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<document id="B6921A1DE26DFF319453ED8B59009170" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.179378" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d3eb956e-7ad7-4cd7-bfae-01bc2749bbf8" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="179378" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459967389779" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Nieto, Juan M., Hidalgo, Nicolás Pérez &amp; Durante, Pilar Mier" docDate="2007" docId="039687A27703196DFF76F8A76605F869" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01629p055.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1629" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Tycheinae" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="53" masterDocId="FFAFFFDA7702196FFFE1FFBD636AFF9F" masterDocTitle="New synonyms and several nomenclatural clarifications on family-group names in the Aphididae (Hemiptera Sternorrhyncha)" masterLastPageNumber="55" masterPageNumber="51" pageNumber="52" updateTime="1698231188940" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="3387C8741F78E0667F1B0FA1F251FCB5">New synonyms and several nomenclatural clarifications on family-group names in the Aphididae (Hemiptera Sternorrhyncha)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="04F507614FDB809B39CD2E3B7CB6B820">Nieto, Juan M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C157FCAA7FBEE75F41B58D006BF8555E">Hidalgo, Nicolás Pérez</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2FB68E4B3BE7ED25EA6391FF8DC69726">Durante, Pilar Mier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="ADC943A37256168F75E5633067A82D7F">2007</mods:date>
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<treatment id="039687A27703196DFF76F8A76605F869" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6248061" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119377512" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6248061" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039687A27703196DFF76F8A76605F869" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039687A27703196DFF76F8A76605F869" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">
<subSubSection id="C325653F7703196DFF76F8A76744FEE8" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B8036B47703196EFF76F8A7616EF8AB" blockId="1.[151,516,1818,1844]" box="[151,516,1818,1844]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">
<heading id="D0C881D87703196EFF76F8A7616EF8AB" bold="true" box="[151,516,1818,1844]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67703196EFF76F8A7616EF8AB" bold="true" box="[151,516,1818,1844]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">
Is
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377703196EFF54F8A76259F8AB" box="[181,307,1818,1844]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aphidomorpha" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tycheinae">Tycheinae</taxonomicName>
an aphid taxon?
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8036B47703196DFF76F8DD6744FEE8" blockId="1.[151,1437,1888,2032]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,152,2038]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B457703196EFF76F8DD6246F8E5" author="Koch" box="[151,300,1888,1914]" pageId="1" pageNumber="55" refString="Koch, C. L. (1857) Die Planzenlausen Aphiden, getreu nach dem Leben abgebildet und beschrieben, 9 Heft, 275 - 336." type="journal article" year="1857">Koch (1857)</bibRefCitation>
described the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377703196EFDFFF8DD6104F8E6" box="[542,622,1888,1913]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Tychea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67703196EFDFFF8DD6104F8E6" box="[542,622,1888,1913]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">Tychea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and two species:
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377703196EFCDEF8DD676AF8E6" box="[831,1024,1888,1913]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Tychea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="graminis">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67703196EFCDEF8DD676AF8E6" box="[831,1024,1888,1913]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">Tychea graminis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(pages 298-299, figures 365, 366a, 366b) and
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377703196EFEF4F83562D7F83E" box="[277,445,1928,1953]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Tychea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amycli">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67703196EFEF4F83562D7F83E" box="[277,445,1928,1953]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">Tychea amycli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(page 300, figure 367). The descriptions and illustrations are not detailed enough to clearly indicate which species the author was referring to.
<collectingCountry id="F32876247703196EFCB0F8126018F856" box="[849,882,1967,1993]" name="American Samoa" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">As</collectingCountry>
the studied material was not kept (i.e. there is now no
<typeStatus id="548488167703196EFF16F86B6240F86F" box="[247,298,2006,2032]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">type</typeStatus>
material), we can only be sure of this by designating the
<typeStatus id="548488167703196EFC31F86B6747F86F" box="[976,1069,2006,2032]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
of each species. However, it is evident that Koch had described and illustrated coccids (figures 365, 366a) and aphids in the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFAA6FF256272FF46" authority="Hart, 1894" authorityName="Hart" authorityYear="1894" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Geoica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aphidomorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFAA6FF2566F1FF2E" box="[1351,1435,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Geoica</emphasis>
Hart, 1894
</taxonomicName>
(figure 366b), but using the name
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFD27FF7D6025FF46" box="[710,847,192,217]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Tychea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="graminis">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFD27FF7D6025FF46" box="[710,847,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">T. graminis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. He described some aphids, possibly also in the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFF02FF5A6252FE9F" box="[227,312,231,256]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Geoica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aphidomorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFF02FF5A6252FE9F" box="[227,312,231,256]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Geoica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, using the name
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFDE0FF5A6101FE9F" box="[513,619,231,256]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Tychea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amycli">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFDE0FF5A6101FE9F" box="[513,619,231,256]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">T. amycli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. We now know that several species of coccids, and aphids belonging to the tribe
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFEC5FEB36217FEB7" box="[292,381,270,296]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aphidomorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Fordini">Fordini</taxonomicName>
, other tribes of
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFDDEFEB36182FEB7" box="[575,744,270,296]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aphidomorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Eriosomatinae">Eriosomatinae</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFCF5FEB360F3FEB7" box="[788,921,270,296]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aphidomorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Anoeciinae">Anoeciinae</taxonomicName>
coexist in the nests of aphidophilous ants: however,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B457700196DFEEBFE8B62F5FECF" author="Koch" box="[266,415,310,336]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" refString="Koch, C. L. (1857) Die Planzenlausen Aphiden, getreu nach dem Leben abgebildet und beschrieben, 9 Heft, 275 - 336." type="journal article" year="1857">Koch (1857)</bibRefCitation>
believed that all the specimens collected together belonged to the same species, which is an understandable error, given the level of knowledge of aphids at that time.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C325653F7700196DFF27FE386605F869" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8036B47700196DFF27FE38664FFD43" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2038]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">
Three years later,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B457700196DFE7BFE386133FE00" author="Passerini" box="[410,601,389,415]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" refString="Passerini, G. (1860) Gli Afidi con un prospetto dei generi ed alcune specie nuove Italiane, Parma, 40 pp." type="book" year="1860">Passerini (1860)</bibRefCitation>
described five species (also radicicolous) of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFB05FE38665EFE01" box="[1252,1332,389,414]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Tychea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFB05FE38665EFE01" box="[1252,1332,389,414]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Tychea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFAA7FE3863A2FE59" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Tychea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setulosa">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFAA7FE3863A2FE59" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">T. setulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(currently
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFEB1FE106165FE59" box="[336,527,429,454]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Geoica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aphidomorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setulosa">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFEB1FE106165FE59" box="[336,527,429,454]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Geoica setulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFDCBFE1061C7FE59" box="[554,685,429,454]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Tychea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phaseoli">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFDCBFE1061C7FE59" box="[554,685,429,454]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">T. phaseoli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFC4AFE106604FE58" authority="Westwood, 1849" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1849" box="[939,1390,429,455]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Smynthurodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aphidomorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="betae">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFC4AFE1067F3FE59" box="[939,1177,429,454]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Smynthurodes betae</emphasis>
Westwood, 1849
</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFA67FE106398FE72" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Tychea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trivialis">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFA67FE106398FE72" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">T. trivialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFE13FE696033FE71" authority="Koch, 1857" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1857" box="[498,857,468,494]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Forda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aphidomorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginata">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFE13FE6961D4FE72" box="[498,702,468,493]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Forda marginata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B457700196DFD28FE696033FE71" author="Koch" box="[713,857,468,494]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" refString="Koch, C. L. (1857) Die Planzenlausen Aphiden, getreu nach dem Leben abgebildet und beschrieben, 9 Heft, 275 - 336." type="journal article" year="1857">Koch, 1857</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFC93FE69677FFE72" box="[882,1045,468,493]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Tychea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eragostidis">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFC93FE69677FFE72" box="[882,1045,468,493]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">T. eragostidis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFBB5FE6967B9FE72" box="[1108,1235,468,493]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Tychea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setariae">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFBB5FE6967B9FE72" box="[1108,1235,468,493]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">T. setariae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(both are in the group
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFF0DFE416201FD8A" box="[236,363,508,533]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">utricularia</emphasis>
of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFDCEFE4161EEFD8A" box="[559,644,508,533]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Geoica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aphidomorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFDCEFE4161EEFD8A" box="[559,644,508,533]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Geoica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and possibly synonyms of some other species in this group (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B457700196DFF7FFD9E6140FDA2" author="Remaudiere" box="[158,554,547,573]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" refString="Remaudiere, G. &amp; Remaudiere, M. (1997) Catalogue des Aphididae du monde / Catalogue of the World's Aphididae. Homoptera Aphidoidea. INRA Editions, Versailles, 478 pp." type="book" year="1997">Remaudière &amp; Remaudière 1997</bibRefCitation>
). Undoubtedly, Passerini (i) attributed the genus to Koch, (ii) did not mention either of the two species of Koch because his study dealt with Italian aphids and Kochs species were
<collectingCountry id="F32876247700196DFF76FDCF6393FD13" box="[151,249,626,652]" name="Germany" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">German</collectingCountry>
, (iii) did not intend to describe a new genus (Passerini clearly indicated his own taxa, and article 65.1 of the I.C.Z.N. must be applied, (iv) established the species
<typeStatus id="548488167700196DFCBDFD2760E5FD2B" box="[860,911,666,692]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">type</typeStatus>
of the genus in an invalid nomenclatural act because the type-species should have been one of the two species of Koch and not
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFB80FD7F6674FD44" box="[1121,1310,706,731]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Tychea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phaseoli">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFB80FD7F6674FD44" box="[1121,1310,706,731]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Tychea phaseoli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8036B47700196DFF27FD5462A1FCB4" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2038]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B457700196DFF27FD5462ECFC9C" author="Passerini" box="[198,390,745,771]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" refString="Passerini, G. (1862) Aphididae Italicae hucusque observate. Archivo per la Zoologia Anatomia e la Fisiologia (Modena), 2, 129 - 212." type="journal article" year="1862">Passerini (1862)</bibRefCitation>
attributed again these five species to “
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFCAEFD546086FC9C" authority="Koch" authorityName="Koch" box="[847,1004,745,771]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Tychea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFCAEFD5460C8FC9D" box="[847,930,745,770]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Tychea</emphasis>
Koch
</taxonomicName>
” and established the tribe
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFAC2FD5466F1FC9C" box="[1315,1435,745,771]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aphidomorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tycheinae">Tycheinae</taxonomicName>
exclusively for this genus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8036B47700196DFF27FC85627DFCE5" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2038]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B457700196DFF27FC856204FCCD" author="Wilson" box="[198,366,824,850]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" refString="Wilson, H. F. (1910) A key to the genera of the subfamily Aphidinae and notes on synonymy. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 3, 314 - 325." type="journal article" year="1910">Wilson (1910)</bibRefCitation>
validly designated
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFDB0FC856078FCCE" box="[593,786,824,849]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Tychea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="graminis">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFDB0FC856078FCCE" box="[593,786,824,849]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Tychea graminis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as the type-species, without adding any explanations or comments.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8036B47700196DFF27FC3561EAFB10" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2038]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B457700196DFF27FC356206FC3D" author="Borner" box="[198,364,904,930]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" refString="Borner, C. (1930) Beitrage zu einem neuen System der Blattlause (1. Mitteilung). Archiv fur Klassifikatorische und Phylogenetisch Entomologie, 1, 115 - 194." type="journal article" year="1930">Börner (1930)</bibRefCitation>
corroborated the type-species established by Wilson, as have subsequent aphidologists, and established the synonomy between
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFDD5FC1260C0FC56" authority="Passerini, 1860" authorityName="Passerini" authorityYear="1860" box="[564,938,943,969]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Tychea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phaseoli">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFDD5FC12619AFC57" box="[564,752,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Tychea phaseoli</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B457700196DFD16FC1260C0FC56" author="Passerini" box="[759,938,943,969]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" refString="Passerini, G. (1860) Gli Afidi con un prospetto dei generi ed alcune specie nuove Italiane, Parma, 40 pp." type="book" year="1860">Passerini, 1860</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(now
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFC15FC126609FC56" authority="Westwood" authorityName="Westwood" box="[1012,1379,943,969]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Smynthurodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aphidomorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="betae">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFC15FC1267B5FC57" box="[1012,1247,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Smynthurodes betae</emphasis>
Westwood
</taxonomicName>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFF76FC6A62D2FC6E" authority="Koch, 1857" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1857" box="[151,440,983,1009]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Tychea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="graminis">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFF76FC6A6275FC6F" box="[151,287,983,1008]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">T. graminis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B457700196DFEC8FC6A62D2FC6E" author="Koch" box="[297,440,983,1009]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" refString="Koch, C. L. (1857) Die Planzenlausen Aphiden, getreu nach dem Leben abgebildet und beschrieben, 9 Heft, 275 - 336." type="journal article" year="1857">Koch, 1857</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. This has not be accepted by other authors as the viviparous apterous female (fig. 366b) in the description by Koch is not
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFD62FC426013FB87" box="[643,889,1023,1048]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFD62FC42601FFB87" box="[643,885,1023,1048]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Smynthurodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aphidomorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="betae">Smynthurodes betae</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
We are agree with this last opinion, because Koch illustrated an aphid as green-coloured, with short antennae and without long conspicuous setae on the body and appendages, but
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFE31FBF36147FBF8" box="[464,557,1102,1127]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Smynthurodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aphidomorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="betae">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFE31FBF36147FBF8" box="[464,557,1102,1127]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">S. betae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is dirty yellowish white-coloured and wax-dusted in life, it has more large antennae and long and conspicuous setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8036B47700196DFF27FB206224FA53" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2038]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B457700196DFF27FB206111FB28" box="[198,635,1181,1207]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" refString="Eastop, V. F. &amp; Hille Ris Lambers, D. (1976) Survey of the World's Aphids. Dr. W. Junk, The Hague, 573 pp." type="book">Eastop &amp; Hille Ris Lambers (1976)</bibRefCitation>
stated that (i)
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFCD2FB206774FB28" authority="Koch, 1857" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1857" box="[819,1054,1181,1207]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Tychea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFCD2FB2060E9FB29" box="[819,899,1181,1206]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Tychea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B457700196DFC70FB206774FB28" author="Koch" box="[913,1054,1181,1207]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" refString="Koch, C. L. (1857) Die Planzenlausen Aphiden, getreu nach dem Leben abgebildet und beschrieben, 9 Heft, 275 - 336." type="journal article" year="1857">Koch, 1857</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(Type-species
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFB37FB20624BFB41" authority="Koch, 1857" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1857" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Tychea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="graminis">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFB37FB2066F6FB29" box="[1238,1436,1181,1206]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Tychea graminis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B457700196DFF76FB79624BFB41" author="Koch" box="[151,289,1220,1246]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" refString="Koch, C. L. (1857) Die Planzenlausen Aphiden, getreu nach dem Leben abgebildet und beschrieben, 9 Heft, 275 - 336." type="journal article" year="1857">Koch, 1857</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) is a coccid but they forgot that Koch described and illustrated both aphids and coccids under this taxon name, (ii)
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFEBFFB5161F6FA99" authority="Koch, 1857" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1857" box="[350,668,1260,1286]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Tychea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amycli">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFEBFFB516162FA9A" box="[350,520,1260,1285]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Tychea amycli</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B457700196DFDF0FB5161F6FA99" author="Koch" box="[529,668,1260,1286]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" refString="Koch, C. L. (1857) Die Planzenlausen Aphiden, getreu nach dem Leben abgebildet und beschrieben, 9 Heft, 275 - 336." type="journal article" year="1857">Koch, 1857</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is nomen dubium, (iii) there is a genus
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFB9CFB516629FA99" authority="Passerini" authorityName="Passerini" box="[1149,1347,1260,1286]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Tychea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFB9CFB5167BAFA9A" box="[1149,1232,1260,1285]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Tychea</emphasis>
Passerini
</taxonomicName>
(junior homonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFED9FAA962BFFAB2" authority="Koch" authorityName="Koch" box="[312,469,1299,1325]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Tychea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFED9FAA962E2FAB2" box="[312,392,1300,1325]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Tychea</emphasis>
Koch
</taxonomicName>
, type-species
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFD9DFAA96092FAB2" authority="Passerini, 1859" authorityName="Passerini" authorityYear="1859" box="[636,1016,1299,1325]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Tychea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phaseoli">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFD9DFAA96050FAB2" box="[636,826,1300,1325]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Tychea phaseoli</emphasis>
Passerini, 1859
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFBC5FAA963BFFACA" authority="Westwood, 1849" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1849" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Smynthurodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aphidomorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="betae">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFBC5FAA9667BFAB2" box="[1060,1297,1300,1325]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Smynthurodes betae</emphasis>
Westwood, 1849
</taxonomicName>
), and junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFE1BFA866005FACA" authority="Westwood, 1849" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1849" box="[506,879,1339,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Smynthurodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aphidomorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFE1BFA8661F5FACB" box="[506,671,1339,1364]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Smynthurodes</emphasis>
Westwood, 1849
</taxonomicName>
). But as has been demonstrated there is no such genus of Passerini and neither can it be stated that
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFD0DFADE6005FAE3" box="[748,879,1379,1404]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Tychea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="graminis">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFD0DFADE6005FAE3" box="[748,879,1379,1404]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">T. graminis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a coccid or an aphid while its
<typeStatus id="548488167700196DFB17FADF6639FAE3" box="[1270,1363,1378,1404]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
is not designated. For the moment it is regarded as a coccid and, at the same time, an aphid, in other words, it is
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFF76FA0F622EFA54" box="[151,324,1458,1483]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">nomen dubium</emphasis>
!
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8036B47700196DFF27FA6460F5F9F5" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2038]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B457700196DFF27FA646107FA6C" author="Remaudiere" box="[198,621,1497,1523]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" refString="Remaudiere, G. &amp; Remaudiere, M. (1997) Catalogue des Aphididae du monde / Catalogue of the World's Aphididae. Homoptera Aphidoidea. INRA Editions, Versailles, 478 pp." type="book" year="1997">Remaudière &amp; Remaudière (1997)</bibRefCitation>
(i) followed what was indicated by
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B457700196DFBDBFA646382F984" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" refString="Eastop, V. F. &amp; Hille Ris Lambers, D. (1976) Survey of the World's Aphids. Dr. W. Junk, The Hague, 573 pp." type="book">Eastop &amp; Hille Ris Lambers (1976)</bibRefCitation>
, (ii) placed
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFE92F9BC615DF984" authority="Passerini" authorityName="Passerini" box="[371,567,1537,1563]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Tychea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFE92F9BC62A9F985" box="[371,451,1537,1562]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Tychea</emphasis>
Passerini
</taxonomicName>
amongst the synonyms of
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFC92F9BC67F4F984" authority="Westwood" authorityName="Westwood" box="[883,1182,1537,1563]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Smynthurodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aphidomorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFC92F9BC6772F985" box="[883,1048,1537,1562]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Smynthurodes</emphasis>
Westwood
</taxonomicName>
, (iii) included
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFAA8F9BC6207F9DD" authority="Koch (Coccoidea)" authorityName="Koch (Coccoidea" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Tychea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFAA8F9BC66F0F985" box="[1353,1434,1537,1562]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Tychea</emphasis>
Koch (Coccoidea)
</taxonomicName>
in the unavailable genera. This is not nomenclaturally correct, though, and in fact the name should not be used because its taxomonic significance is not clear.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8036B47700196DFF27F9C5666CF926" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2038]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B457700196DFF27F9C5617BF90D" box="[198,529,1656,1682]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" refString="Nieto Nafria, J. M., Mier Durante, M. P., Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A. &amp; Remaudiere, G. (1998 b) Apendice 1 Nomenclatura: Lista de sinonimos y combinaciones. In Nieto Nafria, J. M. &amp; Mier Durante, M. P., Hemiptera, Aphididae I. Fauna Iberica. 11, 383 - 411. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid." type="journal article">
Nieto Nafría
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFE8BF9C562C3F90E" box="[362,425,1656,1681]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">et al.</emphasis>
(1998b)
</bibRefCitation>
also sustained the existence of
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFC7FF9C5670CF90D" authority="Passerini" authorityName="Passerini" box="[926,1126,1656,1682]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Tychea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFC7FF9C5609BF90E" box="[926,1009,1656,1681]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Tychea</emphasis>
Passerini
</taxonomicName>
as a junior homonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFF76F922625AF926" authority="Koch" authorityName="Koch" box="[151,304,1695,1721]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Tychea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFF76F9226380F927" box="[151,234,1695,1720]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Tychea</emphasis>
Koch
</taxonomicName>
and thus [I.C.N.Z. article 39] consider
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFD1CF922601FF926" box="[765,885,1695,1721]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aphidomorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tycheinae">Tycheinae</taxonomicName>
Passerini as an unavailable name.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8036B47700196DFF27F97A6098F8E0" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2038]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B457700196DFF27F97A6291F97E" box="[198,507,1735,1761]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" refString="Nieto Nafria, J. M., Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A., Perez Hidalgo, N., Mier Durante, M. P. &amp; Binazzi, A. (2003) Apendice 1 Nomenclatura: Lista de sinonimos y combinaciones. In Nieto Nafria, J. M., Mier Durante, M. P., Binazzi, A. &amp; Perez Hidalgo, N., Hemiptera, Aphididae II. Fauna Iberica. 19 [2002], 297 - 328. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid." type="journal article">
Nieto Nafría
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFE87F97A62C9F97F" box="[358,419,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">et al.</emphasis>
(2003)
</bibRefCitation>
maintained that
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFD26F97A6055F97E" box="[711,831,1735,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aphidomorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tycheinae">Tycheinae</taxonomicName>
Passerini was invalid, though they wrote «
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFAA8F97A6140F897" authority="Koch, 1857 sensu Passerini, 1860" authorityName="Koch, 1857 sensu Passerini" authorityYear="1860" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Tychea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFAA8F97A66F0F97F" box="[1353,1434,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Tychea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B457700196DFF76F9536248F897" author="Koch" box="[151,290,1774,1800]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" refString="Koch, C. L. (1857) Die Planzenlausen Aphiden, getreu nach dem Leben abgebildet und beschrieben, 9 Heft, 275 - 336." type="journal article" year="1857">Koch, 1857</bibRefCitation>
sensu
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B457700196DFE94F9536140F897" author="Passerini" box="[373,554,1774,1800]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" refString="Passerini, G. (1860) Gli Afidi con un prospetto dei generi ed alcune specie nuove Italiane, Parma, 40 pp." type="book" year="1860">Passerini, 1860</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(mistaken identity)» in the list of synonyms of
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFB88F9526664F897" box="[1129,1294,1775,1800]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Smynthurodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aphidomorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFB88F9526664F897" box="[1129,1294,1775,1800]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Smynthurodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. We cannot actually say whether Passerini was mistaken in his generic identification of the observed specimens or whether his taxonomical of
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFE3CF883615AF8C8" box="[477,560,1854,1879]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Tychea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFE3CF883615AF8C8" box="[477,560,1854,1879]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Tychea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
concept was correct. In any case, this discrepancy does not affect the point in question because Passerini not established a new genus named
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFC78F8D86083F8E1" box="[921,1001,1893,1918]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Tychea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFC78F8D86083F8E1" box="[921,1001,1893,1918]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Tychea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8036B47700196DFF27F8316605F869" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2038]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">
In conclusion: (1) the
<typeStatus id="548488167700196DFE37F8316162F839" box="[470,520,1932,1958]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">type</typeStatus>
genus of
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFD65F8316196F839" box="[644,764,1932,1958]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aphidomorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tycheinae">Tycheinae</taxonomicName>
Passerini is
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFC78F830675FF839" authority="Koch" authorityName="Koch" box="[921,1077,1932,1958]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Tychea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFC78F8306080F839" box="[921,1002,1933,1958]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Tychea</emphasis>
Koch
</taxonomicName>
and is not the “non-existent”
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFF76F8096235F851" authority="Passerini" authorityName="Passerini" box="[151,351,1972,1998]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Tychea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFF76F8096380F852" box="[151,234,1972,1997]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Tychea</emphasis>
Passerini
</taxonomicName>
, (2)
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFE77F809615BF851" authority="Koch" authorityName="Koch" box="[406,561,1972,1998]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Tychea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFE77F8096283F852" box="[406,489,1972,1997]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Tychea</emphasis>
Koch
</taxonomicName>
is
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFDB4F809606EF852" box="[597,772,1972,1997]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">nomen dubium</emphasis>
and not necessarily only a coccid or only an aphid, and (3)
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D377700196DFF21F8616252F869" box="[192,312,2012,2038]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aphidomorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tycheinae">Tycheinae</taxonomicName>
Passerini is an available name, but also
<emphasis id="B94BEAA67700196DFCF0F86160D4F86A" box="[785,958,2012,2037]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">nomen dubium</emphasis>
referring to either coccids or aphids.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>