238 lines
31 KiB
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238 lines
31 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="2D92CD71139934481078691A7FFE08D6">Mesodiphthera Tillyard, 1919, from the Late Triassic of Queensland, the oldest cicada (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Cicadoidea: Tettigarctidae)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="4D7087C2FFEAFFFEFF0BF990FB66FA18" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5931796" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154402355" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5931796" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4D7087C2FFEAFFFEFF0BF990FB66FA18" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4D7087C2FFEAFFFEFF0BF990FB66FA18" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="360" pageId="1" pageNumber="359">
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<paragraph id="C56636D4FFEAFFFDFF0BF990FDEFF98D" blockId="1.[151,516,1622,1648]" box="[151,516,1622,1648]" pageId="1" pageNumber="359">
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<heading id="9E2E81B8FFEAFFFDFF0BF990FDEFF98D" bold="true" box="[151,516,1622,1648]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="359" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="02D94D57FFEAFFFDFF0BF990FDEFF98D" ID-CoL="8HM9F" authority="Tillyard, 1919" authorityName="Tillyard" authorityYear="1919" box="[151,516,1622,1648]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigarctidae" genus="Mesodiphthera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="359" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="F7ADEAC6FFEAFFFDFF0BF990FDEFF98D" bold="true" box="[151,516,1622,1648]" pageId="1" pageNumber="359">
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<emphasis id="F7ADEAC6FFEAFFFDFF0BF990FEA6F98D" bold="true" box="[151,333,1622,1648]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="359">Mesodiphthera</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="A1484B25FFEAFFFDFEC8F990FDEFF98D" author="Tillyard, R. J." box="[340,516,1622,1648]" pageId="1" pageNumber="359" pagination="857 - 896" refId="ref5432" refString="Tillyard, R. J. (1919) Mesozoic insects of Queensland. No. 7. Hemiptera Homoptera; with a note on the phylogeny of the Suborder. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 44, 857 - 896." type="journal article" year="1919">Tillyard, 1919</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8DC3655FFFEAFFFDFF0BF95BFC41F94E" box="[151,938,1693,1715]" pageId="1" pageNumber="359" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="C56636D4FFEAFFFDFF0BF95BFC41F94E" blockId="1.[151,938,1693,1715]" box="[151,938,1693,1715]" pageId="1" pageNumber="359">
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<emphasis id="F7ADEAC6FFEAFFFDFF0BF95BFEC9F94E" bold="true" box="[151,290,1693,1715]" pageId="1" pageNumber="359">
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<typeStatus id="1A628876FFEAFFFDFF0BF95BFF27F94E" box="[151,204,1693,1715]" pageId="1" pageNumber="359">Type</typeStatus>
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species.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="02D94D57FFEAFFFDFEB5F95BFD44F94E" authority="Tillyard, 1919" authorityName="Tillyard" authorityYear="1919" box="[297,687,1693,1715]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigarctidae" genus="Mesodiphthera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="359" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandis">
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<emphasis id="F7ADEAC6FFEAFFFDFEB5F95BFDFDF94E" box="[297,534,1693,1715]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="359">Mesodiphthera grandis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="A1484B25FFEAFFFDFD80F95BFD44F94E" author="Tillyard, R. J." box="[540,687,1693,1715]" pageId="1" pageNumber="359" pagination="857 - 896" refId="ref5432" refString="Tillyard, R. J. (1919) Mesozoic insects of Queensland. No. 7. Hemiptera Homoptera; with a note on the phylogeny of the Suborder. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 44, 857 - 896." type="journal article" year="1919">Tillyard, 1919</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, by original designation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8DC3655FFFEAFFFEFF0BF919FB66FA18" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="360" pageId="1" pageNumber="359" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="C56636D4FFEAFFFEFF0BF919FBECFEBD" blockId="1.[151,1437,1759,2037]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,151,1509]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="360" pageId="1" pageNumber="359">
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<emphasis id="F7ADEAC6FFEAFFFDFF0BF919FEFAF905" bold="true" box="[151,273,1759,1784]" pageId="1" pageNumber="359">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Tegmen elongate (
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<emphasis id="F7ADEAC6FFEAFFFDFE77F927FE1CF905" box="[491,503,1761,1784]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="359">c</emphasis>
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. 3 times longer than wide), over
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<quantity id="02219B31FFEAFFFDFCEEF926FC29F90A" box="[882,962,1760,1784]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="359" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
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long, apex fairly evenly rounded; base of pre-nodal area, costal space and clavus coriaceous; clavus strongly punctate, base of pre-nodal area and the costal space apparently less so; costal space broad, about two times width of CuA cell; nodal line well beyond ½ tegmen length; basal cell strongly narrowed, closed apically by the short base of M and a very short fusion of M with CuA; primary R and M forks at about same level, midway between apex of basal cell and nodal line; RP angled at nodal line, M1+2 and M3+4 not so; RA1 very close to node; RA2 with 4 or 5 terminal branches; radial and medial crossvein series (ir, r–m1, im and m–cua) closer to nodal line than tegmen apex, apical cells thus quite long; ir upright or slightly inclined; angle of primary M fork acute; im backwardly inclined, between M2 and M3; M3 and M4 both simple; CuA sharply angled at nodal line which runs parallel to it and base of CuA2; CuA1 more or less straight or slightly sinuous, directed towards apical margin, about same length as M4; CuA1 cell quite narrow; apical section of CuA2 sharply angled away from nodal line, about ½ as long as CuA1; the cell bounded by the nodal line, wing margin and apical section of CuA2 long and very narrow; clavus quite large, occupying a significant area of tegmen, extending well beyond ½ tegmen length, claval veins well-developed;
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C56636D4FFE9FFFEFF5BFE8AFA82FC59" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="2" pageNumber="360">
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<emphasis id="F7ADEAC6FFE9FFFEFF5BFE8AFEFAFE99" bold="true" box="[199,273,332,356]" pageId="2" pageNumber="360">Notes.</emphasis>
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The diagnosis is based on an analysis of the descriptions and figures of the 25+ fossil genera ascribed to the
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<taxonomicName id="02D94D57FFE9FFFEFF5CFEA9FEB1FE75" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1905" box="[192,346,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigarctidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tettigarctidae</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="A1484B25FFE9FFFEFEFBFEA9FE14FE75" author="Moulds, M. S." box="[359,511,367,392]" pageId="2" pageNumber="360" pagination="443 - 470" refId="ref5178" refString="Moulds, M. S. (2018) Cicada fossils (Cicadoidea: Tettigarctidae and Cicadidae) with a review of the named fossilised Cicadidae. Zootaxa, 4438 (3), 443 - 470. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4438.3.2" type="journal article" year="2018">Moulds 2018</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="A1484B25FFE9FFFEFD97FEA9FD2DFE75" author="Jiang, H. & Chen, J. & Jarzembowski, E. & Wang, B." box="[523,710,367,392]" pageId="2" pageNumber="360" refId="ref4755" refString="Jiang, H., Chen, J., Jarzembowski, E. & Wang, B. (2018) An enigmatic fossil hairy cicada (Hemiptera, Tettigarctidae) from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. Cretaceous Research. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2018.11.010." type="book" year="2018">
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Jiang
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<emphasis id="F7ADEAC6FFE9FFFEFDD0FEB7FD6FFE75" box="[588,644,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="360">et al.</emphasis>
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2018
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="A1484B25FFE9FFFEFD4CFEB6FC9BFE75" author="Fu, Y. & Cai, C. & Huang, D." box="[720,880,367,392]" pageId="2" pageNumber="360" refId="ref4645" refString="Fu, Y., Cai, C. & Huang, D. (2018) First hairy cicadas in mid-Cretaceous amber from northern Myanmar (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea: Tettigarctidae). Cretaceous Research. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretes. 2018.09.022." type="book" year="2018">
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Fu
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<emphasis id="F7ADEAC6FFE9FFFEFD69FEB7FCCDFE75" box="[757,806,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="360">et al</emphasis>
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. 2018
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Their diagnoses are almost entirely based on the structure of the tegmen which displays remarkable diversity in shape, colour and venation. Within this diversity,
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<taxonomicName id="02D94D57FFE9FFFEFF0BFE71FEAAFE2D" authorityName="Tillyard" authorityYear="1919" box="[151,321,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigarctidae" genus="Mesodiphthera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="F7ADEAC6FFE9FFFEFF0BFE71FEAAFE2D" box="[151,321,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="360">Mesodiphthera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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stands apart in the combined presence of three characters: the primary forks of R and M at about the same level, midway between the basal cell and the nodal line; RA2 with four or five terminal branches; and the inter-medial cross-vein backwardly inclined and running between M2 and M3. The primary fork of R is just beyond the basal cell and distinctly proximal to that of M in all genera except the Jurassic
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<taxonomicName id="02D94D57FFE9FFFEFB09FDE2FE5EFD9D" authority="Liu, Yao and Ren (Liu et al. 2016" authorityName="Liu, Yao and Ren" authorityYear="2016" class="Insecta" family="Tettigarctidae" genus="Hirtaprosbole" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="F7ADEAC6FFE9FFFEFB09FDE2FAD8FDC0" box="[1173,1331,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="360">Hirtaprosbole</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="A1484B25FFE9FFFEFAA7FDE2FE5EFD9D" author="Liu, X. H. & Li, Y. & Yao, Y. Z. & Ren, D." pageId="2" pageNumber="360" pagination="383 - 389" refId="ref4991" refString="Liu, X. H., Li, Y., Yao, Y. Z. & Ren, D. (2016) A hairy-bodied tettigarctid (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) from the latest Middle Jurassic of northeast China. Alcheringa, 40, 383 - 389. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03115518.2016.1145390" type="journal article" year="2016">
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Liu, Yao and Ren (Liu
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<emphasis id="F7ADEAC6FFE9FFFEFEABFD8FFE99FD9D" box="[311,370,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="360">et al.</emphasis>
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2016
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</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, fig. 1E) and Cretaceous
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<emphasis id="F7ADEAC6FFE9FFFEFD46FD8FFCB9FD9D" box="[730,850,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="360">Hpanraais</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="A1484B25FFE9FFFEFCC6FD81FF39FD79" author="Jiang, H. & Chen, J. & Jarzembowski, E. & Wang, B." pageId="2" pageNumber="360" refId="ref4755" refString="Jiang, H., Chen, J., Jarzembowski, E. & Wang, B. (2018) An enigmatic fossil hairy cicada (Hemiptera, Tettigarctidae) from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. Cretaceous Research. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2018.11.010." type="book" year="2018">
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||
Jiang, Chen, Jarzembowski and Wang (Jiang
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||
<emphasis id="F7ADEAC6FFE9FFFEFAFEFD8FFA77FD9D" box="[1378,1436,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="360">et al.</emphasis>
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2018
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</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 1B) in which the forks are similar to
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<taxonomicName id="02D94D57FFE9FFFEFD4BFDAAFC6BFD78" authorityName="Tillyard" authorityYear="1919" box="[727,896,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigarctidae" genus="Mesodiphthera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="F7ADEAC6FFE9FFFEFD4BFDAAFC6BFD78" box="[727,896,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="360">Mesodiphthera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and the Cretaceous
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<taxonomicName id="02D94D57FFE9FFFEFBE1FDAAFDCEFD55" authority="Hamilton and Cretotettigarcta Fu, Cai and Huang" authorityName="Hamilton and Cretotettigarcta Fu, Cai and Huang" authorityYear="1990" class="Insecta" family="Tettigarctidae" genus="Architettix" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="F7ADEAC6FFE9FFFEFBE1FDAAFB19FD78" box="[1149,1266,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="360">Architettix</emphasis>
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Hamilton and
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<emphasis id="F7ADEAC6FFE9FFFEFF0BFD56FEA1FD5A" box="[151,330,656,679]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="360">Cretotettigarcta</emphasis>
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Fu, Cai and Huang
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</taxonomicName>
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, in which the R fork is quite distal to that of M (
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<bibRefCitation id="A1484B25FFE9FFFEFBDDFD56FAF8FD55" author="Menon, F. & Heads, S. W. & Szwedo, J." box="[1089,1299,655,680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="360" pagination="283 - 297" refId="ref5052" refString="Menon, F., Heads, S. W. & Szwedo, J. (2007) Cicadomorpha: cicadas and relatives. In: Martill, D. M., Bechley, G. & Loveridge, R. F., The Crato fossil beds of Brazil, window into an ancient world. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 283 - 297." type="book chapter" year="2007">
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Menon
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<emphasis id="F7ADEAC6FFE9FFFEFB05FD57FB3AFD55" box="[1177,1233,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="360">et al.</emphasis>
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2007
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</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 11.46c,
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<bibRefCitation id="A1484B25FFE9FFFEFF0BFD73FEA1FD31" author="Fu, Y. & Cai, C. & Huang, D." box="[151,330,692,717]" pageId="2" pageNumber="360" refId="ref4645" refString="Fu, Y., Cai, C. & Huang, D. (2018) First hairy cicadas in mid-Cretaceous amber from northern Myanmar (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea: Tettigarctidae). Cretaceous Research. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretes. 2018.09.022." type="book" year="2018">
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Fu
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<emphasis id="F7ADEAC6FFE9FFFEFF5EFD73FF11FD30" box="[194,250,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="360">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 2018
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</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 4A). RA2 has at most three terminal branches in all other genera except the Jurassic
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<taxonomicName id="02D94D57FFE9FFFEFF0BFD11FDCFFD0D" authority="Bekker-Migdisova" authorityName="Bekker-Migdisova" box="[151,548,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigarctidae" genus="Cicadoprosbole" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="F7ADEAC6FFE9FFFEFF0BFD11FEA2FD0D" box="[151,329,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="360">Cicadoprosbole</emphasis>
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Bekker-Migdisova
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</taxonomicName>
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which has four (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A1484B25FFE9FFFEFD70FD1EFC3FFD0D" author="Evans, J. W." box="[748,980,727,752]" pageId="2" pageNumber="360" refId="ref4606" refString="Evans, J. W. (1956) Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Hemiptera (Insecta). Australian Journal of Zoology, 4, 165 - 158. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / ZO 9560165" type="book" year="1956">Evans 1956, fig. 20</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the Cretaceous
|
||
<taxonomicName id="02D94D57FFE9FFFEFB02FD11FEF6FCE8" authority="Lameere and Severin" authorityName="Lameere and Severin" class="Insecta" family="Tettigarctidae" genus="Hylaeoneura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7ADEAC6FFE9FFFEFB02FD11FADBFD0D" box="[1182,1328,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="360">Hylaeoneura</emphasis>
|
||
Lameere and Severin
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which apparently has five, and the aberrant Cretaceous
|
||
<taxonomicName id="02D94D57FFE9FFFEFC05FD3AFB60FCE8" authority="Shcherbakov" authorityName="Shcherbakov" authorityYear="1988" box="[921,1163,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigarctidae" genus="Elkinda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7ADEAC6FFE9FFFEFC05FD3AFC1BFCE8" box="[921,1008,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="360">Elkinda</emphasis>
|
||
Shcherbakov
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which all post-nodal main veins are extensively polymerized (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A1484B25FFE9FFFEFDEBFCD9FC40FCC5" author="Shcherbakov, D. E." box="[631,939,799,824]" pageId="2" pageNumber="360" pagination="52 - 63" refId="ref5301" refString="Shcherbakov, D. E. (1988) New cicadas (Cicadina) from the later Mesozoic of Transbaikalia. Paleontological Journal, 1988 no. 4, 52 - 63." type="journal article" year="1988">
|
||
Shcherbakov 1988, fig.
|
||
<date id="B1671014FFE9FFFEFC0DFCD9FC40FCC5" box="[913,939,799,824]" pageId="2" pageNumber="360">2i</date>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The inter-medial cross-vein is upright or forwardly inclined in all genera except
|
||
<taxonomicName id="02D94D57FFE9FFFEFDCCFC83FAE9FCA1" authority="Chen and Wang (Chen & Wang 2016" authorityName="Chen and Wang" authorityYear="2016" box="[592,1282,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigarctidae" genus="Macrotettigarcta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7ADEAC6FFE9FFFEFDCCFC83FCE6FCA1" box="[592,781,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="360">Macrotettigarcta</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A1484B25FFE9FFFEFC88FC82FB51FCA0" author="Chen, J. & Zhang, H. & Wang, B. & Zheng, Y & Wang, X. & Zheng, X." box="[788,1210,836,861]" pageId="2" pageNumber="360" pagination="853 - 862" refId="ref4539" refString="Chen, J., Zhang, H., Wang, B., Zheng, Y, Wang, X. & Zheng, X. (2016) New Jurassic tettigarctid cicadas from China with a novel example of disruptive coloration. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 61, 853 - 862. https: // doi. org / 10.4202 / app. 00238.2015" type="journal article" year="2016">Chen and Wang (Chen & Wang 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 2
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<emphasis id="F7ADEAC6FFE9FFFEFA84FC83FA77FCA1" box="[1304,1436,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="360">Hypanraais</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A1484B25FFE9FFFEFF02FCA1FE88FC7D" author="Jiang, H. & Chen, J. & Jarzembowski, E. & Wang, B." box="[158,355,871,896]" pageId="2" pageNumber="360" refId="ref4755" refString="Jiang, H., Chen, J., Jarzembowski, E. & Wang, B. (2018) An enigmatic fossil hairy cicada (Hemiptera, Tettigarctidae) from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. Cretaceous Research. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2018.11.010." type="book" year="2018">
|
||
Jiang
|
||
<emphasis id="F7ADEAC6FFE9FFFEFF78FCAFFEF3FC7D" box="[228,280,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="360">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 1B) and
|
||
<emphasis id="F7ADEAC6FFE9FFFEFD98FCAEFD5CFC82" box="[516,695,872,895]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="360">Cretotettigarcta</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A1484B25FFE9FFFEFD54FCAEFC84FC7D" author="Fu, Y. & Cai, C. & Huang, D." box="[712,879,871,896]" pageId="2" pageNumber="360" refId="ref4645" refString="Fu, Y., Cai, C. & Huang, D. (2018) First hairy cicadas in mid-Cretaceous amber from northern Myanmar (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea: Tettigarctidae). Cretaceous Research. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretes. 2018.09.022." type="book" year="2018">
|
||
Fu
|
||
<emphasis id="F7ADEAC6FFE9FFFEFD6CFCAFFCCFFC7D" box="[752,804,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="360">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 4A). These have the cross-vein backwardly inclined similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="02D94D57FFE9FFFEFE25FC4AFD88FC58" authorityName="Tillyard" authorityYear="1919" box="[441,611,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigarctidae" genus="Mesodiphthera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7ADEAC6FFE9FFFEFE25FC4AFD88FC58" box="[441,611,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="360">Mesodiphthera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but in all three it is between M1+2 and M3, rather than M2 and M3.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C56636D4FFE9FFFEFF5BFC69FB66FA18" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="2" pageNumber="360">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A1484B25FFE9FFFEFF5BFC69FE44FC35" author="Shcherbakov, D." box="[199,431,943,968]" pageId="2" pageNumber="360" pagination="343 - 348" refId="ref5389" refString="Shcherbakov, D. E (2009) Review of the fossil and extant genera of the cicada family Tettigarctidae (Hemiptera: Ciacdoidea). Russian Entomological Journal, 17, 343 - 348. [dated 2008 but published 2009]" type="journal article" year="2009">Shcherbakov (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
proposed a subfamily and tribal classification of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="02D94D57FFE9FFFEFBB7FC69FB23FC35" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1905" box="[1067,1224,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigarctidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tettigarctidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, based on tegmen shape and venation, comprising two subfamilies, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="02D94D57FFE9FFFEFD6CFC12FC29FC10" baseAuthorityName="Evans" baseAuthorityYear="1956" box="[752,962,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigarctidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cicadoprosbolinae">Cicadoprosbolinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="02D94D57FFE9FFFEFC66FC12FB7CFC10" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1905" box="[1018,1175,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigarctidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tettigarctinae">Tettigarctinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, each with three tribes. With the costal space much wider than the CuA cell, the basal cell strongly narrowed apically, and the post-nodal cross-vein series closer to the nodal line than the apex,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="02D94D57FFE9FFFEFCD2FBDAFC13FBC8" authorityName="Tillyard" authorityYear="1919" box="[846,1016,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigarctidae" genus="Mesodiphthera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7ADEAC6FFE9FFFEFCD2FBDAFC13FBC8" box="[846,1016,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="360">Mesodiphthera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clearly falls within Shcherbakov’s
|
||
<taxonomicName id="02D94D57FFE9FFFEFF0BFBF9FE86FBA5" baseAuthorityName="Evans" baseAuthorityYear="1956" box="[151,365,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigarctidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cicadoprosbolinae">Cicadoprosbolinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Since that time, however, the remarkable proliferation of new fossil tettigarctids (14 species in nine genera) has revealed significant additional structural diversity in the tegmen, as well as an array of new combinations of putative diagnostic characters. This has thrown uncertainty onto the higher classification of the family, as noted by several recent authors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A1484B25FFE9FFFEFD1DFB6AFCAFFB39" author="Chen, J. & Wang, B. & Zhang, H. & Wang, X." box="[641,836,1196,1221]" pageId="2" pageNumber="360" pagination="581 - 586" refId="ref4442" refString="Chen, J., Wang, B., Zhang, H. & Wang, X. (2014) A remarkable new genus of Tettigarctidae (Insecta, Hemiptera, Cicadoidea) from the Middle Jurassic of northeastern China. Zootaxa, 3764 (5), 581 - 586. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3764.5.6" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Chen
|
||
<emphasis id="F7ADEAC6FFE9FFFEFD5AFB6BFD12FB38" box="[710,761,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="360">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Chen
|
||
<emphasis id="F7ADEAC6FFE9FFFEFC08FB6BFC2CFB38" box="[916,967,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="360">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2016,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A1484B25FFE9FFFEFB82FB6AFB0AFB39" author="Jiang, H. & Chen, J. & Jarzembowski, E. & Wang, B." box="[1054,1249,1196,1221]" pageId="2" pageNumber="360" refId="ref4755" refString="Jiang, H., Chen, J., Jarzembowski, E. & Wang, B. (2018) An enigmatic fossil hairy cicada (Hemiptera, Tettigarctidae) from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. Cretaceous Research. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2018.11.010." type="book" year="2018">
|
||
Jiang
|
||
<emphasis id="F7ADEAC6FFE9FFFEFBFEFB6BFB7EFB38" box="[1122,1173,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="360">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The tegmen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="02D94D57FFE9FFFEFF0BFB09FEAAFB15" authorityName="Tillyard" authorityYear="1919" box="[151,321,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigarctidae" genus="Mesodiphthera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7ADEAC6FFE9FFFEFF0BFB09FEAAFB15" box="[151,321,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="360">Mesodiphthera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has now further expanded this structural diversity. The apparent trend line in the evolution of the tettigarctid tegmen appears to be the narrowing of the costal space, the basal cell becoming rectangular rather than narrowed apically, the movement of the post-nodal cross-vein series towards the apex, and a substantial reduction in the relative size of the clavus (
|
||
<emphasis id="F7ADEAC6FFE9FFFEFDB8FAFBFDA7FAA9" box="[548,588,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="360">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
compare
|
||
<taxonomicName id="02D94D57FFE9FFFEFD5FFAFAFC86FAA8" authorityName="Tillyard" authorityYear="1919" box="[707,877,1340,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigarctidae" genus="Mesodiphthera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7ADEAC6FFE9FFFEFD5FFAFAFC86FAA8" box="[707,877,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="360">Mesodiphthera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="02D94D57FFE9FFFEFC28FAFBFBC6FAA9" authorityName="White" authorityYear="1845" box="[948,1069,1341,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigarctidae" genus="Tettigarcta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7ADEAC6FFE9FFFEFC28FAFBFBC6FAA9" box="[948,1069,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="360">Tettigarcta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as illustrated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A1484B25FFE9FFFEFA99FAFAFEDBFA85" author="Kaulfuss, U. & Moulds, M. S." pageId="2" pageNumber="360" pagination="83 - 94" refId="ref4810" refString="Kaulfuss, U. & Moulds, M. S. (2015) A new genus and species of tettigarctid cicada from the early Miocene of New Zealand: Paratettigarcta zealandica (Hemiptera, Auchenorryncha, Tettigarctidae). Zookeys, 484, 83 - 94. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 484.8883" type="journal article" year="2015">Kaulfuss and Moulds 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 2)). Most members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="02D94D57FFE9FFFEFD0BFA99FC82FA85" baseAuthorityName="Evans" baseAuthorityYear="1956" box="[663,873,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigarctidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cicadoprosbolinae">Cicadoprosbolinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
have the plesiomorphic states of these characters and the subfamily is thus more than likely paraphyletic. Clearly, and as alluded to by recent authors, a determination of the generic relationships and any resultant higher classification of the family requires an updated analysis which would obviously benefit from the finding of new revelatory fossil material.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |