treatments-xml/data/11/0B/87/110B87C2FFDBFFB5D78CFB2CFD40FB39.xml

<document ID-DOI="10.5733/afin.051.0101" ID-ISSN="2305-2562" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7910814" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1683579509749" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Herbert, D. G. &amp; Moussalli, A." docDate="2010" docId="110B87C2FFDBFFB5D78CFB2CFD40FB39" docLanguage="en" docName="AfrInvertebr.51.1.1-132.pdf" docOrigin="African Invertebrates 51 (1)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5733/afin.051.0101" docStyle="DocumentStyle:B78C63EC8CEBBB75364A82B35BB1F83D.3:AfrInvertebr.2008-2015.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="B78C63EC8CEBBB75364A82B35BB1F83D" docStyleName="AfrInvertebr.2008-2015.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Afrorhytida kraussi subsp. oraria Herbert &amp; Moussalli 2010, subsp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="98" masterDocId="ED32FFBAFF84FFD4D64DFFDCFFE7FFCB" masterDocTitle="Revision of the larger cannibal snails (Natalina s. l.) of southern Africa - Natalina s. s., Afrorhytida and Capitina (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Rhytididae)" masterLastPageNumber="1" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="96" updateTime="1683603054810" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title>Revision of the larger cannibal snails (Natalina s. l.) of southern Africa - Natalina s. s., Afrorhytida and Capitina (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Rhytididae)</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Herbert, D. G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Moussalli, A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>African Invertebrates</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2010</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2010-05-31</mods:number>
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<mods:number>51</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">2305-2562</mods:identifier>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:110B87C2FFDBFFB5D78CFB2CFD40FB39" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/110B87C2FFDBFFB5D78CFB2CFD40FB39" lastPageId="97" lastPageNumber="98" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
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<taxonomicName ID-CoL="5DF3F" authority="Herbert &amp; Moussalli, 2010" authorityName="Herbert &amp; Moussalli" authorityYear="2010" box="[449,769,1264,1289]" class="Gastropoda" family="Rhytididae" genus="Afrorhytida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subSpecies" species="kraussi" status="subsp. n." subSpecies="oraria">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,769,1264,1289]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Afrorhytida kraussi oraria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[775,874,1265,1290]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" rank="subSpecies">subsp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="97" lastPageNumber="98" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="95.[500,823,1306,1331]" box="[500,823,1306,1331]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
<figureCitation box="[500,599,1306,1331]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="79.[181,214,1459,1479]" captionTargetBox="[179,1139,209,1452]" captionTargetId="figure-10@79.[179,1139,209,1452]" captionTargetPageId="79" captionText="Fig. 55. Afrorhytida species, living animals (all NMSA): (A) A. knysnaensis, Fort Beaufort (W5211), shell diameter 19.0 mm; (B) A. knysnaensis, Cradock (W4248), shell diameter 22.0 mm; (C) A. knysnaensis, Kompasberg, Nieu Bethesda (W6097), shell diameter 20.4 mm; (D) A. kraussi kraussi, Featherbed Nat. Res., Knysna (W4671), shell diameter 16.8 mm; (E) A. k. kraussi, Grootvadersbosch (W5803), shell diameter 23.8 mm; (F) A. kraussi oraria subsp. n., De Hoop Nat. Res. (paratype, W3292/T2363), shell diameter 13.4 mm; (G) A. burseyae sp. n., Wedgeley farm, Kei River Valley (paratype, W5229/T2258), shell diameter 19.3 mm; (H) A. trimeni, Kap River (W4206), shell diameter 24.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7910963" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7910963/files/figure.png" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Figs 55F</figureCitation>
, 
<geoCoordinate box="[611,701,1306,1331]" degrees="63, 64" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="555" value="63.64">
<figureCitation box="[611,641,1306,1331]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="93.[181,214,1602,1622]" captionTargetBox="[203,1115,1064,1584]" captionTargetId="figure-479@93.[203,1115,1064,1584]" captionTargetPageId="93" captionText="Fig. 63. Distribution of Afrorhytida kraussi (Pfeiffer, 1846): A. k. kraussi (triangles), A. k. oraria subsp. n. (squares). Symbols with a white centre indicate localities for specimens used in DNA analyses (Moussalli et al. 2009); contours at 1000 m and 1500 m." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7910983" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7910983/files/figure.png" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">63</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[653,701,1306,1331]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="95.[181,214,843,863]" captionTargetBox="[189,1127,200,825]" captionTargetId="figure-216@95.[179,1139,190,835]" captionTargetPageId="95" captionText="Fig. 64. Afrorhytida kraussi (Pfeiffer, 1846), radula (all NMSA): (A–D) A. k. kraussi: (A–C) Diepwalle, Knysna (W4845): (A) entire width of radula, scale bar = 0.5 mm; (B) rachidian and inner laterals, scale bar = 250 µm; (C) outer lateral base-plates and marginals, scale bar = 200 µm (l – outer lateral; m – inner marginal); (D) Grootvadersbosch (W3351), half-row, scale bar = 0.5 mm; (E, F) A. k. oraria subsp. n., De Hoop (paratype, W3292/T2363); (E) half-row, scale bar = 100 µm; (F) outer lateral base-plates and marginals, scale bar = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7910987" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7910987/files/figure.png" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">64E</figureCitation>
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, F, 
<figureCitation box="[739,823,1306,1331]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="96.[144,177,1158,1178]" captionTargetBox="[170,1072,189,1146]" captionTargetId="figure-135@96.[170,1072,189,1146]" captionTargetPageId="96" captionText="Fig. 65. Afrorhytida kraussi (Pfeiffer, 1846) (all NMSA): (A–C) A. k. oraria subsp. n., holotype (fresh specimen, V6780/T2361), De Hoop Nat. Res., diameter 22.3 mm; (D) A. k. kraussi, protoconch, Wilderness (V6578); (E) A. k. oraria subsp. n., protoconch, De Hoop Nat.Res. (paratype, W3292/ T2363). Scale bars = 2.0 mm; arrows mark protoconch/teleoconch junction." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7910989" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7910989/files/figure.png" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">65A–C</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="95.[181,1142,1347,1668]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
Etymology: From 
<taxonomicName authority="(Latin)" baseAuthorityName="Latin" box="[387,557,1347,1372]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Podocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="orarius">
<emphasis box="[387,469,1348,1372]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">orarius</emphasis>
(Latin)
</taxonomicName>
, of the coast; referring to its association with coastal fynbos and dune strandveld habitats.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="95.[181,1142,1347,1668]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
Identification (
<figureCitation box="[345,429,1419,1444]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="96.[144,177,1158,1178]" captionTargetBox="[170,1072,189,1146]" captionTargetId="figure-135@96.[170,1072,189,1146]" captionTargetPageId="96" captionText="Fig. 65. Afrorhytida kraussi (Pfeiffer, 1846) (all NMSA): (A–C) A. k. oraria subsp. n., holotype (fresh specimen, V6780/T2361), De Hoop Nat. Res., diameter 22.3 mm; (D) A. k. kraussi, protoconch, Wilderness (V6578); (E) A. k. oraria subsp. n., protoconch, De Hoop Nat.Res. (paratype, W3292/ T2363). Scale bars = 2.0 mm; arrows mark protoconch/teleoconch junction." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7910989" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7910989/files/figure.png" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Fig. 65</figureCitation>
): For general description see 
<emphasis box="[755,997,1420,1444]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Mollendorff" authorityYear="1903" box="[755,884,1420,1444]" class="Gastropoda" family="Rhytididae" genus="Afrorhytida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Afrorhytida</taxonomicName>
k. 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Pfeiffer" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[916,997,1420,1444]" class="Gastropoda" family="Rhytididae" genus="Afrorhytida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="kraussi">kraussi</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
above. Shell shape and sculpture resembling 
<emphasis box="[529,663,1452,1476]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
A. k. 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Pfeiffer" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[583,663,1452,1476]" class="Gastropoda" family="Rhytididae" genus="Afrorhytida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="kraussi">kraussi</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, but with distinctive coloration (see below); protoconch smaller (diameter 2.5–3.0 mm) and shell thicker. Does not appear to attain as large a size as the nominotypical subspecies (diameter of largest specimens 23.1 and 28.4 respectively), but adult size evidently varies considerably in the latter.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="95.[181,1142,1347,1668]" lastBlockId="96.[143,1103,1301,1670]" lastPageId="96" lastPageNumber="97" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Periostracum very thin, pale buff, not evident in most specimens; underlying shell mostly whitish with apical region frequently darker, pinkish purple to maroon; last adult whorl often with occasional, irregular, purplish or maroon-brown axial bands, particularly behind outer lip of adult. Shell also sparsely pock-marked with small, dark flecks, these often associated with small growth imperfections; interior of aperture buffish in fresh specimens, the darker subterminal band, if present, visible through shell.</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="96.[144,1104,1158,1250]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
Fig. 65. 
<taxonomicName authority="(Pfeiffer, 1846)" baseAuthorityName="Pfeiffer" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[224,551,1158,1178]" class="Gastropoda" family="Rhytididae" genus="Afrorhytida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="kraussi">
<emphasis box="[224,401,1158,1178]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Afrorhytida kraussi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="PFEIFFER, L." box="[415,545,1158,1178]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="126 - 133" refId="ref74649" refString="PFEIFFER, L. 1846 a [1845]. Descriptions of thirty-six new species of Helix, belonging to the collection of H. Cuming, Esq. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 13: 126 - 133." type="journal article" year="1846">Pfeiffer, 1846</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(all NMSA): (A–C) 
<emphasis box="[751,860,1158,1178]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
A. k. 
<taxonomicName authority="Herbert &amp; Moussalli, 2010" authorityName="Herbert &amp; Moussalli" authorityYear="2010" box="[802,860,1158,1178]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oraria" status="subsp. n.">oraria</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[868,952,1158,1178]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" rank="subSpecies">subsp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype (fresh specimen, V6780/T2361), De Hoop Nat. Res., diameter 22.3 mm; (D) 
<emphasis box="[874,985,1182,1202]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
A. k. 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Pfeiffer" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[920,985,1182,1202]" class="Gastropoda" family="Rhytididae" genus="Afrorhytida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="kraussi">kraussi</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, protoconch, Wilderness (V6578); (E) 
<emphasis box="[463,565,1206,1226]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
A. k. 
<taxonomicName authority="Herbert &amp; Moussalli, 2010" authorityName="Herbert &amp; Moussalli" authorityYear="2010" box="[507,565,1206,1226]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oraria" status="subsp. n.">oraria</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[568,648,1206,1226]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" rank="subSpecies">subsp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, protoconch, De Hoop Nat.Res. (paratype, W3292/ T2363). Scale bars = 2.0 mm; arrows mark protoconch/teleoconch junction.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="96.[143,1103,1301,1670]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
<materialsCitation collectionCode="NMSA" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" specimenCode="W3297" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
Dimensions: 
<typeStatus box="[315,421,1397,1422]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Holotype</typeStatus>
, diameter 
<quantity box="[532,631,1397,1422]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.23" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" unit="mm" value="22.3">22.3 mm</quantity>
, height 
<quantity box="[715,816,1397,1422]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.33" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" unit="mm" value="13.3">13.3 mm</quantity>
; largest specimen (
<collectionCode box="[1020,1102,1397,1422]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34985" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34985" name="KwaZulu-Natal Museum" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" type="Museum">NMSA</collectionCode>
<specimenCode box="[143,229,1429,1454]" collectionCode="NMSA" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34985" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34985" name="KwaZulu-Natal Museum" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" type="Museum">W3297</specimenCode>
), diameter 
<quantity box="[353,455,1429,1454]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.31" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" unit="mm" value="23.1">23.1 mm</quantity>
, height 
<quantity box="[544,647,1429,1454]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.33" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" unit="mm" value="13.3">13.3 mm</quantity>
; H:D of adults 0.56–0.64 (N=12).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="96.[143,1103,1301,1670]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
Living animal (data available for only 
<specimenCount box="[573,728,1469,1494]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
) (
<figureCitation box="[750,850,1469,1494]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="79.[181,214,1459,1479]" captionTargetBox="[179,1139,209,1452]" captionTargetId="figure-10@79.[179,1139,209,1452]" captionTargetPageId="79" captionText="Fig. 55. Afrorhytida species, living animals (all NMSA): (A) A. knysnaensis, Fort Beaufort (W5211), shell diameter 19.0 mm; (B) A. knysnaensis, Cradock (W4248), shell diameter 22.0 mm; (C) A. knysnaensis, Kompasberg, Nieu Bethesda (W6097), shell diameter 20.4 mm; (D) A. kraussi kraussi, Featherbed Nat. Res., Knysna (W4671), shell diameter 16.8 mm; (E) A. k. kraussi, Grootvadersbosch (W5803), shell diameter 23.8 mm; (F) A. kraussi oraria subsp. n., De Hoop Nat. Res. (paratype, W3292/T2363), shell diameter 13.4 mm; (G) A. burseyae sp. n., Wedgeley farm, Kei River Valley (paratype, W5229/T2258), shell diameter 19.3 mm; (H) A. trimeni, Kap River (W4206), shell diameter 24.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7910963" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7910963/files/figure.png" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Fig. 55F</figureCitation>
): Head-foot coloration similar to that of typical 
<emphasis box="[420,559,1501,1525]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
A. k. 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Pfeiffer" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[478,559,1501,1525]" class="Gastropoda" family="Rhytididae" genus="Afrorhytida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="kraussi">kraussi</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, but somewhat darker maroon-brown, very dark dorsally; pedal margin tinged with orange; mantle edge similarly maroon-brown; lung wall with some irregular dark pigmentation, mostly tracking underlying blood vessels.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="96.[143,1103,1301,1670]" box="[143,605,1605,1630]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
Radula (
<figureCitation box="[237,376,1605,1630]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="95.[181,214,843,863]" captionTargetBox="[189,1127,200,825]" captionTargetId="figure-216@95.[179,1139,190,835]" captionTargetPageId="95" captionText="Fig. 64. Afrorhytida kraussi (Pfeiffer, 1846), radula (all NMSA): (A–D) A. k. kraussi: (A–C) Diepwalle, Knysna (W4845): (A) entire width of radula, scale bar = 0.5 mm; (B) rachidian and inner laterals, scale bar = 250 µm; (C) outer lateral base-plates and marginals, scale bar = 200 µm (l – outer lateral; m – inner marginal); (D) Grootvadersbosch (W3351), half-row, scale bar = 0.5 mm; (E, F) A. k. oraria subsp. n., De Hoop (paratype, W3292/T2363); (E) half-row, scale bar = 100 µm; (F) outer lateral base-plates and marginals, scale bar = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7910987" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7910987/files/figure.png" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Figs 64E–F</figureCitation>
): As in 
<emphasis box="[460,598,1605,1629]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
A. k. 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Pfeiffer" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[517,598,1605,1629]" class="Gastropoda" family="Rhytididae" genus="Afrorhytida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="kraussi">kraussi</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="96.[143,1103,1301,1670]" box="[143,702,1645,1670]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Distal genitalia: All live-taken material immature.</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="97.[181,1143,202,1266]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1999-01" collectionCode="NMSA" collectorName="De Hoop Nat. Res. &amp; W. Sirgel" country="South Africa" elevation="60" latitude="-34.45" location="Cape" longLatPrecision="71" longitude="20.383" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" specimenCode="V6780" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Western Cape" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus box="[181,265,204,224]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Holotype</typeStatus>
(
<figureCitation box="[278,396,204,224]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="96.[144,177,1158,1178]" captionTargetBox="[170,1072,189,1146]" captionTargetId="figure-135@96.[170,1072,189,1146]" captionTargetPageId="96" captionText="Fig. 65. Afrorhytida kraussi (Pfeiffer, 1846) (all NMSA): (A–C) A. k. oraria subsp. n., holotype (fresh specimen, V6780/T2361), De Hoop Nat. Res., diameter 22.3 mm; (D) A. k. kraussi, protoconch, Wilderness (V6578); (E) A. k. oraria subsp. n., protoconch, De Hoop Nat.Res. (paratype, W3292/ T2363). Scale bars = 2.0 mm; arrows mark protoconch/teleoconch junction." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7910989" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7910989/files/figure.png" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Figs 65A–C</figureCitation>
): 
<collectingCountry box="[412,579,204,224]" name="South Africa" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">SOUTH AFRICA</collectingCountry>
: 
<emphasis box="[588,664,205,225]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
W. 
<collectingRegion box="[616,664,205,225]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Cape</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectorName box="[677,851,204,224]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">De Hoop Nat. Res.</collectorName>
(
<geoCoordinate box="[862,946,202,225]" degrees="34.450" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" precision="55" value="-34.45">34.450°S</geoCoordinate>
: 
<geoCoordinate box="[949,1041,202,225]" degrees="20.383" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" precision="55" value="20.383">20.383°E</geoCoordinate>
), 
<quantity box="[1059,1107,204,224]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" unit="m" value="60.0">
<elevation box="[1059,1107,204,224]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" unit="m" value="60.0">60 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<collectorName pageId="97" pageNumber="98">W. Sirgel</collectorName>
, don. 
<date box="[292,350,228,248]" bridgedPair="/" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" value="1999-01">
<collectingDate box="[292,350,228,248]" bridgedPair="/" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" value="1999-01">i/1999</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<collectionCode box="[361,427,228,248]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34985" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34985" name="KwaZulu-Natal Museum" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" type="Museum">NMSA</collectionCode>
<specimenCode box="[433,497,228,248]" collectionCode="NMSA" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34985" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34985" name="KwaZulu-Natal Museum" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" type="Museum">V6780</specimenCode>
/T2361).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="97.[181,1143,202,1266]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1994-08-22" collectingDateMax="2005-02-24" collectingDateMin="1994-08-22" collectionCode="NMSA, ELM" collectorName="De Hoop Nat. Res. &amp; A. Moussalli &amp; D. Stuart-Fox &amp; A. Wood" country="South Africa" latitude="-34.4667" location="Cape" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="20.5167" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" specimenCode="W3292, D15857, W5776" specimenCount="14" specimenCount-adult="8" specimenCount-juvenile="3" stateProvince="Western Cape" typeStatus="paratype">
<typeStatus box="[181,274,260,280]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Paratypes</typeStatus>
: 
<collectingCountry box="[282,450,260,280]" name="South Africa" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">SOUTH AFRICA</collectingCountry>
: 
<emphasis box="[457,532,261,281]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
W. 
<collectingRegion box="[484,532,261,281]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Cape</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectorName box="[543,715,260,280]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">De Hoop Nat. Res.</collectorName>
(
<geoCoordinate box="[724,832,258,281]" degrees="34.47512" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" precision="1" value="-34.47512">34.47512°S</geoCoordinate>
: 
<geoCoordinate box="[835,952,258,281]" degrees="20.51969" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" precision="1" value="20.51969">20.51969°E</geoCoordinate>
), coastal dune scrub, in leaf-litter, 
<collectorName box="[295,410,284,304]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">A. Moussalli</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName box="[435,561,284,304]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">D. Stuart-Fox</collectorName>
, 
<date box="[568,661,284,304]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" value="2005-02-24">
<collectingDate box="[568,661,284,304]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" value="2005-02-24">24/ii/2005</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<collectionCode box="[671,737,284,304]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34985" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34985" name="KwaZulu-Natal Museum" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" type="Museum">NMSA</collectionCode>
<specimenCode box="[740,808,284,304]" collectionCode="NMSA" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34985" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34985" name="KwaZulu-Natal Museum" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" type="Museum">W3292</specimenCode>
/T2363, 
<specimenCount box="[881,970,284,304]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" type="juvenile">1 juvenile</specimenCount>
specimen; W3297/ T2362, 
<specimenCount box="[254,318,308,328]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" type="adult">8 adult</specimenCount>
specimens, 
<specimenCount box="[433,538,308,328]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" type="juvenile">2 juveniles</specimenCount>
; 
<collectionCode box="[547,595,308,328]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9trn-613c" name="East London Museum" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">ELM</collectionCode>
<specimenCode box="[602,678,308,328]" collectionCode="ELM" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9trn-613c" name="East London Museum" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">D15857</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCount box="[689,798,308,328]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
); 
<collectorName box="[814,994,308,328]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">De Hoop Nat. Res.</collectorName>
, around Koppie Alleen (
<geoCoordinate box="[256,353,330,353]" degrees="34.4667" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" precision="5" value="-34.4667">34.4667°S</geoCoordinate>
: 
<geoCoordinate box="[356,461,330,353]" degrees="20.5167" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" precision="5" value="20.5167">20.5167°E</geoCoordinate>
), ground-dwelling in strandveld, 
<collectorName box="[773,859,332,352]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">A. Wood</collectorName>
, 
<date box="[868,981,332,352]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" value="1994-08-22">
<collectingDate box="[868,981,332,352]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" value="1994-08-22">22/viii/1994</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<collectionCode box="[994,1061,332,352]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34985" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34985" name="KwaZulu-Natal Museum" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" type="Museum">NMSA</collectionCode>
<specimenCode box="[1067,1134,332,352]" collectionCode="NMSA" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34985" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34985" name="KwaZulu-Natal Museum" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" type="Museum">W5776</specimenCode>
/ T2364, 
<specimenCount box="[253,372,356,376]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="97.[181,1143,202,1266]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
Distribution (
<figureCitation box="[331,414,389,414]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="93.[181,214,1602,1622]" captionTargetBox="[203,1115,1064,1584]" captionTargetId="figure-479@93.[203,1115,1064,1584]" captionTargetPageId="93" captionText="Fig. 63. Distribution of Afrorhytida kraussi (Pfeiffer, 1846): A. k. kraussi (triangles), A. k. oraria subsp. n. (squares). Symbols with a white centre indicate localities for specimens used in DNA analyses (Moussalli et al. 2009); contours at 1000 m and 1500 m." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7910983" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7910983/files/figure.png" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Fig. 63</figureCitation>
): A narrow-range endemic; known only from the De Hoop Nature Reserve, W. 
<collectingRegion box="[323,383,421,446]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Cape</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[395,539,421,446]" name="South Africa" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">South Africa</collectingCountry>
, at altitudes of &lt;
<specimenCount box="[726,805,421,446]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" type="generic">
<quantity box="[726,801,421,446]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="97.[181,1143,202,1266]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
Habitat: Recorded only from De Hoop limestone fynbos and Overberg dune strandveld (cf. 
<bibRefCitation author="MUCINA, L. &amp; RUTHERFORD, M. C." box="[227,539,491,516]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" refId="ref74481" refString="MUCINA, L. &amp; RUTHERFORD, M. C., eds. 2006. The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. In: Strelitzia, Vol. 19. Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Institute." type="book" year="2006">Mucina &amp; Rutherford 2006</bibRefCitation>
); in sandy soil beneath forbs, shrubs and bushes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="97.[181,1143,202,1266]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
Notes: The considerable degree to which 
<emphasis box="[633,862,530,554]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Mollendorff" authorityYear="1903" box="[633,761,530,554]" class="Gastropoda" family="Rhytididae" genus="Afrorhytida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Afrorhytida</taxonomicName>
k. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Herbert &amp; Moussalli" authorityYear="2010" box="[791,862,530,554]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oraria">oraria</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
differs in shell characters from the nominotypical subspecies would traditionally result in it being considered a distinct species. However, in the analysis of molecular data undertaken by 
<bibRefCitation author="MOUSSALLI, A. &amp; HERBERT, D. G. &amp; STUART-FOX, D." pageId="97" pageNumber="98" pagination="167 - 182" refId="ref74422" refString="MOUSSALLI, A., HERBERT, D. G. &amp; STUART-FOX, D. 2009. A phylogeny of the cannibal snails of southern Africa, genus Natalina sensu lato (Pulmonata: Rhytididae): assessing concordance between morphology and molecular data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 52 (1): 167 - 182." type="journal article" year="2009">
Moussalli 
<emphasis box="[181,236,626,650]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">et al.</emphasis>
(2009)
</bibRefCitation>
, this De Hoop material clustered within the broader assemblage of material considered to represent the 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Pfeiffer" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[486,598,658,682]" class="Gastropoda" family="Rhytididae" genus="Afrorhytida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="kraussi">
<emphasis box="[486,598,658,682]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">A. kraussi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex. Its radula too is indistinguishable from that of members of this complex.Although this assemblage exhibits considerable genetic diversity and may ultimately be shown to be an aggregate of sibling taxa, with the exception of specimens from De Hoop, we have been unable to identify any consistent spatially or genetically correlated patterns in the morphological variation evident. However, since this De Hoop material is clearly conchologically distinct, we consider it merits nomenclatural recognition as a diagnosable entity, ranked for the present as a subspecies. We are aware, however, that some of the conchological characters of this coastal lineage may relate to environmental conditions, particularly edaphic characters (calcium-rich soils) and this is a topic requiring further study.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="97.[181,1143,202,1266]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
Conservation: 
<emphasis box="[343,573,985,1009]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Mollendorff" authorityYear="1903" box="[343,472,985,1009]" class="Gastropoda" family="Rhytididae" genus="Afrorhytida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Afrorhytida</taxonomicName>
k. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Herbert &amp; Moussalli" authorityYear="2010" box="[502,573,985,1009]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oraria">oraria</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is evidently a taxon of restricted range, but it occurs in a surprisingly poorly sampled area and additional survey work is needed in order to obtain a clearer picture of its distribution.Although currently known only from De Hoop Nature Reserve, the coastal limestone habitat, which it evidently favours, extends considerably beyond the confines of this reserve in the broader Bredasdorp–Stilbaai area. The taxon may thus have a somewhat less restricted distribution than the available data indicate. A meaningful assessment of its threat status must await further information, but this notwithstanding, potential threats are evident, particularly habitat transformation due to the invasion of exotic 
<taxonomicName box="[506,679,1241,1266]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis box="[506,584,1241,1265]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Acacia</emphasis>
species.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>