239 lines
32 KiB
XML
239 lines
32 KiB
XML
<document id="DD3F9351ACCA1876989EB7B15DD94FF9" ID-CLB-Dataset="305499" ID-DOI="10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a17" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8fc26efa-4ffb-4993-bf58-7fb38916b793" ID-ISSN="1777-571X" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11387624" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C0E27E25-6719-40FD-A2B8-829B484D6C13" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.metadata_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="valdenar" checkinTime="1732639101882" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Blake, Daniel B. & Lefebvre, Bertrand" docDate="2024" docId="267CF0017939FFF2A5AEFD249EB4FE13" docLanguage="en" docName="CRPalevol.23.17.217-239.pdf" docOrigin="Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (17)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a17" docStyle="DocumentStyle:DACF86F01658A8850E13A63D98C287FD.1:CRPalevol.2020-.journal_article" docStyleId="DACF86F01658A8850E13A63D98C287FD" docStyleName="CRPalevol.2020-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Petraster Billings 1858" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="221" masterDocId="DA458879793CFFF5A662FFF29C26FFA1" masterDocTitle="Ordovician Petraster Billings, 1858 (Asteroidea: Echinodermata) and early asteroid skeletal differentiation" masterLastPageNumber="239" masterPageNumber="217" pageNumber="220" updateTime="1734637752356" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="7DD89BAE3319AE166CFC4FC1112E35D9">Ordovician Petraster Billings, 1858 (Asteroidea: Echinodermata) and early asteroid skeletal differentiation</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0CC495C33465F46733D37747330A4A7F">Blake, Daniel B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="BE69AC197EC95C4D0721CD66EEAF2A6E">Departement of Earth Sciences and Environmental Change, University of Illinois, 3081 NHB, 1301 West Green Street, 61801 Urbana, IL (United States)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="3A3332367977CCF4644B93C72E80D58C" type="email">dblake@illinois.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="9A7E6A6C5A8C39A729CD2DC71F471BC0">Lefebvre, Bertrand</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="BB614A7EE08A0529E8ABE8DB128E89FB">Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENSL, CNRS, LGL-TPE, 43 boulevard du 11 Novembre, F- 69622 Villeurbanne (France)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="03BA3D3BA73B3923055B55950DF3B51D" type="email">bertrand.lefebvre@univ-lyon1.fr</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="C9196D2094250B9F72A2CAFF700B11E9">Comptes Rendus Palevol</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="8D80FD92B4B35572CAC720E71DB596AE">2024</mods:date>
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<treatment id="267CF0017939FFF2A5AEFD249EB4FE13" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14232119" ID-GBIF-Taxon="247585607" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14232119" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:267CF0017939FFF2A5AEFD249EB4FE13" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/267CF0017939FFF2A5AEFD249EB4FE13" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="221" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" scope_class="Asteroidea" scope_phylum="Echinodermata">
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<subSubSection id="E6CF129C7939FFF0A5AEFD249929FD50" box="[972,1295,726,753]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="AE6A41177939FFF0A5AEFD249929FD50" blockId="5.[972,1295,726,753]" box="[972,1295,726,753]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">
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<heading id="F522F67B7939FFF0A5AEFD249929FD50" box="[972,1295,726,753]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" reason="2">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="69D53A947939FFF0A27BFD259929FD50" ID-CoL="8TXNP" authority="Billings, 1858" authorityName="Billings" authorityYear="1858" box="[1049,1295,726,753]" class="Asteroidea" family="Palasterinidae" genus="Petraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euaxosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="9CA19D057939FFF0A27BFD259857FD51" box="[1049,1137,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">Petraster</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="CA443CE67939FFF0A21AFD249929FD50" author="BILLINGS E." box="[1144,1295,726,753]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" pagination="75 - 85" refId="ref14263" refString="BILLINGS E. 1858. - On the Asteriadae of the Lower Silurian rocks of Canada. Geological Survey of Canada, Separate Report 425: 75 - 85. https: // doi. org / 10.4095 / 222579" type="book chapter" year="1858">Billings, 1858</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="E6CF129C7939FFF0A54FFCE299B2FCF6" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="AE6A41177939FFF0A54FFCE2981EFC86" blockId="5.[813,1080,783,807]" box="[813,1080,783,807]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="8EC566397939FFF0A54FFCE2981EFC86" box="[813,1080,783,807]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">
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<treatmentCitation id="2F7467067939FFF0A54FFCE29812FC86" author="BILLINGS E." box="[813,1076,783,807]" page="79" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" year="1858">
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<taxonomicName id="69D53A947939FFF0A54FFCE29812FC86" ID-CoL="8TXNP" authority="Billings, 1858: 79" authorityName="Billings" authorityPageNumber="79" authorityYear="1858" box="[813,1076,783,807]" class="Asteroidea" family="Palasterinidae" genus="Petraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euaxosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="9CA19D057939FFF0A54FFCE29F5AFC86" box="[813,892,784,807]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">Petraster</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="CA443CE67939FFF0A5E0FCFD9812FC86" author="BILLINGS E." box="[898,1076,783,807]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" pagination="75 - 85" refId="ref14263" refString="BILLINGS E. 1858. - On the Asteriadae of the Lower Silurian rocks of Canada. Geological Survey of Canada, Separate Report 425: 75 - 85. https: // doi. org / 10.4095 / 222579" type="book chapter" year="1858">Billings, 1858: 79</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AE6A41177939FFF0A54FFCCD99B2FCF6" blockId="5.[813,1428,830,855]" box="[813,1428,830,855]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="8EC566397939FFF0A54FFCCD99B2FCF6" box="[813,1428,830,855]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">
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<treatmentCitation id="2F7467067939FFF0A54FFCCD9874FCF6" author="GREGORY J. W." box="[813,1106,831,855]" page="348" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" year="1899">
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<taxonomicName id="69D53A947939FFF0A54FFCCD9874FCF6" authority="Gregory, 1899: 348" authorityName="Gregory" authorityPageNumber="348" authorityYear="1899" box="[813,1106,831,855]" genus="Uranaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="9CA19D057939FFF0A54FFCCD9FAFFCF7" box="[813,905,831,854]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">Uranaster</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="CA443CE67939FFF0A5EDFCCD9874FCF6" author="GREGORY J. W." box="[911,1106,831,855]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" pagination="341 - 354" refId="ref15995" refString="GREGORY J. W. 1899. - On Lindstromaster and the classification of the palaeasterids. Geological Magazine 6 (8): 341 - 354. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0016756800142384" type="journal article" year="1899">Gregory, 1899: 348</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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. —
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||
<treatmentCitation id="2F7467067939FFF0A219FCCD99B6FCF6" author="SPENCER W. K. & WRIGHT C. W." box="[1147,1424,830,855]" page="43" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" year="1966">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="CA443CE67939FFF0A219FCCD99B6FCF6" author="SPENCER W. K. & WRIGHT C. W." box="[1147,1424,830,855]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" refId="ref18139" refString="SPENCER W. K. & WRIGHT C. W. 1966. - Asterozoans, in MOORE R. C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part U, Echinodermata 3. Vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas, Lawrence: U 4 - U 107." type="journal volume" year="1966">Spencer & Wright 1966: 43</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="E6CF129C7939FFF0A54FFC9D9806FBFB" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" type="diagnosis">
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||
<paragraph id="AE6A41177939FFF0A54FFC9D9806FBFB" blockId="5.[811,1457,878,1114]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">
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. — Euaxosidans attaining moderate size, arm radius R reaching at least
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<emphasis id="9CA19D057939FFF0A591FC7B9825FC01" box="[1011,1027,905,928]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">c.</emphasis>
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<quantity id="692DECF27939FFF0A26BFC7A9870FC01" box="[1033,1110,904,928]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" unit="mm" value="35.0">35 mm</quantity>
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; disk arched, arms subcylindrical, elongate. Abactinal ossicles small proportional to overall body size, irregular equidimensional to subspherical, bases commonly faceted; aboral ring, superomarginals, intermarginals, carinal series variably and not clearly differentiated, especially not on disk. Inferomarginal series well-defined. Superomarginals dorsal-lateral in position. Intermarginals thought to be limited to disk, in a single or irregular series.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="E6CF129C7939FFF3A54FFB679E65F8ED" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="221" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="AE6A41177939FFF0A54FFB679F9BFB0C" blockId="5.[810,1457,1173,2028]" box="[813,957,1173,1199]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">
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<smallCapsWord id="A88CD7CB7939FFF0A54FFB679F9BFB0C" baselines="1192,1192" box="[813,957,1173,1199]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Description" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">DESCRIPTION</smallCapsWord>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AE6A41177939FFF0A54FFB469920F8AD" blockId="5.[810,1457,1173,2028]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">Palasterinid, disk size moderate, interbrachia narrowly rounded; arms elongate, outline triangular and gradually tapering to narrowly rounded tips; disk and arms probably moderately arched in life. Configuration of extraxial ossicles aboral to inferomarginals varied among species. Abactinals small relative to overall body size, somewhat varied in size and form, plate-like, granular, irregular spicular, or rod-like. Aboral ring, centrale not definitively recognized. Carinal series obscure to moderately well-defined. Superomarginals enlarged relative to ossicles of adjacent series, approximately equidimensional, domal; disk superomarginals obscure in some species. Adradialia granular or spicular, variably developed. Intermarginals granular, variably developed.Madreporite where known circular, aboral; on larger specimens, can be partially enclosed by pair of enlarged, crescentic ossicles. Inferomarginals, adaxials well-developed, adaxials rectangular to equidimensional, domal, pustulate; enlarged accessory bases lacking. Inferomarginals on oral surface proximally, becoming marginal distally, abutting adaxials for at least most of arm length.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AE6A41177939FFF3A521F8E09E65F8ED" blockId="5.[810,1457,1173,2028]" lastBlockId="6.[130,776,1746,1869]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="221" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">Axials nearly equidimensional to weakly rectangular, wider than long; radial water-vascular channel relatively broad; transverse ridge well-developed, podial basins approximately equally shared by subsequent axials. Adaxials approximately equidimensional, external surface texture similar to that of inferomarginals; adaxials more numerous than inferomarginals at least on disk, more nearly paired on arms. Oral disk ossicles variably developed. Axillary number where known one or two, actinal series present or absent, variably developed. Accessories where known including relatively small spinelets and granules; large spines not recognized.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<caption id="FAAA119F793AFFF3A6E4FA719E2FF9D6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14531862" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14531862" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14531862/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="221" startId="6.[134,144,1411,1428]" targetBox="[132,1455,215,1367]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="AE6A4117793AFFF3A6E4FA719E2FF9D6" blockId="6.[132,1456,1411,1655]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">
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||
. 1. — Problematic species of
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<taxonomicName id="69D53A94793AFFF3A7FFFA719E42FA35" authority="Billings, 1858" authorityName="Billings" authorityYear="1858" box="[413,612,1411,1428]" class="Asteroidea" family="Palasterinidae" genus="Petraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euaxosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="221" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="9CA19D05793AFFF3A7FFFA719DCCFA35" box="[413,490,1411,1428]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">Petraster</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA443CE6793AFFF3A78DFA719E42FA35" author="BILLINGS E." box="[495,612,1411,1428]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221" pagination="75 - 85" refId="ref14263" refString="BILLINGS E. 1858. - On the Asteriadae of the Lower Silurian rocks of Canada. Geological Survey of Canada, Separate Report 425: 75 - 85. https: // doi. org / 10.4095 / 222579" type="book chapter" year="1858">Billings, 1858</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
:
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||
<emphasis id="9CA19D05793AFFF3A409FA719EA4FA35" bold="true" box="[619,642,1411,1428]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">A1</emphasis>
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||
,
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||
<emphasis id="9CA19D05793AFFF3A4EFFA719E82FA35" bold="true" box="[653,676,1411,1428]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">A2</emphasis>
|
||
,
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||
<taxonomicName id="69D53A94793AFFF3A4CCFA719F9BFA35" authority="(Billings, 1858)" baseAuthorityName="Billings" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[686,957,1411,1428]" class="Asteroidea" family="Palasterinidae" genus="Petraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euaxosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="221" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="rigidus">
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<emphasis id="9CA19D05793AFFF3A4CCFA719F1FFA35" box="[686,825,1411,1428]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">Petraster rigidus</emphasis>
|
||
(
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||
<bibRefCitation id="CA443CE6793AFFF3A520FA719F9EFA35" author="BILLINGS E." box="[834,952,1411,1428]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221" pagination="75 - 85" refId="ref14263" refString="BILLINGS E. 1858. - On the Asteriadae of the Lower Silurian rocks of Canada. Geological Survey of Canada, Separate Report 425: 75 - 85. https: // doi. org / 10.4095 / 222579" type="book chapter" year="1858">Billings, 1858</bibRefCitation>
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||
)
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</taxonomicName>
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, generic type species;Trenton Limestone, Late Ordovician (Sandbian-early Katian), 45°026’37”N, 75°026’9”W, Ottawa, Canada; original specimen, holotype GSC 1401;
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<emphasis id="9CA19D05793AFFF3A257FA6B986AFA0B" bold="true" box="[1077,1100,1433,1450]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">A1</emphasis>
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, specimen remnant, surfaces of disk ossicles to left appearing largely unaltered, those to right more abraded thereby obscuring original surface appearances;
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<emphasis id="9CA19D05793AFFF3A2F5FA429889FA60" bold="true" box="[1175,1199,1456,1473]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">A2</emphasis>
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, specimen wetted, axillary of interbrachium to left is triangular, possible second axillary (
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<emphasis id="9CA19D05793AFFF3A41AFA359F21FA79" bold="true" box="[632,775,1479,1496]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">lower left arrow</emphasis>
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) immediately distal of MAO pair at base of single actinal series. Ossicles to right interbrachium altered but appearance unlike those to left interbrachium, significance of diagenetic alteration uncertain; upper two arrows mark position of inferomarginal near apparent termini of actinal series. Ossicles edging adaxial at one arm margin (
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<emphasis id="9CA19D05793AFFF3A5ADFA0698A3F9A4" bold="true" box="[975,1157,1524,1541]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">arrow to lower right</emphasis>
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) appearing somewhat enlarged as compared to traces at other arm margins, the nature of the skeleton aboral to inferomarginals obscure;
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<emphasis id="9CA19D05793AFFF3A59EF9F99812F9BD" bold="true" box="[1020,1076,1547,1564]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">B1-B3</emphasis>
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,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69D53A94793AFFF3A25CF9F9995BF9BD" authority="(Hicks, 1873)" baseAuthorityName="Hicks" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[1086,1405,1547,1564]" class="Asteroidea" family="Palasterinidae" genus="Petraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euaxosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="221" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ramseyensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CA19D05793AFFF3A25CF9F998ADF9BD" box="[1086,1163,1547,1564]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">Petraster</emphasis>
|
||
?
|
||
<emphasis id="9CA19D05793AFFF3A2FEF9F99923F9BD" box="[1180,1285,1547,1564]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">ramseyensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA443CE6793AFFF3A36DF9F9995EF9BD" author="HICKS H." box="[1295,1400,1547,1564]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221" pagination="39 - 52" refId="ref16203" refString="HICKS H. 1873. - On the Tremadoc rocks in the neighborhood of St. David's, South Wales, and their fossil contents. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 29: 39 - 52. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / GSL. JGS. 1873.029.01 - 02.11" type="journal article" year="1873">Hicks, 1873</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; Early Ordovician (early Arenig); Ramsey Island, Wales; latex casts;
|
||
<emphasis id="9CA19D05793AFFF3A4EEF9D09E82F992" bold="true" box="[652,676,1570,1587]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">B1</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="9CA19D05793AFFF3A4CDF9D09EE1F992" bold="true" box="[687,711,1570,1587]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">B2</emphasis>
|
||
, NHM E13707 = Manchester L10038, abactinals are differentiated, carinals (
|
||
<emphasis id="9CA19D05793AFFF3A330F9D0994CF992" bold="true" box="[1362,1386,1570,1587]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">B1</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="9CA19D05793AFFF3A317F9D0998CF992" bold="true" box="[1397,1450,1570,1587]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">arrow</emphasis>
|
||
) bordered by small rectangular adradials, two marginal series; aboral disk largely lost, madreporite? (
|
||
<emphasis id="9CA19D05793AFFF3A590F9CA982CF9E8" bold="true" box="[1010,1034,1592,1609]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">B2</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="9CA19D05793AFFF3A274F9CA986DF9E8" bold="true" box="[1046,1099,1592,1609]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">arrow</emphasis>
|
||
) remains;
|
||
<emphasis id="9CA19D05793AFFF3A2C5F9CA9899F9E8" bold="true" box="[1191,1215,1592,1609]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">B3</emphasis>
|
||
, NHM E13703 = Manchester L10036a distended specimen in oral aspect, ambulacra variously flattened, inferomarginals, adaxials, and axials dominate; possible axillary (
|
||
<emphasis id="9CA19D05793AFFF3A30DF9BD9982F9C1" bold="true" box="[1391,1444,1615,1632]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">arrow</emphasis>
|
||
). Scale bars: A1, A2, B2, B3, 5 mm; B1, 3 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E6CF129C793AFFF2A6E6F8809EB4FE13" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="222" pageId="6" pageNumber="221" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="AE6A4117793AFFF3A6E6F8809CCEF82B" blockId="6.[130,775,1906,2028]" box="[132,232,1906,1932]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="A88CD7CB793AFFF3A6E6F8809CCEF82B" baselines="1925,1925" box="[132,232,1906,1932]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Remarks" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">REMARKS</smallCapsWord>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AE6A4117793AFFF3A6E6F8619984F8AD" blockId="6.[130,775,1906,2028]" lastBlockId="6.[811,1457,1746,2028]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69D53A94793AFFF3A6E6F8619CCFF80D" authorityName="Gregory" authorityYear="1899" box="[132,233,1939,1964]" genus="Uranaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="221" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CA19D05793AFFF3A6E6F8619CCFF80D" box="[132,233,1939,1964]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">Uranaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was synonymized with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69D53A94793AFFF3A7BDF8619CE7F86D" ID-CoL="8TXNP" authority="(Spencer & Wright 1966)" baseAuthorityName="Spencer & Wright" baseAuthorityYear="1966" class="Asteroidea" family="Palasterinidae" genus="Petraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euaxosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="221" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CA19D05793AFFF3A7BDF8619E10F80D" box="[479,566,1939,1964]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">Petraster</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA443CE6793AFFF3A424F8609C9FF86D" author="SPENCER W. K. & WRIGHT C. W." pageId="6" pageNumber="221" refId="ref18139" refString="SPENCER W. K. & WRIGHT C. W. 1966. - Asterozoans, in MOORE R. C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part U, Echinodermata 3. Vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas, Lawrence: U 4 - U 107." type="journal volume" year="1966">Spencer & Wright 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="716EFFB5793AFFF3A699F8409D0EF86D" box="[251,296,1970,1996]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69D53A94793AFFF3A7ECF8409DC4F86A" ID-CoL="8TXNP" baseAuthorityName="Spencer & Wright" baseAuthorityYear="1966" box="[398,482,1970,1995]" class="Asteroidea" family="Palasterinidae" genus="Petraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euaxosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="221" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CA19D05793AFFF3A7ECF8409DC4F86A" box="[398,482,1970,1995]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">Petraster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69D53A94793AFFF3A792F8409EBDF86D" authority="Billings" authorityName="Billings" box="[496,667,1970,1996]" class="Asteroidea" family="Palasterinidae" genus="Petraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euaxosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="221" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="rigidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CA19D05793AFFF3A792F8409E6FF86D" box="[496,585,1970,1996]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">P.rigidus</emphasis>
|
||
Billings
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="36EE5D92793AFFF3A4CAF8409F25F86D" box="[680,771,1970,1996]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[134,144,1411,1428]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1367]" captionTargetId="figure-425@6.[698,1267,746,1280]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 1. — Problematic species of Petraster Billings, 1858: A1, A2, Petraster rigidus (Billings, 1858), generic type species;Trenton Limestone, Late Ordovician (Sandbian-early Katian), 45°026’37”N, 75°026’9”W, Ottawa, Canada; original specimen, holotype GSC 1401; A1, specimen remnant, surfaces of disk ossicles to left appearing largely unaltered, those to right more abraded thereby obscuring original surface appearances; A2, specimen wetted, axillary of interbrachium to left is triangular, possible second axillary (lower left arrow) immediately distal of MAO pair at base of single actinal series. Ossicles to right interbrachium altered but appearance unlike those to left interbrachium, significance of diagenetic alteration uncertain; upper two arrows mark position of inferomarginal near apparent termini of actinal series. Ossicles edging adaxial at one arm margin (arrow to lower right) appearing somewhat enlarged as compared to traces at other arm margins, the nature of the skeleton aboral to inferomarginals obscure; B1-B3, Petraster? ramseyensis (Hicks, 1873); Early Ordovician (early Arenig); Ramsey Island, Wales; latex casts; B1, B2, NHM E13707 = Manchester L10038, abactinals are differentiated, carinals (B1, arrow) bordered by small rectangular adradials, two marginal series; aboral disk largely lost, madreporite? (B2, arrow) remains; B3, NHM E13703 = Manchester L10036a distended specimen in oral aspect, ambulacra variously flattened, inferomarginals, adaxials, and axials dominate; possible axillary (arrow). Scale bars: A1, A2, B2, B3, 5 mm; B1, 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14531862" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14531862/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">Fig. 1A1</figureCitation>
|
||
, A2), is incompletely known leading to the use of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69D53A94793AFFF3A4E9F8209F9CF94C" authority="(Baily, 1879)" baseAuthorityName="Baily" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[651,954,1746,2028]" class="Asteroidea" family="Palasterinidae" genus="Petraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euaxosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="221" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="kinahani">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CA19D05793AFFF3A4E9F8209EBCF84A" box="[651,666,2002,2027]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="9CA19D05793AFFF3A4CAF8239F20F84A" box="[680,774,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">kinahani</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA443CE6793AFFF3A556F9209F94F94C" author="BAILY W. H." box="[820,946,1746,1773]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221" pagination="55 - 60" refId="ref14015" refString="BAILY W. H. 1879. - Palaeontological notes, in KINAHAN G. H. (ed.), Explanatory memoir to accompany sheets 169, 170 and 181 of the map of the Geological Survey of Ireland. Alexander Thom (Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland for 1878), Dublin: 55 - 60." type="book chapter" year="1879">Baily, 1879</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the generic standard of comparison (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA443CE6793AFFF3A316F9219FC5F8AC" author="DEAN SHACKLETON J. D." pageId="6" pageNumber="221" pagination="29 - 114" refId="ref15580" refString="DEAN SHACKLETON J. D. 2005. - Skeletal homologies, phylogeny and classification of the earliest asterozoan echinoderms. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 3 (1): 29 - 114. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1477201905001525" type="journal article" year="2005">Dean Shackleton 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These interpretations are followed here.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AE6A4117793AFFF2A521F8E09EB4FE13" blockId="6.[811,1457,1746,2028]" lastBlockId="7.[132,777,216,434]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="222" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">
|
||
Species inclusion in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69D53A94793AFFF3A24FF8E198AEF88D" ID-CoL="8TXNP" baseAuthorityName="Spencer & Wright" baseAuthorityYear="1966" box="[1069,1160,1811,1836]" class="Asteroidea" family="Palasterinidae" genus="Petraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euaxosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="221" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CA19D05793AFFF3A24FF8E198AEF88D" box="[1069,1160,1811,1836]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">Petraster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
emphasizes irregularity of the skeleton aboral to the inferomarginals together with a fundamental uniformity of oral configuration. Five species are included,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69D53A94793AFFF3A5D9F8819861F82D" baseAuthorityName="Hicks" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[955,1095,1907,1932]" class="Asteroidea" family="Palasterinidae" genus="Petraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euaxosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="221" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ramseyensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CA19D05793AFFF3A5D9F8819861F82D" box="[955,1095,1907,1932]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">P. ramseyensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
tentatively.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69D53A94793AFFF3A2A4F881998BF82D" authorityName="Blake & Lefebvre" authorityYear="2024" box="[1222,1453,1906,1932]" class="Asteroidea" family="Palasterinidae" genus="Petraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euaxosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="221" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="caidramiensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CA19D05793AFFF3A2A4F881998BF82D" box="[1222,1453,1906,1932]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">Petraster caidramiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="8792207E793AFFF3A549F8609F4FF80D" box="[811,873,1938,1964]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69D53A94793AFFF3A51AF8619824F80D" authorityName="Blake, Guensburg & Lefebvre" authorityYear="2016" box="[888,1026,1939,1964]" class="Asteroidea" family="Palasterinidae" genus="Petraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euaxosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="221" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="crozonensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CA19D05793AFFF3A51AF8619824F80D" box="[888,1026,1939,1964]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">P. crozonensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69D53A94793AFFF3A220F861989CF80D" baseAuthorityName="Baily" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[1090,1210,1938,1964]" class="Asteroidea" family="Palasterinidae" genus="Petraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euaxosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="221" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="kinahani">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CA19D05793AFFF3A220F861989CF80D" box="[1090,1210,1938,1964]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">P. kinahani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are known from fairly complete specimens, in all three, aboral series (i.e., “above” the inferomarginals) of the arms are more clearly defined than those of the disk, in part because of limitations of preservation but also because disk ossicles appear less clearly differentiated. The subcylindrical proximal arm intervals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69D53A94793BFFF2A6E4FECA9CF8FEF0" ID-CoL="8TXNP" baseAuthorityName="Spencer & Wright" baseAuthorityYear="1966" box="[134,222,312,337]" class="Asteroidea" family="Palasterinidae" genus="Petraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euaxosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CA19D05793BFFF2A6E4FECA9CF8FEF0" box="[134,222,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">Petraster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens were subject to compaction under sediment load exaggerating water-vascular channel breadth, the proportionately more robust distal arm intervals retaining a more natural water-vascular channel appearance.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |