186 lines
20 KiB
XML
186 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document id="7F8FF689C5D2B5FA6C61B2AEFBBCB513" ID-ISSN="0003-0090" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630276700656" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="TEDFORD R. H., WANG X. & TAYLOR B. E." docDate="2009" docId="173487AEFF830751FF07727FFBA4F966" docLanguage="en" docName="B325.pdf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (325)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:2B34016C1EBFE58B07368F9517618743.3:BulAmeMusNatHis.2000-2010.journal_article.0cover.type1" docStyleId="2B34016C1EBFE58B07368F9517618743" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2000-2010.journal_article.0cover.type1" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Eucyon Tedford and Qiu 1996" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="89" masterDocId="EB0DFFD6FFDB0709FFD7770AFFEFFFB9" masterDocTitle="Phylogenetic Systematics Of The North American Fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae)" masterLastPageNumber="218" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="89" updateTime="1699210124599" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:titleInfo id="56BF9E72F7F6B35CC4E82EB002E0C1F7">
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<mods:title id="089EC50AA45BF78033C99AA8A1BDBB44">Phylogenetic Systematics Of The North American Fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="011FA75959767D8566FB74D211B5C820">TEDFORD R. H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="333FF482D3453760AC148E633DF57BB4">WANG X.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="32800566B1A2FC5F91517661DB2E3DD9">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="42A72537348C84D51354915D1CC03EC7">TAYLOR B. E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="B59D6BD83D101D8CBB21BA5F792C2F12">Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="2FE9731E526F06EA7243D027822365C6">
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<mods:date id="92F71288E0EE51FD527EC007BDCAB5A2">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="DC7FDF61FEA42255752280B6AEC3C29F">2009-09-03</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="D0E88AABB4DCD55AF86E1F56C1170E9E" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="78423E91FDB20E8B21EBB93FD5C665A2">2009</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="FE40075CDF33F76F0058AF6D8236C42F">325</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="780363A613E44FDD7A0168DE52813047" type="ISSN">0003-0090</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="173487AEFF830751FF07727FFBA4F966" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5463597" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5463597" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:173487AEFF830751FF07727FFBA4F966" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/173487AEFF830751FF07727FFBA4F966" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
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<subSubSection id="D7876533FF830751FF07727FFDD2FA33" box="[208,573,1396,1418]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="9F2236B8FF830751FF07727FFDD2FA33" blockId="88.[208,573,1396,1418]" box="[208,573,1396,1418]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
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<heading id="C46A81D4FF830751FF07727FFDD2FA33" box="[208,573,1396,1418]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="589D4D3BFF830751FF07727FFDD2FA33" authority="Tedford and Qiu, 1996" authorityName="Tedford and Qiu" authorityYear="1996" box="[208,573,1396,1418]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="ADE9EAAAFF830751FF07727FFECAFA33" box="[208,293,1397,1418]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Eucyon</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="FB0C4B49FF830751FEF9727EFDD2FA33" author="Tedford, R. H. & Z. - X. Qiu" box="[302,573,1396,1418]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="27 - 48" refId="ref132730" refString="Tedford, R. H., and Z. - X. Qiu. 1996. A new canid genus from the Pliocene of Yushe, Shanxi Province. Vertebrata Palasiatica 34: 27 - 48. [in Chinese with English summary]" type="journal article" year="1996">Tedford and Qiu, 1996</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D7876533FF830751FF4C72A9FBA4F966" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="9F2236B8FF830751FF4C72A9FD63FA0E" blockId="88.[128,654,1442,1759]" box="[155,652,1442,1465]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
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<typeStatus id="4026881AFF830751FF4C72A9FF39FA01" box="[155,214,1443,1464]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Type</typeStatus>
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Species:
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<taxonomicName id="589D4D3BFF830751FE9472A9FD67FA0E" authority="Merriam, 1911" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1911" box="[323,648,1442,1465]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="davisi">
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<emphasis id="ADE9EAAAFF830751FE9472A9FE22FA00" box="[323,461,1442,1465]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Canis davisi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="FB0C4B49FF830751FE0172A8FD67FA0E" author="Merriam, J. C." box="[470,648,1442,1464]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="199 - 304" refId="ref129385" refString="Merriam, J. C. 1911. Tertiary mammal beds of Virgin Valley and Thousand Creek in northwestern Nevada. Part 2. Vertebrate faunas. Bulletin of the Department of Geology of the University of California 11: 199 - 304." type="journal article" year="1911">Merriam, 1911</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9F2236B8FF830751FF4C72CAFF38F9A8" blockId="88.[128,654,1442,1759]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
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Included North American Species:
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<taxonomicName id="589D4D3BFF830751FDEE72CBFE64FA4A" authority="(Merriam), 1911" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1911" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="davisi">
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<emphasis id="ADE9EAAAFF830751FDEE72CBFF2FFA4D" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Eucyon davisi</emphasis>
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(Merriam), 1911
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<emphasis id="ADE9EAAAFF830751FE1D72D4FE0BFA4A" box="[458,484,1502,1523]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">E.</emphasis>
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?
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<taxonomicName id="589D4D3BFF830751FE2172D7FDA0FA4D" authority="TEDFORD R. H. & WANG X. & TAYLOR B. E., 2009" authorityName="TEDFORD R. H. & WANG X. & TAYLOR B. E." authorityYear="2009" box="[502,591,1501,1524]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="skinneri" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="ADE9EAAAFF830751FE2172D7FDA0FA4D" box="[502,591,1501,1524]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">skinneri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6DA57D1FF830751FD8872D4FF3CF9A8" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9F2236B8FF830751FF4C7113FEA1F91D" blockId="88.[128,654,1442,1759]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
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Distribution in North America: Late Clarendonian of Nebraska and Hemphillian of Kansas, New
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<collectingRegion id="5D59F85AFF830751FEED7159FE7BF9D0" box="[314,404,1619,1641]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Mexico</collectingRegion>
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, Oklahoma, Texas, Arizona, Nevada, Oregon, California, and northern
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<collectingCountry id="E78A7628FF830751FF387184FEA5F91D" box="[239,330,1678,1700]" name="Mexico" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9F2236B8FF830751FF4C71A6FC1DFDB6" blockId="88.[128,654,1442,1759]" lastBlockId="88.[701,1228,213,1759]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
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Revised Diagnosis:
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<taxonomicName id="589D4D3BFF830751FE5671A7FE39F97B" authorityName="Tedford and Qiu" authorityYear="1996" box="[385,470,1709,1730]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="ADE9EAAAFF830751FE5671A7FE39F97B" box="[385,470,1709,1730]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Eucyon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has no autapomorphies but is distinguished from the fossil and living
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<taxonomicName id="589D4D3BFF830751FCEA77DFFC7BFF52" authorityName="Hemprich and Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1832" box="[829,916,213,235]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Vulpini">Vulpini</taxonomicName>
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and the
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<taxonomicName id="589D4D3BFF830751FBD677DFFB4AFF52" box="[1025,1189,213,235]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Cerdocyonina">Cerdocyonina</taxonomicName>
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by possession of synapomorphies also present in all other members of the
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<taxonomicName id="589D4D3BFF830751FBC77605FB87FE9C" authorityName="Fischer de Waldheim" authorityYear="1817" box="[1040,1128,271,293]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Canina">Canina</taxonomicName>
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: frontal sinus invading base of postorbital process removing ‘‘vulpine-crease’’ or depression from dorsal surface of process; paroccipital process expanded posteriorly usually with salient tip; mastoid process enlarged as knob or ridgelike prominence; loss of foxlike lateral flare and eversion of dorsal border of orbital part of zygoma.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9F2236B8FF830751FD0C751DFC79FBA7" blockId="88.[701,1228,213,1759]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
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Primitive characters retained by
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<taxonomicName id="589D4D3BFF830751FBA07512FB23FD94" authorityName="Tedford and Qiu" authorityYear="1996" box="[1143,1228,536,557]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="ADE9EAAAFF830751FBA07512FB23FD94" box="[1143,1228,536,557]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Eucyon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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relative to those of most species of
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<taxonomicName id="589D4D3BFF830751FB8F753FFB76FDF3" box="[1112,1177,565,586]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="ADE9EAAAFF830751FB8F753FFB76FDF3" box="[1112,1177,565,586]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Canis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are: frontal sinus less posteriorly extended, ends anterior to frontoparietal suture and does not completely invade postorbital process; supraoccipital shield fan-shaped, inion broad and not strongly overhanging condyles; I3 less enlarged relative to I2 with weaker posteromedial cingulum; M1 paracone and metacone subequal in size; M2 metaconule weak or absent, postprotocrista present; m1 entoconid and hypoconid usually not joined by transverse crest; angular process of mandibular ramus less expanded with smaller fossa for inferior pterygoid muscle; forelimb short relative to hindlimb, radius/tibia ratio less than 80%; and humerus often with entepicondylar foramen.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9F2236B8FF830751FD0C732DFBEFFB2D" blockId="88.[701,1228,213,1759]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
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Derived features linking
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<taxonomicName id="589D4D3BFF830751FBFB732DFB6EFB85" authorityName="Tedford and Qiu" authorityYear="1996" box="[1068,1153,1063,1084]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="ADE9EAAAFF830751FBFB732DFB6EFB85" box="[1068,1153,1063,1084]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Eucyon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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with
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<taxonomicName id="589D4D3BFF830751FD6A734EFD11FBE0" box="[701,766,1092,1113]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="ADE9EAAAFF830751FD6A734EFD11FBE0" box="[701,766,1092,1113]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Canis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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include: zygomatic arch strongly arched rather than gently curved, and p4 with second posterior cusp.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9F2236B8FF830751FD0E7397FC99FA4D" blockId="88.[701,1228,213,1759]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
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Discussion: In general, the morphology of
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<taxonomicName id="589D4D3BFF830751FD6A73B0FCFDFB76" authorityName="Tedford and Qiu" authorityYear="1996" box="[701,786,1210,1231]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="ADE9EAAAFF830751FD6A73B0FCFDFB76" box="[701,786,1210,1231]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Eucyon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is similar to that of
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<taxonomicName id="589D4D3BFF830751FBC073B3FB8CFB69" authorityName="Frisch" authorityYear="1754" box="[1047,1123,1209,1232]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="ADE9EAAAFF830751FBC073B3FB8CFB69" box="[1047,1123,1209,1232]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Vulpes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, as they share numerous primitive features. However,
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<taxonomicName id="589D4D3BFF830751FD6A73FFFCFDFAB3" authorityName="Tedford and Qiu" authorityYear="1996" box="[701,786,1269,1290]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="ADE9EAAAFF830751FD6A73FFFCFDFAB3" box="[701,786,1269,1290]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Eucyon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, like the South American cerdocyonines, possesses a small frontal sinus that does not fully penetrate the postorbital process, and it does not extend as far posteriorly as in most species of
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<taxonomicName id="589D4D3BFF830751FCA67260FC5DFAC6" box="[881,946,1386,1407]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="ADE9EAAAFF830751FCA67260FC5DFAC6" box="[881,946,1386,1407]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Canis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="589D4D3BFF830751FC687260FBFBFAC6" authorityName="Tedford and Qiu" authorityYear="1996" box="[959,1044,1386,1407]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="ADE9EAAAFF830751FC687260FBFBFAC6" box="[959,1044,1386,1407]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Eucyon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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does share with
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<taxonomicName id="589D4D3BFF830751FD6A728DFCBAFA25" box="[701,853,1414,1436]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="ADE9EAAAFF830751FD6A728DFD11FA25" box="[701,766,1415,1436]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Canis</emphasis>
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species
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</taxonomicName>
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two synapomorphies lacking in the cerdocyonines, namely, the presence of a second posterior cusp on p4, and the strongly arched zygoma.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9F2236B8FF830751FD0C72F7FBA4F966" blockId="88.[701,1228,213,1759]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
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In North America,
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<taxonomicName id="589D4D3BFF830751FC0372F7FBFAF9AB" box="[980,1045,1533,1554]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="ADE9EAAAFF830751FC0372F7FBFAF9AB" box="[980,1045,1533,1554]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Canis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is not known until the late Hemphillian.
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<taxonomicName id="589D4D3BFF830751FC2F7110FBD7F9F4" authority="Miller and Carranza-Castaneda (1998)" authorityName="Miller and Carranza-Castaneda" authorityYear="1998" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
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<emphasis id="ADE9EAAAFF830751FC2F7110FB93F996" box="[1016,1148,1562,1583]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Canis ferox</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB0C4B49FF830751FB537110FBD7F9F4" author="Miller, W. E. & O. Carranza-Castaneda" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="546 - 556" refId="ref129566" refString="Miller, W. E., and O. Carranza-Castaneda. 1998. Late Tertiary canids from central Mexico. Journal of Paleontology 72: 546 - 556." type="journal article" year="1998">Miller and Carranza-Castañeda (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
tends to be morphologically intermediate between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="589D4D3BFF830751FB75715FFCD5F931" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1911" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="davisi">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADE9EAAAFF830751FB75715FFCD5F931" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Eucyon davisi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="589D4D3BFF830751FCA37178FBD6F931" authorityName=", Johnston" authorityYear="1938" box="[884,1081,1649,1672]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lepophagus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADE9EAAAFF830751FCA37178FBD6F931" box="[884,1081,1649,1672]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Canis lepophagus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The former shows the derived enlargement of the frontal sinus that distinguishes it from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="589D4D3BFF830751FBE471A7FB79F97B" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[1075,1174,1707,1730]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="davisi">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADE9EAAAFF830751FBE471A7FB79F97B" box="[1075,1174,1707,1730]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">E. davisi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and supports its relationship to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="589D4D3BFF830751FBD471C3FBABF967" box="[1027,1092,1737,1758]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADE9EAAAFF830751FBD471C3FBABF967" box="[1027,1092,1737,1758]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Canis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |