423 lines
54 KiB
XML
423 lines
54 KiB
XML
<document id="F06F8A3328B9279D030EAC764DB44A18" ID-CLB-Dataset="20858" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2021.2006352" ID-GBIF-Dataset="167ea388-cdb8-447e-b834-085e9f357a38" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6000695" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1643617194262" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Mahboob, M. & Tahseen, Q." docDate="2022" docId="5E2C6265FFC9FFE0FF3AFF3282E483C2" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.55.39-40.2549-2567.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 55 (39 - 40)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62.3:JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62" docStyleName="JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Halicephalobus Timm 1956" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="2565" masterDocId="A2151A1DFFC6FFF0FF9AFFBC8667860F" masterDocTitle="Description of a new and a known insect-associated species of the genus Halicephalobus Timm, 1956 (Panagrolaimidae: Rhabditida) along with intrageneric relationship" masterLastPageNumber="2567" masterPageNumber="2549" pageNumber="2564" updateTime="1699304823895" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
|
||
<mods:mods id="AE3C52F5A814739C603B4EAAB6A25594" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="23E6541F8F8FED321539FE797B8C844C">
|
||
<mods:title id="AD0EF9012CF56D696B649CDAE882C1DD">Description of a new and a known insect-associated species of the genus Halicephalobus Timm, 1956 (Panagrolaimidae: Rhabditida) along with intrageneric relationship</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="A52F21210FA7EDD4FD0B1E4C6745B371" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="7B5863285EE88E7C9CB40FD77A6584DF">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="B3604A9CC924A8C3F3AB309D4846068E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="AAA97B46E707C6ACCBE79E7A2BF3C02F">Mahboob, M.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="F4AA665FB57B192F9BB2A970CDF55386" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="A9C0E6DD59D6F38C93BB5EDA9BA3E9E8">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="110CAB71BBD3E4B2226342990F956E19">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="A466CE28A1234344997C79BF223603AA">Tahseen, Q.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="8B995AA8DEA963C165CADF6265A0841B">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="5273CD82E3B13BDC11F519A9C434C945" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="CB6DC81E5BBAE91220C3CA3195A933E0">
|
||
<mods:title id="C6EA4E21E39E6BFBA4C76260C2722C22">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="8546E273D72EECF65DDCF949F9C551D6">
|
||
<mods:date id="904AC3250C950A1B0F1DBE28929AB058">2022</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="F6B754EAEB0B01A5B22447A88C70925D" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="BAF287F7AABE073026D00D7B48B2807B">2022-01-28</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="A40EA152B3E6B58100D8CEE901FE8CC9" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="86B95D08037659C21EE28661BAB34D1B">55</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="89D1CEC833DEC84AC8F5CF42588ACC9F" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="E09BBFD348C9867D2E675053E7154CF7">39 - 40</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="F2E68A4BA4D858473DB3D29D876EE600" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="F1959B43A0B2AB38FACC29BB676DF2E8">2549</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="645AD6281300EC63AADCF7B6373AC24E">2567</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="539F0D5FB91B91656685A403F8042E7C">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="4FD6A531D88C8042E60E9257AB349A04" type="CLB-Dataset">20858</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="BDCE3F58A1A58D03A51DC3385D784C47" type="DOI">10.1080/00222933.2021.2006352</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="7DAAFED5D3C8F741CDDC8DA9455950BA" type="GBIF-Dataset">167ea388-cdb8-447e-b834-085e9f357a38</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="38998CDDE4332CFBB5AE0E42315FCAE5" type="ISSN">1464-5262</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="5F8588FE705D9B7317D63D924DE0286C" type="Zenodo-Dep">6000695</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="5E2C6265FFC9FFE0FF3AFF3282E483C2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6204758" ID-GBIF-Taxon="193167616" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6204758" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5E2C6265FFC9FFE0FF3AFF3282E483C2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5E2C6265FFC9FFE0FF3AFF3282E483C2" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="2565" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564">
|
||
<subSubSection id="9E9F80F8FFC9FFFFFF3AFF32820F86A7" box="[160,1128,142,168]" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="D63AD373FFC9FFFFFF3AFF32820F86A7" blockId="15.[160,1128,142,168]" box="[160,1128,142,168]" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564">
|
||
<heading id="8D72641FFFC9FFFFFF3AFF32820F86A7" bold="true" box="[160,1128,142,168]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFC9FFFFFF3AFF32820F86A7" bold="true" box="[160,1128,142,168]" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564">
|
||
On the distribution and association of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFC9FFFFFC97FF32820F86A7" ID-CoL="8FYTX" authority="Timm, 1956" authorityName="Timm" authorityYear="1956" box="[781,1128,142,168]" class="Chromadorea" family="Panagrolaimidae" genus="Halicephalobus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
Halicephalobus
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B214AE82FFC9FFFFFC4DFF32820F86A7" author="Timm RW" box="[983,1128,142,168]" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" pagination="87 - 90" refId="ref8265" refString="Timm RW. 1956. Marine nematodes from the Bay of Bengal. I. Phasmidea. J Bombay Nat Hist Soc. 54: 87 - 90." type="journal article" year="1956">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFC9FFFFFC4DFF32820F86A7" bold="true" box="[983,1128,142,168]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564">Timm, 1956</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9E9F80F8FFC9FFE0FF3AFF7F827A8535" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="2565" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="D63AD373FFC9FFFFFF3AFF7F82E48456" blockId="15.[160,1156,195,775]" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFC9FFFFFF3AFF7F872686D3" authorityName="Timm" authorityYear="1956" box="[160,321,195,220]" class="Chromadorea" family="Panagrolaimidae" genus="Halicephalobus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFC9FFFFFF3AFF7F872686D3" box="[160,321,195,220]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564">Halicephalobus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is largely a cosmopolitan bacteriophagous genus, which is known for its diverse habitat range. The original localities of representative species show a diversity of geographical ranges around the globe (
|
||
<figureCitation id="4EBECFF6FFC9FFFFFDF9FEB484A7872E" box="[611,704,264,289]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="15.[160,225,1544,1567]" captionTargetBox="[164,1151,859,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-250@15.[163,1153,858,1512]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 8. Map showing original locality of species of Halicephalobus. H. similigaster (Andrássy, 1952) Andrássy, 1974 (black triangles). Other species of the genus (black circles): 1. H. brevicauda (Mavljanov, 1976) Andrássy, 1984; 2. H. gingivalis (Stefánski, 1954) Andrássy, 1984; 3. H. intermedius (Pokrovskaja, 1964) Andrássy, 1974; 4. H. laticauda Geraert, Sudhaus et al., 1988; 5. H. limuli Timm,1956; 6. H. mephisto Borgonie et al., 2011; 7. H. palmaris (Lordello and De Oliveira, 1963) Andrássy, 1974; 8. H. persicus Shokoohi et al., 2007; 9. H. similigaster (Andrássy, 1952) Andrássy, 1974; 10. H. termitis sp. nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6000715" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6000715/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564">Figure 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). The species have been predominantly reported from soil, rotten wood and bark, sap flux, tree holes, tree trunks, dung piles etc., indicating greater chances of their association with insects or other opportunistic, r-selective invertebrates. The species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFC9FFFFFE5CFECC842F8786" authorityName="Andrassy" authorityYear="1974" baseAuthorityName="Stefanski" baseAuthorityYear="1954" box="[454,584,368,393]" class="Chromadorea" family="Panagrolaimidae" genus="Halicephalobus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="gingivalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFC9FFFFFE5CFECC842F8786" box="[454,584,368,393]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564">H. gingivalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been found to be distributed worldwide, with records from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AE9293E3FFC9FFFFFEAFFE2F87C787A3" box="[309,416,403,428]" name="Colombia" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AE9293E3FFC9FFFFFE36FE2F878A87A3" box="[428,493,403,428]" name="Egypt" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564">Egypt</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AE9293E3FFC9FFFFFE63FE2F845C87A3" box="[505,571,403,428]" name="Japan" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AE9293E3FFC9FFFFFDE9FE2F854C87A3" box="[627,811,403,428]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564">United Kingdom</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AE9293E3FFC9FFFFFCF9FE2F859E87A3" box="[867,1017,403,428]" name="United States of America" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AE9293E3FFC9FFFFFB9EFE2F82E587A3" box="[1028,1154,403,428]" name="Switzerland" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AE9293E3FFC9FFFFFF48FE0A87ED87C0" box="[210,394,438,463]" name="Netherlands" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564">The Netherlands</collectingCountry>
|
||
. They show the ability to survive in hostile environments (i.e. anoxic conditions) or conditions of desiccation and dehydration. In some instances the probability of their survival in harsh conditions has been demonstrated; for example,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFC9FFFFFC4AFE478237841B" box="[976,1104,507,532]" class="Chromadorea" family="Panagrolaimidae" genus="Halicephalobus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="laticauda">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFC9FFFFFC4AFE478237841B" box="[976,1104,507,532]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564">H. laticauda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found
|
||
<quantity id="117D7E96FFC9FFFFFF71FDA287558438" box="[235,306,542,567]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.3" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" unit="m" value="630.0">630 m</quantity>
|
||
below sea level in the water pit of a coal mine (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B214AE82FFC9FFFFFCFAFDA282548438" author="Geraert E & Sudhaus W & Lenaerts L & Bosmans E" box="[864,1075,542,567]" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" pagination="5 - 12" refId="ref7745" refString="Geraert E, Sudhaus W, Lenaerts L, Bosmans E. 1988. Halicephalobus laticauda sp. n., a nematode found in a Belgian coal mine (Nematoda, Rhabditida). Ann Soc R Zool Belg. 118: 5 - 12." type="journal article" year="1988">Geraert et al. 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFC9FFFFFF3AFDFC877A8456" box="[160,285,576,601]" class="Chromadorea" family="Panagrolaimidae" genus="Halicephalobus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="mephisto">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFC9FFFFFF3AFDFC877A8456" box="[160,285,576,601]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564">H. mephisto</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found
|
||
<quantity id="117D7E96FFC9FFFFFE01FDFC87848456" box="[411,483,576,601]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" unit="km" value="1.3">1.3 km</quantity>
|
||
deep in Beatrix gold mine,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AE9293E3FFC9FFFFFC97FDFC85F68456" box="[781,913,576,601]" name="South Africa" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B214AE82FFC9FFFFFC07FDFC82108456" author="Borgonie G & Litthauer D & Bert W & Bester A & Van Heerden E & Moller C & Erasmus M & Onstott TC" box="[925,1143,576,601]" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" pagination="79 - 82" refId="ref7547" refString="Borgonie G, Garc ί a-Moyano A, Litthauer D, Bert W, Bester A, Van Heerden E, Moller C, Erasmus M, Onstott TC. 2011. Nematoda from the terrestrial deep subsurface of South Africa. Nature. 474: 79 - 82." type="journal article" year="2011">Borgonie et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D63AD373FFC9FFE0FF5AFDDF85F58700" blockId="15.[160,1156,195,775]" lastBlockId="16.[160,1156,142,826]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="2565" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564">
|
||
The presence of caudal glands and a probable sclerotised spinneret may be an adaptation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFC9FFFFFED0FD3A87B48490" box="[330,467,646,671]" class="Chromadorea" family="Panagrolaimidae" genus="Halicephalobus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="laticauda">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFC9FFFFFED0FD3A87B48490" box="[330,467,646,671]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564">H. laticauda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in an aquatic environment to cling to the substrate. The structure seems to be faintly visible in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFC9FFFFFDCDFD1484A184CE" box="[599,710,680,705]" class="Chromadorea" family="Panagrolaimidae" genus="Halicephalobus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="termitis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFC9FFFFFDCDFD1484A184CE" box="[599,710,680,705]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564">H. termitis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFC9FFFFFC9AFD1485FD84CE" authorityName="Andrassy" authorityYear="1974" baseAuthorityName="Andrassy" baseAuthorityYear="1952" box="[768,922,680,705]" class="Chromadorea" family="Panagrolaimidae" genus="Halicephalobus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="similigaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFC9FFFFFC9AFD1485FD84CE" box="[768,922,680,705]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564">H. similigaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, probably indicating their role in phoresy. A few species also show various
|
||
<typeStatus id="093E6DD1FFC9FFFFFC99FD77855884EB" box="[771,831,715,740]" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of associations with invertebrates and vertebrates ranging from phoresy to pathogenesis.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFC9FFE0FCF7FD52846586A8" authority="(Stefanski, 1954) Andrassy, 1984" authorityName="Andrassy" authorityYear="1984" baseAuthorityName="Stefanski" baseAuthorityYear="1954" class="Chromadorea" family="Panagrolaimidae" genus="Halicephalobus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="2565" order="Rhabditida" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="gingivalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFC9FFFFFCF7FD5282E38508" box="[877,1156,750,775]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564">Halicephalobus gingivalis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B214AE82FFD6FFE0FF3CFF32872986A8" author="Stefanski W" box="[166,334,142,167]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565" pagination="329 - 336" refId="ref8231" refString="Stefanski W. 1954. Rhabditis gingivalis sp. n., parasite trouve dans un granulome de la gencive chez un cheval. Acta Parasitol Pol. 1: 329 - 336." type="journal article" year="1954">Stefanski, 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B214AE82FFD6FFE0FEC1FF32846586A8" author="Andrassy I" box="[347,514,142,167]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565" refId="ref7431" refString="Andrassy I. 1984. Klasse Nematoda (Ordnungen Monhysterida, Desmoscolecida, Araeolaimida, Chromadorida, Rhabditida). Berlin (Germany): Akademie Verlag; p. 509." type="journal volume" year="1984">Andrássy, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
serves as a pathogen of horses and humans and has been found in the nostrils of horses causing ataxia, granulomatous inflammation and destruction of infected tissues of various organs along with renal dysfunction (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B214AE82FFD6FFE0FC47FF6886B08700" author="Gardiner CH & Koh DS & Cardella TA" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565" pagination="586 - 589" refId="ref7714" refString="Gardiner CH, Koh DS, Cardella TA. 1981. Micronema in man: third fatal infection. Amer J Trop Med Hyg. 30: 586 - 589." type="journal article" year="1981">Gardiner et al. 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B214AE82FFD6FFE0FF7EFF4A87DA8700" author="Blunden AS & Khalil LF & Webbon PM" box="[228,445,246,271]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565" pagination="255 - 260" refId="ref7519" refString="Blunden AS, Khalil LF, Webbon PM. 1987. Halicephalobus deletrix infection in a horse. Equine Vet J. 19: 255 - 260." type="journal article" year="1987">Blunden et al. 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B214AE82FFD6FFE0FE50FF4A84D48700" author="Anderson RC & Linder KE & Peregrine AS" box="[458,691,246,271]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565" pagination="255 - 261" refId="ref7295" refString="Anderson RC, Linder KE, Peregrine AS. 1998. Halicephalobus gingivalis (Stefanski, 1954) from a fatal infection in a horse in Ontario, Canada with comments on the validity of H. deletrix and a review of the genus. Parasite. 5: 255 - 261." type="journal article" year="1998">Anderson et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B214AE82FFD6FFE0FD25FF4A85E28700" author="Nadler SA & Carreno RA & Adams BJ & Kinde H & Baldwin JG & Mundo-Ocampo M" box="[703,901,246,271]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565" pagination="1115 - 1125" refId="ref8020" refString="Nadler SA, Carreno RA, Adams BJ, Kinde H, Baldwin JG, Mundo-Ocampo M. 2003. Molecular phylogenetics and diagnosis of soil and clinical isolates of Halicephalobus gingivalis (Nematoda: Cephalobina: Panagrolaimoidea), an opportunistic pathogen of horses. Internat J Parasitol. 33: 1115 - 1125." type="journal article" year="2003">Nadler et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="82FA83FBFFC9FFFFFF3AF9B4825780BE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6000715" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6000715" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6000715/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" startId="15.[160,225,1544,1567]" targetBox="[164,1151,859,1505]" targetPageId="15">
|
||
<paragraph id="D63AD373FFC9FFFFFF3AF9B4825780BE" blockId="15.[160,1157,1544,1713]" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFC9FFFFFF3AF9B4869A8010" bold="true" box="[160,253,1544,1567]" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564">Figure 8.</emphasis>
|
||
Map showing original locality of species of
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFC9FFFFFD22F9B4852B8010" box="[696,844,1544,1567]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFC9FFFFFD22F9B4852F8010" authorityName="Timm" authorityYear="1956" box="[696,840,1544,1567]" class="Chromadorea" family="Panagrolaimidae" genus="Halicephalobus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">Halicephalobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFC9FFFFFCCEF9B487568033" authority="(Andrassy, 1952) Andrassy, 1974" authorityName="Andrassy" authorityYear="1974" baseAuthorityName="Andrassy" baseAuthorityYear="1952" class="Chromadorea" family="Panagrolaimidae" genus="Halicephalobus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="similigaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFC9FFFFFCCEF9B485BE8010" box="[852,985,1544,1567]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564">H. similigaster</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B214AE82FFC9FFFFFC7DF9B4821B8010" author="Andrassy I" box="[999,1148,1544,1567]" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" pagination="13 - 65" refId="ref7385" refString="Andrassy I. 1952. Freilebende Nematoden aus dem Bukk-Gebirge. Ann Hist Nat Mus Nat Hung. 2: 13 - 65." type="journal article" year="1952">Andrássy, 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B214AE82FFC9FFFFFF3AF99987568033" author="Andrassy I" box="[160,305,1573,1596]" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" pagination="14 - 58" refId="ref7409" refString="Andrassy I. 1974. A nematodak evolucioja es rendszerezese. MTA Biol Oszt Kozlem. 17: 14 - 58." type="journal article" year="1974">Andrássy, 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(black triangles). Other species of the genus (black circles): 1.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFC9FFFFFC17F99987168056" authority="(Mavljanov, 1976) Andrassy, 1984" authorityName="Andrassy" authorityYear="1984" baseAuthorityName="Mavljanov" baseAuthorityYear="1976" class="Secernentea" family="Panagrolaimidae" genus="Micronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="brevicauda">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFC9FFFFFC17F99982698033" box="[909,1038,1573,1596]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564">H. brevicauda</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B214AE82FFC9FFFFFB80F99986A88056" author="Mavljanov OM" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" refId="ref7995" refString="Mavljanov OM. 1976. Paraziticheskie i pochvennye nematody tekhnicheskikh kultur juga Uzbekistana " Fan " Uzbekskoy SSR. Tashkent; p. 84." type="journal volume" year="1976">Mavljanov, 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B214AE82FFC9FFFFFF44F9FE87168056" author="Andrassy I" box="[222,369,1602,1625]" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" refId="ref7431" refString="Andrassy I. 1984. Klasse Nematoda (Ordnungen Monhysterida, Desmoscolecida, Araeolaimida, Chromadorida, Rhabditida). Berlin (Germany): Akademie Verlag; p. 509." type="journal volume" year="1984">Andrássy, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 2.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFC9FFFFFE0DF9FE85298056" authority="(Stefanski, 1954) Andrassy, 1984" authorityName="Andrassy" authorityYear="1984" baseAuthorityName="Stefanski" baseAuthorityYear="1954" box="[407,846,1602,1625]" class="Chromadorea" family="Panagrolaimidae" genus="Halicephalobus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="gingivalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFC9FFFFFE0DF9FE846C8056" box="[407,523,1602,1625]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564">H. gingivalis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B214AE82FFC9FFFFFD82F9FE84CB8056" author="Stefanski W" box="[536,684,1602,1625]" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" pagination="329 - 336" refId="ref8231" refString="Stefanski W. 1954. Rhabditis gingivalis sp. n., parasite trouve dans un granulome de la gencive chez un cheval. Acta Parasitol Pol. 1: 329 - 336." type="journal article" year="1954">Stefánski, 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B214AE82FFC9FFFFFD21F9FE85298056" author="Andrassy I" box="[699,846,1602,1625]" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" refId="ref7431" refString="Andrassy I. 1984. Klasse Nematoda (Ordnungen Monhysterida, Desmoscolecida, Araeolaimida, Chromadorida, Rhabditida). Berlin (Germany): Akademie Verlag; p. 509." type="journal volume" year="1984">Andrássy, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 3.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFC9FFFFFCEFF9FE870C8078" authority="(Pokrovskaja, 1964) Andrassy, 1974" authorityName="Andrassy" authorityYear="1974" baseAuthorityName="Pokrovskaja" baseAuthorityYear="1964" class="Chromadorea" family="Panagrolaimidae" genus="Halicephalobus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="intermedius">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFC9FFFFFCEFF9FE859A8056" box="[885,1021,1602,1625]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564">H. intermedius</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B214AE82FFC9FFFFFB90F9FE86A88078" author="Pokrovskaja TV" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" pagination="73 - 75" refId="ref8076" refString="Pokrovskaja TV. 1964. Micronema intermedia sp. nova Nematoda; anagrolaimidae). Helminthologica. 5: 73 - 75." type="journal article" year="1964">Pokrovskaja, 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B214AE82FFC9FFFFFF41F9DC870C8078" author="Andrassy I" box="[219,363,1632,1655]" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" pagination="14 - 58" refId="ref7409" refString="Andrassy I. 1974. A nematodak evolucioja es rendszerezese. MTA Biol Oszt Kozlem. 17: 14 - 58." type="journal article" year="1974">Andrássy, 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 4.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFC9FFFFFE16F9DC85768078" authority="Geraert, Sudhaus et al., 1988" authorityName="Geraert, Sudhaus" authorityYear="1988" box="[396,785,1632,1655]" class="Chromadorea" family="Panagrolaimidae" genus="Halicephalobus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="laticauda">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFC9FFFFFE16F9DC879B8078" box="[396,508,1632,1655]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564">H. laticauda</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B214AE82FFC9FFFFFD9BF9DC85768078" author="Geraert E & Sudhaus W & Lenaerts L & Bosmans E" box="[513,785,1632,1655]" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" pagination="5 - 12" refId="ref7745" refString="Geraert E, Sudhaus W, Lenaerts L, Bosmans E. 1988. Halicephalobus laticauda sp. n., a nematode found in a Belgian coal mine (Nematoda, Rhabditida). Ann Soc R Zool Belg. 118: 5 - 12." type="journal article" year="1988">Geraert, Sudhaus et al., 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 5.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFC9FFFFFCABF9DC85948078" authority="Timm, 1956" authorityName="Timm" authorityYear="1956" box="[817,1011,1632,1655]" class="Chromadorea" family="Panagrolaimidae" genus="Halicephalobus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="limuli">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFC9FFFFFCABF9DC85198078" box="[817,894,1632,1655]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564">H. limuli</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B214AE82FFC9FFFFFC19F9DC85948078" author="Timm RW" box="[899,1011,1632,1655]" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" pagination="87 - 90" refId="ref8265" refString="Timm RW. 1956. Marine nematodes from the Bay of Bengal. I. Phasmidea. J Bombay Nat Hist Soc. 54: 87 - 90." type="journal article" year="1956">Timm, 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 6.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFC9FFFFFB8EF9DC8716809B" authority="Borgonie et al., 2011" authorityName="Borgonie" authorityYear="2011" class="Chromadorea" family="Panagrolaimidae" genus="Halicephalobus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="mephisto">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFC9FFFFFB8EF9DC82E48078" box="[1044,1155,1632,1655]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564">H. mephisto</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B214AE82FFC9FFFFFF3AF9C18716809B" author="Borgonie G & Litthauer D & Bert W & Bester A & Van Heerden E & Moller C & Erasmus M & Onstott TC" box="[160,369,1661,1684]" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" pagination="79 - 82" refId="ref7547" refString="Borgonie G, Garc ί a-Moyano A, Litthauer D, Bert W, Bester A, Van Heerden E, Moller C, Erasmus M, Onstott TC. 2011. Nematoda from the terrestrial deep subsurface of South Africa. Nature. 474: 79 - 82." type="journal article" year="2011">Borgonie et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 7.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFC9FFFFFE06F9C18595809B" authority="(Lordello and De Oliveira, 1963) Andrassy, 1974" authorityName="Andrassy" authorityYear="1974" baseAuthorityName="Lordello and De Oliveira" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[412,1010,1661,1684]" class="Chromadorea" family="Panagrolaimidae" genus="Phytorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="palmaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFC9FFFFFE06F9C1846D809B" box="[412,522,1661,1684]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564">H. palmaris</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B214AE82FFC9FFFFFD83F9C1852B809B" author="Lordello LGE & De Oliveira AJ" box="[537,844,1661,1684]" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" pagination="19 - 24" refId="ref7967" refString="Lordello LGE, De Oliveira AJ. 1963. Nematodeos associados a uma doenca da palmeira imperial. Rev Brasil Biol. 23: 19 - 24." type="journal article" year="1963">Lordello and De Oliveira, 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B214AE82FFC9FFFFFCC7F9C18595809B" author="Andrassy I" box="[861,1010,1661,1684]" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" pagination="14 - 58" refId="ref7409" refString="Andrassy I. 1974. A nematodak evolucioja es rendszerezese. MTA Biol Oszt Kozlem. 17: 14 - 58." type="journal article" year="1974">Andrássy, 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 8.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFC9FFFFFB86F9C1870D80BE" authority="Shokoohi et al., 2007" authorityName="Shokoohi" authorityYear="2007" class="Chromadorea" family="Panagrolaimidae" genus="Halicephalobus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="persicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFC9FFFFFB86F9C182E4809B" box="[1052,1155,1661,1684]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564">H. persicus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B214AE82FFC9FFFFFF3AF926870D80BE" author="Shokoohi E & Abolafia J & Zad J" box="[160,362,1690,1713]" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" pagination="693 - 711" refId="ref8178" refString="Shokoohi E, Abolafia J, Zad J. 2007. Nematodes of the order Rhabditida from Tehran province, Iran. The family Panagrolaimidae with description of Halicephalobus persicus sp. n. and a key to species of Halicephalobus Timm, 1956. Nematology. 9: 693 - 711." type="journal article" year="2007">Shokoohi et al., 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 9.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFC9FFFFFE14F926852980BE" authority="(Andrassy, 1952) Andrassy, 1974" authorityName="Andrassy" authorityYear="1974" baseAuthorityName="Andrassy" baseAuthorityYear="1952" box="[398,846,1690,1713]" class="Chromadorea" family="Panagrolaimidae" genus="Halicephalobus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="similigaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFC9FFFFFE14F926847680BE" box="[398,529,1690,1713]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564">H. similigaster</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B214AE82FFC9FFFFFD86F92684C880BE" author="Andrassy I" box="[540,687,1690,1713]" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" pagination="13 - 65" refId="ref7385" refString="Andrassy I. 1952. Freilebende Nematoden aus dem Bukk-Gebirge. Ann Hist Nat Mus Nat Hung. 2: 13 - 65." type="journal article" year="1952">Andrássy, 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B214AE82FFC9FFFFFD27F926852980BE" author="Andrassy I" box="[701,846,1690,1713]" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" pagination="14 - 58" refId="ref7409" refString="Andrassy I. 1974. A nematodak evolucioja es rendszerezese. MTA Biol Oszt Kozlem. 17: 14 - 58." type="journal article" year="1974">Andrássy, 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 10.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFC9FFFFFCE7F92685BA80BE" box="[893,989,1690,1713]" class="Chromadorea" family="Panagrolaimidae" genus="Halicephalobus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="termitis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFC9FFFFFCE7F92685BA80BE" box="[893,989,1690,1713]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564">H. termitis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FFC2B21AFFC9FFFFFC79F926825780BE" box="[995,1072,1690,1713]" pageId="15" pageNumber="2564" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="D63AD373FFD6FFE0FF5AFEA587328448" blockId="16.[160,1156,142,826]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">
|
||
In the present study, out of 15 colonies of termites, 10 yielded species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFD6FFE0FF3AFE80872D875A" authorityName="Timm" authorityYear="1956" box="[160,330,316,341]" class="Chromadorea" family="Panagrolaimidae" genus="Halicephalobus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFD6FFE0FF3AFE80872D875A" box="[160,330,316,341]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">Halicephalobus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Infective juveniles largely invaded the head of termites or, in rare instances, the abdominal cavity. Earlier, populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFD6FFE0FC86FEE2858A8778" box="[796,1005,350,375]" class="Chromadorea" family="Panagrolaimidae" genus="Halicephalobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFD6FFE0FC86FEE285A38778" box="[796,964,350,375]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">Halicephalobus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were reportedly isolated (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B214AE82FFD6FFE0FEA7FE3D84758795" author="Kanzaki N & Li HF & Lan YC & Kosaka H & Giblin-Davis RM & Center BJ" box="[317,530,385,410]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565" pagination="155 - 164" refId="ref7825" refString="Kanzaki N, Li HF, Lan YC, Kosaka H, Giblin-Davis RM, Center BJ. 2011. Poikilolaimus carsiops n. sp. (Rhabditida: Rhabditidae) associated with Neotermes koshunensis (Kalotermitidae) in Kenting National Park, Taiwan. Nematology. 13: 155 - 164." type="journal article" year="2011">Kanzaki et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) from the colonies of different species of termites (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFD6FFE0FF3AFE1887C987B2" baseAuthorityName="Shiraki" baseAuthorityYear="1909" box="[160,430,420,445]" class="Insecta" family="Kalotermitidae" genus="Neotermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="koshunensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFD6FFE0FF3AFE1887C987B2" box="[160,430,420,445]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">Neotermes koshunensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFD6FFE0FE6CFE18857087B2" baseAuthorityName="Haviland" baseAuthorityYear="1898" box="[502,791,420,445]" class="Insecta" family="Kalotermitidae" genus="Cryptotermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="domesticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFD6FFE0FE6CFE18857087B2" box="[502,791,420,445]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">Cryptotermes domesticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFD6FFE0FC49FE1882E787B2" box="[979,1152,420,445]" class="Insecta" family="Kalotermitidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Kalotermitidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFD6FFE0FF3AFE7A87A887D0" authorityName="Shiraki" authorityYear="1909" box="[160,463,454,479]" class="Insecta" family="Rhinotermitidae" genus="Coptotermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFD6FFE0FF3AFE7A87A887D0" box="[160,463,454,479]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">Coptotermes formosanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFD6FFE0FD84FE7A84BB87D0" box="[542,732,454,479]" class="Insecta" family="Rhinotermitidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Rhinotermitidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFD6FFE0FD66FE7A825B87D0" baseAuthorityName="Shiraki" baseAuthorityYear="1909" box="[764,1084,454,479]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Odontotermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFD6FFE0FD66FE7A825B87D0" box="[764,1084,454,479]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">Odontotermes formosanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFD6FFE0FF3AFE5587B3840D" baseAuthorityName="Nawa" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[160,468,489,514]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Nasutitermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="takasagoensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFD6FFE0FF3AFE5587B3840D" box="[160,468,489,514]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">Nasutitermes takasagoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFD6FFE0FD98FE5584E7840D" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[514,640,489,514]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Termitidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The association of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFD6FFE0FCE9FE558220840D" box="[883,1095,489,514]" class="Chromadorea" family="Panagrolaimidae" genus="Halicephalobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFD6FFE0FCE9FE55827C840D" box="[883,1051,489,514]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">Halicephalobus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFD6FFE0FF3AFDB0840C842A" authorityName="Rossi" authorityYear="1792" box="[160,619,524,549]" class="Insecta" family="Rhinotermitidae" genus="Rhinotermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucifugus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFD6FFE0FF3AFDB087FF842A" box="[160,408,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">Rhinotermes lucifugus</emphasis>
|
||
(Rhinotermitidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was also reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B214AE82FFD6FFE0FC19FDB087368448" author="Furst Von Lieven A & Sudhaus W" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565" pagination="501 - 523" refId="ref7663" refString="Furst Von Lieven A, Sudhaus W. 2008. Description of Oigolaimella attenuata n. sp. (Diplogastridae) associated with termites (Reticulitermes) and remarks on life cycle, giant spermatozoa, gut-inhabiting flagellates, and other associates. Nematology. 10: 501 - 523." type="journal article" year="2008">Fürst Von Lieven and Sudhaus (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D63AD373FFD6FFE0FF5AFDED856E8518" blockId="16.[160,1156,142,826]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">
|
||
Another conspicuous feature of the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFD6FFE0FD53FDED85088465" authorityName="Timm" authorityYear="1956" box="[713,879,593,618]" class="Chromadorea" family="Panagrolaimidae" genus="Halicephalobus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFD6FFE0FD53FDED85088465" box="[713,879,593,618]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">Halicephalobus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is their parthenogenetic lineages. In sexually reproducing amphimictic species, variations lead to better adaptable generations. However, parthenogenetic or non-sexually reproducing species show lesser chances of divergence. Nevertheless, their diversification into different niches, geographical isolation and the resulting divergent adaptations may be the key to speciation and species diversification (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B214AE82FFD6FFE0FE38FD42849A8518" author="Barraclough TG & Herniou E" box="[418,765,766,791]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565" pagination="275 - 282" refId="ref7492" refString="Barraclough TG, Herniou E. 2003. Why do species exist? Insights from sexuals and asexuals. Zoology. 106: 275 - 282." type="journal article" year="2003">Barraclough and Herniou 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D63AD373FFD6FFE0FF5AFC9D827A8535" blockId="16.[160,1156,142,826]" box="[192,1053,801,826]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">
|
||
The following key can help in the identification of species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFD6FFE0FCEAFC9D82718535" authorityName="Timm" authorityYear="1956" box="[880,1046,801,826]" class="Chromadorea" family="Panagrolaimidae" genus="Halicephalobus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFD6FFE0FCEAFC9D82718535" box="[880,1046,801,826]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">Halicephalobus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9E9F80F8FFD6FFE0FF25FCDA82E483C2" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565" type="key">
|
||
<key id="A2148442FFD6FFE0FF25FCDA82E483C2" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">
|
||
<keyStep id="6D71CBD6FFD6FFE0FF25FCDA82E485AD" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">
|
||
<paragraph id="D63AD373FFD6FFE0FF25FCDA82E48570" blockId="16.[191,1156,870,1485]" box="[191,1155,870,895]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">
|
||
<keyLead id="6D747046FFD6FFE0FF25FCDA82E48570" box="[191,1155,870,895]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">
|
||
1. Tail only 2 anal body diameters..................................................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFD6FFE0FB91FCDA82E48570" authorityName="Andrassy" authorityYear="1984" baseAuthorityName="Mavljanov" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[1035,1155,870,895]" class="Secernentea" family="Panagrolaimidae" genus="Micronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="brevicauda">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFD6FFE0FB91FCDA82E48570" box="[1035,1155,870,895]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">brevicauda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D63AD373FFD6FFE0FF25FC3582E485AD" blockId="16.[191,1156,870,1485]" box="[191,1155,905,930]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">
|
||
<keyLead id="6D747046FFD6FFE0FF25FC3582E485AD" box="[191,1155,905,930]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">– Tail more than 2.5 anal body diameters..................................................................................... 2</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="6D71CBD6FFD6FFE0FF25FC1082E485E8" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">
|
||
<paragraph id="D63AD373FFD6FFE0FF25FC1082E485CA" blockId="16.[191,1156,870,1485]" box="[191,1155,940,965]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">
|
||
<keyLead id="6D747046FFD6FFE0FF25FC1082E485CA" box="[191,1155,940,965]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">2. Tail with caudal gland remnants .................................................................................................. 3</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D63AD373FFD6FFE0FF25FC7282E485E8" blockId="16.[191,1156,870,1485]" box="[191,1155,974,999]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">
|
||
<keyLead id="6D747046FFD6FFE0FF25FC7282E485E8" box="[191,1155,974,999]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">– Tail without caudal gland remnants ........................................................................................... 5</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="6D71CBD6FFD6FFE0FF25FC4D82E48222" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">
|
||
<paragraph id="D63AD373FFD6FFE0FF25FC4D82E38205" blockId="16.[191,1156,870,1485]" box="[191,1156,1009,1034]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">
|
||
<keyLead id="6D747046FFD6FFE0FF25FC4D82E38205" box="[191,1156,1009,1034]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">
|
||
3. Tail with sclerotised string at the terminus .............................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFD6FFE0FB84FC4D82E38205" box="[1054,1156,1009,1034]" class="Chromadorea" family="Panagrolaimidae" genus="Halicephalobus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="laticauda">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFD6FFE0FB84FC4D82E38205" box="[1054,1156,1009,1034]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">laticauda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D63AD373FFD6FFE0FF25FBA882E48222" blockId="16.[191,1156,870,1485]" box="[191,1155,1044,1069]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">
|
||
<keyLead id="6D747046FFD6FFE0FF25FBA882E48222" box="[191,1155,1044,1069]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">– Tail without or with inconspicuous sclerotisation ................................................................. 4</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="6D71CBD6FFD6FFE0FF25FB8A82E4827D" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">
|
||
<paragraph id="D63AD373FFD6FFE0FF25FB8A82E48240" blockId="16.[191,1156,870,1485]" box="[191,1155,1078,1103]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">
|
||
<keyLead id="6D747046FFD6FFE0FF25FB8A82E48240" box="[191,1155,1078,1103]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">
|
||
4. Vulva far posterior (
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFD6FFE0FE2DFB8A87A28240" box="[439,453,1078,1103]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">V</emphasis>
|
||
= 71–75)...........................................................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFD6FFE0FBA8FB8A82E48240" box="[1074,1155,1078,1103]" class="Chromadorea" family="Panagrolaimidae" genus="Halicephalobus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="termitis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFD6FFE0FBA8FB8A82E48240" box="[1074,1155,1078,1103]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">termitis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D63AD373FFD6FFE0FF25FBE582E4827D" blockId="16.[191,1156,870,1485]" box="[191,1155,1113,1138]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">
|
||
<keyLead id="6D747046FFD6FFE0FF25FBE582E4827D" box="[191,1155,1113,1138]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">
|
||
– Vulva equatorial to slightly post equatorial (
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFD6FFE0FD5DFBE584B2827D" box="[711,725,1113,1138]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">V</emphasis>
|
||
= 49–68) ................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFD6FFE0FB92FBE582E4827D" authorityName="Andrassy" authorityYear="1974" baseAuthorityName="Andrassy" baseAuthorityYear="1952" box="[1032,1155,1113,1138]" class="Chromadorea" family="Panagrolaimidae" genus="Halicephalobus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="similigaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFD6FFE0FB92FBE582E4827D" box="[1032,1155,1113,1138]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">similigaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="6D71CBD6FFD6FFE0FF25FBC082E482B8" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">
|
||
<paragraph id="D63AD373FFD6FFE0FF25FBC082E3829A" blockId="16.[191,1156,870,1485]" box="[191,1156,1148,1173]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">
|
||
<keyLead id="6D747046FFD6FFE0FF25FBC082E3829A" box="[191,1156,1148,1173]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">
|
||
5. Stoma with metastegostomal denticle ......................................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFD6FFE0FB87FBC082E3829A" authorityName="Andrassy" authorityYear="1984" baseAuthorityName="Stefanski" baseAuthorityYear="1954" box="[1053,1156,1148,1173]" class="Chromadorea" family="Panagrolaimidae" genus="Halicephalobus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="gingivalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFD6FFE0FB87FBC082E3829A" box="[1053,1156,1148,1173]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">gingivalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D63AD373FFD6FFE0FF25FB2282E482B8" blockId="16.[191,1156,870,1485]" box="[191,1155,1182,1207]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">
|
||
<keyLead id="6D747046FFD6FFE0FF25FB2282E482B8" box="[191,1155,1182,1207]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">– Stoma without discernible denticle ............................................................................................ 6</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="6D71CBD6FFD6FFE0FF25FB7D82E482F2" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">
|
||
<paragraph id="D63AD373FFD6FFE0FF25FB7D82E482D5" blockId="16.[191,1156,870,1485]" box="[191,1155,1217,1242]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">
|
||
<keyLead id="6D747046FFD6FFE0FF25FB7D82E482D5" box="[191,1155,1217,1242]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">
|
||
6. Eggs>50 um long, stoma 8–10 times longer than wide ..........................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFD6FFE0FBDDFB7D82E482D5" ID-CoL="8G9K9" authorityName="Timm" authorityYear="1956" box="[1095,1155,1217,1242]" class="Chromadorea" family="Panagrolaimidae" genus="Halicephalobus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="limuli">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFD6FFE0FBDDFB7D82E482D5" box="[1095,1155,1217,1242]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">limuli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D63AD373FFD6FFE0FF25FB5882E482F2" blockId="16.[191,1156,870,1485]" box="[191,1155,1252,1277]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">
|
||
<keyLead id="6D747046FFD6FFE0FF25FB5882E482F2" box="[191,1155,1252,1277]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">– Eggs up to 45 um long, stoma 4–6 times longer than wide ............................................ 7</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="6D71CBD6FFD6FFE0FF25FABA82E4834D" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">
|
||
<paragraph id="D63AD373FFD6FFE0FF25FABA82E48310" blockId="16.[191,1156,870,1485]" box="[191,1155,1286,1311]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">
|
||
<keyLead id="6D747046FFD6FFE0FF25FABA82E48310" box="[191,1155,1286,1311]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">7. Lip region flattened, stoma relatively wider ............................................................................ 8</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D63AD373FFD6FFE0FF25FA9582E4834D" blockId="16.[191,1156,870,1485]" box="[191,1155,1321,1346]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">
|
||
<keyLead id="6D747046FFD6FFE0FF25FA9582E4834D" box="[191,1155,1321,1346]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">– Lip region rounded to conical, stoma narrower .................................................................... 9</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="6D71CBD6FFD6FFE0FF25FAF082E48388" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">
|
||
<paragraph id="D63AD373FFD6FFE0FF25FAF082E4836A" blockId="16.[191,1156,870,1485]" box="[191,1155,1356,1381]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">
|
||
<keyLead id="6D747046FFD6FFE0FF25FAF082E4836A" box="[191,1155,1356,1381]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">
|
||
8. Ovary without flexure; tail filiform ...............................................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFD6FFE0FB85FAF082E4836A" box="[1055,1155,1356,1381]" class="Chromadorea" family="Panagrolaimidae" genus="Halicephalobus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="mephisto">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFD6FFE0FB85FAF082E4836A" box="[1055,1155,1356,1381]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">mephisto</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D63AD373FFD6FFE0FF25FAD282E48388" blockId="16.[191,1156,870,1485]" box="[191,1155,1390,1415]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">
|
||
<keyLead id="6D747046FFD6FFE0FF25FAD282E48388" box="[191,1155,1390,1415]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">
|
||
– Ovary with flexure, tail long conoid ...............................................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFD6FFE0FBB7FAD282E48388" ID-CoL="8GXTT" box="[1069,1155,1390,1415]" class="Chromadorea" family="Panagrolaimidae" genus="Halicephalobus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="persicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFD6FFE0FBB7FAD282E48388" box="[1069,1155,1390,1415]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">persicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="6D71CBD6FFD6FFE0FF25FA2D82E483C2" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">
|
||
<paragraph id="D63AD373FFD6FFE0FF25FA2D82E483A5" blockId="16.[191,1156,870,1485]" box="[191,1155,1425,1450]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">
|
||
<keyLead id="6D747046FFD6FFE0FF25FA2D82E483A5" box="[191,1155,1425,1450]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">
|
||
9. Lip region narrower than adjoining body, tail almost straight .........................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFD6FFE0FBBFFA2D82E483A5" authorityName="Andrassy" authorityYear="1974" baseAuthorityName="Lordello and De Oliveira" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[1061,1155,1425,1450]" class="Chromadorea" family="Panagrolaimidae" genus="Phytorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="palmaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFD6FFE0FBBFFA2D82E483A5" box="[1061,1155,1425,1450]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">palmaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D63AD373FFD6FFE0FF25FA0882E483C2" blockId="16.[191,1156,870,1485]" box="[191,1155,1460,1485]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">
|
||
<keyLead id="6D747046FFD6FFE0FF25FA0882E483C2" box="[191,1155,1460,1485]" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">
|
||
– Lip region as wide as the adjoining body, tail ventrally curved ................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1185A8F0FFD6FFE0FB9EFA0882E483C2" authorityName="Andrassy" authorityYear="1974" baseAuthorityName="Pokrovskaja" baseAuthorityYear="1964" box="[1028,1155,1460,1485]" class="Chromadorea" family="Panagrolaimidae" genus="Halicephalobus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="intermedius">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F10F61FFD6FFE0FB9EFA0882E483C2" box="[1028,1155,1460,1485]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="2565">intermedius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
</key>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |