968 lines
112 KiB
XML
968 lines
112 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="04CC6DD2A62FDBAAB758B926933D22A4">Anopheles (Kerteszia) lepidotus (Diptera: Culicidae), not the malaria vector we thought it was: Revised male and female morphology; larva, pupa, and male genitalia characters; and molecular verification</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="0A41CF00765FA612E1EDE7F77D5ACE3B" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="FDD8AF4769F2B9B95E4293908FB2798E">Harrison, Bruce A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E6C2543DBF2426E08CF0FA1B03D04294">Ruiz-Lopez, Freddy</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="62B31FD31B4EA2901D7934BAB21D3D89">Falero, Guillermo Calderon</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="11C51C93986B7BA16CDA33AE87A9F50F">Savage, Harry M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D8DA103DF15A857606712E82B51F63D9">Pecor, James E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1E7B409EFB3D06209473A3F414C462EC">Wilkerson, Richard C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="7CAE09601BEE5D7D956C3AF05D8C60E3">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="4A2E6758D07EC51FB608E4121CFDBC4C">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="67D2C2D93D5FE55B56B30479A31DE22F">3218</mods:number>
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<treatment id="6D0FD20BFB19FFB9B5C1B7C0145AF903" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6178204" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119509656" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6178204" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6D0FD20BFB19FFB9B5C1B7C0145AF903" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6D0FD20BFB19FFB9B5C1B7C0145AF903" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<subSubSection id="ADBC3096FB19FFB4B5C1B7C0147EFF6E" box="[151,602,221,247]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="E519631DFB19FFB4B5C1B7C0147EFF6E" blockId="6.[151,602,221,247]" box="[151,602,221,247]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<heading id="BE51D471FB19FFB4B5C1B7C0147EFF6E" bold="true" box="[151,602,221,247]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB19FFB4B5C1B7C0147EFF6E" ID-CoL="89ZHV" authority="Zavortink, 1973" authorityName="Zavortink" authorityYear="1973" box="[151,602,221,247]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepidotus">
|
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<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB19FFB4B5C1B7C0147EFF6E" bold="true" box="[151,602,221,247]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB19FFB4B5C1B7C017AEFF6E" bold="true" box="[151,394,221,247]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Anopheles lepidotus</emphasis>
|
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<bibRefCitation id="81371EECFB19FFB4B4C4B7C0147EFF6E" author="Zavortink" box="[402,602,221,247]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Zavortink, T. J. (1973) Mosquito Studies (Diptera, Culicidae) XXIX. A review of the subgenus Kerteszia of Anopheles. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute (Ann Arbor), 9, 1 - 54." type="journal article" year="1973">Zavortink, 1973</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="ADBC3096FB19FFB4B5C1B639172EFCF8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="E519631DFB19FFB4B5C1B63915E5FE2D" blockId="6.[151,1436,291,436]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="C5B64433FB19FFB4B5C1B63915E5FE2D" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB19FFB4B5C1B63914B1FEA0" ID-CoL="89ZHN" authority="Theobald, 1905" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1905" box="[151,661,291,314]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boliviensis" subGenus="Kerteszia">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB19FFB4B5C1B63917CFFEA3" box="[151,491,292,314]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Anopheles (Kerteszia) boliviensis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="81371EECFB19FFB4B4A5B63E14B1FEA0" author="Theobald" box="[499,661,291,313]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1905) A catalogue of the Culicidae in the Hungarian National Museum with descriptions of new genera and species. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 3, 61 - 120." type="journal article" year="1905">Theobald, 1905</bibRefCitation>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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, of
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="6407450CFB19FFB4B7EBB6381238FEA0" author="Komp" box="[701,1052,291,314]" page="415" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1936">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="81371EECFB19FFB4B7EBB63815CFFEA0" author="Komp" box="[701,1003,291,314]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Komp, W. H. W. & Orsono-M., E. (1936) The male and larva of Anopheles (Kerteszia) boliviensis Theobald. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 29, 415 - 419." type="journal article" year="1936">Komp & Osorno-Mesa, 1936</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 415
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(3*, L*);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="6407450CFB19FFB4B1DAB6381364FEA0" author="Komp" box="[1164,1344,291,314]" page="500" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1937">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="81371EECFB19FFB4B1DAB6381334FEA0" author="Komp" box="[1164,1296,292,314]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Komp, W. H. W. (1937) The species of the subgenus Kerteszia of Anopheles. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 30, 492 - 529." type="journal article" year="1937">Komp, 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 500
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(3*, L);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="6407450CFB19FFB4B591B65E174FFEC1" author="Lane" box="[199,363,322,344]" page="279" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1953">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="81371EECFB19FFB4B591B65E1718FEC1" author="Lane" box="[199,316,322,344]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Lane, J. (1953) Neotropical Culicidae. Vol. 1. Sao Paulo, Brazil. 548 pp." type="book" year="1953">Lane, 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 279
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(3*, L*);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="6407450CFB19FFB4B481B65E145FFEC1" author="Komp" box="[471,635,322,344]" page="40" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1956">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="81371EECFB19FFB4B481B65E147DFEC1" author="Komp" box="[471,601,322,344]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Komp, W. H. W. (1956) Notes on mosquitoes from an area of endemic Yellow fever in Colombia. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 58, 37 - 42." type="journal article" year="1956">Komp, 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 40
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(3, L, biology and distribution, in part);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="6407450CFB19FFB4B14FB65E1351FEC1" author="Stone" box="[1049,1397,322,344]" page="35" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1959">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="81371EECFB19FFB4B14FB65E1376FEC1" author="Stone" box="[1049,1362,322,344]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Stone, A., Knight, K. L. & Starcke, H. (1959) A synoptic catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera, Culicidae). Thomas Say Foundation, Entomological Society of America, 6, 358 pp." type="book" year="1959">Stone, Knight & Starcke, 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 35
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(3, L, taxonomy, distribution, in part);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="6407450CFB19FFB4B77AB67C14D2FEEE" author="Forattini" box="[556,758,353,375]" page="448" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1962">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="81371EECFB19FFB4B77AB67C14E2FEEE" author="Forattini" box="[556,710,353,375]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Forattini, O. P. (1962) Entomologia Medica. Parte geral, Diptera, Anophelinae Vo l. 1. Sao Paulo, Brazil. 662 pp." type="book" year="1962">Forattini, 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 448
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(3*, L);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="6407450CFB19FFB4B600B67F1223FEEE" author="Aragao" box="[854,1031,353,375]" page="76" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1964">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="81371EECFB19FFB4B600B67F15C7FEEE" author="Aragao" box="[854,995,353,375]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Aragao, M. B. (1964) Distribui c ao geografica e abundancia das especies de Anopheles (Kerteszia) (Diptera, Culicidae). Revista Brasileira de Malariologia e Doencas Tropicais, 16, 73 - 109." type="journal article" year="1964">Aragão, 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 76
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(biology and distribution, in part).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB19FFB4B5C1B69D1485FE0C" ID-CoL="89ZHV" authority="Zavortink 1973: 17" authorityName="Zavortink" authorityPageNumber="17" authorityYear="1973" box="[151,673,384,406]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepidotus" subGenus="Kerteszia">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB19FFB4B5C1B69D17FDFE0F" box="[151,473,384,406]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Anopheles (Kerteszia) lepidotus</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="6407450CFB19FFB4B489B69D1485FE0C" author="Zavortink" box="[479,673,384,406]" page="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1973">
|
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<bibRefCitation id="81371EECFB19FFB4B489B69D145AFE0C" author="Zavortink" box="[479,638,384,406]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Zavortink, T. J. (1973) Mosquito Studies (Diptera, Culicidae) XXIX. A review of the subgenus Kerteszia of Anopheles. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute (Ann Arbor), 9, 1 - 54." type="journal article" year="1973">Zavortink 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 17
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(3*, Ƥ* [misidentification], L, key to females incorrect, biology and distribution, in part);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="6407450CFB19FFB4B43DB6831455FE2D" author="Knight" box="[363,625,414,436]" page="58" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1977">
|
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<bibRefCitation id="81371EECFB19FFB4B43DB683146BFE2D" author="Knight" box="[363,591,414,436]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Knight, K. L. & Stone, A. (1977) A catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera: Culicidae). 2 nd edition. Thomas Say Foundation, Entomological Society of America, 6, xi + 611 pp." type="book" year="1977">Knight & Stone, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 58
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(only 3, L, distribution, in part).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
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</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="E519631DFB19FFB4B5C1B6FD172EFCF8" blockId="6.[151,1437,480,2034]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
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<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB19FFB4B5C1B6FD172BFE60" bold="true" box="[151,271,480,505]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Overview.</emphasis>
|
||
Because
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="81371EECFB19FFB4B42DB6FF14F4FE60" author="Komp" box="[379,720,481,505]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Komp, W. H. W. & Orsono-M., E. (1936) The male and larva of Anopheles (Kerteszia) boliviensis Theobald. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 29, 415 - 419." type="journal article" year="1936">Komp & Orsono-Mesa (1936)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
assigned two males with larval skins to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB19FFB4B1CEB6FC1319FE60" ID-CoL="89ZHN" box="[1176,1341,481,505]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boliviensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB19FFB4B1CEB6FC1319FE60" box="[1176,1341,481,505]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">An. boliviensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, numerous publications before
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="81371EECFB19FFB4B4FCB5181448FD84" author="Zavortink" box="[426,620,517,541]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Zavortink, T. J. (1973) Mosquito Studies (Diptera, Culicidae) XXIX. A review of the subgenus Kerteszia of Anopheles. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute (Ann Arbor), 9, 1 - 54." type="journal article" year="1973">Zavortink (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
were unknowingly addressing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB19FFB4B682B518124FFD84" ID-CoL="89ZHV" box="[980,1131,517,541]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepidotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB19FFB4B682B518124FFD84" box="[980,1131,517,541]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">An. lepidotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
instead of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB19FFB4B1BBB51813B1FD84" ID-CoL="89ZHN" box="[1261,1429,517,541]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boliviensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB19FFB4B1BBB51813B1FD84" box="[1261,1429,517,541]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">An. boliviensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Numerous articles following
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="81371EECFB19FFB4B489B53414BBFDD8" author="Zavortink" box="[479,671,553,577]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Zavortink, T. J. (1973) Mosquito Studies (Diptera, Culicidae) XXIX. A review of the subgenus Kerteszia of Anopheles. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute (Ann Arbor), 9, 1 - 54." type="journal article" year="1973">Zavortink (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
that addressed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB19FFB4B61AB53415C4FDD8" ID-CoL="89ZHV" box="[844,992,553,577]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepidotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB19FFB4B61AB534154FFDD8" box="[844,875,553,577]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">An</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB19FFB4B62CB53415C4FDD8" box="[890,992,553,577]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">lepidotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were correct, in part, as the male, larva and genitalia are
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB19FFB4B40DB55017D4FDFC" ID-CoL="89ZHV" box="[347,496,589,613]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepidotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB19FFB4B40DB55017D4FDFC" box="[347,496,589,613]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">An. lepidotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, post-1973 articles addressing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB19FFB4B690B550127FFDFC" ID-CoL="89ZHV" box="[966,1115,589,613]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepidotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB19FFB4B690B550127FFDFC" box="[966,1115,589,613]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">An. lepidotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
females and their structures were incorrect and should now be interpreted as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB19FFB4B7EEB56C1578FD10" ID-CoL="89ZHX" box="[696,860,625,649]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pholidotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB19FFB4B7EEB56C1578FD10" box="[696,860,625,649]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">An. pholidotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Also, post-1973 published discussions of the biology, distribution, medical significance, and the phylogenetics of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB19FFB4B62AB5881237FD34" ID-CoL="89ZHV" box="[892,1043,661,685]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepidotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB19FFB4B62AB5881237FD34" box="[892,1043,661,685]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">An. lepidotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are only partially correct. A good example of the above can be found in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="81371EECFB19FFB4B703B5A415ABFD48" author="Gonzalez" box="[597,911,697,721]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Gonzalez, R. & Carrejo, N. (2009) Introducion al estudio taxonomico de Anopheles de Colombia, claves y notas de distribucion. Programa Editorial Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia. 260 pp." type="book" year="2009">Gonzalez & Carrejo (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
where, as in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="81371EECFB19FFB4B17AB5A412D5FD48" author="Zavortink" box="[1068,1265,697,721]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Zavortink, T. J. (1973) Mosquito Studies (Diptera, Culicidae) XXIX. A review of the subgenus Kerteszia of Anopheles. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute (Ann Arbor), 9, 1 - 54." type="journal article" year="1973">Zavortink (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the larval and male genitalia keys and descriptions correctly separate the two species, but the adult female key and associated characters in the text do not. As in other publications, the distribution records in this report need to be re-assessed. Country records are revised here, but within country provincial and local records for the two species need to be reevaluated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="ADBC3096FB19FFB9B59FB470150BFEFE" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="E519631DFB19FFB4B59FB47015BAFB1D" blockId="6.[151,1437,480,2034]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB19FFB4B59FB47014BFFC1C" bold="true" box="[201,667,877,902]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Male and female diagnostic characters</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7D9D7F98FB19FFB4B7E4B4701526FC1C" box="[690,770,877,901]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1933,1956]" captionTargetBox="[240,1322,205,1845]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[236,1322,193,1866]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Anopheles (Kerteszia) lepidotus Zavortink, female habitus: A, wing; B, thorax, dorsal view; C, head, lateral view; D, thorax, lateral view; E, abdomen, dorsal and ventral views; F, (left to right) foreleg, anterior view; midleg, anterior view; hindleg, anterior view; hindleg, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211346/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="7D9D7F98FB19FFB4B646B470153BFC1C" box="[784,799,877,901]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1520,1543]" captionTargetBox="[169,1421,209,1492]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1499]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Anopheles (Kerteszia) lepidotus. A, male genitalia (from Zavortink, 1973); B, An. lepidotus pupal trumpet, pinna (Pi) long, about 0.5 trumpet length; C, pupal paddle showing lateral margin exceptionally thick, lateral margin without long filamentous spicules and relatively straight apical margin at 1 - Pa; D, seta 3 - C very thick and short; E, seta 6 - VI stout, long, with median length aciculae on basal 0.33 and shorter aciculae more distal, without strong basal branches." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211347/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">4</figureCitation>
|
||
A;
|
||
<tableCitation id="A82456A6FB19FFB4B615B47015B2FC1C" box="[835,918,877,901]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,235,152,173]" captionText="TABLE 1. Diagnostic external morphological characters differentiating adults (both sexes) of An. lepidotus from other Anopheles (Kerteszia) species." pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). Maxillary palpus with apical pale scales on all 5 palpomeres; palpomere 1 with apical white scales; pedicel with dorsal and ventrolateral patches of small white spatulate scales; mid-portion of proboscis with large area of variable pale scaling on dorsum, laterally, and/or on venter; postspiracular area with small ventral patch of white scales (may be present or absent on males); wing normally with 7 pale fringe spots; M1+2 fork with white scales (may be 1–3 scales or obscure on males); hindtarsomeres 1 and 2 without apical pale scales on dorsum; terga I, III–VIII normally with white scales; female cerci with erect white scales; male gonocoxite with erect white scales to apex; accessory setae on gonocoxite of unequal length; internal seta of gonocoxite with long gradually attenuated tip.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E519631DFB19FFB5B59FB39215E6FCFD" blockId="6.[151,1437,480,2034]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,151,2023]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB19FFB4B59FB3921765FB31" bold="true" box="[201,321,1167,1192]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FEMALE</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="7D9D7F98FB19FFB4B402B38D17B8FB31" box="[340,412,1168,1192]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1933,1956]" captionTargetBox="[240,1322,205,1845]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[236,1322,193,1866]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Anopheles (Kerteszia) lepidotus Zavortink, female habitus: A, wing; B, thorax, dorsal view; C, head, lateral view; D, thorax, lateral view; E, abdomen, dorsal and ventral views; F, (left to right) foreleg, anterior view; midleg, anterior view; hindleg, anterior view; hindleg, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211346/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation id="A82456A6FB19FFB4B4FAB38D1426FB31" box="[428,514,1168,1192]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,235,152,173]" captionText="TABLE 1. Diagnostic external morphological characters differentiating adults (both sexes) of An. lepidotus from other Anopheles (Kerteszia) species." pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB19FFB4B748B38D147AFB31" bold="true" box="[542,606,1168,1192]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Head</emphasis>
|
||
. Pedicel with dorsal and ventrolateral patches of small white spatulate scales; palpomeres 1–5 with white scales on distal half or apex, palpomere 1 with several apical white scales, palpomere 2 with apical 0.6 pale-scaled, distal half of palpomere 3 with long white area ventrolaterally and long dark area dorsomesally before white apex, palpomeres 4,5 with very small white-scaled area at apex; palpomeres 1,2 with erect black scales; proboscis dark-scaled on basal 0.1, with white or translucent scales dorsally, laterally and/ or ventrally (variable) on median 0.5, dark-scaled on apical 0.3.
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB19FFB4B62AB25915F1FAC5" bold="true" box="[892,981,1348,1372]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="7D9D7F98FB19FFB4B6B0B2591208FAC5" box="[998,1068,1348,1372]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1933,1956]" captionTargetBox="[240,1322,205,1845]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[236,1322,193,1866]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Anopheles (Kerteszia) lepidotus Zavortink, female habitus: A, wing; B, thorax, dorsal view; C, head, lateral view; D, thorax, lateral view; E, abdomen, dorsal and ventral views; F, (left to right) foreleg, anterior view; midleg, anterior view; hindleg, anterior view; hindleg, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211346/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Scutal integument with 2 submedium and 2 lateral longitudinal dark lines; scutum with pale scales on acrostichal and dorsocentral rows on anterior 0.4; long erect setae on scutum pale except for stout dark setae at anterior ends of acrostichal and dorsocentral rows (rarely extending posteriorly) and dark setae over wing root and infrequently in prescutellar area; scutellum may have pale and dark setae, with several black scales on mid-region and infrequently laterally; antepronotum with long white scales, occasionally with small patch of black scales at mesal end; postpronotum with pale pruinose area posteroventrally; proepimeron and subspiracular areas with pale pruinose areas in line with that on postpronotum; postspiracular area with small ventral patch of white scales in line with anterior pruinose areas and white scales on upper mesokatepisternum; pruinose areas and connecting white scales form upper lateral white line on side of thorax from postpronotum to mesokatepisternum; lower lateral pale line on side of thorax incorporates pruinose areas on the metameron, lower mesepimeron, middle of mesokatepisternum, and propleuron; propleuron without scales, usually with 1 long seta; prespiracular area with setae and several white scales; mesepimeron with 1 long vertical “C-shaped” row of long white scales that extends downward from upper mesepimeral setae to middle of mesepimeron.
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB19FFB4B40DB00A1787F8A9" bold="true" box="[347,419,1815,1840]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Wing.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="7D9D7F98FB19FFB4B4E4B00517D3F8A9" box="[434,503,1816,1840]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1933,1956]" captionTargetBox="[240,1322,205,1845]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[236,1322,193,1866]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Anopheles (Kerteszia) lepidotus Zavortink, female habitus: A, wing; B, thorax, dorsal view; C, head, lateral view; D, thorax, lateral view; E, abdomen, dorsal and ventral views; F, (left to right) foreleg, anterior view; midleg, anterior view; hindleg, anterior view; hindleg, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211346/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Wing with 5 pale spots on costa—a small humeral spot that starts at or just distal to humeral crossvein and 4 large sector, accessory sector, subcostal, and preapical pale spots, preapical pale spot extends to apex of R1; pale subcostal spot extends to R2+3; pale fringe spots at wing apex usually consist of two small spots located at tips of R2 and R3,occasionally merged into one larger spot (combined R2 and R3 fringe spots); posterior fringe spots occur at tips of M1, M2, M3+4, CuA, and 1A, usually increasing in size from M1 to 1A; vein R4+5 with small pale spot at base, apex with dark fringe scales; base of vein M dark-scaled, pale-scaled at M1+2 fork; base of vein CuA usually dark-scaled before pale-scaled mcu crossvein; 1A dark-scaled to distal end, or rarely with 1–3 pale scales at tip.
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB18FFB5B40BB7A117B8FF4D" bold="true" box="[349,412,188,212]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Legs.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="7D9D7F98FB18FFB5B4FDB7A117D4FF4D" box="[427,496,188,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1933,1956]" captionTargetBox="[240,1322,205,1845]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[236,1322,193,1866]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Anopheles (Kerteszia) lepidotus Zavortink, female habitus: A, wing; B, thorax, dorsal view; C, head, lateral view; D, thorax, lateral view; E, abdomen, dorsal and ventral views; F, (left to right) foreleg, anterior view; midleg, anterior view; hindleg, anterior view; hindleg, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211346/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Fore- and midcoxae with white scales; foretarsomeres 4,5 normally dark-scaled, 4 occasionally with small dorsal pale patch; hindtarsomere 1 with small basal pale spot, small postbasal dark band, dark-scaled dorsally to apex, but pale-scaled ventrally from postbasal dark band to apical dark band; hindtarsomere 2 dark dorsally from base to apex, with long pale area on venter from near base to near apex; hindtarsomere 3 dark dorsally except for small apical pale band, pale ventrally from near base to apex; hindtarsomere 4 dark-scaled on basal 0.3–0.4 and pale-scaled to apex; hindtarsomere 5 dark-scaled; hindtarsomeres 1–3 dark from dorsal view except for small basal pale spot on Ta-III1 and small apical pale spot on Ta-III3; Ta-III4 dark basally and pale apically, and Ta-III5 dark; from ventral view Ta-III1 is nearly all pale from near base to small dark tip, Ta-III2 pale except for small dark areas at base and apex, Ta-III3 pale from near base to apex; Ta-III4 and Ta-III5 as described for dorsal view.
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB18FFB5B473B51517BEFDB8" bold="true" box="[293,410,520,545]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="7D9D7F98FB18FFB5B4FFB51517C9FDB9" box="[425,493,520,544]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1933,1956]" captionTargetBox="[240,1322,205,1845]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[236,1322,193,1866]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Anopheles (Kerteszia) lepidotus Zavortink, female habitus: A, wing; B, thorax, dorsal view; C, head, lateral view; D, thorax, lateral view; E, abdomen, dorsal and ventral views; F, (left to right) foreleg, anterior view; midleg, anterior view; hindleg, anterior view; hindleg, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211346/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Terga and sterna with long, erect, spatulate, white and brown scales; tergum I with several long erect white scales on apicomesal area, sternum I without scales, tergum II with apicomesal patch of brown partially erect scales, sternum II with curved mesal row of long erect white scales, terga III–VII with long erect white scales either laterally (III–V) or lateral and basal (VI–VII), terga III–V with mesal patch of brown erect scales beyond base (III) or extending from base to apex (IV,V), those on V forming basal and apical transverse rows of long erect scales, sterna III–V with postbasal row of erect white scales, tergum VI with small patch of brown basomesal erect scales and distinct apical row of brown erect scales, sternum VI with basal row of erect white scales and apical row of erect brown scales, tergum VII with basal row of erect white scales and apical row of mixed erect white and brown scales, sternum VII nearly covered with erect long brown scales and few white lateral scales, tergum and sternum of VIII covered with long erect white scales.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E519631DFB18FFB5B59FB46D17B8FA8E" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2023]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB18FFB5B59FB46D1700FC10" bold="true" box="[201,292,880,905]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">MALE.</emphasis>
|
||
Males possess the same diagnostic characters (
|
||
<tableCitation id="A82456A6FB18FFB5B600B46D1589FC11" box="[854,941,880,904]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,235,152,173]" captionText="TABLE 1. Diagnostic external morphological characters differentiating adults (both sexes) of An. lepidotus from other Anopheles (Kerteszia) species." pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
) as females and generally have a habitus matching the females. Occasionally characters on males may be less evident or absent, these include the posterior extension of white scales in the acrostichal row on the scutum, absence of a small ventral patch of scales on the postspiracular area, fewer (1–3) white scales on wing fork M1+2, scales not so dense on wing veins, and very faint posterior fringe spots on the wing. Certain characters like the costal pale spots on the wing may appear larger on males.
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB18FFB5B5BEB33B177AFBA6" bold="true" box="[232,350,1062,1087]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Genitalia.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="7D9D7F98FB18FFB5B426B33A1791FBA6" box="[368,437,1063,1087]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1520,1543]" captionTargetBox="[169,1421,209,1492]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1499]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Anopheles (Kerteszia) lepidotus. A, male genitalia (from Zavortink, 1973); B, An. lepidotus pupal trumpet, pinna (Pi) long, about 0.5 trumpet length; C, pupal paddle showing lateral margin exceptionally thick, lateral margin without long filamentous spicules and relatively straight apical margin at 1 - Pa; D, seta 3 - C very thick and short; E, seta 6 - VI stout, long, with median length aciculae on basal 0.33 and shorter aciculae more distal, without strong basal branches." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211347/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A). Tergum VIII with median broad erect spatulate white scales; gonocoxite with erect white scales to apex; 2 accessory setae on gonocoxite of unequal length, longest seta flattened and broadened apically with a pointed tip, shortest seta with broad rounded tip; internal seta of gonocoxite with long gradually attenuated tip; aedeagus long slender without leaflets; ventral lobe of claspette with dense long spicules mesally near rounded bare apex, with shorter more scattered spicules basally and laterally, lateral margin with broad narrowing and bluntly rounded lobe joining basal stem at emarginate angle; dorsal lobe composed of 2 stems, each with 3–4 sinuous flattened setae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E519631DFB18FFB5B59FB23E13B9FA3E" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2023]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB18FFB5B59FB23E143DFAA2" bold="true" box="[201,537,1314,1339]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pupal diagnostic characters</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="7D9D7F98FB18FFB5B77DB23E1455FAA2" box="[555,625,1315,1339]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1520,1543]" captionTargetBox="[169,1421,209,1492]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1499]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Anopheles (Kerteszia) lepidotus. A, male genitalia (from Zavortink, 1973); B, An. lepidotus pupal trumpet, pinna (Pi) long, about 0.5 trumpet length; C, pupal paddle showing lateral margin exceptionally thick, lateral margin without long filamentous spicules and relatively straight apical margin at 1 - Pa; D, seta 3 - C very thick and short; E, seta 6 - VI stout, long, with median length aciculae on basal 0.33 and shorter aciculae more distal, without strong basal branches." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211347/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
B,C). Pinna exceptionally long, 0.41–0.55 (mean 0.46) trumpet length; seta
|
||
<date id="911845DDFB18FFB5B59CB25A16DBFAC6" box="[202,255,1351,1375]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1-IX</date>
|
||
short, very thick, acutely pointed; lateral margin of paddle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7D9D7F98FB18FFB5B6FCB25A15CAFAC6" box="[938,1006,1351,1375]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1520,1543]" captionTargetBox="[169,1421,209,1492]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1499]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Anopheles (Kerteszia) lepidotus. A, male genitalia (from Zavortink, 1973); B, An. lepidotus pupal trumpet, pinna (Pi) long, about 0.5 trumpet length; C, pupal paddle showing lateral margin exceptionally thick, lateral margin without long filamentous spicules and relatively straight apical margin at 1 - Pa; D, seta 3 - C very thick and short; E, seta 6 - VI stout, long, with median length aciculae on basal 0.33 and shorter aciculae more distal, without strong basal branches." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211347/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
C) exceptionally thick, usually sclerotized and pigmented on basal portion; paddle with midrib absent or weakly developed; paddle asymmetrical, with relatively straight apical margin at seta 1-Pa, and without long filamentous spicules on distal 0.33 of lateral margin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E519631DFB18FFB5B59FB2AE17C7F87E" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2023]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB18FFB5B59FB2AE1723FA52" bold="true" box="[201,263,1459,1483]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pupa</emphasis>
|
||
. Integument light to medium brown, most pigmentation on trumpet and segments I–IV; setae very thin and weak, single or with few branches.
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB18FFB5B73BB2CB1504FA76" bold="true" box="[621,800,1494,1519]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Cephalothorax</emphasis>
|
||
. Trumpet medium brown, angusticorn, without meatal cleft, with wide opening, pinna exceptionally long, 0.41–0.55 (mean 0.46) trumpet length (n = 12); seta 13-CT or alveolus present.
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB18FFB5B40FB10317E9F9AE" bold="true" box="[345,461,1566,1591]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
. Setae 0-VII,VIII long, frail, nearly as long as seta
|
||
<date id="911845DDFB18FFB5B15EB102126DF9AE" box="[1032,1097,1567,1591]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1-VII</date>
|
||
; 1-II–VII short, frail, single or with few distal branches;
|
||
<date id="911845DDFB18FFB5B4E9B15E17D0F9C2" box="[447,500,1603,1627]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1-IX</date>
|
||
very short, thick, sharply pointed;
|
||
<date id="911845DDFB18FFB5B6DEB15E158DF9C2" box="[904,937,1603,1627]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">9-I</date>
|
||
very short,
|
||
<date id="911845DDFB18FFB5B163B15E127BF9C2" box="[1077,1119,1603,1627]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">9-II</date>
|
||
,III weakly developed,
|
||
<date id="911845DDFB18FFB5B03FB15E13B8F9C2" box="[1385,1436,1603,1627]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">9-III</date>
|
||
slightly longer than
|
||
<date id="911845DDFB18FFB5B42FB17A1781F9E6" box="[377,421,1639,1663]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">9-II</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="911845DDFB18FFB5B4E7B17A17C1F9E6" box="[433,485,1639,1663]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">9-IV</date>
|
||
,V length ratio 0.19–0.50 (mean 0.33),
|
||
<date id="911845DDFB18FFB5B6CDB17A15E1F9E6" box="[923,965,1639,1663]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">9-V</date>
|
||
,VI length ratio 0.38–0.61 (mean 0.52), 9- V–VIII well developed, spine-like, darkly pigmented, with long sharp dorsolateral aciculae;
|
||
<date id="911845DDFB18FFB5B1F9B19612D6F93A" box="[1199,1266,1675,1699]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="2010-06">10-VI</date>
|
||
present;
|
||
<date id="911845DDFB18FFB5B00CB19613B8F93A" box="[1370,1436,1675,1699]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="1914-03">14-III</date>
|
||
absent.
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB18FFB5B5BAB1B2171AF95E" bold="true" box="[236,318,1711,1735]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Paddle</emphasis>
|
||
. Base with distinct darkly pigmented transverse line; paddle asymmetrical, lateral half considerably longer than mesal half, paddle index (L/W) 1.72–2.06 (mean 1.92), apical margin straight near seta 1-Pa on both lateral and mesal sides; lateral edge exceptionally thick, sclerotized and pigmented, extending to near tip; midrib absent or very weakly developed; spicules on lateral margin small, wide, and acute, beginning on basal 0.33, with larger and longer stout spicules on distal 0.33 approximately equal length of 1-Pa; lateral spicules in 2 rows, one directed dorsally and the other ventrally, except in most distal row of longer stout spicules; distal 0.33 of lateral margin of paddle without long sinuous or straight spicules that are much longer than 1-Pa; seta 1-Pa short, stout, sharp pointed, not filamentous, inserted mesal to tip of paddle; 2-Pa short, filamentous, usually inserted cephalad and some distance from 1-Pa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="B1D93395FB17FFBAB5C1B0901473F878" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211346/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" targetBox="[240,1322,205,1845]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="E519631DFB17FFBAB5C1B0901473F878" blockId="8.[151,1436,1933,2017]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB17FFBAB5C1B0901736F83A" bold="true" box="[151,274,1933,1956]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB17FFBAB44FB09314EEF83D" authority="Zavortink" authorityName="Zavortink" box="[281,714,1934,1956]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepidotus" subGenus="Kerteszia">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB17FFBAB44FB09317A6F83D" box="[281,386,1934,1956]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Anopheles</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB17FFBAB4C4B09217D6F83D" box="[402,498,1935,1956]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Kerteszia</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB17FFBAB756B0931479F83D" box="[512,605,1934,1956]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">lepidotus</emphasis>
|
||
Zavortink
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, female habitus: A, wing; B, thorax, dorsal view; C, head, lateral view; D, thorax, lateral view; E, abdomen, dorsal and ventral views; F, (left to right) foreleg, anterior view; midleg, anterior view; hindleg, anterior view; hindleg, dorsal view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="B1D93395FB16FFBBB5C1B2ED12B3F9FB" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211347/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" targetBox="[169,1421,209,1492]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="E519631DFB16FFBBB5C1B2ED12B3F9FB" blockId="9.[151,1436,1520,1634]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB16FFBBB5C1B2ED1737F99F" bold="true" box="[151,275,1520,1543]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB16FFBBB44CB2EC147BF99E" box="[282,607,1521,1543]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepidotus" subGenus="Kerteszia">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB16FFBBB44CB2EC147BF99E" box="[282,607,1521,1543]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Anopheles (Kerteszia) lepidotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A, male genitalia (from Zavortink, 1973); B,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB16FFBBB16DB2EF12E6F99E" box="[1083,1218,1521,1543]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepidotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB16FFBBB16DB2EF12E6F99E" box="[1083,1218,1521,1543]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">An. lepidotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
pupal trumpet, pinna (Pi) long, about 0.5 trumpet length; C, pupal paddle showing lateral margin exceptionally thick, lateral margin without long filamentous spicules and relatively straight apical margin at 1-Pa; D, seta 3-C very thick and short; E, seta 6-VI stout, long, with median length aciculae on basal 0.33 and shorter aciculae more distal, without strong basal branches.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="E519631DFB16FFBBB59FB18D1582F8C2" blockId="9.[151,1436,1679,2027]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB16FFBBB59FB18D1403F931" bold="true" box="[201,551,1679,1704]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Larval diagnostic characters</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="7D9D7F98FB16FFBBB76CB19214A6F93E" box="[570,642,1679,1703]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1520,1543]" captionTargetBox="[169,1421,209,1492]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1499]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Anopheles (Kerteszia) lepidotus. A, male genitalia (from Zavortink, 1973); B, An. lepidotus pupal trumpet, pinna (Pi) long, about 0.5 trumpet length; C, pupal paddle showing lateral margin exceptionally thick, lateral margin without long filamentous spicules and relatively straight apical margin at 1 - Pa; D, seta 3 - C very thick and short; E, seta 6 - VI stout, long, with median length aciculae on basal 0.33 and shorter aciculae more distal, without strong basal branches." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211347/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
D,E). Seta 3-C very thick, short, usually sharply pointed; 11-P very short;
|
||
<date id="911845DDFB16FFBBB5B6B1AE1725F952" box="[224,257,1715,1739]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">1-I</date>
|
||
small with 4 or 5 simple branches; palmate setae (1-II–VI) only on 5 segments, moderately open, not brush-like;
|
||
<date id="911845DDFB16FFBBB44CB1CA176AF976" box="[282,334,1751,1775]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">2-IV</date>
|
||
exceptionally long, equal in thickness to
|
||
<date id="911845DDFB16FFBBB666B1CA1540F976" box="[816,868,1751,1775]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">6-IV</date>
|
||
, usually simple, rarely with aciculae;
|
||
<date id="911845DDFB16FFBBB04FB1CA1345F976" box="[1305,1377,1751,1775]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">3-VIII</date>
|
||
with few branches near base;
|
||
<date id="911845DDFB16FFBBB4FDB1E617C4F88A" box="[427,480,1787,1811]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">6-VI</date>
|
||
stout, long, with median length aciculae on basal 0.33 and shorter aciculae more distal, without strong basal branches; 9-IV–VI nearly equal length of 7-IV–VI, with 2–5 branches; pecten spines from side view with single mesal row of stout aciculae extending out to tip.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E519631DFB16FFB8B59FB075126BFE56" blockId="9.[151,1436,1679,2027]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,151,2015]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB16FFBBB59FB0751736F819" bold="true" box="[201,274,1896,1920]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Larva</emphasis>
|
||
. Integument light brown on head, abdominal plates, and sclerotized structures on segments VIII and X.
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB16FFBBB5C1B09116F3F83D" bold="true" box="[151,215,1932,1956]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Head</emphasis>
|
||
. Antennal seta 3-A as long as or only slightly longer than 2-A; 3-C very thick, short, usually sharply pointed, infrequently tip split or with small aciculae; distance between both 2-C, measured between the outer adjacent margins of the two alveoli, narrow, not more than 2.5 times distance between outer adjacent alveoli margins of 2-C and 3-C on one side; 5-C simple; 11-C usually with 2-6 small distal branches.
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B69AB7851201FF29" bold="true" box="[972,1061,152,176]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
. Seta 11-P very short.
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B076B78A13B0FF29" bold="true" box="[1312,1428,151,176]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
. Seta
|
||
<date id="911845DDFB15FFB8B59BB7A116CAFF4D" box="[205,238,188,212]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1-I</date>
|
||
with 4–5 simple branches; palmate setae on five segments (II–VI); palmate setae moderately open and well formed, not brush-like;
|
||
<date id="911845DDFB15FFB8B4F5B7C217C4FF6E" box="[419,480,223,247]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1-VII</date>
|
||
short with 2 or 3 simple branches;
|
||
<date id="911845DDFB15FFB8B627B7C21582FF6E" box="[881,934,223,247]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">2-IV</date>
|
||
exceptionally long, stout, equal thickness to
|
||
<date id="911845DDFB15FFB8B5C1B61916EFFE85" box="[151,203,260,284]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">6-IV</date>
|
||
, usually simple, rarely with aciculae;
|
||
<date id="911845DDFB15FFB8B72AB61914E7FE85" box="[636,707,260,284]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">3-VIII</date>
|
||
with 2 or 3 large branches on basal 0.33; 5-II–V plumose, with branches along main stem;
|
||
<date id="911845DDFB15FFB8B49FB63A17DAFEA6" box="[457,510,295,319]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">6-VI</date>
|
||
as stout and long as
|
||
<date id="911845DDFB15FFB8B7B0B63A1534FEA6" box="[742,784,295,319]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">6-V</date>
|
||
, with frail median length aciculae on basal 0.33, and short aciculae more distally, without strong branches near base; 9-IV–VI nearly equal length of 7-IV–VI, with 2–5 branches; 8-S present; pecten spines (18–23) of nearly equal length, from side view with single row of long stout aciculae; seta
|
||
<date id="911845DDFB15FFB8B462B6891744FE35" box="[308,352,404,428]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1-X</date>
|
||
very long, attenuated, approximately 2 times saddle length; most anterior ventral brush seta (4a- X) short, usually <0.33 length of seta 4b-X; ventral brush (
|
||
<date id="911845DDFB15FFB8B67FB6AA1573FE56" box="[809,855,439,463]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">4-X</date>
|
||
) with 9 pairs of setae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E519631DFB15FFB8B59FB6C11758FE6D" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2015]" box="[201,380,476,500]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B59FB6C116DCFE6D" bold="true" box="[201,248,476,500]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Egg</emphasis>
|
||
. Unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E519631DFB15FFB8B59FB6E2174BFC51" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B59FB6E217E2FD81" bold="true" box="[201,454,511,536]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Specimens Examined</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB15FFB8B481B51D149CFD81" box="[471,696,512,536]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepidotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B481B51D149CFD81" box="[471,696,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Anopheles lepidotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Seventy specimens were examined (19Ƥ, 133, 14Le, 17Pe, 7G) from three countries as follows.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB15FFB8B4A8B53914BCFDA5" box="[510,664,548,572]" name="Colombia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">COLOMBIA</collectingCountry>
|
||
: Meta Department, Restrepo,
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B6B2B5391261FDA5" box="[996,1093,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<typeStatus id="3A1DDDBFFB15FFB8B6B2B5391261FDA5" box="[996,1093,548,572]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(specimen B, pinned), 3, with slides of associated larval exuviae and genitalia, from leaf axil of bromeliad,
|
||
<date id="911845DDFB15FFB8B154B55A1249FDC6" box="[1026,1133,583,607]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="1935-12">XII-1935</date>
|
||
, Orsono-Mesa, in NMNH;
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B5C1B57016DFFD1D" box="[151,251,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<typeStatus id="3A1DDDBFFB15FFB8B5C1B57016DFFD1D" box="[151,251,621,644]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(specimen A mounted on slide), 13, with slides of associated larval exuviae and genitalia, from same locality and collection as
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B4EDB58D1438FD31" box="[443,540,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<typeStatus id="3A1DDDBFFB15FFB8B4EDB58D1438FD31" box="[443,540,656,680]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB15FFB8B77DB5921493FD3E" box="[555,695,655,679]" name="Ecuador" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">ECUADOR</collectingCountry>
|
||
: Napo Province, Yasuni National Park, Tiputini Biodiversity Station, EC104, -2, -3, 1Ƥ, 2LePe, from bromeliad,
|
||
<date id="911845DDFB15FFB8B799B5A91569FD55" box="[719,845,692,716]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="1998-10-29">29-X-1998</date>
|
||
, R. Wilkerson; EC126(1), 1Ƥ, biting human,
|
||
<date id="911845DDFB15FFB8B008B5A916F6FD76" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="1998-11-01">1-XI- 1998</date>
|
||
, R. Wilkerson; EC151, -1 through -4, 43, 4LePe, 2G, from bromeliad,
|
||
<date id="911845DDFB15FFB8B151B5CA125BFD76" box="[1031,1151,727,751]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="1998-11-04">4-XI-1998</date>
|
||
, R. Wilkerson; EC166, - 101, -102, -2 through -4, -6, 3Ƥ, 33, 3Le, 4Pe, 3G (2M in ETOH), from bromeliad,
|
||
<date id="911845DDFB15FFB8B120B5E112CBFC8D" box="[1142,1263,764,788]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="1998-11-07">7-XI-1998</date>
|
||
, R. Wilkerson; EC168, 5Ƥ (
|
||
<quantity id="225ECEF8FB15FFB8B479B402177BFCAE" box="[303,351,799,823]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
|
||
ETOH), biting human,
|
||
<date id="911845DDFB15FFB8B72AB40214D1FCAE" box="[636,757,799,823]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="1998-11-07">7-XI-1998</date>
|
||
, R. Wilkerson; EC256, -100, -103, -105 through -109, -1 through -3, 6Ƥ, 43, 3Le, 7Pe, from bromeliad,
|
||
<date id="911845DDFB15FFB8B7EBB459151DFCC5" box="[701,825,836,860]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="1999-05-26">26-V-1999</date>
|
||
, R. Wilkerson.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB15FFB8B6BBB458121DFCC5" box="[1005,1081,837,860]" name="Peru" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">PERU</collectingCountry>
|
||
: Junín Province, Mission Cutivireni, PE349, 1Ƥ, biting human in hut,
|
||
<date id="911845DDFB15FFB8B708B47A14C0FCE6" box="[606,740,871,895]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="1985-03-20">20-III-1985</date>
|
||
, Falcone and others; PE359, 1Ƥ, biting human in canopy,
|
||
<date id="911845DDFB15FFB8B020B47A16D3FC3D" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="1985-03-22">22- III-1985</date>
|
||
, Hayes, Harrison & Savage; Junín Province, Puerto Ocopa, PE346, 1Ƥ, biting human in hut,
|
||
<date id="911845DDFB15FFB8B04DB49113B3FC3D" box="[1307,1431,908,932]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="1986-02-26">26-II-1986</date>
|
||
, Calderón & Hayes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E519631DFB15FFB8B591B4CE1707F979" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B591B4CE1767FC75" bold="true" box="[199,323,979,1004]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bionomics</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB15FFB8B402B4C9141DFC75" box="[340,569,980,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepidotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B402B4C9141DFC75" box="[340,569,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Anopheles lepidotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a true “bromelicolus” species that occurs at relatively low elevations in remote or semi-remote tropical forests on the Amazonian slopes of the Andes in South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB15FFB8B12AB4EA12C4FB96" box="[1148,1248,1015,1039]" name="United States of America" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
. It has been collected at elevations between 234 and
|
||
<quantity id="225ECEF8FB15FFB8B76DB30114A0FBAD" box="[571,644,1052,1076]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.83" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="483.0">483 m</quantity>
|
||
, but not at elevations of
|
||
<quantity id="225ECEF8FB15FFB8B6CFB30115D1FBAD" box="[921,1013,1052,1076]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="1700.0">1,700 m</quantity>
|
||
like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB15FFB8B17BB301176DFBCE" authority="Harbach & Navarro, 1996" authorityName="Harbach & Navarro" authorityYear="1996" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auyantepuiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B17BB301132BFBAD" box="[1069,1295,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">An. auyantepuiensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="81371EECFB15FFB8B048B3011766FBCE" author="Harbach" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Harbach, R. E. & Navarro, J. C. (1996) A new species of Anopheles subgenus Kerteszia (Diptera: Culicidae) from Venezuela. Entomologica Scandinavica, 27, 207 - 216." type="journal article" year="1996">Harbach & Navarro, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or above
|
||
<quantity id="225ECEF8FB15FFB8B49AB322140AFBC1" box="[460,558,1087,1112]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="2000.0">2,000 m</quantity>
|
||
like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB15FFB8B726B35D153EFBC1" box="[624,794,1088,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boliviensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B726B35D153EFBC1" box="[624,794,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">An. boliviensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB15FFB8B67BB35D120DFBC1" box="[813,1065,1088,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gonzalezrinconesi">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B67BB35D120DFBC1" box="[813,1065,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">An. gonzalezrinconesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B16AB35D12C8FBC1" box="[1084,1260,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB15FFB8B16AB35D12C3FBC1" box="[1084,1255,1088,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pholidotus">An. pholidotus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB15FFB8B07AB35D17B0FBE5" authority="Navarro et al., 2010" authorityName="Navarro et al." authorityYear="2010" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rollai">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B07AB35D13B8FBC1" box="[1324,1436,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">An. rollai</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="81371EECFB15FFB8B5C8B37917A8FBE5" author="Navarro" box="[158,396,1124,1148]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Navarro, J. - C., Ventura, F. D., Zorrilla, A. & Liria, J. (2010) Registros de mayor altitud para mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) en Venezuela. Revista de Biologia Tropical (International Journal of Tropical Biology. ISSN- 0034 - 7744) 58, 245 - 254." type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Navarro
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B453B378171BFBE5" box="[261,319,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Specimens were collected as larvae in arboreal bromeliads in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB15FFB8B133B37912F7FBE5" box="[1125,1235,1124,1148]" name="Colombia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB15FFB8B05BB379134EFBE5" box="[1293,1386,1124,1148]" name="Ecuador" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
and reared to adults with associated exuviae of the immature stages, and in human landing collections (HLC) in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB15FFB8B00DB3941698FB5D" name="Ecuador" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB15FFB8B5A2B3B01703FB5D" box="[244,295,1197,1220]" name="Peru" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
at ground and canopy levels. To date, nine host-seeking
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB15FFB8B6FBB3B11266FB5D" box="[941,1090,1196,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepidotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B6FBB3B11266FB5D" box="[941,1090,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">An. lepidotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
females were captured (out of 19 known females) in human landing collections. Seven of those females were captured in the canopy on open platforms at
|
||
<quantity id="225ECEF8FB15FFB8B5ABB3E91713FA95" box="[253,311,1268,1292]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="15.0">15 m</quantity>
|
||
height (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB15FFB8B4C3B3E917EFFA95" box="[405,459,1268,1292]" name="Peru" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
) and at
|
||
<quantity id="225ECEF8FB15FFB8B77FB3E91447FA95" box="[553,611,1268,1292]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="34.0">34 m</quantity>
|
||
height (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB15FFB8B794B3E91501FA95" box="[706,805,1268,1292]" name="Ecuador" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
), whereas two females were captured in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB15FFB8B1A3B3E8130CFA95" box="[1269,1320,1269,1292]" name="Peru" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
at ground level inside unscreened houses. One of the last two specimens was collected engorged while feeding on a human. The three females collected (1 canopy, 2 at ground level) in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB15FFB8B601B22015AEFACD" box="[855,906,1341,1364]" name="Peru" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
in
|
||
<date id="911845DDFB15FFB8B6E2B2211232FACD" box="[948,1046,1340,1364]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="1985" valueMax="1986">1985–86</date>
|
||
came to humans in February and March shortly after dark (1800–1900 hr), although HLC continued at ground level throughout the night. The remaining six females captured by HLC were taken in
|
||
<date id="911845DDFB15FFB8B654B299159CFA05" box="[770,952,1412,1436]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="1998-11">November 1998</date>
|
||
at
|
||
<quantity id="225ECEF8FB15FFB8B68AB2991231FA05" box="[988,1045,1412,1436]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="34.0">34 m</quantity>
|
||
in the canopy in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB15FFB8B18CB2991313FA05" box="[1242,1335,1412,1436]" name="Ecuador" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
between 1800–1900 hr. These collections during the dry summer months differ from
|
||
<date id="911845DDFB15FFB8B6B9B2B51274FA59" box="[1007,1104,1448,1472]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="1942" valueMax="1943">1942–43</date>
|
||
collections of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB15FFB8B1A1B2B513B8FA59" box="[1271,1436,1448,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boliviensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B1A1B2B513B8FA59" box="[1271,1436,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">An. boliviensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Villavicencio,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB15FFB8B40CB2D117EFFA7D" box="[346,459,1484,1508]" name="Colombia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, which were most common during the wet season between April and October (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="81371EECFB15FFB8B000B2D116F7F991" author="Bates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Bates, M. (1945) Observations on climate and seasonal distribution of mosquitoes in eastern Colombia. The Journal of Animal Ecology, 14, 17 - 25." type="journal article" year="1945">Bates, 1945</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, Bates qualified those data by stating, “The capture data must be viewed with some suspicion because the species has predominantly late diurnal and crepuscular habits, and the captures were made at midday.” Larval collections from bromeliad axils (species unknown) at varying heights up to
|
||
<quantity id="225ECEF8FB15FFB8B11FB12512A7F9C9" box="[1097,1155,1592,1616]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="34.0">34 m</quantity>
|
||
resulted in
|
||
<specimenCount id="F3A0A894FB15FFB8B05EB1251348F9C9" box="[1288,1388,1592,1616]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="male">11 males</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="F3A0A894FB15FFB8B5C1B1411737F9ED" box="[151,275,1628,1652]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="female">16 females</specimenCount>
|
||
that were reared in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB15FFB8B757B141147AF9ED" box="[513,606,1628,1652]" name="Ecuador" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
during
|
||
<date id="911845DDFB15FFB8B7EDB1411228F9ED" box="[699,1036,1628,1652]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="1998-10" valueMax="1998-11-31" valueMin="1998-10-00">October and November 1998</date>
|
||
, plus the two males (
|
||
<typeStatus id="3A1DDDBFFB15FFB8B050B141134EF9ED" box="[1286,1386,1628,1652]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and
|
||
<typeStatus id="3A1DDDBFFB15FFB8B5C1B19D16DDF901" box="[151,249,1664,1688]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
) collected during
|
||
<date id="911845DDFB15FFB8B492B19D1452F901" box="[452,630,1664,1688]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="1935-12">December 1935</date>
|
||
from bromeliad axils at an unspecified height in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB15FFB8B1C9B19D1335F901" box="[1183,1297,1664,1688]" name="Colombia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Larvae collected during the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB15FFB8B40AB1B9179DF925" box="[348,441,1700,1724]" name="Ecuador" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
trip survived well after collection, but development of the successive instars and stages was lengthy.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E519631DFB15FFB9B59FB1F1150BFEFE" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2015]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1436,151,1691]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Species associated with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB15FFB8B488B1F11451F89D" box="[478,629,1772,1796]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepidotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B488B1F11451F89D" box="[478,629,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">An. lepidotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and captured by HLC between 1600–2000 hr during a canopy (
|
||
<quantity id="225ECEF8FB15FFB8B001B1F113B0F89D" box="[1367,1428,1772,1796]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="15.0">15 m</quantity>
|
||
) collection (PE359) in Mission Cutivireni,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB15FFB8B725B00E1482F8B3" box="[627,678,1811,1834]" name="Peru" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
(12o S, 74o W) in 1985 were:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB15FFB8B6AAB00E121BF8B2" box="[1020,1087,1811,1835]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B6AAB00E121BF8B2" box="[1020,1087,1811,1835]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Aedes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB15FFB8B121B00E1796F8D6" authority="Wiedemann" authorityName="Wiedemann" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulvus" subGenus="Chrysoconops">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B121B00E1736F8D6" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ochlerotatus (Chrysoconops) fulvus</emphasis>
|
||
(Wiedemann)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB15FFB8B4B4B02A1451F8D6" authority="Och." authorityName="Och." box="[482,629,1847,1871]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B4B4B02A1451F8D6" box="[482,629,1847,1871]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Aedes (Och.)</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB15FFB8B72AB02A1540F8D6" authority="(Wiedemann)" authorityName="Wiedemann" baseAuthorityName="Wiedemann" box="[636,868,1847,1871]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulvus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B72AB02A149BF8D6" box="[636,703,1847,1871]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">fulvus</emphasis>
|
||
(Wiedemann)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="81371EECFB15FFB8B6CDB02A125EF8D6" author="Reinert" box="[923,1146,1847,1871]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Reinert, J. F., Harbach, R. E. & Kitching, I. J. (2008) Phylogeny and classification of Ochlerotatus and allied taxa (Diptera: Culicidae: Aedini) based on morphological data from all life stages. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 153, 29 - 114." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Reinert
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B6A2B025120AF8D6" box="[1012,1070,1847,1871]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
));
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB15FFB8B1CEB02A177CF8EB" authority="Root" authorityName="Root" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fluminensis" subGenus="Anopheles">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B1CEB02A1328F8D6" box="[1176,1292,1847,1871]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Anopheles</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B048B02A13B6F8D6" box="[1310,1426,1847,1871]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Anopheles</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B5C1B0461733F8EA" box="[151,279,1883,1907]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">fluminensis</emphasis>
|
||
Root
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB15FFB8B433B046151AF8EB" authority="Peryassu" authorityName="Peryassu" box="[357,830,1882,1907]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oswaldoi" subGenus="Nyssorhynchus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B433B04617A0F8EA" box="[357,388,1883,1907]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">An</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B4CAB0461461F8EA" box="[412,581,1883,1907]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Nyssorhynchus</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B701B0461498F8EA" box="[599,700,1883,1907]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">oswaldoi</emphasis>
|
||
(Peryassú)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B61DB046154EF8EA" box="[843,874,1883,1907]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">An</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B6D4B0411588F8EA" box="[898,940,1884,1907]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Nys</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B693B0461232F8EA" box="[965,1046,1883,1907]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">rangeli</emphasis>
|
||
Gabaldón, Cova Garcia & Lopez;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB15FFB8B5C1B06217E6F80E" authority="Harbach" authorityName="Harbach" box="[151,450,1919,1943]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Chagasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ablusa">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B5C1B0621773F80E" box="[151,343,1919,1943]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Chagasia ablusa</emphasis>
|
||
Harbach
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB15FFB8B487B0621481F80E" authority="Root" authorityName="Root" box="[465,677,1919,1943]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Chagasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bonneae">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B487B0621445F80E" box="[465,609,1919,1943]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ch. bonneae</emphasis>
|
||
Root
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB15FFB8B7E4B09D1225F80E" authority="Conopostegus" authorityName="Conopostegus" box="[690,1025,1919,1943]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Haemagogus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B7E4B09D1562F80E" box="[690,838,1920,1943]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Haemagogus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B60FB09D15D3F80E" box="[857,1015,1920,1943]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Conopostegus</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.;
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B16AB09D127AF80E" box="[1084,1118,1920,1943]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Hg</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB15FFB8B12FB09D1329F80E" box="[1145,1293,1920,1943]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Haemagogus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B12FB09D1329F80E" box="[1145,1293,1920,1943]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Haemagogus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) sp.;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB15FFB8B007B09D17F1F822" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Psorophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferox" subGenus="Janthinosoma">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B007B09D16FEF822" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Psorophora</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B5BAB0BE17ADF822" box="[236,393,1955,1979]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Janthinosoma</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B4CAB0BE17F1F822" box="[412,469,1955,1979]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(von Humboldt);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB15FFB8B7F0B0B91272F823" authority="Cerqueira" authorityName="Cerqueira" box="[678,1110,1954,1979]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Psorophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dimidiata" subGenus="Grabhamia">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B7F0B0B914E6F822" box="[678,706,1956,1979]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ps</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B78AB0BE1579F822" box="[732,861,1955,1979]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Grabhamia</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B639B0BE15FFF822" box="[879,987,1955,1979]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">dimidiata</emphasis>
|
||
Cerqueira
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB15FFB8B1C3B0BE1701F846" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Sabethes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chloropterus" subGenus="Sabethoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B1C3B0BE12DDF822" box="[1173,1273,1955,1979]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Sabethes</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B05DB0BE13B6F822" box="[1291,1426,1955,1979]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Sabethoides</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B5C1B0DA1701F846" box="[151,293,1991,2015]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">chloropterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(von Humboldt). Species associated with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB15FFB8B659B0DA1581F846" box="[783,933,1991,2015]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepidotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB15FFB8B659B0DA1581F846" box="[783,933,1991,2015]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">An. lepidotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, captured at ground level by HLC between 1800–0600 hr inside a house (PE349) in Mission Cutivireni,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB14FFB9B66AB785154BFF36" box="[828,879,152,175]" name="Peru" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
in 1985 were:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB14FFB9B143B78512D4FF29" box="[1045,1264,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulvus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B143B78512D4FF29" box="[1045,1264,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ochlerotatus fulvus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B04BB78513AFFF29" box="[1309,1419,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Ae.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB14FFB9B01EB78513AFFF29" box="[1352,1419,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulvus">fulvus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB14FFB9B5C1B7A11763FF4D" box="[151,327,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fluminensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B5C1B7A11763FF4D" box="[151,327,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">An. fluminensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B40FB7A1175CFF4D" box="[345,376,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">An</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B4C5B7A117E4FF4D" box="[403,448,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ano</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B48DB7A1147BFF4D" box="[475,607,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">intermedius</emphasis>
|
||
(Peryassú);
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B7A5B7A11536FF4D" box="[755,786,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">An</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B67AB7A0157AFF4D" box="[812,862,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Nys.</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B627B7A015D1FF4D" box="[881,1013,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">nuneztovari</emphasis>
|
||
Gabaldón;
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B129B7A112BAFF4D" box="[1151,1182,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">An</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B1EFB7A012CFFF4D" box="[1209,1259,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Nys.</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB14FFB9B1A8B7A11347FF4D" box="[1278,1379,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oswaldoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B1A8B7A11347FF4D" box="[1278,1379,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">oswaldoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B020B7A113B1FF4D" box="[1398,1429,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">An</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B5F6B7FC16EEFF61" box="[160,202,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Nys</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B5B2B7FD1711FF61" box="[228,309,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">rangeli</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B410B7FD1741FF61" box="[326,357,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">An</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B429B7FC178DFF61" box="[383,425,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Nys</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB14FFB9B495B7FD147BFF6E" authority="Faran" authorityName="Faran" box="[451,607,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trinkae">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B495B7FD1436FF61" box="[451,530,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">trinkae</emphasis>
|
||
Faran
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B73BB7FD14A8FF61" box="[621,652,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">An</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B7F0B7FC14F4FF61" box="[678,720,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Nys</emphasis>
|
||
.) sp.;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB14FFB9B64DB7FD15CBFF6E" authority="Root" authorityName="Root" box="[795,1007,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Chagasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bonneae">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B64DB7FD158FFF61" box="[795,939,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ch. bonneae</emphasis>
|
||
Root
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B6AAB7FC1204FF61" box="[1020,1056,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ps.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B164B7FD1243FF6E" box="[1074,1127,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Gra.</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B12FB7FD12C7FF61" box="[1145,1251,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">cingulata</emphasis>
|
||
(Fabricius);
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B02FB7FC13B8FF61" box="[1401,1436,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ps.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B5F6B61816F4FE85" box="[160,208,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Jan.</emphasis>
|
||
)?
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B5BAB6191765FE85" box="[236,321,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">horrida</emphasis>
|
||
(Dyar & Knab); and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB14FFB9B762B618156FFE85" box="[564,843,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Psorophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lineata" subGenus="Psorophora">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B762B618147CFE85" box="[564,600,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ps.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B73EB61914C9FE85" box="[616,749,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Psorophora</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B7ABB619156FFE85" box="[765,843,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">lineata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(von Humboldt). Taxa associated with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB14FFB9B05EB61913B8FE85" box="[1288,1436,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepidotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B05EB61913B8FE85" box="[1288,1436,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">An. lepidotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in larval collections from bromeliad axils at
|
||
<quantity id="225ECEF8FB14FFB9B7C3B63714EBFEDB" box="[661,719,298,322]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="34.0">34 m</quantity>
|
||
height in Napo,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB14FFB9B6C4B63715CBFEDB" box="[914,1007,298,322]" name="Ecuador" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="809205DAFB14FFB9B156B637125BFEDB" box="[1024,1151,295,322]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" precision="15" value="-0.63805556">0o 38’17”S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="809205DAFB14FFB9B1DBB6371310FEDB" box="[1165,1332,295,322]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" precision="15" value="-76.145">76o 08’ 42” W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) in 1998 were: EC104,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB14FFB9B46EB64D178EFEFE" box="[312,426,336,359]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Wyeomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B46EB64D178EFEFE" box="[312,426,336,359]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Wyeomyia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.; EC151and EC166,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB14FFB9B7EEB65214DEFEFE" box="[696,762,335,359]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B7EEB65214DEFEFE" box="[696,762,335,359]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Culex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="ADBC3096FB14FFB9B59FB66F145AF903" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="E519631DFB14FFB9B59FB66F12CFFD83" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,1691]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B59FB66F1746FE12" bold="true" box="[201,354,370,395]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB14FFB9B43AB66E1476FE12" box="[364,594,371,395]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepidotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B43AB66E1476FE12" box="[364,594,371,395]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Anopheles lepidotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is only known from four localities in three countries on the Amazonian slopes of the Andes. Those sites are
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB14FFB9B77AB68A14BEFE36" box="[556,666,407,431]" name="Colombia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Meta, Restrepo, and Buena Vista),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB14FFB9B167B68A12AAFE36" box="[1073,1166,407,431]" name="Ecuador" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Napo, Yasuní National Park, Tiputini Biodiversity Station), and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB14FFB9B726B6A61487FE4B" box="[624,675,443,466]" name="Peru" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Junín, Mission Cutivireni, and Puerto Ocopa). The
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB14FFB9B05AB6A7134DFE4B" box="[1292,1385,442,466]" name="Ecuador" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB14FFB9B5C1B6FD16EEFE6E" box="[151,202,480,503]" name="Peru" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
collections represent the first confirmed records of this species in those two countries. The female previously identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB14FFB9B471B51E179FFD82" box="[295,443,515,539]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepidotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B471B51E179FFD82" box="[295,443,515,539]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">An. lepidotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Cochabamba,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB14FFB9B7F6B51F14D6FD83" box="[672,754,514,538]" name="Bolivia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="81371EECFB14FFB9B657B51F159CFD83" author="Zavortink" box="[769,952,514,538]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Zavortink, T. J. (1973) Mosquito Studies (Diptera, Culicidae) XXIX. A review of the subgenus Kerteszia of Anopheles. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute (Ann Arbor), 9, 1 - 54." type="journal article" year="1973">Zavortink, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) is actually
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB14FFB9B117B51E12C0FD82" box="[1089,1252,515,539]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pholidotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B117B51E12C0FD82" box="[1089,1252,515,539]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">An. pholidotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E519631DFB14FFB9B59FB53B145AF903" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,1691]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B59FB53B17E1FDA6" bold="true" box="[201,453,550,575]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Medical significance.</emphasis>
|
||
Prior to this study,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB14FFB9B7FCB53A1564FDA6" box="[682,832,551,575]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepidotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B7FCB53A1564FDA6" box="[682,832,551,575]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">An. lepidotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was considered a fairly abundant species in areas of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB14FFB9B5C1B5571721FDFB" box="[151,261,586,610]" name="Colombia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
where malaria transmission occurred.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="81371EECFB14FFB9B7E8B557159AFDFB" box="[702,958,586,611]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Quinones, M. L., Suarez, M. F., Rodriguez, A., Fleming, G. A. & Galvis, L. E. (1984) Comportamiento de Anopheles (Kerteszia) lepidotus Zavortink, 1973, y su incriminacion como posible vector de malaria en el Departamento del Tolima, Colombia. Biomedica, 4, 5 - 13." type="journal article">
|
||
Quiñones
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B664B5511548FDFA" box="[818,876,587,611]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1984)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
proposed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB14FFB9B13EB55612DAFDFA" box="[1128,1278,587,611]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepidotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B13EB55612DAFDFA" box="[1128,1278,587,611]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">An. lepidotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
females were the primary
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB14FFB9B471B56D17B5FD1E" box="[295,401,624,647]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Kerteszia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B471B56D17B5FD1E" box="[295,401,624,647]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Kerteszia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species biting humans and the probable vector in an area of high malaria endemicity in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB14FFB9B5C1B58F172DFD33" box="[151,265,658,682]" name="Colombia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. However, subsequent to that study specimens were sent to us for examination (courtesy of Dr. Suarez, SNEM,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB14FFB9B5A3B5AA1741FD56" box="[245,357,695,719]" name="Colombia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
) and they were not
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB14FFB9B71BB5AA14C0FD56" box="[589,740,695,719]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepidotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B71BB5AA14C0FD56" box="[589,740,695,719]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">An. lepidotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB14FFB9B677B5AA15E2FD56" box="[801,966,695,719]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pholidotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B677B5AA15E2FD56" box="[801,966,695,719]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">An. pholidotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Reared specimens from the above 1984 study area and examinations of dissected male genitalia also confirmed that the correct species was
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B1A4B5C613B8FD6A" box="[1266,1436,731,755]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB14FFB9B1A4B5C613BCFD6A" box="[1266,1432,731,755]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pholidotus">An. pholidotus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
not
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB14FFB9B595B5E2147EFC8E" authority="Escobar et al., 2010" authorityName="Escobar et al." authorityYear="2010" box="[195,602,767,791]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepidotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B595B5E2177DFC8E" box="[195,345,767,791]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">An. lepidotus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="81371EECFB14FFB9B43EB5E21477FC8E" author="Escobar" box="[360,595,767,791]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Escobar, J., Gonzales, R., Quinones, M. L., Wilkerson, R. C. & Harrison, B. Presence of Anopheles (Kerteszia) pholidotus in a malaria focus in Colombia. pp. 315 - 316, in Clark G. G, & Rubio-Palis Y. (2010) Mosquito vector biology and control in Latin America - a 20 th symposium. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 26, 306 - 320." type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Escobar
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B49AB41D1422FC8E" box="[460,518,767,791]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Since the
|
||
<typeStatus id="3A1DDDBFFB14FFB9B78EB5E2151EFC8E" box="[728,826,767,791]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and
|
||
<typeStatus id="3A1DDDBFFB14FFB9B625B41D15F0FC81" box="[883,980,768,792]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
male of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB14FFB9B16DB5E212F4FC8E" box="[1083,1232,767,791]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepidotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B16DB5E212F4FC8E" box="[1083,1232,767,791]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">An. lepidotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were reared from larvae in
|
||
<quantity id="225ECEF8FB14FFB9B5A9B43F1770FCA3" box="[255,340,802,826]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.914899999999999" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="in" value="1935.0">1935 in</quantity>
|
||
Meta,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB14FFB9B4F4B43F1437FCA3" box="[418,531,802,826]" name="Colombia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, there have been no other confirmed specimens of this species collected and preserved from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="3A1DDDBFFB14FFB9B418B455175AFCF9" box="[334,382,840,864]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality or
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB14FFB9B4A9B45A1455FCC6" box="[511,625,839,863]" name="Colombia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. During the last 28 years only an additional
|
||
<specimenCount id="F3A0A894FB14FFB9B134B45A12DEFCC6" box="[1122,1274,839,863]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="generic">30 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB14FFB9B049B45A169CFC1A" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepidotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B049B45A169CFC1A" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">An. lepidotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been collected in three sites in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB14FFB9B73FB47614B8FC1B" box="[617,668,875,898]" name="Peru" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB14FFB9B78EB477151CFC1B" box="[728,824,874,898]" name="Ecuador" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="81371EECFB14FFB9B613B477122CFC1B" author="Zavortink" box="[837,1032,874,898]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Zavortink, T. J. (1973) Mosquito Studies (Diptera, Culicidae) XXIX. A review of the subgenus Kerteszia of Anopheles. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute (Ann Arbor), 9, 1 - 54." type="journal article" year="1973">Zavortink (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
thought that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB14FFB9B1F2B476131FFC1A" box="[1188,1339,875,899]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepidotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B1F2B476131FFC1A" box="[1188,1339,875,899]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">An. lepidotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was the dominant and most important species in the Meta Department of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB14FFB9B625B49215C0FC3E" box="[883,996,911,935]" name="Colombia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but we found that only two specimens (
|
||
<typeStatus id="3A1DDDBFFB14FFB9B5C9B4AF16F9FC53" box="[159,221,946,970]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">types</typeStatus>
|
||
) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB14FFB9B445B4AE1788FC52" box="[275,428,947,971]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepidotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B445B4AE1788FC52" box="[275,428,947,971]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">An. lepidotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are known from Meta (and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB14FFB9B657B4AF1551FC53" box="[769,885,946,970]" name="Colombia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
). Thus, the biological information and medical importance for the specimens previously identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB14FFB9B7A4B4CA15B2FC76" box="[754,918,983,1007]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boliviensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B7A4B4CA15B2FC76" box="[754,918,983,1007]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">An. boliviensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and subsequently assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB14FFB9B1B0B4CA135EFC76" box="[1254,1402,983,1007]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepidotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B1B0B4CA135EFC76" box="[1254,1402,983,1007]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">An. lepidotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by Zavortink actually apply to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB14FFB9B485B4E6145CFB8A" box="[467,632,1019,1043]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pholidotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B485B4E6145CFB8A" box="[467,632,1019,1043]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">An. pholidotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB14FFB9B7C9B4E61562FB8A" box="[671,838,1019,1043]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boliviensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B7C9B4E61562FB8A" box="[671,838,1019,1043]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">An. boliviensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(to a lesser extent). For all of the above reasons, we consider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB14FFB9B456B30217BCFBAE" box="[256,408,1055,1079]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepidotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B456B30217BCFBAE" box="[256,408,1055,1079]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">An. lepidotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
an uncommon (or inaccessible in the forest canopy) or rare species, and unlikely to be involved in the transmission of human malaria parasites on a large scale. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB14FFB9B131B35E12D9FBC2" box="[1127,1277,1091,1115]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepidotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B131B35E12D9FBC2" box="[1127,1277,1091,1115]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">An. lepidotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was the only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB14FFB9B5C1B3751725FBE6" box="[151,257,1128,1151]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Kerteszia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B5C1B3751725FBE6" box="[151,257,1128,1151]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Kerteszia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species collected biting humans in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB14FFB9B7D8B37A14CFFBE6" box="[654,747,1127,1151]" name="Ecuador" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB14FFB9B674B375157CFBE6" box="[802,856,1128,1151]" name="Peru" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and it obviously has an affinity for human blood in the canopy and at ground level. This suggests it may become infected with malaria by feeding on primates in the canopy and then transmit the parasites to humans at a later time.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="81371EECFB14FFB9B63EB3AD15DEFB5E" author="Deane" box="[872,1018,1199,1223]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Deane, L. M. (1967) Monkey malaria in Brazil, a summary of studies performed in 1964 - 1966. World Health Organization / Malaria (WHO / MAL) 67.603, 20 pp." type="book chapter" year="1967">Deane (1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="81371EECFB14FFB9B153B3B2121BFB5E" author="Deane" box="[1029,1087,1199,1223]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Deane, L. M. (1988) Malaria studies and control in Brazil. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 38, 223 - 230." type="journal article" year="1988">1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) determined that in the State of Amazonas,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB14FFB9B44AB3CF1747FB73" box="[284,355,1234,1258]" name="Brazil" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, adjacent to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB14FFB9B4A7B3CE1403FB73" box="[497,551,1235,1258]" name="Peru" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB14FFB9B765B3CE1508FB72" box="[563,812,1235,1259]" class="Sporozoa" family="Plasmodiidae" genus="Plasmodium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Protozoa" rank="species" species="malariae">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B765B3CE1508FB72" box="[563,812,1235,1259]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Plasmodium malariae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was the major simian malaria parasite, which occurred in 25 monkey species in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB14FFB9B4E1B3EA17DBFA96" box="[439,511,1271,1295]" name="Brazil" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="81371EECFB14FFB9B75AB3EA14CEFA96" box="[524,746,1271,1295]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Sulzer, A. J., Cantella, R., Colichon, A., Gleason, N. N. & Walls, K. W. (1975) A focus of hyperendemic Plasmodium malariae - P. vivax with no P. falciparum in a primitive population in the Peruvian Amazon jungle. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 52, 273 - 278." type="journal article">
|
||
Sulzer
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B70AB3E514B3FA96" box="[604,663,1271,1295]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1975)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="81371EECFB14FFB9B673B3EA1220FA96" box="[805,1028,1271,1295]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Sulzer, A. J., Sulzer, K. R., Cantella, R., Colichon, H., Latorre, C. R. & Welch, M. (1978) Study of coinciding foci of malaria and leptospirosis in the Peruvian Amazon area. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 72, 76 - 83." type="journal article">
|
||
Sulzer
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B620B3E51594FA96" box="[886,944,1271,1295]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1978)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
conducted three malaria surveys in Mission Cutivireni, our
|
||
<date id="911845DDFB14FFB9B4FBB207142BFAAB" box="[429,527,1306,1330]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1985" valueMax="1986">1985–86</date>
|
||
collection site, and declared the locality a hyperendemic area for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB14FFB9B046B20616F6FACE" class="Sporozoa" family="Plasmodiidae" genus="Plasmodium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Protozoa" rank="species" species="vivax">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B046B20616F6FACE" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Plasmodium vivax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B45EB25D17A1FACE" box="[264,389,1343,1367]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">P. m a l a r i a e</emphasis>
|
||
, with 97.2% of the Ashaninka Amerindians infected in the initial studies.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="81371EECFB14FFB9B190B25D13B8FACE" box="[1222,1436,1343,1368]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Hayes, J., Calderon, G., Falcon, R. & Zambrano, V. (1987) New incriminated anopheline vectors of human malaria parasites in Junin Department, Peru. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 3, 418 - 422." type="journal article">
|
||
Hayes
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B045B25D136FFACE" box="[1299,1355,1343,1367]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1987)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
conducted vector studies at Mission Cutivireni and determined that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB14FFB9B6C2B27E1235FAE2" box="[916,1041,1379,1403]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trinkae">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B6C2B27E1235FAE2" box="[916,1041,1379,1403]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">An. trinkae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a ground feeding species, was the primary malaria vector at the Mission and in Puerto Ocopa, but the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB14FFB9B6DDB29A1233FA06" box="[907,1047,1415,1439]" class="Sporozoa" family="Plasmodiidae" genus="Plasmodium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Protozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B6DDB29A1233FA06" box="[907,1047,1415,1439]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Plasmodium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species were not identified and no
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB14FFB9B5C1B2B11725FA5A" box="[151,257,1452,1475]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Kerteszia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B5C1B2B11725FA5A" box="[151,257,1452,1475]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Kerteszia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species dissected.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="81371EECFB14FFB9B48FB2B714A9FA5B" author="Forattini" box="[473,653,1450,1474]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Forattini, O. P. (2002) Culicidologia Medica. Identificacao, biologia, epidemiologia Vol. 2. Sao Paulo, Brazil. 864 pp." type="book" year="2002">Forattini (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="81371EECFB14FFB9B790B2B715C9FA5B" author="Collucci" box="[710,1005,1450,1474]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Collucci, E. & Sallum, M. A. M. (2003) Phylogenetic analysis of the subgenus Kerteszia of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae: Anophelinae) based on morphological characters. Insect Systematics and Evolution, 34, 361 - 372." type="journal article" year="2003">Collucci & Sallum (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
discussed the role of several arboreal
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB14FFB9B5C1B2CD1725FA7E" box="[151,257,1488,1511]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Kerteszia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B5C1B2CD1725FA7E" box="[151,257,1488,1511]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Kerteszia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species in the transmission of malaria parasites, particularly
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B6ECB2CD121DFA7E" box="[954,1081,1487,1511]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">P. m a l a r i a e</emphasis>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB14FFB9B130B2CD132FFA7E" box="[1126,1291,1487,1511]" class="Sporozoa" family="Plasmodiidae" genus="Plasmodium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Protozoa" rank="species" species="brasilianum">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B130B2CD132FFA7E" box="[1126,1291,1487,1511]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">P. brasilianum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in primates and humans in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB14FFB9B412B2EF17ACF993" box="[324,392,1522,1546]" name="Brazil" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
and other areas of South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB14FFB9B7FDB2EF1528F993" box="[683,780,1522,1546]" name="United States of America" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
Thus, humans living in or moving into areas like Mission Cutivireni on the eastern slopes of the Andes might be exposed to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB14FFB9B6F5B1051203F9B6" box="[931,1063,1559,1583]" class="Sporozoa" family="Plasmodiidae" genus="Plasmodium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Protozoa" rank="species" species="malariae">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B6F5B1051203F9B6" box="[931,1063,1559,1583]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">P. malariae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in a simian/arboreal
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB14FFB9B049B10A13B0F9B6" box="[1311,1428,1559,1583]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B049B10A13B0F9B6" box="[1311,1428,1559,1583]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Anopheles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
/ human cycle like those described above by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="81371EECFB14FFB9B7D4B1271511F9CB" author="Forattini" box="[642,821,1594,1618]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Forattini, O. P. (2002) Culicidologia Medica. Identificacao, biologia, epidemiologia Vol. 2. Sao Paulo, Brazil. 864 pp." type="book" year="2002">Forattini (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB14FFB9B60FB1271584F9CB" box="[857,928,1594,1618]" name="Brazil" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, or similar to the macaque/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB14FFB9B185B1261363F9CA" box="[1235,1351,1595,1619]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B185B1261363F9CA" box="[1235,1351,1595,1619]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Anopheles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
/human
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22A6189EFB14FFB9B5C1B17D173EF9EE" box="[151,282,1631,1655]" class="Sporozoa" family="Plasmodiidae" genus="Plasmodium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Protozoa" rank="species" species="knowlesi">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B5C1B17D173EF9EE" box="[151,282,1631,1655]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">P. knowlesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cycles now known in peninsular
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DB1238DFB14FFB9B7E7B142153FF9EE" box="[689,795,1631,1655]" name="Malaysia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Malaysian Borneo, and other parts of southeast Asia (Vythilingam
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B464B199174EF902" box="[306,362,1667,1691]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2008; Tan
|
||
<emphasis id="D7D2BF0FFB14FFB9B4B9B1991409F902" box="[495,557,1667,1691]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.,</emphasis>
|
||
2008).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |