271 lines
37 KiB
XML
271 lines
37 KiB
XML
<document id="8FDFB950436BB03F449C457E122969AD" ID-CLB-Dataset="202083" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5211.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bb97b9dd-2acc-4244-8f30-72bef07b9ed9" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7345007" ID-ZooBank="5754769C-B747-4714-BDD9-7D5509D48BEB" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1669101340847" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="López-García, Margarita M. & Deloya, Cuauhtémoc" docDate="2022" docId="A209493BFD70FFB1AFA61C76FAA2B96C" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5211.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5211 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5211.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Ligyrus (Ligyrus) peninsularis López-García & Deloya 2022, new combination" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="49" masterDocId="5E303143FD5FFF81AF311956FFBEBC61" masterDocTitle="Cladistic analysis reveals polyphyly of Tomarus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae): new classification and taxonomic revision" masterLastPageNumber="119" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="48" updateTime="1699396337306" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="75F9F4BE338D69F8A09BBAE80F44D057">Cladistic analysis reveals polyphyly of Tomarus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae): new classification and taxonomic revision</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="39B805510F7DA699CD840A833A7BDC40">López-García, Margarita M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="A1E45E0B655043ACDD29D5EB6E480748" type="email">margaralopezg@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="3EAC17B44AD4625496CF3B2D270F9099">Deloya, Cuauhtémoc</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="A71636CF1AC657FCF7614649C93143D3" type="email">cuauhtemoc.deloya@inecol.mx</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="C57C4968AE016D1ED40F1FA537746B09">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="0592530EA849BB0A9815AB2536F25D03">
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<mods:date id="6D4DB1C3E66A9A9C0BE13409B5B32414">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="B814AB22A7ACF5E0833EC02EBBE7BF65">2022-11-22</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="1F293F2500F1A66F2C39EEB1A09ED210">5211</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="3C2935E054D33B43AB75F3FA4CBFE704">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5211.1.1</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="11D09D40B8027CB2343D5955BDC3153D">journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="A209493BFD70FFB1AFA61C76FAA2B96C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345067" ID-GBIF-Taxon="205794500" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7345067" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD70FFB1AFA61C76FAA2B96C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A209493BFD70FFB1AFA61C76FAA2B96C" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD70FFAEAFA61C76FC2AB95B" box="[151,916,1312,1339]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD70FFAEAFA61C76FC2AB95B" blockId="47.[151,916,1312,1375]" box="[151,916,1312,1339]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<heading id="71574F41FD70FFAEAFA61C76FC2AB95B" bold="true" box="[151,916,1312,1339]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" reason="4">
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<emphasis id="18D4243FFD70FFAEAFA61C76FC2AB95B" bold="true" box="[151,916,1312,1339]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD70FFAEAFA61C76FD08B95B" authority="(Casey, 1915)" authorityName="López-García & Deloya" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Casey" baseAuthorityYear="1915" box="[151,694,1312,1339]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peninsularis" status="comb. nov." subGenus="Ligyrus">
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<emphasis id="18D4243FFD70FFAEAFA61C76FF4AB95B" bold="true" box="[151,244,1312,1338]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Ligyrus</emphasis>
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||
(
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<emphasis id="18D4243FFD70FFAEAE341C76FEDCB95B" bold="true" box="[261,354,1312,1338]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Ligyrus</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="18D4243FFD70FFAEAE421C76FDB7B95A" bold="true" box="[371,521,1312,1339]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">peninsularis</emphasis>
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||
(
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||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD70FFAEAD291C76FD10B95B" author="Casey, T. L." box="[536,686,1312,1338]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="1 - 394" refId="ref88969" refString="Casey, T. L. (1915) A review of the American species of Rutelinae, Dynastinae, and Cetoniinae. Memoirs on the Coleoptera, 6, 1 - 394." type="journal article" year="1915">Casey, 1915</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="03E79944FD70FFAEAD8F1C77FC2AB95B" box="[702,916,1312,1339]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="species">new combination</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD70FFAEAFA61C12FE0EB93E" box="[151,432,1348,1375]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="description">
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<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD70FFAEAFA61C12FE0EB93E" blockId="47.[151,916,1312,1375]" box="[151,432,1348,1375]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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(
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<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD70FFAEAFAE1C12FEACB93E" box="[159,274,1348,1375]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="90.[151,250,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[154,1430,183,1509]" captionTargetId="figure-24@90.[151,1436,181,1512]" captionTargetPageId="90" captionText="FIGURE 15. Parameres in frontal view. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) E. similis, C) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, D) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) cuniculus, E) L. (Anagrylius) moroni, F) L. (Ligyrodes) peruvianus, G) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, H) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, I) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus, J) L. (Ligyrus) bidentulus, K) L. (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, L) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) fossor, M) L. (Ligyrus) gibbosus, N) L. (Ligyrus) nasutus, O) L. (Ligyrus) neglectus, P) L. (Ligyrus) paranaensis, Q) L. (Ligyrus) peninsularis, R) L. (Ligyrus) rubripes, S) L. (Ligyrus) ruginasus, T) L. (Ligyrus) villosus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345063" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345063/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Figs. 15Q</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD70FFAEAE2C1C13FEFAB93E" box="[285,324,1349,1375]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="93.[151,250,1597,1621]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,184,1567]" captionTargetId="figure-17@93.[151,1436,181,1573]" captionTargetPageId="93" captionText="FIGURE 18. Parameres in lateral view.A) L. (Ligyrus.) allonasutus, B) L. (Ligyrus) bidentulus, C) L. (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, D) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) fossor, E) L. (Ligyrus) gibbosus, F) L. (Ligyrus) nasutus, G) L. (Ligyrus) neglectus, H) L. (Ligyrus) paranaensis, I) L. (Ligyrus) peninsularis, J) L. (Ligyrus) rubripes, K) L. (Ligyrus) ruginasus, L) L. (Ligyrus) villosus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345077" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345077/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">18I</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD70FFAEAE611C12FEC1B93F" box="[336,383,1348,1374]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="101.[151,250,1827,1851]" captionTargetBox="[159,1430,189,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-17@101.[151,1436,181,1803]" captionTargetPageId="101" captionText="FIGURE 26. Habitus of the species of Ligyrus. Subgenus Ligyrus: A) Ligyrus fossor, B) L. gibbosus, C) L. nasutus, D) L. neglectus, E) L. paranaensis, F) L. peninsularis, G) L. rubripes, H) L. ruginasus, I) L. villosus. Scale bar: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345101" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345101/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">26F</figureCitation>
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;
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||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD70FFAEAEBA1C13FE16B93E" box="[395,424,1349,1375]" captionStart="FIGURE 39" captionStartId="110.[151,250,945,969]" captionTargetBox="[162,1434,181,912]" captionTargetId="figure-24@110.[153,1434,181,921]" captionTargetPageId="110" captionText="FIGURE 39. Distributional records of Ligyrus (Ligyrus) ruginasus and L. peninsularis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345147" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345147/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">39</figureCitation>
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||
)
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD70FFAEAFA61CD5FDEAB9DB" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD70FFAEAFA61CD5FDEAB9DB" blockId="47.[151,1437,1411,1466]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="0AB0DF03FD70FFAEAFA61CD5FDEAB9DB" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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||
<treatmentCitation id="AB01DE3CFD70FFAEAFA61CD5FD80B9FD" author="Casey, T. L." box="[151,574,1411,1436]" page="209" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" year="1915">
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||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD70FFAEAFA61CD5FD80B9FD" authority="Casey, 1915: 209" authorityName="Casey" authorityPageNumber="209" authorityYear="1915" box="[151,574,1411,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Oxygrylius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peninsularis">
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<emphasis id="18D4243FFD70FFAEAFA61CD5FE37B9FA" box="[151,393,1411,1435]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Oxygrylius peninsularis</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD70FFAEAEBF1CD2FD80B9FD" author="Casey, T. L." box="[398,574,1411,1436]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="1 - 394" refId="ref88969" refString="Casey, T. L. (1915) A review of the American species of Rutelinae, Dynastinae, and Cetoniinae. Memoirs on the Coleoptera, 6, 1 - 394." type="journal article" year="1915">Casey, 1915: 209</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
. Original combination. Male
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<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD70FFAEAC521CD2FC0CB9FD" box="[867,946,1412,1436]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
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(USNM).
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<location id="2F7FAEF6FD70FFAEAB2C1CD2FBFDB9FA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD70FFB1AFA61C76FAA2B96C:2F7FAEF6FD70FFAEAB2C1CD2FBFDB9FA" box="[1053,1091,1412,1435]" country="Mexico" municipality="San Jose del Cabo" name="Not" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" stateProvince="Baja California Sur">Not</location>
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examined. Type locality:
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<collectingMunicipality id="CA7B6257FD70FFAEAA741CD2FE9AB9DB" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">San José del Cabo</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD70FFAEAE1E1CF4FE4BB9DB" box="[303,501,1442,1466]" country="Mexico" name="Baja California Sur" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Baja California Sur</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD70FFAEAECE1CF4FDEEB9DB" box="[511,592,1442,1466]" name="Mexico" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD70FFB1AFA61CB5FC82BCB4" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD70FFB1AFA61CB5FC82BCB4" blockId="47.[151,1437,1507,2038]" lastBlockId="48.[151,1437,150,1293]" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD70FFAEAFA61CB5FE97B99C" bold="true" box="[151,297,1507,1533]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Description.</emphasis>
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Habitus as in
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<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD70FFAEAEF91CB5FD99B99C" box="[456,551,1507,1533]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="101.[151,250,1827,1851]" captionTargetBox="[159,1430,189,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-17@101.[151,1436,181,1803]" captionTargetPageId="101" captionText="FIGURE 26. Habitus of the species of Ligyrus. Subgenus Ligyrus: A) Ligyrus fossor, B) L. gibbosus, C) L. nasutus, D) L. neglectus, E) L. paranaensis, F) L. peninsularis, G) L. rubripes, H) L. ruginasus, I) L. villosus. Scale bar: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345101" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345101/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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Fig.
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<specimenCount id="3CA633A4FD70FFAEAECA1CB5FD99B99C" box="[507,551,1507,1533]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="generic">26F</specimenCount>
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</figureCitation>
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||
. Length
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||
<quantity id="ED5855C8FD70FFAEADB91CB5FC90B99F" box="[648,814,1507,1534]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.635" metricValueMax="1.8199999999999998" metricValueMin="1.45" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="16.35" valueMax="18.2" valueMin="14.5">14.5–18.2 mm</quantity>
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||
; humeral width
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||
<quantity id="ED5855C8FD70FFAEACD31CB5FBD5B99F" box="[994,1131,1507,1534]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.45" metricValueMax="9.7" metricValueMin="7.2" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="8.45" valueMax="9.7" valueMin="7.2">7.2–9.7 mm</quantity>
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. Color dark reddish brown.
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<emphasis id="18D4243FFD70FFAEAFA61F51FF5EBA40" bold="true" box="[151,224,1543,1569]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Head:</emphasis>
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Frons deeply rugopunctate, with large and sparse punctures, nearly smooth on vertex, only with sparse, small punctures. Frontoclypeal region with a straight, complete carina. Ocular canthus acute, with 10 ventral setae. Clypeal surface rugopunctate to transversely rugose, striae denser than those on frons. Clypeus triangular, ending in an acute tooth. Mandible with 2 apical and 1 lateral acute tooth, tooth 1 longer and narrower than tooth 2. Maxilla rectangular; galea with 3 dorsal teeth. Apex of labrum straight. Interocular distance 3.5 times an eye width. Antennal club very long.
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<emphasis id="18D4243FFD70FFAEAE461FEDFE44BAB4" bold="true" box="[375,506,1723,1749]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Pronotum:</emphasis>
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Surface with large, dense punctures. Apex with a prominent tubercle and a deep, rounded fovea.
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<emphasis id="18D4243FFD70FFAEAE751F89FE24BA98" bold="true" box="[324,410,1759,1785]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Elytra:</emphasis>
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First interval punctate, punctures similar to other intervals. Inner surface of apex with small, transverse tubercles forming about 46 parallel lines.
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<emphasis id="18D4243FFD70FFAEADED1E55FCE4BB7C" bold="true" box="[732,858,1795,1821]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Abdomen:</emphasis>
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Apex of tergite IV with a diagonal line of 8–9 transverse parallel short carinae. Pygidial surface with small punctures, denser on base and anterior corners. Surface in lateral view strongly convex (male) to flat (female).
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<emphasis id="18D4243FFD70FFAEADD21E1DFC9ABB04" bold="true" box="[739,804,1867,1893]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Legs:</emphasis>
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Protibia tridentate, basal tooth slightly distant from others. Protibial surface sparsely punctate. Protarsus of male simple, inner claw simple. Metatibia strongly contracted at apex. Apex of metatibia entire, with 19–20 spinules.
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<emphasis id="18D4243FFD70FFAEAC331EC5FC6FBBCC" bold="true" box="[770,977,1939,1965]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Female genitalia:</emphasis>
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Subcoxite subrectangular (2 times wider than long). Coxite subquadrate (as long as wide); surface strongly concave. Subcoxite wider and subequal in length to coxite.
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<emphasis id="18D4243FFD70FFAEAE351E8DFE09BB94" bold="true" box="[260,439,2011,2037]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Male genitalia:</emphasis>
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Spiculum gastrale thin, apex truncate. Parameres with sides nearly parallel; lateral ventral teeth short; apex slightly expanded (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD6FFFB1AD1719C1FD29BCD0" box="[550,663,150,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="90.[151,250,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[154,1430,183,1509]" captionTargetId="figure-24@90.[151,1436,181,1512]" captionTargetPageId="90" captionText="FIGURE 15. Parameres in frontal view. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) E. similis, C) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, D) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) cuniculus, E) L. (Anagrylius) moroni, F) L. (Ligyrodes) peruvianus, G) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, H) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, I) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus, J) L. (Ligyrus) bidentulus, K) L. (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, L) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) fossor, M) L. (Ligyrus) gibbosus, N) L. (Ligyrus) nasutus, O) L. (Ligyrus) neglectus, P) L. (Ligyrus) paranaensis, Q) L. (Ligyrus) peninsularis, R) L. (Ligyrus) rubripes, S) L. (Ligyrus) ruginasus, T) L. (Ligyrus) villosus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345063" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345063/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Figs. 15Q</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD6FFFB1AD9019C1FD74BCD0" box="[673,714,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="93.[151,250,1597,1621]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,184,1567]" captionTargetId="figure-17@93.[151,1436,181,1573]" captionTargetPageId="93" captionText="FIGURE 18. Parameres in lateral view.A) L. (Ligyrus.) allonasutus, B) L. (Ligyrus) bidentulus, C) L. (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, D) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) fossor, E) L. (Ligyrus) gibbosus, F) L. (Ligyrus) nasutus, G) L. (Ligyrus) neglectus, H) L. (Ligyrus) paranaensis, I) L. (Ligyrus) peninsularis, J) L. (Ligyrus) rubripes, K) L. (Ligyrus) ruginasus, L) L. (Ligyrus) villosus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345077" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345077/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">18I</figureCitation>
|
||
). Internal sac with lamellar spiny belt short (2.5 times longer than copulatory lamellae); accessory lamella thickened, elongate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD6FFFB1AFF61988FE88BEE4" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD6FFFB1AFF61988FCEEBDE8" blockId="48.[151,1437,150,1293]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD6FFFB1AFF61988FEFCBC99" bold="true" box="[199,322,222,248]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD6FFFB1AE781989FD8FBC98" authorityName="López-García & Deloya" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Casey" baseAuthorityYear="1915" box="[329,561,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peninsularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD6FFFB1AE781989FD8FBC98" box="[329,561,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Ligyrus peninsularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is recognized by the triangular clypeus, with 1 central tooth (as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD6FFFB1AA1B1989FF05BD7D" authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1856" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruginasus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD6FFFB1AA1B1989FF05BD7D" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">L. ruginasus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD6FFFB1AFFB1855FE9EBD7C" box="[202,288,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="81.[151,250,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1511]" captionTargetId="figure-17@81.[151,1436,181,1511]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 1. Head. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Ligyrodes) peruvianus, D) L. (Anagrylius) moroni, E) L. (Ligyrus) ruginasus, F) L. (Ligyrus) nasutus, G) L. (Ligyrus) bidentulus, H) Tomarus adoceteus, I) T. maimon, J) T. pullus, K) T. pumilus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345011/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Fig. 1E</figureCitation>
|
||
); frontal carina straight, not interrupted; pronotum with prominent tubercle and deep, rounded fovea; pronotal punctation deep and large (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD6FFFB1AD081871FD1EBD20" box="[569,672,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="101.[151,250,1827,1851]" captionTargetBox="[159,1430,189,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-17@101.[151,1436,181,1803]" captionTargetPageId="101" captionText="FIGURE 26. Habitus of the species of Ligyrus. Subgenus Ligyrus: A) Ligyrus fossor, B) L. gibbosus, C) L. nasutus, D) L. neglectus, E) L. paranaensis, F) L. peninsularis, G) L. rubripes, H) L. ruginasus, I) L. villosus. Scale bar: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345101" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345101/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Fig. 26F</figureCitation>
|
||
); metatibia elongate with apex strongly narrowed; parameres with sides nearly parallel, lateral ventral teeth short, apex slightly expanded (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD6FFFB1AC86181DFB97BD04" box="[951,1065,330,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="90.[151,250,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[154,1430,183,1509]" captionTargetId="figure-24@90.[151,1436,181,1512]" captionTargetPageId="90" captionText="FIGURE 15. Parameres in frontal view. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) E. similis, C) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, D) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) cuniculus, E) L. (Anagrylius) moroni, F) L. (Ligyrodes) peruvianus, G) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, H) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, I) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus, J) L. (Ligyrus) bidentulus, K) L. (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, L) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) fossor, M) L. (Ligyrus) gibbosus, N) L. (Ligyrus) nasutus, O) L. (Ligyrus) neglectus, P) L. (Ligyrus) paranaensis, Q) L. (Ligyrus) peninsularis, R) L. (Ligyrus) rubripes, S) L. (Ligyrus) ruginasus, T) L. (Ligyrus) villosus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345063" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345063/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Figs. 15Q</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD6FFFB1AB05181DFBE2BD04" box="[1076,1116,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="93.[151,250,1597,1621]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,184,1567]" captionTargetId="figure-17@93.[151,1436,181,1573]" captionTargetPageId="93" captionText="FIGURE 18. Parameres in lateral view.A) L. (Ligyrus.) allonasutus, B) L. (Ligyrus) bidentulus, C) L. (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, D) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) fossor, E) L. (Ligyrus) gibbosus, F) L. (Ligyrus) nasutus, G) L. (Ligyrus) neglectus, H) L. (Ligyrus) paranaensis, I) L. (Ligyrus) peninsularis, J) L. (Ligyrus) rubripes, K) L. (Ligyrus) ruginasus, L) L. (Ligyrus) villosus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345077" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345077/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">18I</figureCitation>
|
||
); internal sac with accessory lamella thick and elongate; coxite of female strongly concave.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD6FFFB1AFF618C4FE88BEE4" blockId="48.[151,1437,150,1293]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD6FFFB1AFF618C4FE02BDCC" bold="true" box="[199,444,402,429]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Taxonomic remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
This species was combined in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD6FFFB1AC4F18C5FC58BDCC" authorityName="Hope" authorityYear="1837" box="[894,998,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Bothynus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD6FFFB1AC4F18C5FC58BDCC" box="[894,998,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Bothynus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD6FFFB1AB3F18C5FB18BDCC" author="Hardy, A." box="[1038,1190,403,429]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="122 - 127" refId="ref90534" refString="Hardy, A. (1964) Studies on Oxygrylius Casey (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae). The Coleopterists Bulletin, 18, 122 - 127." type="journal article" year="1964">Hardy (1964)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who considered
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD6FFFB1AA5718C5FF5BBDB0" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1915" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Oxygrylius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD6FFFB1AA5718C5FF5BBDB0" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Oxygrylius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD6FFFB1AE9D18E1FDAABDB0" authorityName="Hope" authorityYear="1837" box="[428,532,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Bothynus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD6FFFB1AE9D18E1FDAABDB0" box="[428,532,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Bothynus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(name erroneously used at that time for the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD6FFFB1AB6118E1FB18BDB1" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1915" box="[1104,1190,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD6FFFB1AB6118E1FB18BDB1" box="[1104,1190,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Ligyrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD6FFFB1AA6718E1FF5ABD94" author="Hardy, A." pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="122 - 127" refId="ref90534" refString="Hardy, A. (1964) Studies on Oxygrylius Casey (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae). The Coleopterists Bulletin, 18, 122 - 127." type="journal article" year="1964">Hardy (1964)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the difference in the shape of the clypeus was not enough to differentiate the two known species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD6FFFB1AA57188DFF5BBE78" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1915" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Oxygrylius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD6FFFB1AA57188DFF5BBE78" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Oxygrylius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD6FFFB1AEB318A9FE66BE79" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1915" box="[386,472,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD6FFFB1AEB318A9FE66BE79" box="[386,472,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Ligyrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because he had found a specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD6FFFB1AC4518A9FC4BBE78" baseAuthorityName="De Geer" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[884,1013,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibbosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD6FFFB1AC4518A9FC4BBE78" box="[884,1013,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">L. gibbosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with triangular apex as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD6FFFB1AA2B18A9FA2BBE78" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1915" box="[1306,1429,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Oxygrylius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD6FFFB1AA2B18A9FA2BBE78" box="[1306,1429,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Oxygrylius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and so this shape could be caused by a mutation in a single character. The taxonomic change was not followed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD6FFFB1AFA61B11FE8FBE00" author="Endrodi, S." box="[151,305,583,609]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 145" refId="ref89768" refString="Endrodi, S. (1969) Monographie der Dynastinae. 4. Tribus: Pentodontini (Coleoptera, Lamellicornia). Entomologische Abhandlungen, 37, 1 - 145." type="journal article" year="1969">Endrödi 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
or later authors, but the results of the present phylogenetic analysis support the hypothesis raised by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD6FFFB1AFA61B3DFE8CBEE4" author="Hardy, A." box="[151,306,619,645]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="122 - 127" refId="ref90534" refString="Hardy, A. (1964) Studies on Oxygrylius Casey (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae). The Coleopterists Bulletin, 18, 122 - 127." type="journal article" year="1964">Hardy (1964)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD6FFFB1AFF61BD8FAA2B96C" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD6FFFB1AFF61BD8FE18BEAC" blockId="48.[151,1437,150,1293]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD6FFFB1AFF61BD8FEDFBEC9" bold="true" box="[199,353,654,680]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD6FFFB1AE5B1BD9FDBCBEC8" box="[362,514,655,681]" name="United States of America" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD6FFFB1AD0D1BD9FD2ABEC8" box="[572,660,655,681]" name="Mexico" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
, southern California and peninsula of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD6FFFB1AB7C1BD9FB45BEC8" box="[1101,1275,655,681]" country="Mexico" name="Baja California" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Baja California</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD6FFFB1AA3A1BD9FA29BEC8" author="Hardy, A." box="[1291,1431,655,681]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="122 - 127" refId="ref90534" refString="Hardy, A. (1964) Studies on Oxygrylius Casey (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae). The Coleopterists Bulletin, 18, 122 - 127." type="journal article" year="1964">Hardy 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD6FFFB1AFA61BE5FE24BEAC" author="Ratcliffe, B. C. & Cave, R. D." box="[151,410,691,717]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 298" refId="ref92923" refString="Ratcliffe, B. C. & Cave, R. D. (2017) The dynastine scarab beetles of the United States and Canada (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum, 30, 1 - 298." type="journal article" year="2017">Ratcliffe & Cave 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD6FFFB1AFF61B80FC72B8A4" blockId="48.[151,1437,150,1293]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD6FFFB1AFF61B80FE42BE91" bold="true" box="[199,508,726,753]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Locality records (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD6FFFB1AEA81B80FE51BE91" box="[409,495,726,752]" captionStart="FIGURE 39" captionStartId="110.[151,250,945,969]" captionTargetBox="[162,1434,181,912]" captionTargetId="figure-24@110.[153,1434,181,921]" captionTargetPageId="110" captionText="FIGURE 39. Distributional records of Ligyrus (Ligyrus) ruginasus and L. peninsularis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345147" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345147/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Fig. 39</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Specimens examined from CERPE and IEXA. Mexican localities listed from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD6FFFB1AA5D1B81FEDBBF74" author="Ratcliffe, B. C. & Cave, R. D. & Cano, E. B." pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 666" refId="ref93157" refString="Ratcliffe, B. C., Cave, R. D. & Cano, E. B. (2013) The dynastine scarab beetles of Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae). Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum, 27, 1 - 666." type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Ratcliffe
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD6FFFB1AFEB1BADFEADBF74" box="[218,275,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2013)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and United States of America counties from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD6FFFB1AC551BADFBC4BF74" author="Ratcliffe, B. C. & Cave, R. D." box="[868,1146,763,789]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 298" refId="ref92923" refString="Ratcliffe, B. C. & Cave, R. D. (2017) The dynastine scarab beetles of the United States and Canada (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum, 30, 1 - 298." type="journal article" year="2017">Ratcliffe & Cave (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD6FFFB1ABB71BACFEDDBF59" bold="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD6FFFB1ABB71BACFB42BF75" box="[1158,1276,762,788]" name="Mexico" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">MEXICO</collectingCountry>
|
||
(1,910).
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD6FFFB1AA551BACFEACBF59" country="Mexico" name="Baja California" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Baja California</collectingRegion>
|
||
(150):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Alfonsina; Bahía de San Rafael; Caño Tajo; Cataviña; Cerro del Palmarito; Ejido Bonfil; El Rosario; Isla Ángel de la Guarda; La Huerta; Las Ánimas; Laguna Chapala; Punta Prieta; Punta San Francisquito; Mexicali; San Borja; San Felipe; San Pedro; Valle de la Trinidad.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD6FFFB1AC4B1A30FB76BFE1" bold="true" box="[890,1224,870,896]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD6FFFB1AC4B1A30FBD8BFE1" box="[890,1126,870,896]" country="Mexico" name="Baja California Sur" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Baja California Sur</collectingRegion>
|
||
(1,760):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Arroyo Comondú; Boca de la Sierra; Cabo San Lucas; Caduaño; Canipole; Ciudad Constitución; Colonia Fernando de la Toba; El Cien; El Coro; El Pescador; El Triunfo; Isla Cerralvo; Isla del Carmen; Isla Espírito Santo; Isla San José; Isla Santa Catalina; La Burrera; La Paz; La Purísima; Las Barrancas; Las Cruces; Las Cuevas; Las Tinajitas; Las Vírgenes; Loma Escondida; Loreto; Los Barriles; Los Naranjos; Miraflores; Misión de Nuestra Señora de La Paz Airapí; Palo Blanco; Playa El Coyote; Playa los Cerritos; Puerto Escondido; Rosarito; San Antonio; San Bartolo; San Hilario; San Ignacio; San Isidro; San José de Camondú; San José del Cabo; San Julio; San Lucas; San Pedro; Santa Águeda; Santa Catarina; Santa Rita; Santa Rosalía; Santa Victoria; Santiago; Sierra de La Laguna; Todos Los Santos; Valle Perdido; Villa Insurgentes.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD6FFFB1AEF61DD1FBCDB8C1" bold="true" box="[455,1139,1158,1185]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD6FFFB1AEF61DD1FCE4B8C1" box="[455,858,1158,1185]" name="United States of America" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</collectingCountry>
|
||
(303).
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD6FFFB1AC9A1DD0FB98B8C1" box="[939,1062,1158,1184]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
(279):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Imperial; Inyo; Los Angeles; Riverside; San Bernardino; San Diego.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD6FFFB1ADB11DFDFCA4B8A5" bold="true" box="[640,794,1194,1221]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD6FFFB1ADB11DFDFD64B8A4" box="[640,730,1195,1221]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Nevada</collectingRegion>
|
||
(27):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Clark; Lincoln.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD6FFFB1AFF61D99FAA2B96C" blockId="48.[151,1437,150,1293]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD6FFFB1AFF61D99FE3BB889" bold="true" box="[199,389,1230,1257]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Natural history.</emphasis>
|
||
The adults are active and frequently collected at lights from late June to late December, most abundantly in August and September, and overwintering is apparently passed as an adult (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD6FFFB1ABB51DA5FAB1B96C" author="Hardy, A." box="[1156,1295,1267,1293]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="122 - 127" refId="ref90534" refString="Hardy, A. (1964) Studies on Oxygrylius Casey (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae). The Coleopterists Bulletin, 18, 122 - 127." type="journal article" year="1964">Hardy 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |