324 lines
47 KiB
XML
324 lines
47 KiB
XML
<document id="311BFFB6C8E27AA48C854FD23D6CEB39" ID-CLB-Dataset="35024" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.608.9427" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f37895dc-7316-48e6-ac3e-901aa5f79eeb" ID-PMC="PMC4982377" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-608-1" ID-PubMed="27559303" ID-ZooBank="F865473C03374FD2915A0E3DD2299E66" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1313-2970-608-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 608" ModsDocTitle="Generic revision of the ant subfamily Dorylinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" checkinTime="1470408253360" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Borowiec, Marek L." docDate="2016" docId="98D7F2AE462F77F834FBD14108460EB5" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 608: 1-280" docOrigin="ZooKeys 608" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.608.9427" docTitle="Labidus Jurine 1807" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="124" masterDocId="D563FF93FFEAD163FF9A3E6FFFDDF937" masterDocTitle="Generic revision of the ant subfamily Dorylinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" masterLastPageNumber="280" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="121" updateTime="1701385037927" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods id="0E1946297F3B9B87BDC55267CB7824E1" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="1CB94968FFD9C7E36731AB8EF501D5AF">
|
||
<mods:title id="8BDF75834719AB97E5714E12DA041D39">Generic revision of the ant subfamily Dorylinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="C3A7F0B5A8867C417DEA608930C814BF" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="D59FF9F1833E625B92B5D565ACE6BA8E">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="7D840333E211046FA60B11588CEB03EE">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="8E8C997EB197FE84964D88B21AE62743">Borowiec, Marek L.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="755DA3FB7CBF7916CBF0E7B0568BED68">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="8B2EA29A6E9E643C2ADA2CD171CAFE74" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="52BC5C1DAE7B14D2790F17B14301AB67">
|
||
<mods:title id="5C0DDA89095A22B794B672015223AB7F">ZooKeys</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="782EAC44428C709043CA039BB07FA122">
|
||
<mods:date id="1A5F1F7F5300368FA00D75C05D00FFA3">2016</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="405D94925561C333220A050591131856" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="FFBF137ADB3765FD163AA48EF485AAAF">608</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="E29D07ACED92A196D79F207961105064" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="91E164C60A0653DF8366E0B3906583CB">1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="E80D7DFE02F3FBDFF9622891C9DFCBFB">280</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location id="6B50893AC85FA698E56F12E86744CF4F">
|
||
<mods:url id="5A301E33C4DD55243E1B157ED22BAA64">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.608.9427</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification id="EA2C0128A853DFBB1D0F8A036DF7EEB3">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="14112FDD308B7267162C9609BC791953" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.608.9427</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="4DEF7705BDE7C1983A48CE8BEDAD278F" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-608-1</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="DEE5CD5248A5FDE3C2FF1F08F5212C55" type="ZooBank">F865473C03374FD2915A0E3DD2299E66</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="98D7F2AE462F77F834FBD14108460EB5" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127875735" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:98D7F2AE462F77F834FBD14108460EB5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/98D7F2AE462F77F834FBD14108460EB5" lastPageId="123" lastPageNumber="124" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<subSubSection id="96039A66B9EA394FC83BFA7D969EBF33" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="7BB0E586679871E26C5F1FD1312C4F28" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Taxon classification Animalia Hymenoptera Formicidae</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="02D05CE7841FAEAE93BF611361C8FC89" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="17C8EE44F7E4628FAE1EE93D576E6A8A" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFE61E3656A203B765121CA0B81B8F8B" ID-CoL="59N3" authority="Jurine, 1807" authorityName="Jurine" authorityYear="1807" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Labidus Jurine, 1807</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="5CCC55E640057F8518D567A988E75D43" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="D2F826224736EB576B699B29DB2F34A6" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9F549C13DDBDFEFFE0123712846ECC08" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nycteresia" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycteresia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">= Nycteresia</taxonomicName>
|
||
Roger, 1861
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="299ADD9B01A23CC2EDF5458F15F6E639" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4A9240F7F8146CCB7718F3DA31EA4E1A" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pseudodichthadia" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudodichthadia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">= Pseudodichthadia</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B10966E2B5D235848EA31015613888EC" originalValue="André">Andre</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1885
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C14B834FD6D7A02C8AA8232C1E523416" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" type="type-species">
|
||
<paragraph id="2233F05DB47DD2242FA605391C167D83" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Type-species.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AACA223057CA7CA89D3DC547499B9B70" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="26592DE91FBD94812371E0FFF12842F9" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus latreillii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latreillii">Labidus latreillii</taxonomicName>
|
||
(junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="057AA603A08B9A6D83E1910B4EDBF21C" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Formica coeca" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coeca">Formica coeca</taxonomicName>
|
||
), by monotypy.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC14B30C5D38433597166A9FFFF70B0" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
|
||
With seven described species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BE53C1A879CC82A32BEEF6136D09655E" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Labidus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a relatively small but widely distributed genus. Its members are more generalized predators than most other New World army ants and may have the greatest overall ecological impact due to high densities.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0FD5ADE4FB0564A2D99260356021B2F9" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="866B5C3AF57526BA52B5E36D500C84C4" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8F23C19C007B111B3D7076D49E893089" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
|
||
Worker.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4F6CA1451589102DC080012989891A0E" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Labidus</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers are easily recognized by a combination of spiracle positioned high on the propodeum, 12-segmented antennae, propodeum not armed with spines or cuticular lamellae, short propodeal lobes, two-segmented waist, metatibial gland present, and pretarsal claws with a tooth.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E8CD26C0E9249198935DA471BE330C0C" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Labidus</taxonomicName>
|
||
belongs to New World army ants with an unarmed propodeum and it could only be confused with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F19A3D68D504303B62873E3B257EE303" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cheliomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cheliomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cheliomyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
and certain larger species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="121BDE438BC7C04853EB07EBE0BC2420" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neivamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neivamyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neivamyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The former have one-segmented waist, and the latter always lack teeth on pretarsal claws.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2AF7538ECD346B004D811881A09A47C5" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
|
||
Male.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F50A466CE2C879EC06EBFA6D30EA902D" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Labidus</taxonomicName>
|
||
males have the army ant habitus with abdominal segment III much larger than the preceding segment II (petiole), and head small relative to mesosoma. See discussion under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3820507C562C9CB187765085A58882ED" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cheliomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cheliomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cheliomyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
for characters differentiating New World army ant males from those of Old World
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DF4A06D787D8343AD0F6E35FECD1295" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aenictus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aenictus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F99532A90299BABD4AB93A7F917F26F9" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictogiton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aenictogiton" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aenictogiton</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23E75572468AEEF9971D8DC6E5E989F4" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Among New World army ants,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="944A9758704D0E1A7771BC7B8EDF2B3D" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Labidus</taxonomicName>
|
||
possesses the following unique character combination: no conspicuous tufts of long setae on gaster, apices of penisvalvae with setae, abdominal sternite IX (subgenital plate) with two spines, and hind basitarsus with a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F238D6A94F8E9D24E35562D3A9BEB530" class="Insecta" lsidName="groove" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="groove">groove</taxonomicName>
|
||
that accommodates the tibial spur. The lack of long gastral setae differentiates
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FE9F1E12A6EBD8AE1B9F1778772F2AD" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Labidus</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DF59921194563C39EBB7B39FE7185DD" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nomamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomamyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nomamyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the apices of penisvalvae are hairy in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="27F7C09D6B613ED91A8D43C0E5C7700D" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eciton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eciton" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eciton</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EA2A341094CBD0FCF1548F42390EEA7D" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neivamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neivamyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neivamyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B012CB2D25083918BC0B332F65761031" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cheliomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cheliomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cheliomyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
there are four spines on the abdominal sternite IX and hind basitarsus has no oblique grooves.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="AC18BF1046DA2D5F8A6767E63FC6D8C6" lastPageId="122" lastPageNumber="123" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="6D49F25165D36D699F446C4D0BF170E5" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7833A0B34903A6E3F5B65B67235DE43F" lastPageId="121" lastPageNumber="122" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
|
||
Worker.Head: Antennae with 12 segments. Apical antennal segment not enlarged, not broader and longer than two preceding segments combined. Clypeus with or without cuticular apron. Lateroclypeal teeth absent.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76974889F66DE42F53391AB10CEF587D" class="Insecta" genus="Parafrontal" lsidName="Parafrontal ridges" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ridges">Parafrontal ridges</taxonomicName>
|
||
reduced. Torulo-posttorular complex vertical. Antennal scrobes absent. Labrum with median notch or concavity. Proximal face of stipes projecting beyond inner margin of sclerite, concealing prementum when mouthparts fully closed. Maxillary palps 2-segmented. Labial palps 3-segmented. Mandibles polymorphic, from triangular with teeth to falcate with teeth on elongated masticatory margin. Eyes present, composed of seemingly single large ommatidium, in reality composed from multiple fused ommatidia. Ocelli absent. Head capsule with differentiated vertical posterior surface
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="80ED561950F3389C58AEBA1AEDDD0BE9" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" start="start">above</pageBreakToken>
|
||
occipital foramen. Ventrolateral margins of head without lamella or ridge extending towards mandibles and beyond carina surrounding occipital foramen. Posterior head corners dorsolaterally immarginate. Carina surrounding occipital foramen ventrally absent. Mesosoma: Pronotal flange not separated from collar by distinct ridge. Promesonotal connection with Pronotomesopleural suture completely fused.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E836AAA3982155EB29D523022A452D25" class="Insecta" genus="Pronotomesopleural" lsidName="Pronotomesopleural suture" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="suture">Pronotomesopleural suture</taxonomicName>
|
||
completely fused.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CFAF844906B3F6B1E3FB3545D5225FB7" class="Insecta" genus="Mesometapleural" lsidName="Mesometapleural groove" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="groove">Mesometapleural groove</taxonomicName>
|
||
not impressed. Transverse
|
||
<taxonomicName id="08D500D1886D6DE7BB07ABEAB85EBD5A" class="Insecta" lsidName="groove" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="groove">groove</taxonomicName>
|
||
dividing mesopleuron absent. Pleural endophragmal pit concavity present. Mesosoma dorsolaterally immarginate. Metanotal depression or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03E26570DC3410F7473E7A8F5D2C1AF7" class="Insecta" lsidName="groove" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="groove">groove</taxonomicName>
|
||
on mesosoma present. Propodeal spiracle situated high on sclerite. Propodeal declivity without distinct dorsal edge or margin and rectangular in posterior view. Metapleural gland with bulla visible through cuticle. Propodeal lobes absent or very short. Metasoma: Petiole anterodorsally marginate with carina low on anterior face, dorsolaterally immarginate, and laterally above spiracle immarginate. Helcium in relation to tergosternal Pronotomesopleural suture placed at posttergite and axial. Prora forming a V-shaped protrusion. Spiracle openings of abdominal segments
|
||
<normalizedToken id="572CCDA030AFF5953F7643866A506FDF" originalValue="IV–VI">IV-VI</normalizedToken>
|
||
oval. Abdominal segment III anterodorsally immarginate and dorsolaterally immarginate. Abdominal segment III about half size of succeeding segment IV, which is strongly constricted at presegmental portion (binodal waist). Girdling constriction of segment IV present, i.e. pre- and postsclerites distinct. Cinctus of abdominal segment IV gutter-like and sculptured but not cross-ribbed. Abdominal segment IV conspicuously largest segment. Abdominal tergite IV not folding over sternite, and anterior portions of sternite and tergite equally well visible in lateral view. Girdling constriction between pre- and posttergites of abdominal segments V and VI absent. Girdling constriction between pre- and poststernites of abdominal segments V and VI absent. Pygidium small, reduced to narrow strip, without impressed medial field and armed with modified setae. Hypopygium unarmed. Legs: Mid tibia with single pectinate spur. Hind tibia with single pectinate spur. Hind basitarsus not widening distally, circular in cross-section. Posterior flange of hind coxa not produced as raised lamella. Metatibial gland present as patch of whitish cuticle occupying at least half of tibia length. Metabasitarsal gland absent. Hind pretarsal claws each armed with a tooth. Polymorphism: Highly polymorphic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4493047381A54CEDD9C18F6A2E805C21" lastPageId="122" lastPageNumber="123" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
|
||
Male.Head: Antennae with 13 segments. Clypeus without cuticular apron.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C6C1F850A5D45F409E9087F5A4FB4760" class="Insecta" genus="Parafrontal" lsidName="Parafrontal ridges" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ridges">Parafrontal ridges</taxonomicName>
|
||
absent. Torulo-posttorular complex vertical. Maxillary palps 2-segmented. Labial palps 2-segmented. Mandibles falcate. Ventrolateral margins of head without lamella or ridge extending towards mandibles and beyond carina surrounding occipital foramen. Carina surrounding occipital foramen ventrally absent. Mesosoma: Pronotal flange not separated from collar by distinct ridge.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="54D595EEE641C395AA0D58C2E980C9F1" class="Insecta" genus="Notauli" lsidName="Notauli" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Notauli</taxonomicName>
|
||
absent. Transverse
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4F94CAE6273C7A059712BFB8AF2F2AC4" class="Insecta" lsidName="groove" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="groove">groove</taxonomicName>
|
||
dividing mesopleuron absent. Propodeal declivity reduced, without distinct dorsal edge or margin. Metapleural gland opening absent. Propodeal lobes present. Metasoma: Petiole anterodorsally immarginate, dorsolaterally immarginate, and laterally above spiracle immarginate. Helcium in relation to tergosternal Pronotomesopleural suture placed at Pronotomesopleural suture and axial. Prora forming a simple U-shaped margin or a broad cuticular lip, not delimited by carina; central protuberance may be present. Spiracle openings of abdominal segments
|
||
<normalizedToken id="33E406E1624EA831FB7859B361BDFE32" originalValue="IV–VI">IV-VI</normalizedToken>
|
||
slit-shaped. Abdominal segment III more than half size of
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="2D95A228B5046DF5549DAD373D6B8525" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" start="start">succeeding</pageBreakToken>
|
||
segment IV; latter weakly constricted at presegmental portion (uninodal waist). Girdling constriction of segment IV absent, i.e. pre- and postsclerites indistinct. Cinctus of abdominal segment IV absent, not impressed. Girdling constriction between pre- and postsclerites of abdominal segments V and VI absent. Abdominal segment IV not conspicuously largest segment. Abdominal sternite VII simple. Abdominal sternite IX distally armed with two spines, with lateral apodemes longer than much reduced medial apodeme, directed anteriorly (towards head). Genitalia: Cupula very long, nearing or surpassing length of rest of genital capsule and of approximately equal length on both dorsal and ventral surfaces. Basimere narrowly fused to telomere, with sulcus discernable at junction, and ventrally with left and right arms abutting. Telomere expanded at apex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CB6291FF33ACDA1144CB56D56133D526" class="Insecta" family="Mytilidae" genus="Volsella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Volsella" order="Mytilida" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Volsella</taxonomicName>
|
||
laterally flattened, narrow and tapered towards tip. Penisvalva not flattened at apex, expanded. Legs: Mid tibia with single pectinate spur. Hind tibia with single pectinate spur. Posterior flange of hind coxa not produced as raised lamella. Metatibial gland absent. Metabasitarsal glands absent. Hind pretarsal claws each armed with a tooth. Wings: Tegula present, broad, demiovate in shape. Vein C in fore wing present. Pterostigma narrow. Abscissa R·f3 present, running toward distal wing margin and enclosing cell with Rs·f5. Abscissae Rs·f2-3 present, connecting with Rs+M&M·f2. Cross-vein 2r-rs present, differentiated from Rs·f4 by presence of Rs·f2-3. Abscissae Rs·f4-5 differentiated into Rs·f4 and Rs·f5 by 2rs-m. Abscissa M·f2 in fore wing present, separated from Rs+M by Rs·f2. Abscissa M·f4 in fore wing present, reaching wing margin. Cross-vein 1m-cu in fore wing present. Cross-vein cu-a in fore wing present, arising from Cu and distal to, at or near M·f1. Vein Cu in fore wing present, with both branches Cu1 and Cu2. Vein A in fore wing with abscissae A·f1 and A·f2 present. Vein C in hind wing present. Vein R in hind wing present, reaching distal wing margin. Vein Sc+R in hind wing present. Abscissa Rs·f1 in hind wing present, shorter than 1rs-m. Abscissa Rs·f2 in hind wing present, reaching wing margin. Cross-vein 1rs-m in hind wing fused with M·f1. Vein M+Cu in hind wing present. Abscissa M·f1 in hind wing present. Abscissa M·f2 in hind wing present. Cross-vein cu-a in hind wing present. Vein Cu in hind wing present. Vein A in hind wing with abscissae A·f1 and A·f2 present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B394F5FA646DA47842BCFAE8EF196F79" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">
|
||
Gyne. Dichthadiiform, with minute eyes and no ocelli. The queen is known for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85D87BBAAE1B8CD9C432820A2740F79B" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus coecus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coecus">Labidus coecus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E6B10093898AF599A747DA447222CD83" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus praedator" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="praedator">Labidus praedator</taxonomicName>
|
||
. For more details and a description of the former see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4A85FEFB593DA29C69E6EB588977D384" author="Weber, NA" journalOrPublisher="American Midland Naturalist" pageId="216" pageNumber="217" pagination="325 - 329" title="The rediscovery of the queen of Eciton (Labidus) coecum Latr. (Hym.: Formicidae)." url="10.2307/2420962" volume="26" year="1941">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="63D09C6868CF8D2DCB4F6DBD34813EF6" originalValue="Weber’s">Weber's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1941)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A068E08033C7BA7DC7B8A46DF601F748" author="Borgmeier, T" journalOrPublisher="Studia Entomologica (n. s.)" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" pagination="197 - 208" title="Nachtraege zu meiner Monographie der neotropischen Wanderameisen (Hym. Formicidae)." volume="1" year="1958">Borgmeier (1958)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for a description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9A7B35978AA107B914F173D3F0120BB" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus praedator" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="praedator">Labidus praedator</taxonomicName>
|
||
queen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9604F10751CEFF84DDAC40D2AA265E20" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">
|
||
Larva. Larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A8AFD35F4BE712AAACF63A4D75FD70DF" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Labidus</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been described in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD30CF49F2F1C93EDCA58A8B3A451AFA" author="Wheeler, GC" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="217" pageNumber="218" pagination="319 - 332" title="The larvae of the army ants." url="10.1093/aesa/36.2.319" volume="36" year="1943">Wheeler (1943)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5DCA9A8FA0A32439D0C30C5221E96B51" author="Wheeler, GC" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="217" pageNumber="218" pagination="129 - 137" title="The ant larvae of the subfamily Dorylinae: supplement." volume="66" year="1964 b">Wheeler and Wheeler (1964b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46B16131FD8428C34260CF9A95881FB8" author="Wheeler, GC" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society" pageId="217" pageNumber="218" pagination="263 - 275" title="The larvae of the army ants: a revision." volume="57" year="1984">1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Cocoons present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="231227CEB5F3864A0D069E368FD2A433" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="559CB8F8AA484EA39334E2BF89C8B065" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9338B0E5D3ECDD8DA2E1BF7544C68A53" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Sout Central United States to northern Argentina.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C9A421B0E096DCEBCE6BCA156B31BA62" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" type="taxonomy and phylogeny">
|
||
<paragraph id="22F0F90D54A71ED61AEAB5BAF8C809A6" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Taxonomy and phylogeny.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="26E5909245B5465D24E673C19B9AE36D" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">
|
||
The species-level taxonomy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B48117AFE2C78191C6994B17EA1730D" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Labidus</taxonomicName>
|
||
requires revision. There are currently seven valid species names and three of those are based only on males. In addition, morphology and preliminary molecular analyses suggest that the widely distributed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="644E29D4F53A75FB8A30EABE8CE80224" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus praedator" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="praedator">Labidus praedator</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be in fact a complex of reproductively isolated species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B92DE475DE58F55B53F25BF683B3EEE3" author="Barth, MB" journalOrPublisher="Insectes Sociaux" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" pagination="299 - 306" title="Genetic differentiation at species level in the Neotropical army ant Labiduspraedator." url="10.1007/s00040-015-0410-x" volume="62" year="2015">Barth et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The phylogenetic position of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F254FAC327F524093BF9EE546526EF75" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Labidus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is well-established as the sister group to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2015CCD88D73C711D15ABE6B5E5A7CFB" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eciton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eciton" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eciton</taxonomicName>
|
||
plus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9446D9BCB89F1694DE87EB18EF7C5170" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nomamyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomamyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nomamyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7C6722F71C17DF380C58E9B1A43EA870" author="Brady, SG" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" title="The rise of army ants and their relatives: diversification of specialized predatory doryline ants." url="10.1186/1471-2148-14-93" volume="14" year="2014">Brady et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Borowiec, in prep.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="4E53633F0CFF220E0864459A41C2C3D2" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="11C0E029F6BCB2BE797F8B71FF2CF03F" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="51459CD56EDD045EF5FEAA54A10F7C02" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" start="start">Biology</pageBreakToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1306B682856CE495066BF12261AB069E" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BF2015198CFB012DA84710AA88699018" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Labidus</taxonomicName>
|
||
are often the most common army ants throughout their range, with up to three species occurring in a given area (do Nascimiento et al. 2004,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A756178DC8EE637DF7B26981ADFADB55" originalValue="author’s">author's</normalizedToken>
|
||
personal observations). They nest mostly underground (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9E77F8B74538A630F2400AE1E7302B46" author="Fowler, HG" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" pagination="3 - 10" title="Notes on Labiduspraedator (Fr. Smith) in Paraguay (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dorylinae: Ecitonini)." url="10.1080/00222937900770021" volume="13" year="1979">Fowler 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and forage in swarm raids. It is unclear whether brood production is synchronized; colonies appear to emigrate infrequently, their bivouacs staying in place for prolonged periods of time (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="980E9AE0920CBBC8404396912C43E75E" author="Fowler, HG" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" pagination="3 - 10" title="Notes on Labiduspraedator (Fr. Smith) in Paraguay (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dorylinae: Ecitonini)." url="10.1080/00222937900770021" volume="13" year="1979">Fowler 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F4C244E5EF3CB89CBBBA606FDB046AA5" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1905D80DBD985F8F7FACC506177D2C09" author="Rettenmeyer, CW" journalOrPublisher="University of Kansas Science Bulletin" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" pagination="281 - 465" title="Behavioral studies of army ants." volume="44" year="1963">Rettenmeyer (1963)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9778E257DDB5CD2F14B9D52A5748258C" author="Fowler, HG" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" pagination="3 - 10" title="Notes on Labiduspraedator (Fr. Smith) in Paraguay (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dorylinae: Ecitonini)." url="10.1080/00222937900770021" volume="13" year="1979">Fowler (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
detailed the biology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C295E29A1AEFAE9F4A94433E7F8EE47A" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus praedator" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="praedator">Labidus praedator</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The bivouacs are found in rotten logs or are subterranean, occupying preformed cavities such as abandoned nest chambers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1DE515F6C07B84FFE1A8CB99AF79374D" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Atta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Atta</taxonomicName>
|
||
leaf-cutting ants (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="34CB577ECAA5E621CB13D1A64082D8D5" author="Rettenmeyer, CW" journalOrPublisher="University of Kansas Science Bulletin" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" pagination="281 - 465" title="Behavioral studies of army ants." volume="44" year="1963">Rettenmeyer 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2D979182BD0E7F9918D197CD5B1D8FDD" author="Monteiro, AF" journalOrPublisher="Revista Brasileira de Zoologia" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" pagination="674 - 681" title="Chemically based interactions and nutritional ecology of Labiduspraedator (Formicidae: Ecitoninae) in an agroecosystem adjacent to a gallery forest." url="10.1590/S0101-81752008000400012" volume="25" year="2008">Monteiro et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Mature colonies have been estimated to contain up to a million individuals (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AFC39DE646828C5C44BD94F5F23792E1" author="Fowler, HG" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" pagination="3 - 10" title="Notes on Labiduspraedator (Fr. Smith) in Paraguay (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dorylinae: Ecitonini)." url="10.1080/00222937900770021" volume="13" year="1979">Fowler 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0CE1578088B855AE2CF041E80D628A1B" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0050C283FBCCF640F56A9635105FEFB6" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Labidus</taxonomicName>
|
||
forages in swarm raids similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7BC4A0D1B1D1C75AED5B12A1468E4ABE" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eciton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eciton burchellii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burchellii">Eciton burchellii</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8A8F03DC8185707CB5688D44DB771DC7" author="Rettenmeyer, CW" journalOrPublisher="University of Kansas Science Bulletin" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" pagination="281 - 465" title="Behavioral studies of army ants." volume="44" year="1963">Rettenmeyer 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and its species are even more generalized predators that in addition to ant brood will take a variety of other arthropods, sugar, and plant parts, including flowers, seeds, fruit, and even processed food such as boiled rice (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B5836FF185BAF1A5EAD5F6DC18610BBE" author="Borgmeier, T" journalOrPublisher="Studia Entomologica" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" pagination="1 - 720" title="Die Wanderameisen der neotropischen Region." volume="3" year="1955">Borgmeier 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="87ACD5DC1767A4C3C4C1B911C6E9520F" author="Monteiro, AF" journalOrPublisher="Revista Brasileira de Zoologia" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" pagination="674 - 681" title="Chemically based interactions and nutritional ecology of Labiduspraedator (Formicidae: Ecitoninae) in an agroecosystem adjacent to a gallery forest." url="10.1590/S0101-81752008000400012" volume="25" year="2008">Monteiro et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The two best-studies species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8FAD590F9F762770F2D04CA931C14D2B" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus coecus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coecus">Labidus coecus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F9BCCBF1028BE6B925AB8DF122B4C917" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus praedator" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="praedator">Labidus praedator</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are similar in this respect and data on other species is lacking. Henry Walter
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="12B9A2298CB326516AF115CABDB07DE6" author="Bates, HW" journalOrPublisher="J. Murray, London" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" title="The naturalist on the River Amazons, a record of adventures, habits of animals, sketches of Brazilian and Indian life, and aspects of nature under the Equator, during eleven years of travel" url="10.5962/bhl.title.103298" year="1863">Bates (1863)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="085BA09925804965396A7B6BD64AC5E8" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus coecus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coecus">Labidus coecus</taxonomicName>
|
||
constructing soil tunnels over its raiding columns.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2C3A7CDFA732A244EA389188635F98E0" author="Monteiro, AF" journalOrPublisher="Revista Brasileira de Zoologia" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" pagination="674 - 681" title="Chemically based interactions and nutritional ecology of Labiduspraedator (Formicidae: Ecitoninae) in an agroecosystem adjacent to a gallery forest." url="10.1590/S0101-81752008000400012" volume="25" year="2008">Monteiro et al. (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
studied
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7676AF5C32D319ACD7C1ADB5ED7F06DB" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus praedator" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="praedator">Labidus praedator</taxonomicName>
|
||
in agricultural lands in Brazil, finding that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="080CEF8669A91529B025E26C2B72C51E" class="Insecta" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
caterpillars were the most common type of prey, followed by arils of many plant species and various non-Lepidopteran arthropods, both in adult and larval stages.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="828AB624F65F0D9A9822ACF841E24FED" author="Fowler, HG" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" pagination="3 - 10" title="Notes on Labiduspraedator (Fr. Smith) in Paraguay (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dorylinae: Ecitonini)." url="10.1080/00222937900770021" volume="13" year="1979">Fowler (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed the same species in Paraguay and reported that it frequently raided other ant colonies. The raids occur mostly during the day, although nocturnal activity is also substantial (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C2F54FCD99B444C6B7E0345ADFB6D66" author="O'Donnell, S" journalOrPublisher="Ecological Entomology" pageId="208" pageNumber="209" pagination="476 - 482" title="Species and site differences in Neotropical army ant emigration behaviour." url="10.1111/j.1365-2311.2008.01074.x" volume="34" year="2009">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="89C664173E6D5A1039D522F7D2B7B382" originalValue="O’Donnell">O'Donnell</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A21CB5FF89B4A267938A5CC37DB75D1B" author="Perfecto, I" journalOrPublisher="Psyche (Cambridge)" pageId="208" pageNumber="209" pagination="214 - 220" title="Observations of a Labiduscoecus (Latreille) underground raid in the central highlands of Costa Rica." url="10.1155/1992/47525" volume="99" year="1992">Perfecto (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed an underground raid of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A02FD479AD68CADB98AB6E66DD86485" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus coecus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coecus">Labidus coecus</taxonomicName>
|
||
on several ant species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="34C44C404FBCB27BB4A9EB360859F330" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">
|
||
The reproductive biology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DF316234D77765F9D78BFE55F72572A4" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Labidus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is poorly known. There is conflicting evidence as to whether brood production is synchronized or not, with available brood samples consisting of immatures at one or multiple stages of development and queen specimens with either extended or contracted gasters (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7F1473C5229D559ECD225963750EBD62" author="Rettenmeyer, CW" journalOrPublisher="University of Kansas Science Bulletin" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" pagination="281 - 465" title="Behavioral studies of army ants." volume="44" year="1963">Rettenmeyer 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Given the rarity of emigrations and confirmed existence of long-term bivouac sites, lasting up to eight months (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D06BC94AF38653BD9756509A013CBD7" author="Fowler, HG" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" pagination="3 - 10" title="Notes on Labiduspraedator (Fr. Smith) in Paraguay (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dorylinae: Ecitonini)." url="10.1080/00222937900770021" volume="13" year="1979">Fowler 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), it is possible that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EBDEC947D2D4DE8ACDC3F821C4E17C34" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Labidus</taxonomicName>
|
||
queens retain the ability to lay eggs in pulses but do not cease brood production long enough for non-overlapping brood cohorts to emerge and for colonies to exhibit the nomadic-statary cycle characteristic of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25D3FA405DA597288A687AA81200C2E9" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eciton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eciton" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eciton</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E65A723CEDD02D8C687F8E1ECCE031C1" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" type="species of labidus">
|
||
<paragraph id="FDD169BBCE8DB52E37440C7572CCD367" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">
|
||
Species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CE9CE53F9A1570FF22CDBD633809DF41" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Labidus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8F2FE53524EE8C97834F82C89E1C9307" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="18F8141E64F72AC969DEDC4D377FD4E0" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus auropubens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auropubens">Labidus auropubens</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Santschi, 1920a): French Guiana
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="656690F8788D79EBB545978C90F63933" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="181CFCA973A4CD511336BB02E0DFDDD0" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus coecus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coecus">Labidus coecus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Latreille, 1802):
|
||
<normalizedToken id="FB1C593627C5AFE1FCD8078658375BE7" originalValue="‘Amérique">'Amerique</normalizedToken>
|
||
<normalizedToken id="24A5606884669A2300C662F894105339" originalValue="méridionale’">meridionale'</normalizedToken>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4ABEA92F952A3AAE3D35F3003773E122" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6AD5FA792FE42F820C7BA7EF9C66F119" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus curvipes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curvipes">Labidus curvipes</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Emery, 1900b): Costa Rica
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="67F144A7BBA49D2F2DF4C7280D8135A1" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AC8D95F377507CF07ED616DC7845C1E" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus mars" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mars">Labidus mars</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Forel, 1912a): Brazil
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="50F5BB94E973FB28DA9D37B26932D9AE" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FE0C82248C342A68D205B106FE0D103" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus mars" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="mars" subspecies="denticulatus">Labidus mars denticulatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Borgmeier, 1955: Brazil
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D49706BB3B2954A9353AF3E91396C0EB" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0C7C55203EBC58B933126B84BFFF23AA" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus praedator" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="praedator">Labidus praedator</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Smith, F., 1858): Brazil
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6A2ED498372ECCF62732ECC5A179F63B" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F9E16EE3BD9BF3C9B849C185BA9845A7" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus praedator" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="praedator" subspecies="sedulus">Labidus praedator sedulus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Menozzi, 1926): Colombia
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C235A9FEB6F96425D2A579B8E420ADA0" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A02B870E422C7BFCA7715126EB0E30F4" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus spininodis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spininodis">Labidus spininodis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Emery, 1890): Costa Rica
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="308E273C7F2F66B146028CAC996E6E44" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="193B3797AAA9B23F912DBEB4A1EB518F" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Labidus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Labidus truncatidens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncatidens">Labidus truncatidens</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Santschi, 1920a): French Guiana
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |