]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A20FFB7FFA2042FFC361699FC15" box="[358,443,949,975]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="56.[189,232,1998,2024]" captionTargetBox="[199,1389,642,1946]" captionTargetId="figure@56.[189,1398,633,1956]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="Fig. 14. Distribution maps for taxa of Zischkaia Forster, 1964." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3476704" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3476704/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FFB7FFA205F4FC6615CFFB93" blockId="45.[189,1399,997,1098]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
This species is known from two localities only, the eastern Andes of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34B7635FFB7FFA2016EFC6613ABFC25" box="[1063,1161,997,1023]" name="Ecuador" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4998F847FFB7FFA201D4FC66124CFBDA" box="[1181,1390,997,1024]" country="Ecuador" name="Morona-Santiago" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Morona-Santiago</collectingRegion>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A20FFB7FFA2058FFB89160FFBFF" box="[198,301,1034,1061]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="57.[189,232,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,845,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@57.[189,1398,845,1769]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="Fig. 15. Habitats of species of Zischkaia Forster, 1964. A. Climbing bamboo species (Poaceae, likely Chusquea Kunth) that was common along the Sumak Yaku mine track, Zamora-Chinchipe, Ecuador, where Z. arenisca Nakahara, Willmott & Hall, sp. nov. was common (photo by Keith Willmott). B. Ridge top at San Roque ridge, Zamora-Chinchipe, Ecuador, where females of Z. arenisca sp. nov. were found (photo by Keith Willmott). C. View of the ridge line 500 m west of the Río Abanico (Morona-Santiago, Ecuador) collecting site (photo by Andrew Neild)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3476706" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3476706/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 15C</figureCitation>
|
||
) and the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4998F847FFB7FFA204DFFB8916FDFBFE" box="[406,479,1034,1060]" country="Colombia" name="Cauca" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Cauca</collectingRegion>
|
||
valley in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34B7635FFB7FFA20719FB8915E6FBFE" box="[592,708,1034,1060]" name="Colombia" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4998F847FFB7FFA2079AFB891401FBFE" box="[723,803,1034,1060]" country="Colombia" name="Cauca" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Cauca</collectingRegion>
|
||
). However, there is some doubt about the reliability of the latter locality, as discussed further below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346652EFFB7FFA205F4FBF11480F91B" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FFB7FFA205F4FBF1160DFB56" blockId="45.[189,303,1138,1164]" box="[189,303,1138,1164]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<heading id="D0AB81C9FFB7FFA205F4FBF1160DFB56" bold="true" box="[189,303,1138,1164]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FFB7FFA205F4FBF1160DFB56" bold="true" box="[189,303,1138,1164]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FFB7FFA205F4FB201480F91B" blockId="45.[189,1399,1186,1729]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
We excluded from the type series the two male specimens from Popayán,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34B7635FFB7FFA2011EFB2113ECFB66" box="[1111,1230,1186,1212]" name="Colombia" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, listed above, despite the male genitalia of the dissected specimen (BMNH(E)-10430711) being identical to that of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E78807FFB7FFA205A3FB6F1673FADC" box="[234,337,1260,1286]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
male, in particular in the apical portion of the valva being somewhat rectangular with a convex (i.e., projecting) distal margin in lateral view. However, given the absence of other specimens of this evidently rare species from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34B7635FFB7FFA20710FAB515EFFA8A" box="[601,717,1334,1360]" name="Colombia" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
or other localities in northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34B7635FFB7FFA2017FFAB513B8FA8A" box="[1078,1178,1334,1360]" name="Ecuador" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and the otherwise low overlap in the butterfly fauna between
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4998F847FFB7FFA20783FAD814B5FAAF" box="[714,919,1371,1397]" country="Ecuador" name="Morona-Santiago" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Morona-Santiago</collectingRegion>
|
||
and the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4998F847FFB7FFA2014CFAD8136CFAAF" box="[1029,1102,1371,1397]" country="Colombia" name="Cauca" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Cauca</collectingRegion>
|
||
valley, we considered it reasonably likely that the Colombian specimens might have been mislabeled. In particular, there are several mislabeled specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D26FFB7FFA2070BFA26144BFA1A" authorityName="Godman & Salvin" authorityYear="1879" box="[578,873,1445,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ithomiini">Ithomiini (Nymphalidae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the NHMUK also labeled as having been collected by Lehmann in Popayán,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34B7635FFB7FFA20719FA4A15E5FA39" box="[592,711,1481,1507]" name="Colombia" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D26FFB7FFA2060DFA4913D5FA3E" authority="loreta Haensch, 1903" authorityName="Haensch" authorityYear="1903" box="[836,1271,1481,1508]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Dircenna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="loreta" subSpecies="loreta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FFB7FFA2060DFA491364FA3E" box="[836,1094,1482,1508]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Dircenna loreta loreta</emphasis>
|
||
Haensch, 1903
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(a lowland west Amazonian taxon,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D5AFD2CFFB7FFA20492FA6C1529F9D3" box="[475,523,1519,1545]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D26FFB7FFA2076AFA6D1372F9D3" authority="(Hewitson, 1860)" baseAuthorityName="Hewitson" baseAuthorityYear="1860" box="[547,1104,1518,1545]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Melinaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="marsaeus" subSpecies="mothone">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FFB7FFA2076AFA6D145BF9D2" box="[547,889,1518,1544]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Melinaea marsaeus mothone</emphasis>
|
||
(Hewitson, 1860)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(an east Andean foothill taxon,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D5AFD2CFFB7FFA20444F9901618F9F4" box="[269,314,1555,1582]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D26FFB7FFA20434F99014A7F9F4" authority="(Boisduval, 1836)" baseAuthorityName="Boisduval" baseAuthorityYear="1836" box="[381,901,1555,1582]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Hypothyris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="ninonia" subSpecies="daeta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FFB7FFA20434F990158BF9F7" box="[381,681,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Hypothyris ninonia daeta</emphasis>
|
||
(Boisduval, 1836)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34B7635FFB7FFA2017CF99013A2F9F7" box="[1077,1152,1555,1581]" name="Brazil" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D5AFD2CFFB7FFA201C5F99013F0F9F4" box="[1164,1234,1555,1582]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="male">2 ♂♂</specimenCount>
|
||
). Notably, the last mentioned taxon occurs within the range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D26FFB7FFA2064CF9BA14A4F988" baseAuthorityName="Godart" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[773,902,1593,1618]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Zischkaia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pacarus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FFB7FFA2064CF9BA14A4F988" box="[773,902,1593,1618]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Z. pacarus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, so it is possible that the two Colombian specimens are actually mislabeled
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D26FFB7FFA2071AF9DD15F3F9AD" baseAuthorityName="Godart" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[595,721,1630,1655]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Zischkaia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pacarus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FFB7FFA2071AF9DD15F3F9AD" box="[595,721,1630,1655]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Z. pacarus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Thus, although Popayán is a somewhat plausible locality for this species, and certainly this taxon should be searched for in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34B7635FFB7FFA20696F9011374F946" box="[991,1110,1666,1692]" name="Colombia" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, we decided to treat the presence of this species in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34B7635FFB7FFA204BEF9241549F91B" box="[503,619,1703,1729]" name="Colombia" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
as requiring confirmation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |