1110 lines
197 KiB
XML
1110 lines
197 KiB
XML
<document id="732521ABE2BF4D8A391D4F56715247C4" ID-CLB-Dataset="305518" ID-DOI="10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a33" ID-GBIF-Dataset="de5327a2-19de-48ab-a1ba-411f93924e97" ID-ISSN="1777-571X" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14231543" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:81D6C4A1-7B66-41BE-8D43-8EE44214C67B" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="julia" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="julia" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="julia" IM.tables_approvedBy="julia" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="julia" IM.treatments_approvedBy="julia" checkinTime="1732633158935" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Koufos, George D., Plastiras, Christos-Alexandros, David, Constantine N. & Sagris, Dimitrios" docDate="2023" docId="03D9A836FFAAF44F93F9FA70BFEC02BA" docLanguage="en" docName="CRPalevol.22.33.667-688.pdf" docOrigin="Comptes Rendus Palevol 22 (33)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a33" docStyle="DocumentStyle:DACF86F01658A8850E13A63D98C287FD.1:CRPalevol.2020-.journal_article" docStyleId="DACF86F01658A8850E13A63D98C287FD" docStyleName="CRPalevol.2020-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Ouranopithecus macedoniensis" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="680" masterDocId="FFE0D04EFFA3F440937DFFE4BA48004A" masterDocTitle="The Late Miocene hominoid Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974): maxillary deciduous dentition and virtual reconstruction of the unerupted permanent teeth" masterLastPageNumber="688" masterPageNumber="667" pageNumber="674" updateTime="1732743661070" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="606431AC313E3CAE120958C87B043E10">The Late Miocene hominoid Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974): maxillary deciduous dentition and virtual reconstruction of the unerupted permanent teeth</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="79C3CD475FEDE11322AD6B827B33A4F4">Koufos, George D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6CBC0A7F56CFB9A4340D8529887B8F25">Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Geology, Laboratory of Geology and Palaeontology, GR- 54124 Thessaloniki (Greece) koufos @ geo. auth. gr (corresponding author)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="55E662ADE4FB50A5460AF889EDBEFE0C" type="email">koufos@geo.auth.gr</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="D851C2E0C525119D42A0AB021AC1A6A3">Plastiras, Christos-Alexandros</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="885D8C5D21B4911B15FF4FAFF9A07150">Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Geology, Laboratory of Geology and Palaeontology, GR- 54124 Thessaloniki (Greece) and Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Street, Cambridge CB 2 1 QH (United Kingdom) chrisalexander _ plastiras @ yahoo. gr</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="51BE706CF37BCBA58AFFD78858B4D617" type="email">chrisalexander_plastiras@yahoo.gr</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="65117755F019F6403E56ED587EA57442">David, Constantine N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="2AE8B550A8C42B412BB979944374E438">International Hellenic University, School of Engineering, Manufacturing Technology and Production Systems Laboratory (MT-Lab), GR- 62124 Serres (Greece)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="9A10B5C0C86629A08ABA601D271C8ECF" type="email">david@ihu.gr</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="065FAF946C9F544955B38CC68B102C30">Sagris, Dimitrios</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F0541AC8B7EA3FB3197A779B0F48ADCC">International Hellenic University, School of Engineering, Manufacturing Technology and Production Systems Laboratory (MT-Lab), GR- 62124 Serres (Greece)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="B000ED683BE78960771E2CD30E427A5B" type="email">dsagris@ihu.gr</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="32DFDFF0B606F768A4E65C45F67C62F9">Comptes Rendus Palevol</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="3BBDD971AEB550B8D0FD3A40D4CC361E">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03D9A836FFAAF44F93F9FA70BFEC02BA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14232199" ID-GBIF-Taxon="247601326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14232199" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D9A836FFAAF44F93F9FA70BFEC02BA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D9A836FFAAF44F93F9FA70BFEC02BA" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="680" pageId="9" pageNumber="674">
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<subSubSection id="C36A4AABFFAAF44993F9FA70BAB005E4" box="[132,248,1428,1454]" pageId="9" pageNumber="674" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BCF1920FFAAF44993F9FA70BAB005E4" blockId="9.[132,248,1428,1454]" box="[132,248,1428,1454]" pageId="9" pageNumber="674">
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<heading id="D087AE4CFFAAF44993F9FA70BAB005E4" box="[132,248,1428,1454]" fontSize="36" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="674" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFAAF44993F9FA70BAB005E4" authority="(Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974)" baseAuthorityName="Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[132,248,1428,1454]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="674" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedoniensis">RESULTS</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36A4AABFFAAF44B93F9FA30B86907A1" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="676" pageId="9" pageNumber="674" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BCF1920FFAAF44993F9FA30B82605A6" blockId="9.[131,776,1492,2028]" box="[132,622,1492,1518]" pageId="9" pageNumber="674">
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<smallCapsWord id="8D298FFCFFAAF4499260FA3DBB7105A6" baselines="1511" box="[285,313,1497,1516]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="of" pageId="9" pageNumber="674">OF</smallCapsWord>
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<smallCapsWord id="8D298FFCFFAAF449923DFA3DBB2305A6" baselines="1511" box="[320,363,1497,1516]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="the" pageId="9" pageNumber="674">THE</smallCapsWord>
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<smallCapsWord id="8D298FFCFFAAF449920FFA3DBBA705A6" baselines="1511" box="[370,495,1497,1516]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="deciduous" pageId="9" pageNumber="674">DECIDUOUS</smallCapsWord>
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<smallCapsWord id="8D298FFCFFAAF449928BFA3DB82605A6" baselines="1511" box="[502,622,1497,1516]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="dentition" pageId="9" pageNumber="674">DENTITION</smallCapsWord>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCF1920FFAAF44993F9FA10BB310647" blockId="9.[131,776,1492,2028]" box="[132,377,1523,1549]" pageId="9" pageNumber="674">
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<emphasis id="B904C532FFAAF44993F9FA10BB310647" box="[132,377,1523,1549]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="674">Upper deciduous canine</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCF1920FFAAF44993F9F9F7BE340767" blockId="9.[131,776,1492,2028]" lastBlockId="9.[811,1458,1427,1837]" pageId="9" pageNumber="674">
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The dC1 is well preserved, missing a small part of its distolingual basal margin (
|
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<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFAAF4499212F9D7BBBB0607" box="[367,499,1587,1614]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1277,1294]" captionTargetBox="[132,1440,184,1256]" captionTargetId="figure-404@9.[705,1258,232,778]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 2. — Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974), Ravin de la Pluie, Macedonia, Greece; late Vallesian, MN10, c. 9.3 Ma: A-C, right maxillary fragment with dC1-M1, RPl-245: A, lingual; B, labial; C, occlusal view; D-F, virtual reconstruction of RPl-245: D, lingual; E, labial; F, occlusal view; G-I, deciduous upper canine; G, mesial; H, distal; I, lingual view; J, deciduous upper third premolar, occlusal view; K, deciduous upper fourth premolar, occlusal view; L, permanent first molar, occlusal view. The red dotted lines indicate the dentine pits; the red arrow the rudimentary hypocone. Abbreviations: C1, upper canine; d, deciduous; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar. Scale bars: 1 cm." pageId="9" pageNumber="674">Fig. 2C, F, I</figureCitation>
|
||
). It is small and low with a rounded occlusal crown outline (index-a = 101.4;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F22C9BFFAAF44991DBF9B7B8BD0627" box="[678,757,1619,1645]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="11.[131,142,219,236]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 4. — Indices of upper deciduous teeth of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis(Bonis,Bouvrain,Geraads & Melentis,1974) and other extant and extinct hominids. Index-a. (MD*100)/BL and index-b. (MDdC1*100)/(MDdP3+MDdP4). The indices were calculated using the mean values of the dental dimensions." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0F49A8FFA8F44B93FEFF3FBF7F0149" pageId="9" pageNumber="674" tableUuid="DF0F49A8FFA8F44B93FEFF3FBF7F0149">Table 4</tableCitation>
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). Across the mesial margin of the crown there is a stripe-like enamel wear facet from the apex to the base, where it merges with a rounded dentine pit (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFAAF44992C2F956B85D0687" box="[447,533,1714,1741]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1277,1294]" captionTargetBox="[132,1440,184,1256]" captionTargetId="figure-404@9.[705,1258,232,778]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 2. — Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974), Ravin de la Pluie, Macedonia, Greece; late Vallesian, MN10, c. 9.3 Ma: A-C, right maxillary fragment with dC1-M1, RPl-245: A, lingual; B, labial; C, occlusal view; D-F, virtual reconstruction of RPl-245: D, lingual; E, labial; F, occlusal view; G-I, deciduous upper canine; G, mesial; H, distal; I, lingual view; J, deciduous upper third premolar, occlusal view; K, deciduous upper fourth premolar, occlusal view; L, permanent first molar, occlusal view. The red dotted lines indicate the dentine pits; the red arrow the rudimentary hypocone. Abbreviations: C1, upper canine; d, deciduous; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar. Scale bars: 1 cm." pageId="9" pageNumber="674">Fig. 2G</figureCitation>
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||
, red dotted-line). The mesial enamel wear facet probably corresponds to a mesial crest, that wears away, and the rounded basal dentine pit to a very small mesial cingular cusplet. The distal margin of the crown is less worn; there is a narrow and short dentine pit, starting from the rounded one at the apex and extending over the distal margin (
|
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<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFAAF44992F6F896BB9E07C6" box="[395,470,1906,1932]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1277,1294]" captionTargetBox="[132,1440,184,1256]" captionTargetId="figure-404@9.[705,1258,232,778]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 2. — Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974), Ravin de la Pluie, Macedonia, Greece; late Vallesian, MN10, c. 9.3 Ma: A-C, right maxillary fragment with dC1-M1, RPl-245: A, lingual; B, labial; C, occlusal view; D-F, virtual reconstruction of RPl-245: D, lingual; E, labial; F, occlusal view; G-I, deciduous upper canine; G, mesial; H, distal; I, lingual view; J, deciduous upper third premolar, occlusal view; K, deciduous upper fourth premolar, occlusal view; L, permanent first molar, occlusal view. The red dotted lines indicate the dentine pits; the red arrow the rudimentary hypocone. Abbreviations: C1, upper canine; d, deciduous; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar. Scale bars: 1 cm." pageId="9" pageNumber="674">Fig. 2I</figureCitation>
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, red dotted-line). The buccal wall of the crown is mesiodistally curved and featureless (
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<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFAAF44993F0F856BAB70786" box="[141,255,1970,1996]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1277,1294]" captionTargetBox="[132,1440,184,1256]" captionTargetId="figure-404@9.[705,1258,232,778]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 2. — Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974), Ravin de la Pluie, Macedonia, Greece; late Vallesian, MN10, c. 9.3 Ma: A-C, right maxillary fragment with dC1-M1, RPl-245: A, lingual; B, labial; C, occlusal view; D-F, virtual reconstruction of RPl-245: D, lingual; E, labial; F, occlusal view; G-I, deciduous upper canine; G, mesial; H, distal; I, lingual view; J, deciduous upper third premolar, occlusal view; K, deciduous upper fourth premolar, occlusal view; L, permanent first molar, occlusal view. The red dotted lines indicate the dentine pits; the red arrow the rudimentary hypocone. Abbreviations: C1, upper canine; d, deciduous; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar. Scale bars: 1 cm." pageId="9" pageNumber="674">Fig. 2B, E</figureCitation>
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). The lingual cingulum is prominent and forms a narrow ledge across the lingual margin of the crown; it is slightly damaged in the distal part (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFAAF44997C6FA77BF0F05E4" box="[1211,1351,1427,1454]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1277,1294]" captionTargetBox="[132,1440,184,1256]" captionTargetId="figure-404@9.[705,1258,232,778]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 2. — Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974), Ravin de la Pluie, Macedonia, Greece; late Vallesian, MN10, c. 9.3 Ma: A-C, right maxillary fragment with dC1-M1, RPl-245: A, lingual; B, labial; C, occlusal view; D-F, virtual reconstruction of RPl-245: D, lingual; E, labial; F, occlusal view; G-I, deciduous upper canine; G, mesial; H, distal; I, lingual view; J, deciduous upper third premolar, occlusal view; K, deciduous upper fourth premolar, occlusal view; L, permanent first molar, occlusal view. The red dotted lines indicate the dentine pits; the red arrow the rudimentary hypocone. Abbreviations: C1, upper canine; d, deciduous; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar. Scale bars: 1 cm." pageId="9" pageNumber="674">Fig. 2C, F, I</figureCitation>
|
||
). A weak distal pillar extends from the base towards the apex of the crown and ends almost at the middle height of the crown. The basal part of this pillar is worn and forms a dentine pit of undermined shape because the tooth is damaged in this part (the triangular-shaped pit shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFAAF449967DF9D7BF2E0604" box="[1280,1382,1587,1614]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1277,1294]" captionTargetBox="[132,1440,184,1256]" captionTargetId="figure-404@9.[705,1258,232,778]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 2. — Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974), Ravin de la Pluie, Macedonia, Greece; late Vallesian, MN10, c. 9.3 Ma: A-C, right maxillary fragment with dC1-M1, RPl-245: A, lingual; B, labial; C, occlusal view; D-F, virtual reconstruction of RPl-245: D, lingual; E, labial; F, occlusal view; G-I, deciduous upper canine; G, mesial; H, distal; I, lingual view; J, deciduous upper third premolar, occlusal view; K, deciduous upper fourth premolar, occlusal view; L, permanent first molar, occlusal view. The red dotted lines indicate the dentine pits; the red arrow the rudimentary hypocone. Abbreviations: C1, upper canine; d, deciduous; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar. Scale bars: 1 cm." pageId="9" pageNumber="674">Figure 2I</figureCitation>
|
||
is not the original one). Mesial to this dentine pit there is another elliptical pit limited to the cingulum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFAAF44997B7F997BF5C06C7" box="[1226,1300,1651,1677]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1277,1294]" captionTargetBox="[132,1440,184,1256]" captionTargetId="figure-404@9.[705,1258,232,778]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 2. — Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974), Ravin de la Pluie, Macedonia, Greece; late Vallesian, MN10, c. 9.3 Ma: A-C, right maxillary fragment with dC1-M1, RPl-245: A, lingual; B, labial; C, occlusal view; D-F, virtual reconstruction of RPl-245: D, lingual; E, labial; F, occlusal view; G-I, deciduous upper canine; G, mesial; H, distal; I, lingual view; J, deciduous upper third premolar, occlusal view; K, deciduous upper fourth premolar, occlusal view; L, permanent first molar, occlusal view. The red dotted lines indicate the dentine pits; the red arrow the rudimentary hypocone. Abbreviations: C1, upper canine; d, deciduous; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar. Scale bars: 1 cm." pageId="9" pageNumber="674">Fig. 2I</figureCitation>
|
||
). There is also a rudimentary mesial pillar and a shallow basin between the two pillars. The poorly preserved part of the root indicates that it is elongated and less stout in relation to the crown (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFAAF4499048F916B9E80746" box="[821,928,1778,1805]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1277,1294]" captionTargetBox="[132,1440,184,1256]" captionTargetId="figure-404@9.[705,1258,232,778]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 2. — Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974), Ravin de la Pluie, Macedonia, Greece; late Vallesian, MN10, c. 9.3 Ma: A-C, right maxillary fragment with dC1-M1, RPl-245: A, lingual; B, labial; C, occlusal view; D-F, virtual reconstruction of RPl-245: D, lingual; E, labial; F, occlusal view; G-I, deciduous upper canine; G, mesial; H, distal; I, lingual view; J, deciduous upper third premolar, occlusal view; K, deciduous upper fourth premolar, occlusal view; L, permanent first molar, occlusal view. The red dotted lines indicate the dentine pits; the red arrow the rudimentary hypocone. Abbreviations: C1, upper canine; d, deciduous; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar. Scale bars: 1 cm." pageId="9" pageNumber="674">Fig. 2B, E</figureCitation>
|
||
). The preserved buccal height of the root is
|
||
<quantity id="4C88B4C5FFAAF4499621F916BFE70747" box="[1372,1455,1778,1805]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.8" pageId="9" pageNumber="674" unit="mm" value="6.8">6.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
and that of the crown
|
||
<quantity id="4C88B4C5FFAAF4499763F8F6BE300767" box="[1054,1144,1810,1837]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.2" pageId="9" pageNumber="674" unit="mm" value="7.2">7.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCF1920FFAAF4499050F8B7BE0A0726" blockId="9.[813,1455,1874,2028]" box="[813,1090,1874,1900]" pageId="9" pageNumber="674">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFAAF4499050F8B7BE0A0726" box="[813,1090,1874,1900]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="674">Upper deciduous premolars</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCF1920FFAAF44A9050F896BB2906E7" blockId="9.[813,1455,1874,2028]" lastBlockId="10.[130,777,1268,2028]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="675" pageId="9" pageNumber="674">
|
||
The dP3 is well preserved and moderately worn (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFAAF449962EF896BFE907C6" box="[1363,1441,1906,1932]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1277,1294]" captionTargetBox="[132,1440,184,1256]" captionTargetId="figure-404@9.[705,1258,232,778]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 2. — Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974), Ravin de la Pluie, Macedonia, Greece; late Vallesian, MN10, c. 9.3 Ma: A-C, right maxillary fragment with dC1-M1, RPl-245: A, lingual; B, labial; C, occlusal view; D-F, virtual reconstruction of RPl-245: D, lingual; E, labial; F, occlusal view; G-I, deciduous upper canine; G, mesial; H, distal; I, lingual view; J, deciduous upper third premolar, occlusal view; K, deciduous upper fourth premolar, occlusal view; L, permanent first molar, occlusal view. The red dotted lines indicate the dentine pits; the red arrow the rudimentary hypocone. Abbreviations: C1, upper canine; d, deciduous; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar. Scale bars: 1 cm." pageId="9" pageNumber="674">Fig. 2J</figureCitation>
|
||
). The outline of the occlusal crown is trapezoidal. It is truncated mesiolingually and the buccal mesiodistal length is much longer than the lingual length. Paracone and metacone, although worn, are almost equal and separated by well-developed occlusal and buccal grooves. The paracone has a small and round dentine pit on its apex, while the metacone has a trace of enamel wear facet (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFA9F44A9129FAB0B8D70524" box="[596,671,1364,1390]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1277,1294]" captionTargetBox="[132,1440,184,1256]" captionTargetId="figure-404@9.[705,1258,232,778]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 2. — Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974), Ravin de la Pluie, Macedonia, Greece; late Vallesian, MN10, c. 9.3 Ma: A-C, right maxillary fragment with dC1-M1, RPl-245: A, lingual; B, labial; C, occlusal view; D-F, virtual reconstruction of RPl-245: D, lingual; E, labial; F, occlusal view; G-I, deciduous upper canine; G, mesial; H, distal; I, lingual view; J, deciduous upper third premolar, occlusal view; K, deciduous upper fourth premolar, occlusal view; L, permanent first molar, occlusal view. The red dotted lines indicate the dentine pits; the red arrow the rudimentary hypocone. Abbreviations: C1, upper canine; d, deciduous; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar. Scale bars: 1 cm." pageId="10" pageNumber="675">Fig. 2J</figureCitation>
|
||
). Despite the wear, a small parastyle can be seen in the mesiobuccal corner of the crown, separated from the paracone by a faint vertical groove on the buccal wall (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFA9F44A9113FA57B88E0584" box="[622,710,1459,1486]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1277,1294]" captionTargetBox="[132,1440,184,1256]" captionTargetId="figure-404@9.[705,1258,232,778]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 2. — Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974), Ravin de la Pluie, Macedonia, Greece; late Vallesian, MN10, c. 9.3 Ma: A-C, right maxillary fragment with dC1-M1, RPl-245: A, lingual; B, labial; C, occlusal view; D-F, virtual reconstruction of RPl-245: D, lingual; E, labial; F, occlusal view; G-I, deciduous upper canine; G, mesial; H, distal; I, lingual view; J, deciduous upper third premolar, occlusal view; K, deciduous upper fourth premolar, occlusal view; L, permanent first molar, occlusal view. The red dotted lines indicate the dentine pits; the red arrow the rudimentary hypocone. Abbreviations: C1, upper canine; d, deciduous; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar. Scale bars: 1 cm." pageId="10" pageNumber="675">Fig. 2E</figureCitation>
|
||
). The protocone is worn and there is a rudimentary hypocone in the distolingual corner of the tooth, separated from the protocone by a weak lingual vertical groove; a very small dentine pit is visible at its apex (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFA9F44A917FF9D7B8320604" box="[514,634,1587,1614]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1277,1294]" captionTargetBox="[132,1440,184,1256]" captionTargetId="figure-404@9.[705,1258,232,778]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 2. — Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974), Ravin de la Pluie, Macedonia, Greece; late Vallesian, MN10, c. 9.3 Ma: A-C, right maxillary fragment with dC1-M1, RPl-245: A, lingual; B, labial; C, occlusal view; D-F, virtual reconstruction of RPl-245: D, lingual; E, labial; F, occlusal view; G-I, deciduous upper canine; G, mesial; H, distal; I, lingual view; J, deciduous upper third premolar, occlusal view; K, deciduous upper fourth premolar, occlusal view; L, permanent first molar, occlusal view. The red dotted lines indicate the dentine pits; the red arrow the rudimentary hypocone. Abbreviations: C1, upper canine; d, deciduous; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar. Scale bars: 1 cm." pageId="10" pageNumber="675">Fig. 2C, F</figureCitation>
|
||
, red arrow). A mesiodistal groove separates the buccal cusps from the lingual ones. The distal fovea is short and weak, and the cingulum is absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
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<paragraph id="8BCF1920FFA9F44A93F9FB7DB9E6048A" blockId="10.[132,1457,1177,1216]" pageId="10" pageNumber="675">
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||
. 3. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFA9F44A93ADFB7DB97D04E0" authority="(Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974)" authorityName="Ravin de la Pluie" baseAuthorityName="Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[208,821,1177,1194]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="675" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedoniensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFA9F44A93ADFB7DBB8604E0" box="[208,462,1177,1194]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="675">Ouranopithecus macedoniensis</emphasis>
|
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(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFA9F44A92ABFB7DB97804E0" author="BONIS L. DE & BOUVRAIN G. & GERAADS D. & MELENTIS J. K." box="[470,816,1177,1194]" pageId="10" pageNumber="675" pagination="3063 - 3066" refId="ref14236" refString="BONIS L. DE, BOUVRAIN G., GERAADS D. & MELENTIS J. K. 1974. - Premiere decouverte d'un primate hominoide dans le Miocene superieur de Macedoine (Grece). Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences 278: 3063 - 3066." type="journal article" year="1974">Bonis,Bouvrain,Geraads & Melentis, 1974</bibRefCitation>
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)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,Ravin de la Pluie,Macedonia,Greece;late Vallesian, MN10; GPTS =
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFA9F44A961DFB7DBF3804E0" box="[1376,1392,1177,1194]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="675">c.</emphasis>
|
||
9.3 Ma. Virtual reconstruction of the unerupted upper permanent teeth; mirrored photos. Scale bar: 1 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCF1920FFA9F44A93E6F956B9B60504" blockId="10.[130,777,1268,2028]" lastBlockId="10.[811,1456,1268,1358]" pageId="10" pageNumber="675">
|
||
The dP4 is crushed mesiolingually and lacks a small enamel peel (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFA9F44A93BEF936BB1406A7" box="[195,348,1746,1773]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1277,1294]" captionTargetBox="[132,1440,184,1256]" captionTargetId="figure-404@9.[705,1258,232,778]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 2. — Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974), Ravin de la Pluie, Macedonia, Greece; late Vallesian, MN10, c. 9.3 Ma: A-C, right maxillary fragment with dC1-M1, RPl-245: A, lingual; B, labial; C, occlusal view; D-F, virtual reconstruction of RPl-245: D, lingual; E, labial; F, occlusal view; G-I, deciduous upper canine; G, mesial; H, distal; I, lingual view; J, deciduous upper third premolar, occlusal view; K, deciduous upper fourth premolar, occlusal view; L, permanent first molar, occlusal view. The red dotted lines indicate the dentine pits; the red arrow the rudimentary hypocone. Abbreviations: C1, upper canine; d, deciduous; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar. Scale bars: 1 cm." pageId="10" pageNumber="675">Fig. 2C, F, K</figureCitation>
|
||
). The occlusal outline of the crown is sub-squared and less truncated mesiolingually than dP3. The paracone and metacone are equal in size, low, and separated by an occlusal and buccal groove. There is no parastyle. The protocone is large and separated from the smaller hypocone by a deep occlusal and a distinct buccal groove. Both protocone and paracone are poorly worn and retain a small dentine pit at their apex.Two low crests run from the apex of the protocone to the paracone and metacone, forming a large trigon basin. Another small crest connects the hypocone and the metacone. The distal fovea is short, broad, and unworn. There are no traces of cingulum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCF1920FFA9F44A9050FA90BF5105C6" blockId="10.[810,1457,1396,1773]" box="[813,1305,1396,1422]" pageId="10" pageNumber="675">
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<smallCapsWord id="8D298FFCFFA9F44A90B8FA9DB9A905C6" baselines="1415" box="[965,993,1401,1420]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="of" pageId="10" pageNumber="675">OF</smallCapsWord>
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<smallCapsWord id="8D298FFCFFA9F44A9095FA9DBE5B05C6" baselines="1415" box="[1000,1043,1401,1420]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="the" pageId="10" pageNumber="675">THE</smallCapsWord>
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<smallCapsWord id="8D298FFCFFA9F44A9767FA9DBED305C6" baselines="1415" box="[1050,1179,1401,1420]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="permanent" pageId="10" pageNumber="675">PERMANENT</smallCapsWord>
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCF1920FFA9F44A9050FA77B99C06A7" blockId="10.[810,1457,1396,1773]" pageId="10" pageNumber="675">
|
||
The upper permanent canine and the third and fourth premolars are still into the maxillary bone. These teeth are unworn, and it is interesting to have access to their full morphology, given that unworn teeth of this species were previously unknown. They will also help in the classification and sexing of the specimens studied. They have been virtually reconstructed using aµCT scan (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFA9F44A9092F9B7BE620627" box="[1007,1066,1619,1645]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,142,1177,1194]" captionTargetBox="[144,1456,176,1152]" captionTargetId="figure-551@10.[744,929,492,667]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 3. — Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis,Bouvrain,Geraads & Melentis, 1974),Ravin de la Pluie,Macedonia,Greece;late Vallesian, MN10; GPTS = c. 9.3 Ma. Virtual reconstruction of the unerupted upper permanent teeth; mirrored photos. Scale bar: 1 cm." pageId="10" pageNumber="675">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
) and we have produced physical casts using a 3D printer. The present description of these teeth is based on their virtual reconstruction (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFA9F44A97B5F977BF4E06E7" box="[1224,1286,1683,1709]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,142,1177,1194]" captionTargetBox="[144,1456,176,1152]" captionTargetId="figure-551@10.[744,929,492,667]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 3. — Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis,Bouvrain,Geraads & Melentis, 1974),Ravin de la Pluie,Macedonia,Greece;late Vallesian, MN10; GPTS = c. 9.3 Ma. Virtual reconstruction of the unerupted upper permanent teeth; mirrored photos. Scale bar: 1 cm." pageId="10" pageNumber="675">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
) and casts. The dimensions of the permanent teeth were measured on both casts and scans.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCF1920FFA9F44A9050F8F7BE640766" blockId="10.[813,1068,1811,1836]" box="[813,1068,1811,1836]" pageId="10" pageNumber="675">
|
||
<heading id="D087AE4CFFA9F44A9050F8F7BE640766" box="[813,1068,1811,1836]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="675" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFA9F44A9050F8F7BE640766" box="[813,1068,1811,1836]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="675">Upper permanent canine</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCF1920FFA9F44B9050F8D6BB540465" blockId="10.[812,1458,1842,2028]" lastBlockId="11.[131,777,790,1071]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="676" pageId="10" pageNumber="675">
|
||
The C1 is small with triangular external profile (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFA9F44A964AF8D6BF3E0706" box="[1335,1398,1842,1868]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,142,1177,1194]" captionTargetBox="[144,1456,176,1152]" captionTargetId="figure-551@10.[744,929,492,667]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 3. — Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis,Bouvrain,Geraads & Melentis, 1974),Ravin de la Pluie,Macedonia,Greece;late Vallesian, MN10; GPTS = c. 9.3 Ma. Virtual reconstruction of the unerupted upper permanent teeth; mirrored photos. Scale bar: 1 cm." pageId="10" pageNumber="675">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
) and almost rounded occlusal outline; the index-a is 102.8 (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F22C9BFFA9F44A9628F8B6BFE80726" box="[1365,1440,1874,1900]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="11.[131,142,219,236]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 4. — Indices of upper deciduous teeth of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis(Bonis,Bouvrain,Geraads & Melentis,1974) and other extant and extinct hominids. Index-a. (MD*100)/BL and index-b. (MDdC1*100)/(MDdP3+MDdP4). The indices were calculated using the mean values of the dental dimensions." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0F49A8FFA8F44B93FEFF3FBF7F0149" pageId="10" pageNumber="675" tableUuid="DF0F49A8FFA8F44B93FEFF3FBF7F0149">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
). The crown is low, the maximum buccal height is
|
||
<quantity id="4C88B4C5FFA9F44A963EF896BFE407C6" box="[1347,1452,1906,1932]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.21" pageId="10" pageNumber="675" unit="mm" value="12.1">12.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
. The buccal wall is curved mesiodistally and lacks any feature as well as the cingulum. A mesiolingual groove runs from the base to the apex, it is narrow and situated more lingually. The distal margin of the canine is more inclined distally than mesially. Lingually, the cingulum is prominent, forms a horizontal surface, like a shelf. The lingual wall of the main cusp is triangular and perpendicular to the cingulum. The distal margin of the mesiolingual groove and that of the distal margin of the tooth form a triangular basin-like feature in the distolingual part of the tooth. A small and weak pillar divides it into two smaller parts, the mesial being larger than the distal one.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0F49A8FFA8F44B93FEFF3FBF7F0149" ID-Table-UUID="DF0F49A8FFA8F44B93FEFF3FBF7F0149" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0F49A8FFA8F44B93FEFF3FBF7F0149" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" startId="11.[131,142,219,236]" targetBox="[134,1419,317,723]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="11" targetType="table">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCF1920FFA8F44B93FEFF3FBFF800A6" blockId="11.[131,1456,219,259]" box="[131,1456,219,236]" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
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|
||
4. — Indices of upper deciduous teeth of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFA8F44B9178FF3FBE3900A6" authority="(Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974)" authorityName="Ravin de la Pluie" baseAuthorityName="Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[517,1137,219,236]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedoniensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFA8F44B9178FF3FB94100A6" box="[517,777,219,236]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">Ouranopithecus macedoniensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFA8F44B9072FF3FBE2500A6" author="BONIS L. DE & BOUVRAIN G. & GERAADS D. & MELENTIS J. K." box="[783,1133,219,236]" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" pagination="3063 - 3066" refId="ref14236" refString="BONIS L. DE, BOUVRAIN G., GERAADS D. & MELENTIS J. K. 1974. - Premiere decouverte d'un primate hominoide dans le Miocene superieur de Macedoine (Grece). Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences 278: 3063 - 3066." type="journal article" year="1974">Bonis,Bouvrain,Geraads & Melentis,1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other extant and extinct hominids.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCF1920FFA8F44B93F9FF16BF7F0149" blockId="11.[131,1456,219,259]" box="[132,1335,242,259]" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">Index-a. (MD*100)/BL and index-b. (MDdC1*100)/(MDdP3+MDdP4). The indices were calculated using the mean values of the dental dimensions.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCF1920FFA8F44B976DFED9BF320299" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
<table id="F970EB80FFA80BBF93FBFED9BFC30299" box="[134,1419,317,723]" gridcols="5" gridrows="16" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
<tr id="35401B62FFA80BBF93FBFED9BFC3011B" box="[134,1419,317,337]" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<th id="7691721EFFA80BBF976DFED9BE15011B" box="[1040,1117,317,337]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFA8F44B976DFED9BE15011B" bold="true" box="[1040,1117,317,337]" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">Index-a</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35401B62FFA80BBF93FBFE85BFC3013F" box="[134,1419,353,373]" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
<th id="7691721EFFA80BBF93FBFE85B91A013F" box="[134,850,353,373]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFA8F44B93FBFE85BAFF013F" bold="true" box="[134,183,353,373]" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">Taxa</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF90F9FE85B9F2013F" box="[900,954,353,373]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFA8F44B90F1FE85B9E1013F" bold="true" box="[908,937,353,373]" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">dC</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFA8F44B90D4FE86B9F9013A" bold="true" box="[937,945,354,368]" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">1</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF976DFE85BE15013F" box="[1040,1117,353,373]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFA8F44B9759FE85BE77013F" bold="true" box="[1060,1087,353,373]" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">dP</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFA8F44B9742FE86BE0F013A" bold="true" box="[1087,1095,354,368]" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">3</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF97D0FE85BEAA013F" box="[1197,1250,353,373]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFA8F44B97C6FE85BE9E013F" bold="true" box="[1211,1238,353,373]" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">dP</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFA8F44B97AAFE86BE97013A" bold="true" box="[1239,1247,354,368]" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">4</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF9643FE85BFC3013F" box="[1342,1419,353,373]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFA8F44B9643FE85BFC3013F" bold="true" box="[1342,1419,353,373]" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">Index-b</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35401B62FFA80BBF93FBFE61BFC301D3" box="[134,1419,389,409]" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
<th id="7691721EFFA80BBF93FBFE61B91A01D3" box="[134,850,389,409]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFA8F44B93FBFE61B91A01D3" authority="(Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974)" authorityName="Ravin de la Pluie" baseAuthorityName="Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[134,850,389,409]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedoniensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFA8F44B93FBFE61BBE601D3" box="[134,430,389,409]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">Ouranopithecus macedoniensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFA8F44B92C4FE61B90501D3" author="BONIS L. DE & BOUVRAIN G. & GERAADS D. & MELENTIS J. K." box="[441,845,389,409]" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" pagination="3063 - 3066" refId="ref14236" refString="BONIS L. DE, BOUVRAIN G., GERAADS D. & MELENTIS J. K. 1974. - Premiere decouverte d'un primate hominoide dans le Miocene superieur de Macedoine (Grece). Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences 278: 3063 - 3066." type="journal article" year="1974">Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF90F9FE61B9F201D3" box="[900,954,389,409]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">101.4</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF976DFE61BE1501D3" box="[1040,1117,389,409]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">97.2</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF97D0FE61BEAA01D3" box="[1197,1250,389,409]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">109.2</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF9643FE61BFC301D3" box="[1342,1419,389,409]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">37.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35401B62FFA80BBF93FBFE79BFC301FB" box="[134,1419,413,433]" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
<th id="7691721EFFA80BBF93FBFE79B91A01FB" box="[134,850,413,433]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFA8F44B93FBFE79BB9801FB" authority="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1852" authorityName="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1852" box="[134,464,413,433]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Gorilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFA8F44B93FBFE79BA8B01FB" box="[134,195,413,433]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">Gorilla</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFA8F44B93B4FE79BB9801FB" author="GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE I." box="[201,464,413,433]" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" pagination="81 - 84" refId="ref15053" refString="GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE I. 1852. - Sur le gorille. Comptes rendus des seances de l'Academie des Sciences 34: 81 - 84" type="journal article" year="1852">Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1852</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF90F9FE79B9F201FB" box="[900,954,413,433]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">136.5</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF976DFE79BE1501FB" box="[1040,1117,413,433]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">100.0</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF97D0FE79BEAA01FB" box="[1197,1250,413,433]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">103.8</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF9643FE79BFC301FB" box="[1342,1419,413,433]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">46.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35401B62FFA80BBF93FBFE51BFC30183" box="[134,1419,437,457]" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
<th id="7691721EFFA80BBF93FBFE51B91A0183" box="[134,850,437,457]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFA8F44B93FBFE51BB560183" authority="Oken, 1816" authorityName="Oken" authorityYear="1816" box="[134,286,437,457]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Pan" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFA8F44B93FBFE51BAE30183" box="[134,171,437,457]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">Pan</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFA8F44B93CDFE51BB560183" author="OKEN L." box="[176,286,437,457]" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" pagination="1 - 1270" refId="ref17960" refString="OKEN L. 1816. - Lehrbuch der naturgeschichte. August Schmid und Companie, Jena: 1 - 1270." type="book chapter" year="1816">Oken, 1816</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF90F9FE51B9F20183" box="[900,954,437,457]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">152.0</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF976DFE51BE150183" box="[1040,1117,437,457]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">94.3</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF97D0FE51BEAA0183" box="[1197,1250,437,457]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">93.9</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF9643FE51BFC30183" box="[1342,1419,437,457]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">54.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35401B62FFA80BBF93FBFE29BFC301A8" box="[134,1419,461,482]" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
<th id="7691721EFFA80BBF93FBFE29B91A01A8" box="[134,850,461,482]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFA8F44B93FBFE2ABB2B01A8" authority="Lacepede, 1799" authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1799" box="[134,355,462,482]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Pongo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFA8F44B93FBFE2ABA8C01A8" box="[134,196,462,482]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">Pongo</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFA8F44B93B7FE2ABB2B01A8" author="LACEPEDE B. G. E." box="[202,355,462,482]" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" refId="ref17455" refString="LACEPEDE B. G. E. 1799. - Memoire sur une nouvelle table methodique de la classe des oiseaux. Memoires de l'Institut national des Sciences et des Arts, Paris, 623 p." type="book" year="1799">Lacépède, 1799</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF90F9FE29B9F201A8" box="[900,954,461,482]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">130.7</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF976DFE29BE1501A8" box="[1040,1117,461,482]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">89.3</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF97D0FE29BEAA01A8" box="[1197,1250,461,482]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">97.0</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF9643FE29BFC301A8" box="[1342,1419,461,482]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">50.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35401B62FFA80BBF93FBFE02BFC301B0" box="[134,1419,486,506]" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
<th id="7691721EFFA80BBF93FBFE02B91A01B0" box="[134,850,486,506]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFA8F44B93FBFE02BBED01B0" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[134,421,486,506]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapiens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFA8F44B93FBFE02BB4601B0" box="[134,270,486,506]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">Homo sapiens</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFA8F44B9269FE02BBED01B0" author="LINNAEUS K." box="[276,421,486,506]" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" refId="ref17581" refString="LINNAEUS K. 1758. - Systema naturae per egne tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Edition 10. Tomus 1. Salvii, Stockholm, 823 p." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF90F9FE02B9F201B0" box="[900,954,486,506]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">115.7</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF976DFE02BE1501B0" box="[1040,1117,486,506]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">85.6</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF97D0FE02BEAA01B0" box="[1197,1250,486,506]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">93.5</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF9643FE02BFC301B0" box="[1342,1419,486,506]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">45.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35401B62FFA80BBF93FBFE1ABFC30258" box="[134,1419,510,530]" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
<th id="7691721EFFA80BBF93FBFE1AB91A0258" box="[134,850,510,530]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFA8F44B93FBFE1AB8700258" authority="Harrison & Andrews, 2009" authorityName="Harrison & Andrews" authorityYear="2009" box="[134,568,510,530]" class="Mammalia" family="Proconsulidae" genus="Proconsul" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meswae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFA8F44B93FBFE1ABB720258" box="[134,314,510,530]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">Proconsul meswae</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFA8F44B923DFE1AB8700258" author="HARRISON T. & ANDREWS P." box="[320,568,510,530]" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" pagination="479 - 496" refId="ref15389" refString="HARRISON T. & ANDREWS P. 2009. - The anatomy and systematic position of the Early Miocene proconsulid from Meswa Bridge, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution 56 (5): 479 - 496. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jhevol. 2009.02.005" type="journal article" year="2009">Harrison & Andrews, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF90F9FE1AB9F20258" box="[900,954,510,530]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">108.9</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF976DFE1ABE150258" box="[1040,1117,510,530]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">81.0</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF97D0FE1ABEAA0258" box="[1197,1250,510,530]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">82.5</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF9643FE1ABFC30258" box="[1342,1419,510,530]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">47.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35401B62FFA80BBF93FBFDF2BFC30260" box="[134,1419,534,554]" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
<th id="7691721EFFA80BBF93FBFDF2B91A0260" box="[134,850,534,554]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFA8F44B93FBFDF2B80A0260" authority="Le Gros Clark & Leakey, 1950" authorityName="Le Gros Clark & Leakey" authorityYear="1950" box="[134,578,534,554]" class="Mammalia" family="Proconsulidae" genus="Proconsul" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFA8F44B93FBFDF2BB680260" box="[134,288,534,554]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">Proconsul major</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFA8F44B925AFDF2B80A0260" author="LE GROS CLARK W. E. & LEAKEY L. S. B." box="[295,578,534,554]" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" pagination="260 - 263" refId="ref17545" refString="LE GROS CLARK W. E. & LEAKEY L. S. B. 1950. - Diagnoses of East African Miocene Hominoidea. Quarterly Journal Geological Society London 105: 260 - 263." type="journal article" year="1950">Le Gros Clark & Leakey, 1950</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF90F9FDF2B9F20260" box="[900,954,534,554]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">133.1</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF976DFDF2BE150260" box="[1040,1117,534,554]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">95.9</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF97D0FDF2BEAA0260" box="[1197,1250,534,554]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">91.7</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF9643FDF2BFC30260" box="[1342,1419,534,554]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">51.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35401B62FFA80BBF93FBFDCABFC30208" box="[134,1419,558,578]" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
<th id="7691721EFFA80BBF93FBFDCAB91A0208" box="[134,850,558,578]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFA8F44B93FBFDCAB8850208" authority="(Walker, Teadford, Martin & Andrews, 1933)" authorityName="KNM-RU" authorityYear="2031" baseAuthorityName="Walker, Teadford, Martin & Andrews" baseAuthorityYear="1933" box="[134,717,558,578]" class="Mammalia" genus="Ekembo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heseloni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFA8F44B93FBFDCABB610208" box="[134,297,558,578]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">Ekembo heseloni</emphasis>
|
||
(Walker, Teadford, Martin & Andrews, 1933)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF90F9FDCAB9F20208" box="[900,954,558,578]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">131.8</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF976DFDCABE150208" box="[1040,1117,558,578]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">80.8</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF97D0FDCABEAA0208" box="[1197,1250,558,578]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">86.0</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF9643FDCABFC30208" box="[1342,1419,558,578]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">48.7</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35401B62FFA80BBF93FBFDA2BFC30210" box="[134,1419,582,602]" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
<th id="7691721EFFA80BBF93FBFDA2B91A0210" box="[134,850,582,602]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFA8F44B93FBFDA2BBB90210" authority="(Tekkaya, 1974)" authorityName="Pasalar" baseAuthorityName="Tekkaya" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[134,497,582,602]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Griphopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alpani">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFA8F44B93FBFDA2BB1E0210" box="[134,342,582,602]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">Griphopithecus alpani</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFA8F44B921CFDA2BBA40210" author="TEKKAYA I." box="[353,492,582,602]" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" pagination="194 - 210" refId="ref18652" refString="TEKKAYA I. 1974. - A new species of Tortonian anthropoid (Primates, Mammalia) from Anatolia. Bulletin Mineral Research And Exploration 83: 194 - 210." type="journal article" year="1974">Tekkaya, 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF90F9FDA2B9F20210" box="[900,954,582,602]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">–</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF976DFDA2BE150210" box="[1040,1117,582,602]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">78.7</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF97D0FDA2BEAA0210" box="[1197,1250,582,602]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">88.1</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF9643FDA2BFC30210" box="[1342,1419,582,602]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35401B62FFA80BBF93FBFDBBBFC30239" box="[134,1419,607,627]" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
<th id="7691721EFFA80BBF93FBFDBBB91A0239" box="[134,850,607,627]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFA8F44B93FBFDBBB94A0239" authority="Villalta Comella & Crusafont-Pairo, 1944" authorityName="Villalta Comella & Crusafont-Pairo" authorityYear="1944" box="[134,770,607,627]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Hispanopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laietanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFA8F44B93FBFDBBBB370239" box="[134,383,607,627]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">Hispanopithecus laietanus</emphasis>
|
||
Villalta Comella & Crusafont-Pairó, 1944
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF90F9FDBBB9F20239" box="[900,954,607,627]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">124.3</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF976DFDBBBE150239" box="[1040,1117,607,627]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">99.5</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF97D0FDBBBEAA0239" box="[1197,1250,607,627]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">91.3</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF9643FDBBBFC30239" box="[1342,1419,607,627]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">46.1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35401B62FFA80BBF93FBFD93BFC302C1" box="[134,1419,631,651]" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
<th id="7691721EFFA80BBF93FBFD93B91A02C1" box="[134,850,631,651]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFA8F44B93FBFD93B84E02C1" authority="(Kretzoi, 1969)" authorityName="Rudabanya MN" baseAuthorityName="Kretzoi" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[134,518,631,651]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Rudapithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hungaricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFA8F44B93FBFD93BB3F02C1" box="[134,375,631,651]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">Rudapithecus hungaricus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFA8F44B92FFFD93B84902C1" author="KRETZOI M." box="[386,513,631,651]" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" pagination="3 - 11" refId="ref17328" refString="KRETZOI M. 1969. - Geschichte der Primaten und der Hominization. Symposium Biologica Hungarica 9: 3 - 11." type="journal article" year="1969">Kretzoi, 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF90F9FD93B9F202C1" box="[900,954,631,651]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">–</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF976DFD93BE1502C1" box="[1040,1117,631,651]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">80.8</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF97D0FD93BEAA02C1" box="[1197,1250,631,651]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">77.7</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF9643FD93BFC302C1" box="[1342,1419,631,651]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35401B62FFA80BBF93FBFD6BBFC302E9" box="[134,1419,655,675]" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
<th id="7691721EFFA80BBF93FBFD6BB91A02E9" box="[134,850,655,675]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFA8F44B93FBFD6BB8A202E9" authority="Xu, Lu, Pan, Qi, Zhan & Zheng, 1978" authorityName="Xu, Lu, Pan, Qi, Zhan & Zheng" authorityYear="1978" box="[134,746,655,675]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Lufengpithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lufengensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFA8F44B93FBFD6BBBC102E9" box="[134,393,655,675]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">Lufengpithecus lufengensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFA8F44B92F2FD6BB8A202E9" author="XU Q. & LU Q. & PAN Y. & QI G. & ZHAN X. & ZHENG L." box="[399,746,655,675]" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" pagination="554 - 556" refId="ref19280" refString="XU Q., LU Q., PAN Y., QI G., ZHAN X. & ZHENG L. 1978. - The fossil mandible of Ramapithecus lufengensis. Kexue Tongbao 23: 554 - 556." type="journal article" year="1978">Xu, Lu, Pan, Qi, Zhan & Zheng, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF90F9FD6BB9F202E9" box="[900,954,655,675]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">–</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF976DFD6BBE1502E9" box="[1040,1117,655,675]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">–</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF97D0FD6BBEAA02E9" box="[1197,1250,655,675]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">88.2</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF9643FD6BBFC302E9" box="[1342,1419,655,675]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35401B62FFA80BBF93FBFD43BFC302F1" box="[134,1419,679,699]" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
<th id="7691721EFFA80BBF93FBFD43B91A02F1" box="[134,850,679,699]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFA8F44B93FBFD43B89802F1" authority="Johanson, White & Coppens, 1978" authorityName="Johanson, White & Coppens" authorityYear="1978" box="[134,720,679,699]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="afarensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFA8F44B93FBFD43BB3702F1" box="[134,383,679,699]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">Australopithecus afarensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFA8F44B92F8FD43B89802F1" author="JOHANSON D. C. & WHITE T. D. & COPPENS Y." box="[389,720,679,699]" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref15738" refString="JOHANSON D. C., WHITE T. D. & COPPENS Y. 1978. - A new species of the genus Australopithecus (Primates: Hominidae) from the Pliocene of eastern Africa. Kirtlandia 28: 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1978">Johanson, White & Coppens, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF90F9FD43B9F202F1" box="[900,954,679,699]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">127.7</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF976DFD43BE1502F1" box="[1040,1117,679,699]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">92.5</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF97D0FD43BEAA02F1" box="[1197,1250,679,699]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">89.8</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF9643FD43BFC302F1" box="[1342,1419,679,699]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">39.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35401B62FFA80BBF93FBFD5BBFC30299" box="[134,1419,703,723]" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
<th id="7691721EFFA80BBF93FBFD5BB91A0299" box="[134,850,703,723]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFA8F44B93FBFD5BBBA20299" authority="Dart, 1925" authorityName="Dart" authorityYear="1925" box="[134,490,703,723]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFA8F44B93FBFD5BBBC90299" box="[134,385,703,723]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">Australopithecus africanus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFA8F44B92FAFD5BBBA20299" author="DART R." box="[391,490,703,723]" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" pagination="195 - 199" refId="ref14798" refString="DART R. 1925. - Australopithecus africanus, the Man-Ape of South Africa. Nature 115: 195 - 199. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / 115195 a 0" type="journal article" year="1925">Dart, 1925</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF90F9FD5BB9F20299" box="[900,954,703,723]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">97.7</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF976DFD5BBE150299" box="[1040,1117,703,723]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">85.6</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF97D0FD5BBEAA0299" box="[1197,1250,703,723]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">88.1</td>
|
||
<td id="7691721EFFA80BBF9643FD5BBFC30299" box="[1342,1419,703,723]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">43.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCF1920FFA8F44B93F9FBB1BBEC0425" blockId="11.[130,777,1109,1581]" box="[132,420,1109,1135]" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFA8F44B93F9FBB1BBEC0425" box="[132,420,1109,1135]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">Upper permanent premolars</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCF1920FFA8F44B93F9FB90B85E0667" blockId="11.[130,777,1109,1581]" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
The P3 has an elliptical crown outline with the mesiodistal length shorter than the buccolingual one (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFA8F44B9121FB70B8D404E5" box="[604,668,1172,1199]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,142,1177,1194]" captionTargetBox="[144,1456,176,1152]" captionTargetId="figure-551@10.[744,929,492,667]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 3. — Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis,Bouvrain,Geraads & Melentis, 1974),Ravin de la Pluie,Macedonia,Greece;late Vallesian, MN10; GPTS = c. 9.3 Ma. Virtual reconstruction of the unerupted upper permanent teeth; mirrored photos. Scale bar: 1 cm." pageId="11" pageNumber="676">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). It bears two cusps separated by a mesiodistal groove; the buccal cusp is larger than the lingual one. A weak parastyle, like a small prominence, is present at the mesiobuccal corner of the tooth, giving a slight asymmetry to its occlusal crown outline. The buccal wall is curved mesiodistally and featureless. The lingual cusp is low and its base projects lingually. The mesial and distal marginal ridges are well developed. The occlusal surface is wrinkled, and the cingulum absent. The P4 is broken, lacking its buccal half (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFA8F44B9257FA57BB200584" box="[298,360,1459,1486]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,142,1177,1194]" captionTargetBox="[144,1456,176,1152]" captionTargetId="figure-551@10.[744,929,492,667]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 3. — Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis,Bouvrain,Geraads & Melentis, 1974),Ravin de la Pluie,Macedonia,Greece;late Vallesian, MN10; GPTS = c. 9.3 Ma. Virtual reconstruction of the unerupted upper permanent teeth; mirrored photos. Scale bar: 1 cm." pageId="11" pageNumber="676">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The preserved part bears a small lingual cusp, while the remains of the buccal one suggests that it was larger and higher. The enamel of the occlusal surface is wrinkled and the cingulum absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCF1920FFA8F44B93F9F9B0BBCD0627" blockId="11.[131,777,1619,2027]" box="[132,389,1619,1645]" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFA8F44B93F9F9B0BBCD0627" box="[132,389,1619,1645]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">Upper permanent molars</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCF1920FFA8F44B93F9F997B86907A1" blockId="11.[131,777,1619,2027]" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
The M
|
||
<superScript id="7C05B468FFA8F44B93B0F990BA9F06CF" attach="left" box="[205,215,1652,1669]" fontSize="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">1</superScript>
|
||
is well preserved and slightly worn, lacking its roots (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFA8F44B93F3F977BAAB06E7" box="[142,227,1683,1709]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1277,1294]" captionTargetBox="[132,1440,184,1256]" captionTargetId="figure-404@9.[705,1258,232,778]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 2. — Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974), Ravin de la Pluie, Macedonia, Greece; late Vallesian, MN10, c. 9.3 Ma: A-C, right maxillary fragment with dC1-M1, RPl-245: A, lingual; B, labial; C, occlusal view; D-F, virtual reconstruction of RPl-245: D, lingual; E, labial; F, occlusal view; G-I, deciduous upper canine; G, mesial; H, distal; I, lingual view; J, deciduous upper third premolar, occlusal view; K, deciduous upper fourth premolar, occlusal view; L, permanent first molar, occlusal view. The red dotted lines indicate the dentine pits; the red arrow the rudimentary hypocone. Abbreviations: C1, upper canine; d, deciduous; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar. Scale bars: 1 cm." pageId="11" pageNumber="676">Figs 2L</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFA8F44B9392F977BAB506E7" box="[239,253,1683,1709]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,142,1177,1194]" captionTargetBox="[144,1456,176,1152]" captionTargetId="figure-551@10.[744,929,492,667]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 3. — Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis,Bouvrain,Geraads & Melentis, 1974),Ravin de la Pluie,Macedonia,Greece;late Vallesian, MN10; GPTS = c. 9.3 Ma. Virtual reconstruction of the unerupted upper permanent teeth; mirrored photos. Scale bar: 1 cm." pageId="11" pageNumber="676">3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The occlusal outline of the crown is squared, and the main cusps are low. The paracone and metacone are almost equal in size and height, separated by a deep groove on the occlusal crown and the buccal wall. These two cusps and the protocone form a large and deep basin. The protocone dominates the crown and it is separated from the hypocone by a weak occlusal groove and a deep lingual one. The mesial fovea is relatively long, wide, and deep. The distal fovea is smaller and less deep. Remains of enamel wrinkles are present on the cusps of the distal part of the tooth. The cingulum is absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36A4AABFFA8F44F9050FCF2BFEC02BA" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="680" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCF1920FFA8F44B9050FCF2BE960364" blockId="11.[811,1458,790,2028]" box="[813,1246,790,816]" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D298FFCFFA8F44B9050FCF2B9F50364" baselines="809,809" box="[813,957,790,816]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Comparison" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">COMPARISON</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D298FFCFFA8F44B90B9FCF8B9B60365" baselines="810" box="[964,1022,796,815]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="with" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">WITH</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D298FFCFFA8F44B9778FCFFBE100364" baselines="809" box="[1029,1112,795,814]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="extant" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">EXTANT</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D298FFCFFA8F44B9722FCFFBE960364" baselines="809" box="[1119,1246,795,814]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="hominoids" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">HOMINOIDS</smallCapsWord>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCF1920FFA8F44B9050FCD2BF6D039A" blockId="11.[811,1458,790,2028]" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
The comparison with extant hominoids is based on recent material studied in NHML, NMHS, and DPUT. Unfortunately, the sample of the comparative deciduous teeth lacks sex indications. The dental measurements of the deciduous teeth used for comparison are given in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F22C9BFFA8F44B97B2FC51BF560385" box="[1231,1310,949,975]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="5.[132,143,220,237]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 1. — Comparative material and measurements of the upper deciduous teeth used in this article. Abbreviations: BL, buccolingual length; C1, upper canine; d, deciduous; ML, mesiodistal length; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0F49A8FFA6F44593F9FF38B93B014E" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" tableUuid="DF0F49A8FFA6F44593F9FF38B93B014E">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCF1920FFA8F44B903EFC31BE1C0544" blockId="11.[811,1458,790,2028]" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
Compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFA8F44B9099FC31BF3703BA" authority="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1852" authorityName="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1852" box="[996,1407,981,1008]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Gorilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFA8F44B9099FC31BE7803A5" box="[996,1072,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">Gorilla</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFA8F44B9745FC31BF3703BA" author="GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE I." box="[1080,1407,981,1008]" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" pagination="81 - 84" refId="ref15053" refString="GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE I. 1852. - Sur le gorille. Comptes rendus des seances de l'Academie des Sciences 34: 81 - 84" type="journal article" year="1852">Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1852</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the dC1 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFA8F44B9005FC11BE650445" authorityName="Ravin de la Pluie" baseAuthorityName="Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[888,1069,1013,1039]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedoniensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFA8F44B9005FC11BE650445" box="[888,1069,1013,1039]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">O. macedoniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is smaller, lower, less pointed, more reduced relative to the length of the deciduous premolar row and has a rounded occlusal crown outline. The dP
|
||
<superScript id="7C05B468FFA8F44B96F0FBD2BFDF040D" attach="left" box="[1421,1431,1078,1095]" fontSize="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">3</superScript>
|
||
is smaller with a trapezoidal occlusal crown outline, a distinct metacone (absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFA8F44B9761FB90BE2F04C4" authorityName="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1852" box="[1052,1127,1140,1166]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Gorilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFA8F44B9761FB90BE2F04C4" box="[1052,1127,1140,1166]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">Gorilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), a smaller parastyle, and no cingulum. The dP4 is smaller, has a relatively low crown with a more squared outline of the occlusal crown, smaller cusps, smaller mesial and distal foveae, and lacks a cingulum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFA8F44B904BFB10B9E50544" box="[822,941,1268,1295]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[133,143,1751,1768]" captionTargetBox="[151,1456,193,1734]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 4. — Upper deciduous dentition of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974) and some extant hominoids: A, O. macedoniensis, RPl-245 (♀); B, C, Gorilla Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1852: B, NHMS 19158 (J); C, NHMS 46766 (♀); D, E, Pongo Lacépède, 1799: D, MHNS 7462 (J); E, NHMS 2912 (♀); F, G, Pan Oken, 1816: F, NHMS 46767 (unknown sex); G, MHNS 9479 (♀); H, I, Homo Linnaeus, 1758 (sex unknown): H, DPUT 1072+SA5; I, NHML n.n. Some tooth rows are mirrored. Scale bar: 1 cm." pageId="11" pageNumber="676">Figs 4B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFA8F44B90C7FB10B9800545" box="[954,968,1268,1295]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[132,143,1986,2003]" captionTargetBox="[248,1315,188,1934]" captionTargetId="figure-131@13.[633,917,974,1069]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 5. — Scatter plots of the upper deciduous teeth of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974) in comparison with extant and extinct hominoids. Abbreviations: C1, upper canine; d, deciduous; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar. Data source: see Table 1." pageId="11" pageNumber="676">5</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFA8F44B90ABFB10B9AC0544" box="[982,996,1268,1294]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1155,1172]" captionTargetBox="[129,1458,184,1132]" captionTargetId="figure-607@14.[168,1459,226,857]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 6. — Box plots of the index-a [(MD*100)/BL] of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974) upper deciduous teeth compared to the extant and extinct hominoids; the circles indicate outliers. Abbreviations: C1, upper canine; d, deciduous; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar. Data source: see Table 1." pageId="11" pageNumber="676">6</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F22C9BFFA8F44B908FFB10BE0B0544" box="[1010,1091,1268,1294]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="11.[131,142,219,236]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 4. — Indices of upper deciduous teeth of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis(Bonis,Bouvrain,Geraads & Melentis,1974) and other extant and extinct hominids. Index-a. (MD*100)/BL and index-b. (MDdC1*100)/(MDdP3+MDdP4). The indices were calculated using the mean values of the dental dimensions." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0F49A8FFA8F44B93FEFF3FBF7F0149" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" tableUuid="DF0F49A8FFA8F44B93FEFF3FBF7F0149">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCF1920FFA8F44B903EFAF0B98706C7" blockId="11.[811,1458,790,2028]" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
The dC1 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFA8F44B90A0FAF0BEE20564" authorityName="Ravin de la Pluie" baseAuthorityName="Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[989,1194,1300,1326]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedoniensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFA8F44B90A0FAF0BEE20564" box="[989,1194,1300,1326]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">O. macedoniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
compared to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFA8F44B9050FAD1BE7D0504" authority="Lacepede, 1799" authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1799" box="[813,1077,1332,1358]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Pongo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFA8F44B9050FAD1B9380504" box="[813,880,1333,1358]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">Pongo</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFA8F44B9007FAD0BE7D0504" author="LACEPEDE B. G. E." box="[890,1077,1332,1358]" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" refId="ref17455" refString="LACEPEDE B. G. E. 1799. - Memoire sur une nouvelle table methodique de la classe des oiseaux. Memoires de l'Institut national des Sciences et des Arts, Paris, 623 p." type="book" year="1799">Lacépède, 1799</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is shorter, but its buccolingual length is within the ranges of variation for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFA8F44B964CFAB1BF390524" authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1799" box="[1329,1393,1365,1390]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Pongo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFA8F44B964CFAB1BF390524" box="[1329,1393,1365,1390]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">Pongo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; it is more reduced relative to the length of the premolar row, with more curved mesiodistally buccal wall and with a rounded occlusal crown outline. The dP3 is similar in size to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFA8F44B9036FA30B9C505A7" authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1799" box="[843,909,1492,1517]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Pongo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFA8F44B9036FA30B9C505A7" box="[843,909,1492,1517]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">Pongo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but it differs in that it has a smaller parastyle, a trapezoidal outline of the occlusal crown, a metacone, a rudimentary hypocone and no cingulum. The size of dP4 is similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFA8F44B9765F9D0BE110607" authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1799" box="[1048,1113,1588,1613]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Pongo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFA8F44B9765F9D0BE110607" box="[1048,1113,1588,1613]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">Pongo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but it differs in that it has a relatively smaller metacone and no cingulum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFA8F44B964EF9B7BFE20627" box="[1331,1450,1619,1645]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[133,143,1751,1768]" captionTargetBox="[151,1456,193,1734]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 4. — Upper deciduous dentition of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974) and some extant hominoids: A, O. macedoniensis, RPl-245 (♀); B, C, Gorilla Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1852: B, NHMS 19158 (J); C, NHMS 46766 (♀); D, E, Pongo Lacépède, 1799: D, MHNS 7462 (J); E, NHMS 2912 (♀); F, G, Pan Oken, 1816: F, NHMS 46767 (unknown sex); G, MHNS 9479 (♀); H, I, Homo Linnaeus, 1758 (sex unknown): H, DPUT 1072+SA5; I, NHML n.n. Some tooth rows are mirrored. Scale bar: 1 cm." pageId="11" pageNumber="676">Figs 4B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFA8F44B9056F997B97106C4" box="[811,825,1651,1678]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[132,143,1986,2003]" captionTargetBox="[248,1315,188,1934]" captionTargetId="figure-131@13.[633,917,974,1069]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 5. — Scatter plots of the upper deciduous teeth of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974) in comparison with extant and extinct hominoids. Abbreviations: C1, upper canine; d, deciduous; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar. Data source: see Table 1." pageId="11" pageNumber="676">5</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFA8F44B9036F997B91106C7" box="[843,857,1651,1677]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1155,1172]" captionTargetBox="[129,1458,184,1132]" captionTargetId="figure-607@14.[168,1459,226,857]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 6. — Box plots of the index-a [(MD*100)/BL] of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974) upper deciduous teeth compared to the extant and extinct hominoids; the circles indicate outliers. Abbreviations: C1, upper canine; d, deciduous; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar. Data source: see Table 1." pageId="11" pageNumber="676">6</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F22C9BFFA8F44B9015F997B9F506C7" box="[872,957,1651,1677]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="11.[131,142,219,236]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 4. — Indices of upper deciduous teeth of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis(Bonis,Bouvrain,Geraads & Melentis,1974) and other extant and extinct hominids. Index-a. (MD*100)/BL and index-b. (MDdC1*100)/(MDdP3+MDdP4). The indices were calculated using the mean values of the dental dimensions." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0F49A8FFA8F44B93FEFF3FBF7F0149" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" tableUuid="DF0F49A8FFA8F44B93FEFF3FBF7F0149">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCF1920FFA8F44B903EF977BE040726" blockId="11.[811,1458,790,2028]" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
Compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFA8F44B90A0F977BE4C06E6" authorityName="Oken" authorityYear="1816" box="[989,1028,1683,1708]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Pan" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFA8F44B90A0F977BE4C06E6" box="[989,1028,1683,1708]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">Pan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the dC1 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFA8F44B97EDF977BF0D06E7" authorityName="Ravin de la Pluie" baseAuthorityName="Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[1168,1349,1683,1709]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedoniensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFA8F44B97EDF977BF0D06E7" box="[1168,1349,1683,1709]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">O. macedoniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is shorter and wider, lower, more reduced relative to the length of the premolar row, with rounded occlusal crown outline. The dP3 is larger and differs in having smaller parastyle, metacone, trapezoidal occlusal crown outline and absence of cingulum. The dP4 is larger, with lower cusps and absence of cingulum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFA8F44B904BF8B6B9E20726" box="[822,938,1874,1901]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[133,143,1751,1768]" captionTargetBox="[151,1456,193,1734]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 4. — Upper deciduous dentition of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974) and some extant hominoids: A, O. macedoniensis, RPl-245 (♀); B, C, Gorilla Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1852: B, NHMS 19158 (J); C, NHMS 46766 (♀); D, E, Pongo Lacépède, 1799: D, MHNS 7462 (J); E, NHMS 2912 (♀); F, G, Pan Oken, 1816: F, NHMS 46767 (unknown sex); G, MHNS 9479 (♀); H, I, Homo Linnaeus, 1758 (sex unknown): H, DPUT 1072+SA5; I, NHML n.n. Some tooth rows are mirrored. Scale bar: 1 cm." pageId="11" pageNumber="676">Figs 4B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFA8F44B90CBF8B6B98C0727" box="[950,964,1874,1901]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[132,143,1986,2003]" captionTargetBox="[248,1315,188,1934]" captionTargetId="figure-131@13.[633,917,974,1069]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 5. — Scatter plots of the upper deciduous teeth of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974) in comparison with extant and extinct hominoids. Abbreviations: C1, upper canine; d, deciduous; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar. Data source: see Table 1." pageId="11" pageNumber="676">5</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFA8F44B90AFF8B6B9A80726" box="[978,992,1874,1900]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1155,1172]" captionTargetBox="[129,1458,184,1132]" captionTargetId="figure-607@14.[168,1459,226,857]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 6. — Box plots of the index-a [(MD*100)/BL] of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974) upper deciduous teeth compared to the extant and extinct hominoids; the circles indicate outliers. Abbreviations: C1, upper canine; d, deciduous; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar. Data source: see Table 1." pageId="11" pageNumber="676">6</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F22C9BFFA8F44B9090F8B6BE740726" box="[1005,1084,1874,1900]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="11.[131,142,219,236]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 4. — Indices of upper deciduous teeth of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis(Bonis,Bouvrain,Geraads & Melentis,1974) and other extant and extinct hominids. Index-a. (MD*100)/BL and index-b. (MDdC1*100)/(MDdP3+MDdP4). The indices were calculated using the mean values of the dental dimensions." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0F49A8FFA8F44B93FEFF3FBF7F0149" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" tableUuid="DF0F49A8FFA8F44B93FEFF3FBF7F0149">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCF1920FFA8F44C903EF896B85C07A6" blockId="11.[811,1458,790,2028]" lastBlockId="12.[131,775,1906,2028]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="677" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">
|
||
The dC1 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFA8F44B90BEF896BE3F07C6" authorityName="Ravin de la Pluie" baseAuthorityName="Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[963,1143,1906,1932]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedoniensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFA8F44B90BEF896BE3F07C6" box="[963,1143,1906,1932]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">O. macedoniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is larger compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFA8F44B9615F897BFE007C6" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1384,1448,1907,1932]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="676" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFA8F44B9615F897BFE007C6" box="[1384,1448,1907,1932]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="676">Homo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, slightly more reduced relative to the length of the premolar row, with a more rounded occlusal crown outline, more mesiodistally curved buccal wall and more developed lingual cingulum. The dP3 is larger with a small parastyle and it has slightly less squared occlusal crown outline. The dP
|
||
<superScript id="7C05B468FFAFF44C91A2F877B8A107EE" attach="left" box="[735,745,1939,1956]" fontSize="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="677">4</superScript>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFAFF44C93FBF856BB700786" authorityName="Ravin de la Pluie" baseAuthorityName="Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[134,312,1970,1996]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="677" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedoniensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFAFF44C93FBF856BB700786" box="[134,312,1970,1996]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="677">O. macedoniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has less squared occlusal crown outline and larger size (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFAFF44C9380F835BB3A07A6" box="[253,370,2001,2028]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[133,143,1751,1768]" captionTargetBox="[151,1456,193,1734]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 4. — Upper deciduous dentition of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974) and some extant hominoids: A, O. macedoniensis, RPl-245 (♀); B, C, Gorilla Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1852: B, NHMS 19158 (J); C, NHMS 46766 (♀); D, E, Pongo Lacépède, 1799: D, MHNS 7462 (J); E, NHMS 2912 (♀); F, G, Pan Oken, 1816: F, NHMS 46767 (unknown sex); G, MHNS 9479 (♀); H, I, Homo Linnaeus, 1758 (sex unknown): H, DPUT 1072+SA5; I, NHML n.n. Some tooth rows are mirrored. Scale bar: 1 cm." pageId="12" pageNumber="677">Figs 4B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFAFF44C9203F835BBC407A6" box="[382,396,2001,2028]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[132,143,1986,2003]" captionTargetBox="[248,1315,188,1934]" captionTargetId="figure-131@13.[633,917,974,1069]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 5. — Scatter plots of the upper deciduous teeth of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974) in comparison with extant and extinct hominoids. Abbreviations: C1, upper canine; d, deciduous; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar. Data source: see Table 1." pageId="12" pageNumber="677">5</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFAFF44C92E7F835BBE007A1" box="[410,424,2001,2027]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1155,1172]" captionTargetBox="[129,1458,184,1132]" captionTargetId="figure-607@14.[168,1459,226,857]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 6. — Box plots of the index-a [(MD*100)/BL] of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974) upper deciduous teeth compared to the extant and extinct hominoids; the circles indicate outliers. Abbreviations: C1, upper canine; d, deciduous; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar. Data source: see Table 1." pageId="12" pageNumber="677">6</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F22C9BFFAFF44C92C9F835B84C07A6" box="[436,516,2001,2028]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="11.[131,142,219,236]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 4. — Indices of upper deciduous teeth of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis(Bonis,Bouvrain,Geraads & Melentis,1974) and other extant and extinct hominids. Index-a. (MD*100)/BL and index-b. (MDdC1*100)/(MDdP3+MDdP4). The indices were calculated using the mean values of the dental dimensions." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0F49A8FFA8F44B93FEFF3FBF7F0149" pageId="12" pageNumber="677" tableUuid="DF0F49A8FFA8F44B93FEFF3FBF7F0149">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0F49A8FFAFF44C93F8F933B8C90766" pageId="12" pageNumber="677" startId="12.[133,143,1751,1768]" targetBox="[151,1456,193,1734]" targetPageId="12" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCF1920FFAFF44C93F8F933B8C90766" blockId="12.[132,1457,1751,1836]" pageId="12" pageNumber="677">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D298FFCFFAFF44C93F8F933BAD506A2" baselines="1764,1765" box="[133,157,1751,1768]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="12" pageNumber="677">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 4. — Upper deciduous dentition of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFAFF44C92ACF933BE0706A2" authority="(Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974)" authorityName="Ravin de la Pluie" baseAuthorityName="Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[465,1103,1751,1768]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="677" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedoniensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFAFF44C92ACF933B89F06A2" box="[465,727,1751,1768]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="677">Ouranopithecus macedoniensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFAFF44C919FF933BE0306A2" author="BONIS L. DE & BOUVRAIN G. & GERAADS D. & MELENTIS J. K." box="[738,1099,1751,1768]" pageId="12" pageNumber="677" pagination="3063 - 3066" refId="ref14236" refString="BONIS L. DE, BOUVRAIN G., GERAADS D. & MELENTIS J. K. 1974. - Premiere decouverte d'un primate hominoide dans le Miocene superieur de Macedoine (Grece). Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences 278: 3063 - 3066." type="journal article" year="1974">Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and some extant hominoids:
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFAFF44C9634F933BF1E06A2" bold="true" box="[1353,1366,1751,1768]" pageId="12" pageNumber="677">A</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFAFF44C961CF933BA9B06B5" authorityName="Ravin de la Pluie" baseAuthorityName="Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis" baseAuthorityYear="1974" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="677" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedoniensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFAFF44C961CF933BA9B06B5" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="677">O. macedoniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, RPl-245 (♀);
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFAFF44C9237F90ABB1F06B5" bold="true" box="[330,343,1774,1791]" pageId="12" pageNumber="677">B</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFAFF44C921FF90ABB3806B5" bold="true" box="[354,368,1774,1791]" pageId="12" pageNumber="677">C</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFAFF44C9206F90AB8EA06B5" authority="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1852" authorityName="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1852" box="[379,674,1774,1791]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Gorilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="677" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFAFF44C9206F90ABBF806B5" box="[379,432,1774,1791]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="677">Gorilla</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFAFF44C92CBF90AB8EA06B5" author="GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE I." box="[438,674,1774,1791]" pageId="12" pageNumber="677" pagination="81 - 84" refId="ref15053" refString="GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE I. 1852. - Sur le gorille. Comptes rendus des seances de l'Academie des Sciences 34: 81 - 84" type="journal article" year="1852">Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1852</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFAFF44C91D7F90AB8FF06B5" bold="true" box="[682,695,1774,1791]" pageId="12" pageNumber="677">B</emphasis>
|
||
, NHMS 19158 (J);
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFAFF44C9021F90AB92206B5" bold="true" box="[860,874,1774,1791]" pageId="12" pageNumber="677">C</emphasis>
|
||
, NHMS 46766 (♀);
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFAFF44C9773F90ABE5406B5" bold="true" box="[1038,1052,1774,1791]" pageId="12" pageNumber="677">D</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFAFF44C975AF90ABE7B06B5" bold="true" box="[1063,1075,1774,1791]" pageId="12" pageNumber="677">E</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFAFF44C9743F90ABF4D06B5" authority="Lacepede, 1799" authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1799" box="[1086,1285,1774,1791]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Pongo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="677" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFAFF44C9743F90ABE3D06B5" box="[1086,1141,1774,1791]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="677">Pongo</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFAFF44C9706F90ABF4D06B5" author="LACEPEDE B. G. E." box="[1147,1285,1774,1791]" pageId="12" pageNumber="677" refId="ref17455" refString="LACEPEDE B. G. E. 1799. - Memoire sur une nouvelle table methodique de la classe des oiseaux. Memoires de l'Institut national des Sciences et des Arts, Paris, 623 p." type="book" year="1799">Lacépède, 1799</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFAFF44C9670F90ABF5306B5" bold="true" box="[1293,1307,1774,1791]" pageId="12" pageNumber="677">D</emphasis>
|
||
, MHNS 7462 (J);
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFAFF44C93F9F8E1BAD8075C" bold="true" box="[132,144,1797,1814]" pageId="12" pageNumber="677">E</emphasis>
|
||
, NHMS 2912 (♀);
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFAFF44C9254F8E1BB7C075C" bold="true" box="[297,308,1797,1814]" pageId="12" pageNumber="677">F</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFAFF44C9243F8E1BB04075C" bold="true" box="[318,332,1797,1814]" pageId="12" pageNumber="677">G</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFAFF44C922AF8E1BBA8075C" authority="Oken, 1816" authorityName="Oken" authorityYear="1816" box="[343,480,1797,1814]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Pan" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="677" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFAFF44C922AF8E1BB3F075C" box="[343,375,1797,1814]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="677">Pan</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFAFF44C9201F8E1BBA8075C" author="OKEN L." box="[380,480,1797,1814]" pageId="12" pageNumber="677" pagination="1 - 1270" refId="ref17960" refString="OKEN L. 1816. - Lehrbuch der naturgeschichte. August Schmid und Companie, Jena: 1 - 1270." type="book chapter" year="1816">Oken, 1816</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFAFF44C929AF8E1BBBA075C" bold="true" box="[487,498,1797,1814]" pageId="12" pageNumber="677">F</emphasis>
|
||
, NHMS 46767 (unknown sex);
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFAFF44C9188F8E1B94B075C" bold="true" box="[757,771,1797,1814]" pageId="12" pageNumber="677">G</emphasis>
|
||
, MHNS 9479 (♀);
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFAFF44C90E1F8E1B9E2075C" bold="true" box="[924,938,1797,1814]" pageId="12" pageNumber="677">H</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFAFF44C90C9F8E1B9F2075C" bold="true" box="[948,954,1797,1814]" pageId="12" pageNumber="677">I</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFAFF44C90B9F8E1BE34075C" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[964,1148,1797,1814]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="677" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFAFF44C90B9F8E1B9BF075C" box="[964,1015,1797,1814]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="677">Homo</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFAFF44C9081F8E1BE34075C" author="LINNAEUS K." box="[1020,1148,1797,1814]" pageId="12" pageNumber="677" refId="ref17581" refString="LINNAEUS K. 1758. - Systema naturae per egne tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Edition 10. Tomus 1. Salvii, Stockholm, 823 p." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(sex unknown):
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFAFF44C9679F8E1BF5A075C" bold="true" box="[1284,1298,1797,1814]" pageId="12" pageNumber="677">H</emphasis>
|
||
, DPUT 1072+SA5;
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFAFF44C93F9F8FFBAC20766" bold="true" box="[132,138,1819,1836]" pageId="12" pageNumber="677">I</emphasis>
|
||
, NHML n.n. Some tooth rows are mirrored. Scale bar: 1 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCF1920FFAFF44C9050F896BEAE07C0" blockId="12.[812,1457,1906,2028]" box="[813,1254,1906,1932]" pageId="12" pageNumber="677">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D298FFCFFAFF44C9050F896B9F507C0" baselines="1925,1925" box="[813,957,1906,1932]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Comparison" pageId="12" pageNumber="677">COMPARISON</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D298FFCFFAFF44C90B9F89CB9B607C1" baselines="1926" box="[964,1022,1912,1931]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="with" pageId="12" pageNumber="677">WITH</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D298FFCFFAFF44C9778F893BE2907C0" baselines="1925" box="[1029,1121,1911,1930]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="extinct" pageId="12" pageNumber="677">EXTINCT</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D298FFCFFAFF44C971AF893BEAE07C0" baselines="1925" box="[1127,1254,1911,1930]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="hominoids" pageId="12" pageNumber="677">HOMINOIDS</smallCapsWord>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCF1920FFAFF44E9050F876BBC306E7" blockId="12.[812,1457,1906,2028]" lastBlockId="14.[130,776,1268,2028]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="679" pageId="12" pageNumber="677">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFAFF44C9050F876BE1C07E6" authority="Hopwood, 1933" authorityName="Hopwood" authorityYear="1933" box="[813,1108,1938,1964]" class="Mammalia" family="Proconsulidae" genus="Proconsul" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="677" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFAFF44C9050F876B9DA07E6" box="[813,914,1938,1964]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="677">Proconsul</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFAFF44C90E6F876BE1C07E6" author="HOPWOOD A. T." box="[923,1108,1938,1964]" pageId="12" pageNumber="677" pagination="96 - 98" refId="ref15620" refString="HOPWOOD A. T. 1933. - Miocene primates from British East Africa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 10, 61: 96 - 98. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933308673629" type="journal article" year="1933">Hopwood, 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the earliest known Miocene hominoid. The latest revision of the material referred to this genus allowed its separation into two genera,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFAFF44C9660F835BFC807A1" authorityName="Hopwood" authorityYear="1933" box="[1309,1408,2001,2027]" class="Mammalia" family="Proconsulidae" genus="Proconsul" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="677" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFAFF44C9660F835BFC807A1" box="[1309,1408,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="677">Proconsul</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFADF44E93F9FB10B94F0545" authority="McNulty, Begun, Kelley, Manthi & Mbua, 2015" authorityName="McNulty, Begun, Kelley, Manthi & Mbua" authorityYear="2015" box="[132,775,1268,1295]" class="Mammalia" genus="Ekembo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFADF44E93F9FB10BA900544" box="[132,216,1268,1294]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">Ekembo</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFADF44E939FFB10B94F0545" author="MCNULTY K. P. & BEGUN D. R. & KELLEY J. & MANTHI F. K. & MBUA E. N." box="[226,775,1268,1295]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" pagination="42 - 61" refId="ref17803" refString="MCNULTY K. P., BEGUN D. R., KELLEY J., MANTHI F. K. & MBUA E. N. 2015. - A systematic revision of Proconsul with the description of a new genus of Early Miocene hominoid. Journal of Human Evolution 84: 42 - 61. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jhevol. 2015.03.009" type="journal article" year="2015">McNulty, Begun, Kelley, Manthi & Mbua, 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFADF44E93F0FAF0BB150565" author="MCNULTY K. P. & BEGUN D. R. & KELLEY J. & MANTHI F. K. & MBUA E. N." box="[141,349,1300,1327]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" pagination="42 - 61" refId="ref17803" refString="MCNULTY K. P., BEGUN D. R., KELLEY J., MANTHI F. K. & MBUA E. N. 2015. - A systematic revision of Proconsul with the description of a new genus of Early Miocene hominoid. Journal of Human Evolution 84: 42 - 61. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jhevol. 2015.03.009" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
McNulty
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFADF44E938FFAF1BB6A0564" box="[242,290,1300,1326]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). According to these authors, the material from Rusinga and Mfagano (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36759B0FFADF44E92BDFAD0B8400504" box="[448,520,1332,1358]" name="Kenya" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
) described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFADF44E91D7FAD0BA860524" author="ANDREWS P." pageId="14" pageNumber="679" pagination="85 - 225" refId="ref13125" refString="ANDREWS P. 1978. - A revision of the Miocene Hominoidea of East Africa. Bulletin British Museum (Natural History) Geology 30: 85 - 225." type="journal article" year="1978">Andrews (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
belongs to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFADF44E922FFAB1BB7B05C4" authority="(Walker, Teadford, Martin & Andrews, 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Walker, Teadford, Martin & Andrews" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Mammalia" genus="Ekembo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heseloni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFADF44E922FFAB1BB890524" box="[338,449,1364,1390]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">E. heseloni</emphasis>
|
||
(Walker, Teadford, Martin & Andrews, 1993)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and that from Songhor (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36759B0FFADF44E913DFA90B8C005C4" box="[576,648,1396,1422]" name="Kenya" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
) to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFADF44E91CCFA90BB8F05E4" authority="Le Gros Clark & Leaky, 1950" authorityName="Le Gros Clark & Leakey" authorityYear="1950" class="Mammalia" family="Proconsulidae" genus="Proconsul" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFADF44E91CCFA90B94F05C7" box="[689,775,1396,1421]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">P. major</emphasis>
|
||
Le Gros Clark & Leaky, 1950
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, while the remaining material needs revision. Another
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFADF44E92F3FA57B8090587" box="[398,577,1459,1485]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFADF44E92F3FA57BBB90587" box="[398,497,1459,1485]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">Proconsul</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
named
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFADF44E91E6FA50BBE505A7" authority="Harisson & Andrews, 2009" authorityName="Harisson & Andrews" authorityYear="2009" class="Mammalia" family="Proconsulidae" genus="Proconsul" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meswae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFADF44E91E6FA50B8E10587" box="[667,681,1460,1485]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFADF44E91C4FA50B94F0587" box="[697,775,1460,1485]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">meswae</emphasis>
|
||
Harisson & Andrews, 2009
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known from Meswa (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36759B0FFADF44E91CCFA37B8B405A7" box="[689,764,1491,1517]" name="Kenya" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
). The comparison of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFADF44E9222FA10B85D0647" authorityName="Ravin de la Pluie" baseAuthorityName="Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[351,533,1523,1550]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedoniensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFADF44E9222FA10B85D0647" box="[351,533,1523,1550]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">O. macedoniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is therefore based on: 1)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFADF44E93E2F9F0BB490667" authorityName="Harisson & Andrews" authorityYear="2009" box="[159,257,1556,1581]" class="Mammalia" family="Proconsulidae" genus="Proconsul" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meswae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFADF44E93E2F9F0BB490667" box="[159,257,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">P.meswae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(maxillary fragment with dC1-dP4, KNM-ME 11, cast housed in NHML;
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFADF44E92E1F9D7BBA60607" box="[412,494,1587,1614]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1547,1564]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1503]" captionTargetId="figure-443@16.[698,1267,766,1320]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 7. — Upper deciduous teeth of various extinct hominoids: A, Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis,Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis,1974), RPl-245: A1, original;A2, virtual reconstruction; B-O, Griphopithecus alpani (Tekkaya,1974), Turkey (casts): B-F, right dP3’s, D 763,D 865, K 1320, L 1653, M 1874;G-I, left dP3’s, L 1567, K 1312, K 1319; J-L, right dP4’s, C 247, H 486, H 839; M-O, left dP4’s, K 1374, L 1576, K 1392; P, Proconsul meswae Harrison & Andrews, 2009, Kenya, KNM-ME 11 (cast); Q, Ekembo heseloni (Walker, Teadford, Martin & Andrews, 1933), left dP3-dP4, Kenya, KNM-RU 1803 (cast); R-T, Hispanopithecus laietanus Villalta Comella & Crusafont-Pairó, 1944, Can Llobateres, Spain; R, left dC1,?Can Llobateres 2, IPS1789; S, left dP3, Can Llobateres 1, IPS 1839; T, left dP4, Can Llobateres 1, IPS 1846; U, V, Australopithecus afarensis Johanson, White & Coppens, 1978, Hadar, Ethiopia (casts): U, right dP3-dP4, AL 33-386; V, right dP3 and dP4, Al 333-105 (casts); W, Australopithecus afarensis, Laetoli, Tanzania, right dP3-dP4, LH 21 (cast); X, Australopithecus africanus Dart, 1925, Taung skull, South Africa (cast). Scale bar: 1 cm." pageId="14" pageNumber="679">Fig. 7P</figureCitation>
|
||
) and the descriptions of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFADF44E93FBF9B7BB220627" author="ANDREWS P. & HARRISON T. & MARTIN L. & PICKFORD M." box="[134,362,1619,1645]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" pagination="123 - 128" refId="ref13219" refString="ANDREWS P., HARRISON T., MARTIN L. & PICKFORD M. 1981. - Hominoid primates from a new Miocene locality named Meswa Bridge in Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution 10 (2): 123 - 128. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0047 - 2484 (81) 80009 - 7" type="journal article" year="1981">
|
||
Andrews
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFADF44E9394F9B0BB530627" box="[233,283,1619,1645]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1981)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFADF44E92E3F9B7B89A0627" author="HARRISON T. & ANDREWS P." box="[414,722,1619,1645]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" pagination="479 - 496" refId="ref15389" refString="HARRISON T. & ANDREWS P. 2009. - The anatomy and systematic position of the Early Miocene proconsulid from Meswa Bridge, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution 56 (5): 479 - 496. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jhevol. 2009.02.005" type="journal article" year="2009">Harrison & Andrews (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; and 2)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFADF44E93DDF990BABC06C7" authorityName="Le Gros Clark & Leakey" authorityYear="1950" box="[160,244,1652,1677]" class="Mammalia" family="Proconsulidae" genus="Proconsul" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFADF44E93DDF990BABC06C7" box="[160,244,1652,1677]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">P. major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the descriptions and illustrations of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFADF44E91DAF997BAB706E7" author="ANDREWS P." pageId="14" pageNumber="679" pagination="85 - 225" refId="ref13125" refString="ANDREWS P. 1978. - A revision of the Miocene Hominoidea of East Africa. Bulletin British Museum (Natural History) Geology 30: 85 - 225." type="journal article" year="1978">Andrews (1978: 102</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl. 4, fig.3).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0F49A8FFAEF44D93F9F826BF1107A3" pageId="13" pageNumber="678" startId="13.[132,143,1986,2003]" targetBox="[248,1315,188,1934]" targetPageId="13" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCF1920FFAEF44D93F9F826BF1107A3" blockId="13.[132,1456,1986,2025]" pageId="13" pageNumber="678">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D298FFCFFAEF44D93F9F826BAD50798" baselines="1999,1999" box="[132,157,1986,2003]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="13" pageNumber="678">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 5. — Scatter plots of the upper deciduous teeth of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFAEF44D9129F826BE990799" authority="(Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974)" authorityName="Ravin de la Pluie" baseAuthorityName="Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[596,1233,1986,2003]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="13" pageNumber="678" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedoniensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFAEF44D9129F826B9120799" box="[596,858,1986,2003]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="678">Ouranopithecus macedoniensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFAEF44D9018F826BE850799" author="BONIS L. DE & BOUVRAIN G. & GERAADS D. & MELENTIS J. K." box="[869,1229,1986,2003]" pageId="13" pageNumber="678" pagination="3063 - 3066" refId="ref14236" refString="BONIS L. DE, BOUVRAIN G., GERAADS D. & MELENTIS J. K. 1974. - Premiere decouverte d'un primate hominoide dans le Miocene superieur de Macedoine (Grece). Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences 278: 3063 - 3066." type="journal article" year="1974">Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in comparison with extant and extinct hominoids. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFAEF44D92B9F83CBB9107AE" bold="true" box="[452,473,2008,2025]" pageId="13" pageNumber="678">C1</emphasis>
|
||
, upper canine;
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFAEF44D9126F83CB82E07A3" bold="true" box="[603,614,2008,2025]" pageId="13" pageNumber="678">d</emphasis>
|
||
, deciduous;
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFAEF44D91AFF83CB8AE07AE" bold="true" box="[722,742,2008,2025]" pageId="13" pageNumber="678">P3</emphasis>
|
||
, upper third premolar;
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFAEF44D90DBF83CB9F107AE" bold="true" box="[934,953,2008,2025]" pageId="13" pageNumber="678">P4</emphasis>
|
||
, upper fourth premolar. Data source: see Table 1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF0F49A8FFADF44E93F9FB67BBE50488" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" startId="14.[132,143,1155,1172]" targetBox="[129,1458,184,1132]" targetPageId="14" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCF1920FFADF44E93F9FB67BBE50488" blockId="14.[132,1455,1155,1218]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D298FFCFFADF44E93F9FB67BAD504DE" baselines="1168,1169" box="[132,157,1155,1172]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 6. — Box plots of the index-a [(MD*100)/BL] of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFADF44E9146FB67BEF204DE" authority="(Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974)" authorityName="Ravin de la Pluie" baseAuthorityName="Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[571,1210,1155,1172]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedoniensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFADF44E9146FB67B90A04DE" box="[571,834,1155,1172]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">Ouranopithecus macedoniensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFADF44E9030FB67BEFE04DE" author="BONIS L. DE & BOUVRAIN G. & GERAADS D. & MELENTIS J. K." box="[845,1206,1155,1172]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" pagination="3063 - 3066" refId="ref14236" refString="BONIS L. DE, BOUVRAIN G., GERAADS D. & MELENTIS J. K. 1974. - Premiere decouverte d'un primate hominoide dans le Miocene superieur de Macedoine (Grece). Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences 278: 3063 - 3066." type="journal article" year="1974">Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
upper deciduous teeth compared to the extant and extinct hominoids; the
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFADF44E917BFB7EB80904E1" bold="true" box="[518,577,1178,1195]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">circles</emphasis>
|
||
indicate outliers. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFADF44E9032FB7EB92C04EC" bold="true" box="[847,868,1178,1195]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">C1</emphasis>
|
||
, upper canine;
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFADF44E9099FB7EB9A704E1" bold="true" box="[996,1007,1178,1195]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">d</emphasis>
|
||
, deciduous;
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFADF44E9727FB7EBE2504EC" bold="true" box="[1114,1133,1178,1195]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">P3</emphasis>
|
||
, upper third premolar;
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFADF44E9656FB7EBF7704EC" bold="true" box="[1323,1343,1178,1195]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">P4</emphasis>
|
||
, upper fourth premolar. Data source: see Table 1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCF1920FFADF44E93E6F956BF4806E7" blockId="14.[130,776,1268,2028]" lastBlockId="14.[811,1457,1268,2028]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">
|
||
Compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFADF44E924CF957BBD00686" authorityName="Harisson & Andrews" authorityYear="2009" box="[305,408,1715,1740]" class="Mammalia" family="Proconsulidae" genus="Proconsul" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meswae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFADF44E924CF957BBD00686" box="[305,408,1715,1740]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">P. meswae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, dC1 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFADF44E9289F957B8EF0686" authorityName="Ravin de la Pluie" baseAuthorityName="Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[500,679,1714,1741]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedoniensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFADF44E9289F957B8EF0686" box="[500,679,1714,1741]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">O. macedoniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is larger, lower, more reduced relatively to the length of the premolar row, with a slightly more rounded occlusal crown outline (subrounded in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFADF44E924AF8F7BBD50766" authorityName="Harisson & Andrews" authorityYear="2009" box="[311,413,1811,1836]" class="Mammalia" family="Proconsulidae" genus="Proconsul" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meswae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFADF44E924AF8F7BBD50766" box="[311,413,1811,1836]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">P. meswae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F22C9BFFADF44E92D1F8F6BBB50766" box="[428,509,1810,1836]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="11.[131,142,219,236]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 4. — Indices of upper deciduous teeth of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis(Bonis,Bouvrain,Geraads & Melentis,1974) and other extant and extinct hominids. Index-a. (MD*100)/BL and index-b. (MDdC1*100)/(MDdP3+MDdP4). The indices were calculated using the mean values of the dental dimensions." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0F49A8FFA8F44B93FEFF3FBF7F0149" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" tableUuid="DF0F49A8FFA8F44B93FEFF3FBF7F0149">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
), a wider lingual cingulum, (narrow in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFADF44E924AF8D7BBD50706" authorityName="Harisson & Andrews" authorityYear="2009" box="[311,413,1843,1868]" class="Mammalia" family="Proconsulidae" genus="Proconsul" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meswae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFADF44E924AF8D7BBD50706" box="[311,413,1843,1868]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">P. meswae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFADF44E92D6F8D6B8980706" author="HARRISON T. & ANDREWS P." box="[427,720,1842,1868]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" pagination="479 - 496" refId="ref15389" refString="HARRISON T. & ANDREWS P. 2009. - The anatomy and systematic position of the Early Miocene proconsulid from Meswa Bridge, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution 56 (5): 479 - 496. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jhevol. 2009.02.005" type="journal article" year="2009">Harrison & Andrews 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and bears two pillars on the lingual wall (one in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFADF44E9120F8B7B88B0726" authorityName="Harisson & Andrews" authorityYear="2009" box="[605,707,1875,1900]" class="Mammalia" family="Proconsulidae" genus="Proconsul" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meswae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFADF44E9120F8B7B88B0726" box="[605,707,1875,1900]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">P. meswae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; same authors).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFADF44E9393F896BBA907C7" author="MCNULTY K. P. & BEGUN D. R. & KELLEY J. & MANTHI F. K. & MBUA E. N." box="[238,481,1906,1933]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" pagination="42 - 61" refId="ref17803" refString="MCNULTY K. P., BEGUN D. R., KELLEY J., MANTHI F. K. & MBUA E. N. 2015. - A systematic revision of Proconsul with the description of a new genus of Early Miocene hominoid. Journal of Human Evolution 84: 42 - 61. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jhevol. 2015.03.009" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
McNulty
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFADF44E9227F897BBC707C6" box="[346,399,1906,1932]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFADF44E9166F896B94F07C6" author="PICKFORD M. & SENUT B. & GOMMERY D. & MUSALIZI S. & SEBUYUNGO C." box="[539,775,1906,1932]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" refId="ref18046" refString="PICKFORD M., SENUT B., GOMMERY D., MUSALIZI S. & SEBUYUNGO C. 2020. - Descriptive catalogue of large ape dento-gnathic remains from the Early and Middle Miocene of Napak, Uganda: 2010 - 2020 collections. Geo-Pal Uganda 17 (17), 61 p. https: // hal. science / hal- 02927082" type="book" year="2020">
|
||
Pickford
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFADF44E91FCF897B8FE07C6" box="[641,694,1906,1932]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2020)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mention a “blade-like” tip or “burin-like” in both the deciduous and permanent upper canine of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFADF44E9175F856B8230786" authorityName="Hopwood" authorityYear="1933" box="[520,619,1970,1996]" class="Mammalia" family="Proconsulidae" genus="Proconsul" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFADF44E9175F856B8230786" box="[520,619,1970,1996]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">Proconsul</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; this feature is absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFADF44E938EF836BBEF07A1" authorityName="Ravin de la Pluie" baseAuthorityName="Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[243,423,2001,2028]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedoniensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFADF44E938EF836BBEF07A1" box="[243,423,2001,2028]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">O. macedoniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The larger size, the trapezoidal occlusal crown outline (triangular in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFADF44E97CAFB11BF550544" authorityName="Harisson & Andrews" authorityYear="2009" box="[1207,1309,1269,1294]" class="Mammalia" family="Proconsulidae" genus="Proconsul" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meswae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFADF44E97CAFB11BF550544" box="[1207,1309,1269,1294]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">P. meswae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFADF44E9657FB10BF310544" box="[1322,1401,1268,1295]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1547,1564]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1503]" captionTargetId="figure-443@16.[698,1267,766,1320]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 7. — Upper deciduous teeth of various extinct hominoids: A, Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis,Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis,1974), RPl-245: A1, original;A2, virtual reconstruction; B-O, Griphopithecus alpani (Tekkaya,1974), Turkey (casts): B-F, right dP3’s, D 763,D 865, K 1320, L 1653, M 1874;G-I, left dP3’s, L 1567, K 1312, K 1319; J-L, right dP4’s, C 247, H 486, H 839; M-O, left dP4’s, K 1374, L 1576, K 1392; P, Proconsul meswae Harrison & Andrews, 2009, Kenya, KNM-ME 11 (cast); Q, Ekembo heseloni (Walker, Teadford, Martin & Andrews, 1933), left dP3-dP4, Kenya, KNM-RU 1803 (cast); R-T, Hispanopithecus laietanus Villalta Comella & Crusafont-Pairó, 1944, Can Llobateres, Spain; R, left dC1,?Can Llobateres 2, IPS1789; S, left dP3, Can Llobateres 1, IPS 1839; T, left dP4, Can Llobateres 1, IPS 1846; U, V, Australopithecus afarensis Johanson, White & Coppens, 1978, Hadar, Ethiopia (casts): U, right dP3-dP4, AL 33-386; V, right dP3 and dP4, Al 333-105 (casts); W, Australopithecus afarensis, Laetoli, Tanzania, right dP3-dP4, LH 21 (cast); X, Australopithecus africanus Dart, 1925, Taung skull, South Africa (cast). Scale bar: 1 cm." pageId="14" pageNumber="679">Fig. 7P</figureCitation>
|
||
), the presence of metacone and rudimentary hypocone, the smaller parastyle and the absence of cingulum distinguish the dP3 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFADF44E9051FAB0B9940524" authorityName="Ravin de la Pluie" baseAuthorityName="Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[812,988,1364,1390]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedoniensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFADF44E9051FAB0B9940524" box="[812,988,1364,1390]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">O. macedoniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFADF44E9718FAB1BE810524" authorityName="Harisson & Andrews" authorityYear="2009" box="[1125,1225,1365,1390]" class="Mammalia" family="Proconsulidae" genus="Proconsul" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meswae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFADF44E9718FAB1BE810524" box="[1125,1225,1365,1390]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">P. meswae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The dP
|
||
<superScript id="7C05B468FFADF44E965FFAB1BF64052C" attach="left" box="[1314,1324,1365,1382]" fontSize="7" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">4</superScript>
|
||
is larger, has a more squared occlusal crown outline and lacks the cingulum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFADF44E904BFA77B9E805E4" box="[822,928,1427,1454]" captionStart-0="FIG" captionStart-1="FIG" captionStart-2="FIG" captionStartId-0="13.[132,143,1986,2003]" captionStartId-1="14.[132,143,1155,1172]" captionStartId-2="16.[132,143,1547,1564]" captionTargetBox-0="[248,1315,188,1934]" captionTargetBox-1="[129,1458,184,1132]" captionTargetBox-2="[132,1455,215,1503]" captionTargetId-0="figure-131@13.[633,917,974,1069]" captionTargetId-1="figure-607@14.[168,1459,226,857]" captionTargetId-2="figure-443@16.[698,1267,766,1320]" captionTargetPageId-0="13" captionTargetPageId-1="14" captionTargetPageId-2="16" captionText-0="FIG. 5. — Scatter plots of the upper deciduous teeth of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974) in comparison with extant and extinct hominoids. Abbreviations: C1, upper canine; d, deciduous; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar. Data source: see Table 1." captionText-1="FIG. 6. — Box plots of the index-a [(MD*100)/BL] of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974) upper deciduous teeth compared to the extant and extinct hominoids; the circles indicate outliers. Abbreviations: C1, upper canine; d, deciduous; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar. Data source: see Table 1." captionText-2="FIG. 7. — Upper deciduous teeth of various extinct hominoids: A, Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis,Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis,1974), RPl-245: A1, original;A2, virtual reconstruction; B-O, Griphopithecus alpani (Tekkaya,1974), Turkey (casts): B-F, right dP3’s, D 763,D 865, K 1320, L 1653, M 1874;G-I, left dP3’s, L 1567, K 1312, K 1319; J-L, right dP4’s, C 247, H 486, H 839; M-O, left dP4’s, K 1374, L 1576, K 1392; P, Proconsul meswae Harrison & Andrews, 2009, Kenya, KNM-ME 11 (cast); Q, Ekembo heseloni (Walker, Teadford, Martin & Andrews, 1933), left dP3-dP4, Kenya, KNM-RU 1803 (cast); R-T, Hispanopithecus laietanus Villalta Comella & Crusafont-Pairó, 1944, Can Llobateres, Spain; R, left dC1,?Can Llobateres 2, IPS1789; S, left dP3, Can Llobateres 1, IPS 1839; T, left dP4, Can Llobateres 1, IPS 1846; U, V, Australopithecus afarensis Johanson, White & Coppens, 1978, Hadar, Ethiopia (casts): U, right dP3-dP4, AL 33-386; V, right dP3 and dP4, Al 333-105 (casts); W, Australopithecus afarensis, Laetoli, Tanzania, right dP3-dP4, LH 21 (cast); X, Australopithecus africanus Dart, 1925, Taung skull, South Africa (cast). Scale bar: 1 cm." pageId="14" pageNumber="679">Figs 5-7P</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F22C9BFFADF44E90D1FA77B9B605E4" box="[940,1022,1427,1454]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="11.[131,142,219,236]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 4. — Indices of upper deciduous teeth of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis(Bonis,Bouvrain,Geraads & Melentis,1974) and other extant and extinct hominids. Index-a. (MD*100)/BL and index-b. (MDdC1*100)/(MDdP3+MDdP4). The indices were calculated using the mean values of the dental dimensions." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0F49A8FFA8F44B93FEFF3FBF7F0149" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" tableUuid="DF0F49A8FFA8F44B93FEFF3FBF7F0149">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
). The dC1 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFADF44E97E0FA70BF1B05E7" authorityName="Ravin de la Pluie" baseAuthorityName="Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[1181,1363,1427,1454]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedoniensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFADF44E97E0FA70BF1B05E7" box="[1181,1363,1427,1454]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">O. macedoniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is larger compared to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFADF44E9770FA50BE2B0587" authorityName="Le Gros Clark & Leakey" authorityYear="1950" box="[1037,1123,1460,1485]" class="Mammalia" family="Proconsulidae" genus="Proconsul" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFADF44E9770FA50BE2B0587" box="[1037,1123,1460,1485]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">P. major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFADF44E970EFA57BEFA0584" box="[1139,1202,1459,1486]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[132,143,1986,2003]" captionTargetBox="[248,1315,188,1934]" captionTargetId="figure-131@13.[633,917,974,1069]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 5. — Scatter plots of the upper deciduous teeth of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974) in comparison with extant and extinct hominoids. Abbreviations: C1, upper canine; d, deciduous; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar. Data source: see Table 1." pageId="14" pageNumber="679">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
) and relatively reduced compared to the length of the premolar row, with a rounded occlusal crown outline and no buccal cingulum. The smaller size, the presence of metacone and hypocone and the absence of cingulum in the dP3 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFADF44E9745F9D7BEAE0607" authorityName="Ravin de la Pluie" baseAuthorityName="Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[1080,1254,1587,1613]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedoniensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFADF44E9745F9D7BEAE0607" box="[1080,1254,1587,1613]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">O. macedoniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
distinguish it from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFADF44E9056F9B0B9360627" authorityName="Le Gros Clark & Leakey" authorityYear="1950" box="[811,894,1620,1645]" class="Mammalia" family="Proconsulidae" genus="Proconsul" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFADF44E9056F9B0B9360627" box="[811,894,1620,1645]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">P. major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The dP4 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFADF44E9082F9B7BEF80627" authorityName="Ravin de la Pluie" baseAuthorityName="Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[1023,1200,1619,1645]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedoniensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFADF44E9082F9B7BEF80627" box="[1023,1200,1619,1645]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">O. macedoniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs with a larger size, a larger hypocone, a more squared occlusal crown outline and the absence of a cingulum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFADF44E9728F977BEDB06E7" box="[1109,1171,1682,1709]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[132,143,1986,2003]" captionTargetBox="[248,1315,188,1934]" captionTargetId="figure-131@13.[633,917,974,1069]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 5. — Scatter plots of the upper deciduous teeth of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974) in comparison with extant and extinct hominoids. Abbreviations: C1, upper canine; d, deciduous; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar. Data source: see Table 1." pageId="14" pageNumber="679">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F22C9BFFADF44E97DDF977BEB806E7" box="[1184,1264,1683,1709]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="11.[131,142,219,236]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 4. — Indices of upper deciduous teeth of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis(Bonis,Bouvrain,Geraads & Melentis,1974) and other extant and extinct hominids. Index-a. (MD*100)/BL and index-b. (MDdC1*100)/(MDdP3+MDdP4). The indices were calculated using the mean values of the dental dimensions." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0F49A8FFA8F44B93FEFF3FBF7F0149" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" tableUuid="DF0F49A8FFA8F44B93FEFF3FBF7F0149">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCF1920FFADF44E903EF956BF1407A6" blockId="14.[811,1457,1268,2028]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">
|
||
The comparison with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFADF44E9736F956BEEA0686" authorityName="McNulty, Begun, Kelley, Manthi & Mbua" authorityYear="2015" box="[1099,1186,1714,1740]" class="Mammalia" genus="Ekembo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFADF44E9736F956BEEA0686" box="[1099,1186,1714,1740]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">Ekembo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is based on the cast of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFADF44E9052F937B9E806A6" baseAuthorityName="Walker, Teadford, Martin & Andrews" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[815,928,1746,1772]" class="Mammalia" genus="Ekembo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heseloni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFADF44E9052F937B9E806A6" box="[815,928,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">E. heseloni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(KNM-RU 1803, housed in NHML;
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFADF44E962CF936BFEF06A7" box="[1361,1447,1746,1773]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1547,1564]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1503]" captionTargetId="figure-443@16.[698,1267,766,1320]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 7. — Upper deciduous teeth of various extinct hominoids: A, Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis,Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis,1974), RPl-245: A1, original;A2, virtual reconstruction; B-O, Griphopithecus alpani (Tekkaya,1974), Turkey (casts): B-F, right dP3’s, D 763,D 865, K 1320, L 1653, M 1874;G-I, left dP3’s, L 1567, K 1312, K 1319; J-L, right dP4’s, C 247, H 486, H 839; M-O, left dP4’s, K 1374, L 1576, K 1392; P, Proconsul meswae Harrison & Andrews, 2009, Kenya, KNM-ME 11 (cast); Q, Ekembo heseloni (Walker, Teadford, Martin & Andrews, 1933), left dP3-dP4, Kenya, KNM-RU 1803 (cast); R-T, Hispanopithecus laietanus Villalta Comella & Crusafont-Pairó, 1944, Can Llobateres, Spain; R, left dC1,?Can Llobateres 2, IPS1789; S, left dP3, Can Llobateres 1, IPS 1839; T, left dP4, Can Llobateres 1, IPS 1846; U, V, Australopithecus afarensis Johanson, White & Coppens, 1978, Hadar, Ethiopia (casts): U, right dP3-dP4, AL 33-386; V, right dP3 and dP4, Al 333-105 (casts); W, Australopithecus afarensis, Laetoli, Tanzania, right dP3-dP4, LH 21 (cast); X, Australopithecus africanus Dart, 1925, Taung skull, South Africa (cast). Scale bar: 1 cm." pageId="14" pageNumber="679">Fig. 7Q</figureCitation>
|
||
) and the descriptions of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFADF44E974FF916BF6C0747" author="MCNULTY K. P. & BEGUN D. R. & KELLEY J. & MANTHI F. K. & MBUA E. N." box="[1074,1316,1778,1805]" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" pagination="42 - 61" refId="ref17803" refString="MCNULTY K. P., BEGUN D. R., KELLEY J., MANTHI F. K. & MBUA E. N. 2015. - A systematic revision of Proconsul with the description of a new genus of Early Miocene hominoid. Journal of Human Evolution 84: 42 - 61. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jhevol. 2015.03.009" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
McNulty
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFADF44E97E0F917BE9A0746" box="[1181,1234,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The dC1 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFADF44E9053F8F7B9AE0766" authorityName="Ravin de la Pluie" baseAuthorityName="Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[814,998,1810,1837]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedoniensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFADF44E9053F8F7B9AE0766" box="[814,998,1810,1837]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">O. macedoniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is larger compared to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFADF44E9645F8F7BFE00766" baseAuthorityName="Walker, Teadford, Martin & Andrews" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[1336,1448,1810,1836]" class="Mammalia" genus="Ekembo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heseloni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFADF44E9645F8F7BFE00766" box="[1336,1448,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">E. heseloni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, more reduced relatively to the length of the premolar row, and with a more rounded occlusal crown outline. The dP3 is larger, has a trapezoidal outline of the occlusal crown, a metacone, a rudimentary hypocone and no cingulum. The dP
|
||
<superScript id="7C05B468FFADF44E9037F857B91C078E" attach="left" box="[842,852,1971,1988]" fontSize="7" pageId="14" pageNumber="679">4</superScript>
|
||
is larger, has a more squared outline of the occlusal crown and does not have a cingulum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFADF44E97FFF835BEB907A6" box="[1154,1265,2001,2028]" captionStart-0="FIG" captionStart-1="FIG" captionStart-2="FIG" captionStartId-0="13.[132,143,1986,2003]" captionStartId-1="14.[132,143,1155,1172]" captionStartId-2="16.[132,143,1547,1564]" captionTargetBox-0="[248,1315,188,1934]" captionTargetBox-1="[129,1458,184,1132]" captionTargetBox-2="[132,1455,215,1503]" captionTargetId-0="figure-131@13.[633,917,974,1069]" captionTargetId-1="figure-607@14.[168,1459,226,857]" captionTargetId-2="figure-443@16.[698,1267,766,1320]" captionTargetPageId-0="13" captionTargetPageId-1="14" captionTargetPageId-2="16" captionText-0="FIG. 5. — Scatter plots of the upper deciduous teeth of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974) in comparison with extant and extinct hominoids. Abbreviations: C1, upper canine; d, deciduous; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar. Data source: see Table 1." captionText-1="FIG. 6. — Box plots of the index-a [(MD*100)/BL] of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974) upper deciduous teeth compared to the extant and extinct hominoids; the circles indicate outliers. Abbreviations: C1, upper canine; d, deciduous; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar. Data source: see Table 1." captionText-2="FIG. 7. — Upper deciduous teeth of various extinct hominoids: A, Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis,Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis,1974), RPl-245: A1, original;A2, virtual reconstruction; B-O, Griphopithecus alpani (Tekkaya,1974), Turkey (casts): B-F, right dP3’s, D 763,D 865, K 1320, L 1653, M 1874;G-I, left dP3’s, L 1567, K 1312, K 1319; J-L, right dP4’s, C 247, H 486, H 839; M-O, left dP4’s, K 1374, L 1576, K 1392; P, Proconsul meswae Harrison & Andrews, 2009, Kenya, KNM-ME 11 (cast); Q, Ekembo heseloni (Walker, Teadford, Martin & Andrews, 1933), left dP3-dP4, Kenya, KNM-RU 1803 (cast); R-T, Hispanopithecus laietanus Villalta Comella & Crusafont-Pairó, 1944, Can Llobateres, Spain; R, left dC1,?Can Llobateres 2, IPS1789; S, left dP3, Can Llobateres 1, IPS 1839; T, left dP4, Can Llobateres 1, IPS 1846; U, V, Australopithecus afarensis Johanson, White & Coppens, 1978, Hadar, Ethiopia (casts): U, right dP3-dP4, AL 33-386; V, right dP3 and dP4, Al 333-105 (casts); W, Australopithecus afarensis, Laetoli, Tanzania, right dP3-dP4, LH 21 (cast); X, Australopithecus africanus Dart, 1925, Taung skull, South Africa (cast). Scale bar: 1 cm." pageId="14" pageNumber="679">Figs 5-7Q</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F22C9BFFADF44E9781F835BF0407A6" box="[1276,1356,2001,2028]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="11.[131,142,219,236]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 4. — Indices of upper deciduous teeth of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis(Bonis,Bouvrain,Geraads & Melentis,1974) and other extant and extinct hominids. Index-a. (MD*100)/BL and index-b. (MDdC1*100)/(MDdP3+MDdP4). The indices were calculated using the mean values of the dental dimensions." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0F49A8FFA8F44B93FEFF3FBF7F0149" pageId="14" pageNumber="679" tableUuid="DF0F49A8FFA8F44B93FEFF3FBF7F0149">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCF1920FFACF44F93E6FF3CBBC901BB" blockId="15.[130,777,216,2028]" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">
|
||
The comparison of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFACF44F9208FF3CB86200B8" authorityName="Ravin de la Pluie" baseAuthorityName="Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[373,554,216,242]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedoniensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFACF44F9208FF3CB86200B8" box="[373,554,216,242]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">O. macedoniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFACF44F9111FF3CBA800158" authorityName="Pasalar" baseAuthorityName="Tekkaya" baseAuthorityYear="1974" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Griphopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alpani">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFACF44F9111FF3CBA800158" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">Griphopithecus alpani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is based on the casts of several isolated teeth from Paşalar,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36759B0FFACF44F93A3FEF3BB63017B" box="[222,299,279,305]" name="Turkey" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
, housed in NHML; this sample lacks dC1. The material was studied by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFACF44F92BBFEDCB9480118" author="MORTZOU G. & ANDREWS P." box="[454,768,311,338]" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" pagination="494 - 502" refId="ref17876" refString="MORTZOU G. & ANDREWS P. 2008. - The deciduous dentition of Griphopithecus alpani from Pasalar, Turkey. Journal of Human Evolution 54 (4): 494 - 502. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jhevol. 2007.08.001" type="journal article" year="2008">Mortzou & Andrews (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and all referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFACF44F9239FEBCBBEE013B" authorityName="Pasalar" baseAuthorityName="Tekkaya" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[324,422,343,370]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Griphopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alpani">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFACF44F9239FEBCBBEE013B" box="[324,422,343,370]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">G. alpani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFACF44F913AFEBCB8E2013B" authorityName="Pasalar" baseAuthorityName="Tekkaya" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[583,682,343,370]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Griphopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alpani">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFACF44F913AFEBCB8E2013B" box="[583,682,343,370]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">G. alpani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the dP3 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFACF44F93DDFE9CBB1B01DB" authorityName="Ravin de la Pluie" baseAuthorityName="Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[160,339,375,402]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedoniensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFACF44F93DDFE9CBB1B01DB" box="[160,339,375,402]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">O. macedoniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is larger with a metacone, a rudimentary hypocone and without cingulum. The dP4 is larger, has a more squared occlusal crown outline and lacks the cingulum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFACF44F93F0FE33BAAC01BB" box="[141,228,471,498]" captionStart-0="FIG" captionStart-1="FIG" captionStart-2="FIG" captionStartId-0="13.[132,143,1986,2003]" captionStartId-1="14.[132,143,1155,1172]" captionStartId-2="16.[132,143,1547,1564]" captionTargetBox-0="[248,1315,188,1934]" captionTargetBox-1="[129,1458,184,1132]" captionTargetBox-2="[132,1455,215,1503]" captionTargetId-0="figure-131@13.[633,917,974,1069]" captionTargetId-1="figure-607@14.[168,1459,226,857]" captionTargetId-2="figure-443@16.[698,1267,766,1320]" captionTargetPageId-0="13" captionTargetPageId-1="14" captionTargetPageId-2="16" captionText-0="FIG. 5. — Scatter plots of the upper deciduous teeth of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974) in comparison with extant and extinct hominoids. Abbreviations: C1, upper canine; d, deciduous; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar. Data source: see Table 1." captionText-1="FIG. 6. — Box plots of the index-a [(MD*100)/BL] of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974) upper deciduous teeth compared to the extant and extinct hominoids; the circles indicate outliers. Abbreviations: C1, upper canine; d, deciduous; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar. Data source: see Table 1." captionText-2="FIG. 7. — Upper deciduous teeth of various extinct hominoids: A, Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis,Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis,1974), RPl-245: A1, original;A2, virtual reconstruction; B-O, Griphopithecus alpani (Tekkaya,1974), Turkey (casts): B-F, right dP3’s, D 763,D 865, K 1320, L 1653, M 1874;G-I, left dP3’s, L 1567, K 1312, K 1319; J-L, right dP4’s, C 247, H 486, H 839; M-O, left dP4’s, K 1374, L 1576, K 1392; P, Proconsul meswae Harrison & Andrews, 2009, Kenya, KNM-ME 11 (cast); Q, Ekembo heseloni (Walker, Teadford, Martin & Andrews, 1933), left dP3-dP4, Kenya, KNM-RU 1803 (cast); R-T, Hispanopithecus laietanus Villalta Comella & Crusafont-Pairó, 1944, Can Llobateres, Spain; R, left dC1,?Can Llobateres 2, IPS1789; S, left dP3, Can Llobateres 1, IPS 1839; T, left dP4, Can Llobateres 1, IPS 1846; U, V, Australopithecus afarensis Johanson, White & Coppens, 1978, Hadar, Ethiopia (casts): U, right dP3-dP4, AL 33-386; V, right dP3 and dP4, Al 333-105 (casts); W, Australopithecus afarensis, Laetoli, Tanzania, right dP3-dP4, LH 21 (cast); X, Australopithecus africanus Dart, 1925, Taung skull, South Africa (cast). Scale bar: 1 cm." pageId="15" pageNumber="680">Figs 5-7</figureCitation>
|
||
B-O;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F22C9BFFACF44F925CFE33BB3901BB" box="[289,369,471,497]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="11.[131,142,219,236]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 4. — Indices of upper deciduous teeth of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis(Bonis,Bouvrain,Geraads & Melentis,1974) and other extant and extinct hominids. Index-a. (MD*100)/BL and index-b. (MDdC1*100)/(MDdP3+MDdP4). The indices were calculated using the mean values of the dental dimensions." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0F49A8FFA8F44B93FEFF3FBF7F0149" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" tableUuid="DF0F49A8FFA8F44B93FEFF3FBF7F0149">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCF1920FFACF44F93E6FE13B82C0385" blockId="15.[130,777,216,2028]" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">
|
||
The comparison of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFACF44F9210FE13B868025B" authorityName="Ravin de la Pluie" baseAuthorityName="Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[365,544,503,529]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedoniensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFACF44F9210FE13B868025B" box="[365,544,503,529]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">O. macedoniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFACF44F9123FE13B8DB027B" authority="Villalta Comella & Crusafont Pairo, 1944" authorityName="Villalta Comella & Crusafont Pairo" authorityYear="1944" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Hispanopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laietanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFACF44F9123FE13BA96027B" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">Hispanopithecus laietanus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFACF44F939EFDF3B8DB027B" author="VILLALTA COMELLA J. F. DE & CRUSAFONT PAIRO M." box="[227,659,535,561]" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" pagination="1 - 51" refId="ref18874" refString="VILLALTA COMELLA J. F. DE & CRUSAFONT PAIRO M. 1944. - Dos nuevos antropomorfos del Mioceno espanol y su situacion dentro de la moderna sistematica de los simidos. Notas y Comunicaciones del Instituto Geologico y Minero de Espana 13: 1 - 51." type="journal article" year="1944">Villalta Comella & Crusafont Pairó, 1944</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is based on some casts from Can Llobateres I, II,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36759B0FFACF44F9281FDD2B87F021A" box="[508,567,566,592]" name="Spain" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFACF44F913BFDD2B8C8021B" box="[582,640,566,593]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1547,1564]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1503]" captionTargetId="figure-443@16.[698,1267,766,1320]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 7. — Upper deciduous teeth of various extinct hominoids: A, Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis,Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis,1974), RPl-245: A1, original;A2, virtual reconstruction; B-O, Griphopithecus alpani (Tekkaya,1974), Turkey (casts): B-F, right dP3’s, D 763,D 865, K 1320, L 1653, M 1874;G-I, left dP3’s, L 1567, K 1312, K 1319; J-L, right dP4’s, C 247, H 486, H 839; M-O, left dP4’s, K 1374, L 1576, K 1392; P, Proconsul meswae Harrison & Andrews, 2009, Kenya, KNM-ME 11 (cast); Q, Ekembo heseloni (Walker, Teadford, Martin & Andrews, 1933), left dP3-dP4, Kenya, KNM-RU 1803 (cast); R-T, Hispanopithecus laietanus Villalta Comella & Crusafont-Pairó, 1944, Can Llobateres, Spain; R, left dC1,?Can Llobateres 2, IPS1789; S, left dP3, Can Llobateres 1, IPS 1839; T, left dP4, Can Llobateres 1, IPS 1846; U, V, Australopithecus afarensis Johanson, White & Coppens, 1978, Hadar, Ethiopia (casts): U, right dP3-dP4, AL 33-386; V, right dP3 and dP4, Al 333-105 (casts); W, Australopithecus afarensis, Laetoli, Tanzania, right dP3-dP4, LH 21 (cast); X, Australopithecus africanus Dart, 1925, Taung skull, South Africa (cast). Scale bar: 1 cm." pageId="15" pageNumber="680">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
R-T) and the descriptions of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFACF44F925BFDB2BBA8023B" author="ALBA D. M. & CASANOVAS-VILAR I. & ALMECIJA S. & ROBLES J. M. & ARIAS-MARTOREL J. & MOYA-SOLA S." box="[294,480,598,625]" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" pagination="231 - 246" refId="ref13010" refString="ALBA D. M., CASANOVAS-VILAR I., ALMECIJA S., ROBLES J. M., ARIAS-MARTOREL J. & MOYA-SOLA S. 2012. - New dental remains of Hispanopithecus laietanus (Primates: Hominidae) from Can Llobateres 1 and the taxonomy of Late Miocene hominoids from the Valles-Penedes Basin (NE Iberian Peninsula). Journal of Human Evolution 63 (1): 231 - 246. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jhevol. 2012.05.009" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Alba
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFACF44F9223FDB3BBD9023A" box="[350,401,598,624]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2012)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFACF44F91FDFDB3B8B6023A" authorityName="Villalta Comella & Crusafont Pairo" authorityYear="1944" box="[640,766,598,624]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Hispanopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laietanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFACF44F91FDFDB3B8B6023A" box="[640,766,598,624]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">H. laietanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the dC1 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFACF44F9384FD93BBE302DA" authorityName="Ravin de la Pluie" baseAuthorityName="Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[249,427,630,657]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedoniensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFACF44F9384FD93BBE302DA" box="[249,427,630,657]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">O. macedoniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is larger, and more reduced relative to the length of the premolar row, with a more rounded occlusal crown outline, and without the large distolingual basin-like groove of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFACF44F9228FD33BB9902BA" authorityName="Villalta Comella & Crusafont Pairo" authorityYear="1944" box="[341,465,726,752]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Hispanopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laietanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFACF44F9228FD33BB9902BA" box="[341,465,726,752]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">H. laietanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In addition,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFACF44F911CFD33B89502BA" authorityName="Villalta Comella & Crusafont Pairo" authorityYear="1944" box="[609,733,726,752]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Hispanopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laietanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFACF44F911CFD33B89502BA" box="[609,733,726,752]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">H. laietanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a strong lingual ridge extending to the middle of the canine height, which is weaker in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFACF44F92E6FCF2B804037A" authorityName="Ravin de la Pluie" baseAuthorityName="Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[411,588,790,816]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedoniensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFACF44F92E6FCF2B804037A" box="[411,588,790,816]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">O. macedoniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The dP
|
||
<superScript id="7C05B468FFACF44F91DBFCF3B8F80362" attach="left" box="[678,688,791,808]" fontSize="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">3</superScript>
|
||
is larger and it has a trapezoidal occlusal crown outline, a metacone (in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFACF44F93FFFCB2BB490325" authorityName="Villalta Comella & Crusafont Pairo" authorityYear="1944" box="[130,257,853,879]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Hispanopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laietanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFACF44F93FFFCB2BB490325" box="[130,257,853,879]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">H. laietanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
there is a crest in the position of the metacone), a rudimentary hypocone, and lacks the cingulum. The dP4 is larger with a more squared occlusal crown outline and lacks the lingual cingulum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFACF44F9208FC51BB84039A" box="[373,460,949,976]" captionStart-0="FIG" captionStart-1="FIG" captionStart-2="FIG" captionStartId-0="13.[132,143,1986,2003]" captionStartId-1="14.[132,143,1155,1172]" captionStartId-2="16.[132,143,1547,1564]" captionTargetBox-0="[248,1315,188,1934]" captionTargetBox-1="[129,1458,184,1132]" captionTargetBox-2="[132,1455,215,1503]" captionTargetId-0="figure-131@13.[633,917,974,1069]" captionTargetId-1="figure-607@14.[168,1459,226,857]" captionTargetId-2="figure-443@16.[698,1267,766,1320]" captionTargetPageId-0="13" captionTargetPageId-1="14" captionTargetPageId-2="16" captionText-0="FIG. 5. — Scatter plots of the upper deciduous teeth of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974) in comparison with extant and extinct hominoids. Abbreviations: C1, upper canine; d, deciduous; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar. Data source: see Table 1." captionText-1="FIG. 6. — Box plots of the index-a [(MD*100)/BL] of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974) upper deciduous teeth compared to the extant and extinct hominoids; the circles indicate outliers. Abbreviations: C1, upper canine; d, deciduous; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar. Data source: see Table 1." captionText-2="FIG. 7. — Upper deciduous teeth of various extinct hominoids: A, Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis,Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis,1974), RPl-245: A1, original;A2, virtual reconstruction; B-O, Griphopithecus alpani (Tekkaya,1974), Turkey (casts): B-F, right dP3’s, D 763,D 865, K 1320, L 1653, M 1874;G-I, left dP3’s, L 1567, K 1312, K 1319; J-L, right dP4’s, C 247, H 486, H 839; M-O, left dP4’s, K 1374, L 1576, K 1392; P, Proconsul meswae Harrison & Andrews, 2009, Kenya, KNM-ME 11 (cast); Q, Ekembo heseloni (Walker, Teadford, Martin & Andrews, 1933), left dP3-dP4, Kenya, KNM-RU 1803 (cast); R-T, Hispanopithecus laietanus Villalta Comella & Crusafont-Pairó, 1944, Can Llobateres, Spain; R, left dC1,?Can Llobateres 2, IPS1789; S, left dP3, Can Llobateres 1, IPS 1839; T, left dP4, Can Llobateres 1, IPS 1846; U, V, Australopithecus afarensis Johanson, White & Coppens, 1978, Hadar, Ethiopia (casts): U, right dP3-dP4, AL 33-386; V, right dP3 and dP4, Al 333-105 (casts); W, Australopithecus afarensis, Laetoli, Tanzania, right dP3-dP4, LH 21 (cast); X, Australopithecus africanus Dart, 1925, Taung skull, South Africa (cast). Scale bar: 1 cm." pageId="15" pageNumber="680">Figs 5-7</figureCitation>
|
||
R-T;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F22C9BFFACF44F9179FC51B81C0385" box="[516,596,949,975]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="11.[131,142,219,236]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 4. — Indices of upper deciduous teeth of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis(Bonis,Bouvrain,Geraads & Melentis,1974) and other extant and extinct hominids. Index-a. (MD*100)/BL and index-b. (MDdC1*100)/(MDdP3+MDdP4). The indices were calculated using the mean values of the dental dimensions." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0F49A8FFA8F44B93FEFF3FBF7F0149" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" tableUuid="DF0F49A8FFA8F44B93FEFF3FBF7F0149">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCF1920FFACF44F93E6FC31BBEB0544" blockId="15.[130,777,216,2028]" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">
|
||
The comparison with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFACF44F92E4FC31BAF60445" authority="Kretzoi, 1969" authorityName="Kretzoi" authorityYear="1969" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Rudapithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hungaricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFACF44F92E4FC31B8EC03A5" box="[409,676,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">Rudapithecus hungaricus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFACF44F91D0FC31BAF60445" author="KRETZOI M." pageId="15" pageNumber="680" pagination="3 - 11" refId="ref17328" refString="KRETZOI M. 1969. - Geschichte der Primaten und der Hominization. Symposium Biologica Hungarica 9: 3 - 11." type="journal article" year="1969">Kretzoi, 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is based on the photos (no permission to publish the photos) of an undescribed isolated dP3 and another dP4 from Rudabanya,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36759B0FFACF44F9276FBD1BB250405" box="[267,365,1077,1103]" name="Hungary" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">Hungary</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The dP
|
||
<superScript id="7C05B468FFACF44F92B4FBD2BB9B040D" attach="left" box="[457,467,1078,1095]" fontSize="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">3</superScript>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFACF44F928BFBD1B8E20405" authorityName="Ravin de la Pluie" baseAuthorityName="Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[502,682,1077,1103]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedoniensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFACF44F928BFBD1B8E20405" box="[502,682,1077,1103]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">O. macedoniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is larger with a trapezoidal occlusal crown outline (in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFACF44F911FFBB1B8A70425" authorityName="Kretzoi" authorityYear="1969" box="[610,751,1109,1135]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Rudapithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hungaricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFACF44F911FFBB1B8A70425" box="[610,751,1109,1135]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">R. hungaricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is sub-rectangular, MD<BL), a smaller parastyle, a metacone, a rudimentary hypocone, and absence of the cingulum. The dP4 is larger with more squared occlusal crown outline (in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFACF44F93FBFB31BB5B04A4" authorityName="Kretzoi" authorityYear="1969" box="[134,275,1236,1262]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Rudapithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hungaricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFACF44F93FBFB31BB5B04A4" box="[134,275,1236,1262]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">R. hungaricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is sub-rectangular, MD<BL), and without cingulum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFACF44F93A7FB10BB520545" box="[218,282,1268,1295]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[132,143,1986,2003]" captionTargetBox="[248,1315,188,1934]" captionTargetId="figure-131@13.[633,917,974,1069]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 5. — Scatter plots of the upper deciduous teeth of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974) in comparison with extant and extinct hominoids. Abbreviations: C1, upper canine; d, deciduous; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar. Data source: see Table 1." pageId="15" pageNumber="680">Figs 5</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFACF44F9255FB10BB7E0544" box="[296,310,1268,1294]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1155,1172]" captionTargetBox="[129,1458,184,1132]" captionTargetId="figure-607@14.[168,1459,226,857]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 6. — Box plots of the index-a [(MD*100)/BL] of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974) upper deciduous teeth compared to the extant and extinct hominoids; the circles indicate outliers. Abbreviations: C1, upper canine; d, deciduous; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar. Data source: see Table 1." pageId="15" pageNumber="680">6</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F22C9BFFACF44F923EFB10BBDB0544" box="[323,403,1268,1294]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="11.[131,142,219,236]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 4. — Indices of upper deciduous teeth of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis(Bonis,Bouvrain,Geraads & Melentis,1974) and other extant and extinct hominids. Index-a. (MD*100)/BL and index-b. (MDdC1*100)/(MDdP3+MDdP4). The indices were calculated using the mean values of the dental dimensions." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0F49A8FFA8F44B93FEFF3FBF7F0149" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" tableUuid="DF0F49A8FFA8F44B93FEFF3FBF7F0149">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCF1920FFACF44F93E6FAF1BBF30766" blockId="15.[130,777,216,2028]" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">
|
||
Two species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFACF44F922DFAF0BBBB0564" authorityName="Wu" authorityYear="1987" box="[336,499,1300,1326]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Lufengpithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFACF44F922DFAF0BBBB0564" box="[336,499,1300,1326]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">Lufengpithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are known from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36759B0FFACF44F91BDFAF0B94E0564" box="[704,774,1300,1326]" name="China" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFACF44F93FAFAD1BBC10504" authority="Ho, 1990" authorityName="Ho" authorityYear="1990" box="[135,393,1332,1358]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Lufengpithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hudienensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFACF44F93FAFAD1BB520504" box="[135,282,1332,1358]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">L. hudienensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFACF44F9262FAD0BBC10504" author="HO C. K." box="[287,393,1332,1358]" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" pagination="309 - 318" refId="ref15582" refString="HO C. K. 1990. - A new Pliocene hominoid skull from Yuanmou, southwest China. Human Evolution 5: 309 - 318. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02437248" type="journal article" year="1990">Ho, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFACF44F92BCFAD1BB320524" authority="Xu, Lu, Pan, Qi, Zhan & Zheng, 1978" authorityName="Xu, Lu, Pan, Qi, Zhan & Zheng" authorityYear="1978" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Lufengpithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lufengensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFACF44F92BCFAD1B8030504" box="[449,587,1332,1358]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">L. lufengensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFACF44F912FFAD0BB320524" author="XU Q. & LU Q. & PAN Y. & QI G. & ZHAN X. & ZHENG L." pageId="15" pageNumber="680" pagination="554 - 556" refId="ref19280" refString="XU Q., LU Q., PAN Y., QI G., ZHAN X. & ZHENG L. 1978. - The fossil mandible of Ramapithecus lufengensis. Kexue Tongbao 23: 554 - 556." type="journal article" year="1978">Xu, Lu, Pan, Qi, Zhan & Zheng, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A juvenile cranium of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFACF44F91FCFAB1BAD305C7" authorityName="Ho" authorityYear="1990" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Lufengpithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hudienensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFACF44F91FCFAB1BAD305C7" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">L. hudienensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(YV 0999) is known from the Yuanmou Basin, which preserves the deciduous dentition (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFACF44F9282FA70B82A05E4" author="HO C. K." box="[511,610,1428,1454]" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" pagination="309 - 318" refId="ref15582" refString="HO C. K. 1990. - A new Pliocene hominoid skull from Yuanmou, southwest China. Human Evolution 5: 309 - 318. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02437248" type="journal article" year="1990">Ho 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFACF44F910DFA77BAF60584" author="KELLEY J. & GAO F." pageId="15" pageNumber="680" pagination="6882 - 6885" refId="ref16348" refString="KELLEY J. & GAO F. 2012. - Juvenile homimoid cranium from the late Miocene of southern China and hominoid diversity in Asia. PNAS 109 (18): 6882 - 6885. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 1201330109" type="journal article" year="2012">Kelley & Gao 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The mesiodistal diameter of dC1 is longer than the buccolingual one in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFACF44F9224FA30B8D405A4" authority="(Ho 1990: 315)" baseAuthorityName="Ho" baseAuthorityPageNumber="315" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[345,668,1491,1518]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Lufengpithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hudienensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFACF44F9224FA30BBA305A7" box="[345,491,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">L. hudienensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFACF44F9287FA30B8DC05A4" author="HO C. K." box="[506,660,1491,1518]" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" pagination="309 - 318" refId="ref15582" refString="HO C. K. 1990. - A new Pliocene hominoid skull from Yuanmou, southwest China. Human Evolution 5: 309 - 318. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02437248" type="journal article" year="1990">Ho 1990: 315</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, implying an elliptical occlusal crown outline, whereas it is rounded in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFACF44F93F9F9F7BB700667" authorityName="Ravin de la Pluie" baseAuthorityName="Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[132,312,1555,1581]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedoniensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFACF44F93F9F9F7BB700667" box="[132,312,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">O. macedoniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The dP3 has a triangular shape (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFACF44F91E0F9F0B9480667" author="HO C. K." box="[669,768,1555,1582]" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" pagination="309 - 318" refId="ref15582" refString="HO C. K. 1990. - A new Pliocene hominoid skull from Yuanmou, southwest China. Human Evolution 5: 309 - 318. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02437248" type="journal article" year="1990">Ho 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 4) with a prominent parastyle, unlike
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFACF44F9130F9D7B9480607" authorityName="Ravin de la Pluie" baseAuthorityName="Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[589,768,1587,1613]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedoniensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFACF44F9130F9D7B9480607" box="[589,768,1587,1613]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">O. macedoniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which has trapezoidal occlusal crown outline, a very small parastyle, and a rudimentary hypocone. A juvenile cranium (ZT 299) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFACF44F926AF977BBEC06E7" authorityName="Xu, Lu, Pan, Qi, Zhan & Zheng" authorityYear="1978" box="[279,420,1683,1709]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Lufengpithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lufengensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFACF44F926AF977BBEC06E7" box="[279,420,1683,1709]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">L. lufengensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known from Southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36759B0FFACF44F91BEF977B94E06E7" box="[707,774,1683,1709]" name="China" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFACF44F93F3F956BB550687" author="JI X. & JABLONSKI N. G. & SU D. E. & DENG C. L. & FLYNN L. J. & YOU Y. & KELLEY J." box="[142,285,1714,1741]" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" pagination="3771 - 3779" refId="ref15662" refString="JI X., JABLONSKI N. G., SU D. E., DENG C. L., FLYNN L. J., YOU Y. & KELLEY J. 2013. - Juvenile hominoid cranium from the terminal Miocene of Yunnan, China. Chinese Science Bulletin 58: 3771 - 3779. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11434 - 013 - 6021 - x" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Ji
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFACF44F93DAF957BA940686" box="[167,220,1714,1740]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 5). The cranium preserves only the dP4 which differs from that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFACF44F92ECF937B87706A6" authorityName="Ravin de la Pluie" baseAuthorityName="Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[401,575,1746,1773]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedoniensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFACF44F92ECF937B87706A6" box="[401,575,1746,1773]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">O. macedoniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having a weaker hypocone, a shorter mesiodistal than buccolingual length, and a smaller size (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFACF44F9232F8F6BBC70767" box="[335,399,1810,1837]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[132,143,1986,2003]" captionTargetBox="[248,1315,188,1934]" captionTargetId="figure-131@13.[633,917,974,1069]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 5. — Scatter plots of the upper deciduous teeth of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974) in comparison with extant and extinct hominoids. Abbreviations: C1, upper canine; d, deciduous; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar. Data source: see Table 1." pageId="15" pageNumber="680">Figs 5</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFACF44F92E0F8F6BBE30766" box="[413,427,1810,1836]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1155,1172]" captionTargetBox="[129,1458,184,1132]" captionTargetId="figure-607@14.[168,1459,226,857]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 6. — Box plots of the index-a [(MD*100)/BL] of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974) upper deciduous teeth compared to the extant and extinct hominoids; the circles indicate outliers. Abbreviations: C1, upper canine; d, deciduous; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar. Data source: see Table 1." pageId="15" pageNumber="680">6</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCF1920FFACF44F93E6F8D6BEF401BB" blockId="15.[130,777,216,2028]" lastBlockId="15.[811,1457,216,753]" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">
|
||
The comparison with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFACF44F92ECF8D6BABD0726" authority="Johanson et al. 1978" authorityName="Johanson" authorityYear="1978" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="afarensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFACF44F92ECF8D6B8D20706" box="[401,666,1842,1868]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">Australopithecus afarensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFACF44F91DFF8D6BABD0726" author="JOHANSON D. C. & WHITE T. D. & COPPENS Y." pageId="15" pageNumber="680" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref15738" refString="JOHANSON D. C., WHITE T. D. & COPPENS Y. 1978. - A new species of the genus Australopithecus (Primates: Hominidae) from the Pliocene of eastern Africa. Kirtlandia 28: 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1978">
|
||
Johanson
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFACF44F93F9F8B7BAFF0726" box="[132,183,1874,1900]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1978
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was based on the material from Hadar (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36759B0FFACF44F91DDF8B6B9480726" box="[672,768,1874,1900]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
|
||
) and Laetoli (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36759B0FFACF44F9274F896BB3807C6" box="[265,368,1906,1932]" name="Tanzania" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
), (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFACF44F92F6F896BB8F07C6" box="[395,455,1906,1932]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1547,1564]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1503]" captionTargetId="figure-443@16.[698,1267,766,1320]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 7. — Upper deciduous teeth of various extinct hominoids: A, Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis,Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis,1974), RPl-245: A1, original;A2, virtual reconstruction; B-O, Griphopithecus alpani (Tekkaya,1974), Turkey (casts): B-F, right dP3’s, D 763,D 865, K 1320, L 1653, M 1874;G-I, left dP3’s, L 1567, K 1312, K 1319; J-L, right dP4’s, C 247, H 486, H 839; M-O, left dP4’s, K 1374, L 1576, K 1392; P, Proconsul meswae Harrison & Andrews, 2009, Kenya, KNM-ME 11 (cast); Q, Ekembo heseloni (Walker, Teadford, Martin & Andrews, 1933), left dP3-dP4, Kenya, KNM-RU 1803 (cast); R-T, Hispanopithecus laietanus Villalta Comella & Crusafont-Pairó, 1944, Can Llobateres, Spain; R, left dC1,?Can Llobateres 2, IPS1789; S, left dP3, Can Llobateres 1, IPS 1839; T, left dP4, Can Llobateres 1, IPS 1846; U, V, Australopithecus afarensis Johanson, White & Coppens, 1978, Hadar, Ethiopia (casts): U, right dP3-dP4, AL 33-386; V, right dP3 and dP4, Al 333-105 (casts); W, Australopithecus afarensis, Laetoli, Tanzania, right dP3-dP4, LH 21 (cast); X, Australopithecus africanus Dart, 1925, Taung skull, South Africa (cast). Scale bar: 1 cm." pageId="15" pageNumber="680">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
U-W) and on the descriptions and illustrations of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFACF44F922BF876BBAB07E6" author="WHITE T. D." box="[342,483,1938,1964]" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" pagination="197 - 230" refId="ref19191" refString="WHITE T. D. 1977. - New fossil hominids from Laetoli, Tanzania. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 46 (2): 197 - 230. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ajpa. 1330460203" type="journal article" year="1977">White (1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFACF44F928CF876B86207E6" author="WHITE T. D." box="[497,554,1938,1964]" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" pagination="487 - 504" refId="ref19233" refString="WHITE T. D. 1980. - Additional fossil hominids from Laetoli, Tanzania: 1976 - 1979 specimens. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 53 (4): 487 - 504. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ajpa. 1330530405" type="journal article" year="1980">1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFACF44F9115F876BA860786" author="JOHANSON D. C. & WHITE T. D. & COPPENS Y." pageId="15" pageNumber="680" pagination="545 - 603" refId="ref15782" refString="JOHANSON D. C., WHITE T. D. & COPPENS Y. 1982. - Dental remains from the Hadar Formation, Ethiopia: 1974 - 1977 collections. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 57 (4): 545 - 603. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ajpa. 1330570406" type="journal article" year="1982">
|
||
Johanson
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFACF44F91A9F877B94F07E6" box="[724,775,1938,1964]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1982)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The dC
|
||
<superScript id="7C05B468FFACF44F9253F857BB70078E" attach="left" box="[302,312,1971,1988]" fontSize="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">1</superScript>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFACF44F9226F856B8460786" authorityName="Ravin de la Pluie" baseAuthorityName="Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[347,526,1970,1996]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedoniensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFACF44F9226F856B8460786" box="[347,526,1970,1996]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">O. macedoniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has similar mesiodistal length to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFACF44F9238F836BBF407A6" box="[325,444,2002,2028]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="afarensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFACF44F9238F836BBF407A6" box="[325,444,2002,2028]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">A. afarensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but it is wider with rounded occlusal crown outline and more flattened mesiodistal buccal wall. The dP
|
||
<superScript id="7C05B468FFACF44F90C5FF1DB98A0140" attach="left" box="[952,962,249,266]" fontSize="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">3</superScript>
|
||
of both species is of similar size, but that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFACF44F9053FEFCB9A1017B" authorityName="Ravin de la Pluie" baseAuthorityName="Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[814,1001,279,306]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedoniensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFACF44F9053FEFCB9A1017B" box="[814,1001,279,306]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">O. macedoniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has less squared occlusal crown outline, larger parastyle, rudimentary hypocone (in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFACF44F9661FEDCBFDF011B" box="[1308,1431,311,338]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="afarensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFACF44F9661FEDCBFDF011B" box="[1308,1431,311,338]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">A. afarensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
it is quite distinct and larger) and lacks a cingulum (a weak lingual cingulum is present in the dP3 of KNM-AL 333-86;
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFACF44F9051FE73B9CD01FB" box="[812,901,407,434]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1547,1564]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1503]" captionTargetId="figure-443@16.[698,1267,766,1320]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 7. — Upper deciduous teeth of various extinct hominoids: A, Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis,Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis,1974), RPl-245: A1, original;A2, virtual reconstruction; B-O, Griphopithecus alpani (Tekkaya,1974), Turkey (casts): B-F, right dP3’s, D 763,D 865, K 1320, L 1653, M 1874;G-I, left dP3’s, L 1567, K 1312, K 1319; J-L, right dP4’s, C 247, H 486, H 839; M-O, left dP4’s, K 1374, L 1576, K 1392; P, Proconsul meswae Harrison & Andrews, 2009, Kenya, KNM-ME 11 (cast); Q, Ekembo heseloni (Walker, Teadford, Martin & Andrews, 1933), left dP3-dP4, Kenya, KNM-RU 1803 (cast); R-T, Hispanopithecus laietanus Villalta Comella & Crusafont-Pairó, 1944, Can Llobateres, Spain; R, left dC1,?Can Llobateres 2, IPS1789; S, left dP3, Can Llobateres 1, IPS 1839; T, left dP4, Can Llobateres 1, IPS 1846; U, V, Australopithecus afarensis Johanson, White & Coppens, 1978, Hadar, Ethiopia (casts): U, right dP3-dP4, AL 33-386; V, right dP3 and dP4, Al 333-105 (casts); W, Australopithecus afarensis, Laetoli, Tanzania, right dP3-dP4, LH 21 (cast); X, Australopithecus africanus Dart, 1925, Taung skull, South Africa (cast). Scale bar: 1 cm." pageId="15" pageNumber="680">Fig. 7U</figureCitation>
|
||
). The dP4 is slightly smaller and lacks a cingulum (a weak mesiolingual cingulum is present in the dP4 of KNM-AL 333-86), (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFACF44F90BEFE33BE5201BB" box="[963,1050,471,498]" captionStart-0="FIG" captionStart-1="FIG" captionStart-2="FIG" captionStartId-0="13.[132,143,1986,2003]" captionStartId-1="14.[132,143,1155,1172]" captionStartId-2="16.[132,143,1547,1564]" captionTargetBox-0="[248,1315,188,1934]" captionTargetBox-1="[129,1458,184,1132]" captionTargetBox-2="[132,1455,215,1503]" captionTargetId-0="figure-131@13.[633,917,974,1069]" captionTargetId-1="figure-607@14.[168,1459,226,857]" captionTargetId-2="figure-443@16.[698,1267,766,1320]" captionTargetPageId-0="13" captionTargetPageId-1="14" captionTargetPageId-2="16" captionText-0="FIG. 5. — Scatter plots of the upper deciduous teeth of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974) in comparison with extant and extinct hominoids. Abbreviations: C1, upper canine; d, deciduous; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar. Data source: see Table 1." captionText-1="FIG. 6. — Box plots of the index-a [(MD*100)/BL] of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974) upper deciduous teeth compared to the extant and extinct hominoids; the circles indicate outliers. Abbreviations: C1, upper canine; d, deciduous; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar. Data source: see Table 1." captionText-2="FIG. 7. — Upper deciduous teeth of various extinct hominoids: A, Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis,Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis,1974), RPl-245: A1, original;A2, virtual reconstruction; B-O, Griphopithecus alpani (Tekkaya,1974), Turkey (casts): B-F, right dP3’s, D 763,D 865, K 1320, L 1653, M 1874;G-I, left dP3’s, L 1567, K 1312, K 1319; J-L, right dP4’s, C 247, H 486, H 839; M-O, left dP4’s, K 1374, L 1576, K 1392; P, Proconsul meswae Harrison & Andrews, 2009, Kenya, KNM-ME 11 (cast); Q, Ekembo heseloni (Walker, Teadford, Martin & Andrews, 1933), left dP3-dP4, Kenya, KNM-RU 1803 (cast); R-T, Hispanopithecus laietanus Villalta Comella & Crusafont-Pairó, 1944, Can Llobateres, Spain; R, left dC1,?Can Llobateres 2, IPS1789; S, left dP3, Can Llobateres 1, IPS 1839; T, left dP4, Can Llobateres 1, IPS 1846; U, V, Australopithecus afarensis Johanson, White & Coppens, 1978, Hadar, Ethiopia (casts): U, right dP3-dP4, AL 33-386; V, right dP3 and dP4, Al 333-105 (casts); W, Australopithecus afarensis, Laetoli, Tanzania, right dP3-dP4, LH 21 (cast); X, Australopithecus africanus Dart, 1925, Taung skull, South Africa (cast). Scale bar: 1 cm." pageId="15" pageNumber="680">Figs 5-7</figureCitation>
|
||
U-W;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F22C9BFFACF44F9721FE33BEE401BB" box="[1116,1196,471,497]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="11.[131,142,219,236]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 4. — Indices of upper deciduous teeth of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis(Bonis,Bouvrain,Geraads & Melentis,1974) and other extant and extinct hominids. Index-a. (MD*100)/BL and index-b. (MDdC1*100)/(MDdP3+MDdP4). The indices were calculated using the mean values of the dental dimensions." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0F49A8FFA8F44B93FEFF3FBF7F0149" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" tableUuid="DF0F49A8FFA8F44B93FEFF3FBF7F0149">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCF1920FFACF44F903EFE13BFEC02BA" blockId="15.[811,1457,216,753]" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">
|
||
The dC
|
||
<superScript id="7C05B468FFACF44F90E9FE1CB9D60243" attach="left" box="[916,926,504,521]" fontSize="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">1</superScript>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFACF44F90C0FE13BE27025B" authorityName="Ravin de la Pluie" baseAuthorityName="Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[957,1135,503,529]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedoniensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFACF44F90C0FE13BE27025B" box="[957,1135,503,529]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">O. macedoniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is larger compared to a cast of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFACF44F9056FDF3BEFE027B" authority="Dart, 1925" authorityName="Dart" authorityYear="1925" box="[811,1206,534,561]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFACF44F9056FDF3BE7E027B" box="[811,1078,535,561]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">Australopithecus africanus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE164D1FFACF44F9743FDF3BEFE027B" author="DART R." box="[1086,1206,534,561]" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" pagination="195 - 199" refId="ref14798" refString="DART R. 1925. - Australopithecus africanus, the Man-Ape of South Africa. Nature 115: 195 - 199. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / 115195 a 0" type="journal article" year="1925">Dart, 1925</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Taung skull;
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFACF44F9632FDF3BFEB027B" box="[1359,1443,535,561]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1547,1564]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1503]" captionTargetId="figure-443@16.[698,1267,766,1320]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 7. — Upper deciduous teeth of various extinct hominoids: A, Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis,Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis,1974), RPl-245: A1, original;A2, virtual reconstruction; B-O, Griphopithecus alpani (Tekkaya,1974), Turkey (casts): B-F, right dP3’s, D 763,D 865, K 1320, L 1653, M 1874;G-I, left dP3’s, L 1567, K 1312, K 1319; J-L, right dP4’s, C 247, H 486, H 839; M-O, left dP4’s, K 1374, L 1576, K 1392; P, Proconsul meswae Harrison & Andrews, 2009, Kenya, KNM-ME 11 (cast); Q, Ekembo heseloni (Walker, Teadford, Martin & Andrews, 1933), left dP3-dP4, Kenya, KNM-RU 1803 (cast); R-T, Hispanopithecus laietanus Villalta Comella & Crusafont-Pairó, 1944, Can Llobateres, Spain; R, left dC1,?Can Llobateres 2, IPS1789; S, left dP3, Can Llobateres 1, IPS 1839; T, left dP4, Can Llobateres 1, IPS 1846; U, V, Australopithecus afarensis Johanson, White & Coppens, 1978, Hadar, Ethiopia (casts): U, right dP3-dP4, AL 33-386; V, right dP3 and dP4, Al 333-105 (casts); W, Australopithecus afarensis, Laetoli, Tanzania, right dP3-dP4, LH 21 (cast); X, Australopithecus africanus Dart, 1925, Taung skull, South Africa (cast). Scale bar: 1 cm." pageId="15" pageNumber="680">Fig. 7X</figureCitation>
|
||
), but both have similar occlusal crown outlines (rounded) and relative size compared to the length of the premolar row. The dP3 has similar size, a less squared occlusal crown outline, and a more developed parastyle. The dP4 of
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<taxonomicName id="4C7062A3FFACF44F979EFD73BFD002FA" authorityName="Ravin de la Pluie" baseAuthorityName="Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[1251,1432,662,689]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Ouranopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedoniensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904C532FFACF44F979EFD73BFD002FA" box="[1251,1432,662,689]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="680">O. macedoniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is slightly longer and narrower and lacks the crest connecting the hypocone with the mesial margin (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134B05A5FFACF44F97B3FD32BF7202BA" box="[1230,1338,726,753]" captionStart-0="FIG" captionStart-1="FIG" captionStart-2="FIG" captionStartId-0="13.[132,143,1986,2003]" captionStartId-1="14.[132,143,1155,1172]" captionStartId-2="16.[132,143,1547,1564]" captionTargetBox-0="[248,1315,188,1934]" captionTargetBox-1="[129,1458,184,1132]" captionTargetBox-2="[132,1455,215,1503]" captionTargetId-0="figure-131@13.[633,917,974,1069]" captionTargetId-1="figure-607@14.[168,1459,226,857]" captionTargetId-2="figure-443@16.[698,1267,766,1320]" captionTargetPageId-0="13" captionTargetPageId-1="14" captionTargetPageId-2="16" captionText-0="FIG. 5. — Scatter plots of the upper deciduous teeth of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974) in comparison with extant and extinct hominoids. Abbreviations: C1, upper canine; d, deciduous; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar. Data source: see Table 1." captionText-1="FIG. 6. — Box plots of the index-a [(MD*100)/BL] of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974) upper deciduous teeth compared to the extant and extinct hominoids; the circles indicate outliers. Abbreviations: C1, upper canine; d, deciduous; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar. Data source: see Table 1." captionText-2="FIG. 7. — Upper deciduous teeth of various extinct hominoids: A, Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis,Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis,1974), RPl-245: A1, original;A2, virtual reconstruction; B-O, Griphopithecus alpani (Tekkaya,1974), Turkey (casts): B-F, right dP3’s, D 763,D 865, K 1320, L 1653, M 1874;G-I, left dP3’s, L 1567, K 1312, K 1319; J-L, right dP4’s, C 247, H 486, H 839; M-O, left dP4’s, K 1374, L 1576, K 1392; P, Proconsul meswae Harrison & Andrews, 2009, Kenya, KNM-ME 11 (cast); Q, Ekembo heseloni (Walker, Teadford, Martin & Andrews, 1933), left dP3-dP4, Kenya, KNM-RU 1803 (cast); R-T, Hispanopithecus laietanus Villalta Comella & Crusafont-Pairó, 1944, Can Llobateres, Spain; R, left dC1,?Can Llobateres 2, IPS1789; S, left dP3, Can Llobateres 1, IPS 1839; T, left dP4, Can Llobateres 1, IPS 1846; U, V, Australopithecus afarensis Johanson, White & Coppens, 1978, Hadar, Ethiopia (casts): U, right dP3-dP4, AL 33-386; V, right dP3 and dP4, Al 333-105 (casts); W, Australopithecus afarensis, Laetoli, Tanzania, right dP3-dP4, LH 21 (cast); X, Australopithecus africanus Dart, 1925, Taung skull, South Africa (cast). Scale bar: 1 cm." pageId="15" pageNumber="680">Figs 5-7X</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F22C9BFFACF44F9639FD32BFDB02BA" box="[1348,1427,726,752]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="11.[131,142,219,236]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 4. — Indices of upper deciduous teeth of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis(Bonis,Bouvrain,Geraads & Melentis,1974) and other extant and extinct hominids. Index-a. (MD*100)/BL and index-b. (MDdC1*100)/(MDdP3+MDdP4). The indices were calculated using the mean values of the dental dimensions." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0F49A8FFA8F44B93FEFF3FBF7F0149" pageId="15" pageNumber="680" tableUuid="DF0F49A8FFA8F44B93FEFF3FBF7F0149">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |