563 lines
81 KiB
XML
563 lines
81 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="ADA0A054041B475999B143CC52027DEB">Cladistic analysis reveals polyphyly of Tomarus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae): new classification and taxonomic revision</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="EDFFD6CE4A18CEBBEA55BC9449D29AC8">López-García, Margarita M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E1A0E3AE17D09B113CAAEA0087C21227">Deloya, Cuauhtémoc</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="D93427A485EF6D1554F9BAA9EC2D0FE2">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="4EE8960657E5F63600C0BE9CCDF6A56D">2022</mods:date>
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<treatment id="A209493BFD4AFF96AFA61FF4FA22B807" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399790" ID-GBIF-Taxon="205794507" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7399790" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD4AFF96AFA61FF4FA22B807" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A209493BFD4AFF96AFA61FF4FA22B807" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD4AFF94AFA61FF4FD66BADC" blockId="21.[151,728,1698,1725]" box="[151,728,1698,1725]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<emphasis id="18D4243FFD4AFF94AFA61FF4FD66BADC" bold="true" box="[151,728,1698,1725]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD4AFF94AFDF1FF5FD99BADD" authority="Burmeister, 1847" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1847" box="[238,551,1698,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="18D4243FFD4AFF94AFDF1FF5FEF5BADC" bold="true" box="[238,331,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ligyrus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD4AFF94AE621FF4FD99BADD" author="Burmeister, H." box="[339,551,1698,1724]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref88626" refString="Burmeister, H. (1847) Handbuch der Entomologie. Coleoptera Lamellicornia, Xylophila et Pectinicornia. Band 5. Enslin, Berlin, viii + 584 pp." type="book" year="1847">Burmeister, 1847</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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revised status
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD4AFF94AFA61FBEFE60BA9E" blockId="21.[151,1437,1767,1914]" box="[151,478,1767,1791]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<treatmentCitation id="AB01DE3CFD4AFF94AFA61FBEFE67BA9E" author="Burmeister, H." box="[151,473,1767,1791]" page="542" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" year="1847">
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<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD4AFF94AFA61FBEFE67BA9E" authority="Burmeister, 1847: 542" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityPageNumber="542" authorityYear="1847" box="[151,473,1767,1791]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="18D4243FFD4AFF94AFA61FBEFF5ABA9E" box="[151,228,1768,1791]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ligyrus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD4AFF94AFDF1FB1FE67BA9E" author="Burmeister, H." box="[238,473,1767,1791]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref88626" refString="Burmeister, H. (1847) Handbuch der Entomologie. Coleoptera Lamellicornia, Xylophila et Pectinicornia. Band 5. Enslin, Berlin, viii + 584 pp." type="book" year="1847">Burmeister, 1847: 542</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD4AFF94AED71FBEFF43BB7F" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD4AFF94AED71FBEFF43BB7F" blockId="21.[151,1437,1767,1914]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD4AFF94AED71FBEFDA6BB61" box="[486,536,1768,1792]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Type</typeStatus>
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species:
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<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD4AFF94AD4A1FB1FC51BA9E" authority="DeGeer, 1774" authorityName="De Geer" authorityYear="1774" box="[635,1007,1767,1791]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibbosus">
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<emphasis id="18D4243FFD4AFF94AD4A1FB1FCEBBA9E" box="[635,853,1767,1791]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Scarabaeus gibbosus</emphasis>
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DeGeer, 1774
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</taxonomicName>
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by subsequent designation (
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<treatmentCitation id="AB01DE3CFD4AFF94AA2B1FB1FF4EBB7F" author="Casey, T. L." page="178" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" year="1915">
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<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD4AFF94AA2B1FB1FF4EBB7F" author="Casey, T. L." pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 394" refId="ref88969" refString="Casey, T. L. (1915) A review of the American species of Rutelinae, Dynastinae, and Cetoniinae. Memoirs on the Coleoptera, 6, 1 - 394." type="journal article" year="1915">Casey 1915: 178</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD4AFF94AFA61E72FE06BB5C" box="[151,440,1828,1853]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD4AFF94AFA61E72FE06BB5C" blockId="21.[151,1437,1767,1914]" box="[151,440,1828,1853]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="0AB0DF03FD4AFF94AFA61E72FE06BB5C" box="[151,440,1828,1853]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<treatmentCitation id="AB01DE3CFD4AFF94AFA61E72FE0ABB5C" author="Casey, T. L." box="[151,436,1828,1853]" page="179" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" year="1915">
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||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD4AFF94AFA61E72FE0ABB5C" authority="Casey, 1915: 179" authorityName="Casey" authorityPageNumber="179" authorityYear="1915" box="[151,436,1828,1853]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD4AFF94AFA61E72FF45BB5D" box="[151,251,1828,1852]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ligyrodes</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD4AFF94AE331E73FE0ABB5C" author="Casey, T. L." box="[258,436,1828,1853]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 394" refId="ref88969" refString="Casey, T. L. (1915) A review of the American species of Rutelinae, Dynastinae, and Cetoniinae. Memoirs on the Coleoptera, 6, 1 - 394." type="journal article" year="1915">Casey, 1915: 179</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD4AFF94AE8C1E73FB17BB5D" box="[445,1193,1828,1853]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD4AFF94AE8C1E73FB17BB5D" blockId="21.[151,1437,1767,1914]" box="[445,1193,1828,1853]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD4AFF94AE8C1E73FE51BB5C" box="[445,495,1829,1853]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Type</typeStatus>
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||
species:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="AB01DE3CFD4AFF94AD7D1E72FC0FBB5C" author="Say, T." box="[588,945,1828,1853]" page="194" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" year="1825">
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||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD4AFF94AD7D1E72FC0FBB5C" ID-CoL="4V2FF" authority="Say, 1825: 194" authorityName="Say" authorityPageNumber="194" authorityYear="1825" box="[588,945,1828,1853]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="relictus">
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||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD4AFF94AD7D1E72FCAABB5D" box="[588,788,1828,1852]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Scarabaeus relictus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD4AFF94AC2B1E73FC0FBB5C" author="Say, T." box="[794,945,1828,1853]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="160 - 204" refId="ref93328" refString="Say, T. (1825) Descriptions of new species of coleopterous insects inhabiting the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 5, 160 - 204." type="journal article" year="1825">Say, 1825: 194</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
by original designation.
|
||
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD4AFF94AFA61E15FDF4BB3A" box="[151,586,1859,1883]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD4AFF94AFA61E15FDF4BB3A" blockId="21.[151,1437,1767,1914]" box="[151,586,1859,1883]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="0AB0DF03FD4AFF94AFA61E15FDF4BB3A" box="[151,586,1859,1883]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<treatmentCitation id="AB01DE3CFD4AFF94AFA61E15FE0CBB3A" author="Casey, T. L." box="[151,434,1859,1883]" page="206" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" year="1915">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD4AFF94AFA61E15FE0CBB3A" authority="Casey, 1915: 206" authorityName="Casey" authorityPageNumber="206" authorityYear="1915" box="[151,434,1859,1883]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrellus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="18D4243FFD4AFF94AFA61E15FF43BB3A" box="[151,253,1859,1883]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ligyrellus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD4AFF94AE321E15FE0CBB3A" author="Casey, T. L." box="[259,434,1859,1883]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 394" refId="ref88969" refString="Casey, T. L. (1915) A review of the American species of Rutelinae, Dynastinae, and Cetoniinae. Memoirs on the Coleoptera, 6, 1 - 394." type="journal article" year="1915">Casey, 1915: 206</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
|
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</treatmentCitation>
|
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(as subgenus).
|
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD4AFF94AD7E1E12FA8EBB3A" box="[591,1328,1859,1884]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD4AFF94AD7E1E12FA8EBB3A" blockId="21.[151,1437,1767,1914]" box="[591,1328,1859,1884]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD4AFF94AD7E1E12FD3FBB3D" box="[591,641,1860,1884]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Type</typeStatus>
|
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species:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="AB01DE3CFD4AFF94ADEE1E15FBC5BB3A" author="Burmeister, H." box="[735,1147,1859,1883]" page="120" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" year="1847">
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<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD4AFF94ADEE1E15FBC5BB3A" authority="Burmeister, 1847: 120" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityPageNumber="120" authorityYear="1847" box="[735,1147,1859,1883]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Podalgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="villosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD4AFF94ADEE1E15FC2CBB3A" box="[735,914,1859,1883]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Podalgus villosus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD4AFF94ACA91E15FBC5BB3A" author="Burmeister, H." box="[920,1147,1859,1883]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref88626" refString="Burmeister, H. (1847) Handbuch der Entomologie. Coleoptera Lamellicornia, Xylophila et Pectinicornia. Band 5. Enslin, Berlin, viii + 584 pp." type="book" year="1847">Burmeister, 1847: 120</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD4AFF94ABB01E15FA94BB3A" bold="true" box="[1153,1322,1859,1883]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">here designated</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD4AFF94AFA61E34FDE5BB18" box="[151,603,1890,1914]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD4AFF94AFA61E34FDE5BB18" blockId="21.[151,1437,1767,1914]" box="[151,603,1890,1914]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="0AB0DF03FD4AFF94AFA61E34FDE5BB18" box="[151,603,1890,1914]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<treatmentCitation id="AB01DE3CFD4AFF94AFA61E34FE02BB1B" author="Casey, T. L." box="[151,444,1890,1914]" page="208" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" year="1915">
|
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<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD4AFF94AFA61E34FE02BB1B" authority="Casey, 1915: 208" authorityName="Casey" authorityPageNumber="208" authorityYear="1915" box="[151,444,1890,1914]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Oxygrylius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
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<emphasis id="18D4243FFD4AFF94AFA61E34FEB8BB1B" box="[151,262,1890,1914]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Oxygrylius</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD4AFF94AE3C1E34FE02BB1B" author="Casey, T. L." box="[269,444,1890,1914]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 394" refId="ref88969" refString="Casey, T. L. (1915) A review of the American species of Rutelinae, Dynastinae, and Cetoniinae. Memoirs on the Coleoptera, 6, 1 - 394." type="journal article" year="1915">Casey, 1915: 208</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD4AFF94AEF31E34FDEBBB1B" bold="true" box="[450,597,1890,1914]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">new synonym</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD4AFF94AD501E34FADDBB1B" box="[609,1379,1890,1914]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD4AFF94AD501E34FADDBB1B" blockId="21.[151,1437,1767,1914]" box="[609,1379,1890,1914]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD4AFF94AD501E34FD2DBB1B" box="[609,659,1890,1914]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
species:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="AB01DE3CFD4AFF94ADC11E34FBD5BB1B" author="LeConte, J. L." box="[752,1131,1890,1914]" page="20" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" year="1856">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD4AFF94ADC11E34FBD5BB1B" authority="LeConte, 1856: 20" authorityName="LeConte" authorityPageNumber="20" authorityYear="1856" box="[752,1131,1890,1914]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruginasus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD4AFF94ADC11E34FC16BB18" box="[752,936,1890,1913]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ligyrus ruginasus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD4AFF94AC9F1E34FBD5BB1B" author="LeConte, J. L." box="[942,1131,1890,1914]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="19 - 25" refId="ref91224" refString="LeConte, J. L. (1856) Notice of three genera of Scarabaeidae found in the United States. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 8, 19 - 25." type="journal article" year="1856">LeConte, 1856: 20</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
by original designation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD4AFF97AFA61EFEFB87B870" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD4AFF97AFA61EFEFB87B870" blockId="21.[151,1436,1960,2023]" lastBlockId="22.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD4AFF94AFA61EFEFE01BBA3" bold="true" box="[151,447,1960,1986]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
Description. (
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD4AFF94AE0D1EFEFEF2BBA3" bold="true" box="[316,332,1960,1986]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 5,691).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Length
|
||
<quantity id="ED5855C8FD4AFF94AD121EFEFD75BBA2" box="[547,715,1960,1987]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.655" metricValueMax="2.18" metricValueMin="1.13" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="16.55" valueMax="21.8" valueMin="11.3">11.3–21.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Humeral width
|
||
<quantity id="ED5855C8FD4AFF94ACBF1EFEFB96BBA2" box="[910,1064,1960,1987]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.7" metricValueMax="11.5" metricValueMin="5.9" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="8.7" valueMax="11.5" valueMin="5.9">5.9–11.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD4AFF94AB071EFEFBC1BBA3" bold="true" box="[1078,1151,1960,1986]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Head:</emphasis>
|
||
Clypeus triangular, subtriangular, or trapezoidal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD4AFF94AEF31E9AFD81BB87" box="[450,575,1996,2022]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="81.[151,250,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1511]" captionTargetId="figure-17@81.[151,1436,181,1511]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 1. Head. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Ligyrodes) peruvianus, D) L. (Anagrylius) moroni, E) L. (Ligyrus) ruginasus, F) L. (Ligyrus) nasutus, G) L. (Ligyrus) bidentulus, H) Tomarus adoceteus, I) T. maimon, J) T. pullus, K) T. pumilus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345011/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 1C–G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Apex of clypeus with 1 or 2 triangular to transverse teeth, not or slightly separated. Ocular canthus rounded to acute, with or without ventral setae, without dorsal setae. Frons with tumescences or high carina, entire or interrupted at middle. Mentum triangular to subrectangular (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD49FF97AB8819EDFA8BBCB4" box="[1209,1333,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1584,1608]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1548]" captionTargetId="figure-24@82.[151,1436,181,1560]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 2. Labium. A) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, B) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) allonasutus, C) L. (Ligyrus) gibbosus, D) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, E) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, F) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, G) Euligyrus ebenus, H) E. similis, I) Tomarus gyas, J) Tomarus selanderi, K) Tomarus subtropicus. Abbreviations: LL: Ligular lobes, LP: Labial palpus, M: Mentum, S: Suture." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345015" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345015/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 2A–E</figureCitation>
|
||
); surface flat to strongly convex. Mentum and ligula separate or fused dorsally. Ligula reduced or well developed, covered with short, sparse or long, dense setae; ligular lobes fused or not. Maxillary apical palpomere 2.0–2.5 times longer than the second. Maxilla with galea rectangular (3.0–3.5 times longer than wide); with 3–6 well-developed teeth, sometimes with 1 to 2 rudimentary teeth. Mandible with 2 apical teeth and a lateral widely rounded lobe; tooth 1 with apex acute, longer and narrower than tooth 2. Labrum subquadrate (as long as wide) to rectangular; apex rounded to slightly bilobed; with long, dense setae. Antenna with 10 antennomeres, club long to very long (1.5–2.0 times longer than antennomeres 2–7).
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD49FF97AD7818E1FD75BDB0" bold="true" box="[585,715,439,465]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Pronotum:</emphasis>
|
||
Apical marginal bead complete. Apex with or without tubercle; without fovea or with deep, wide fovea.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD49FF97AD41188DFD78BD94" bold="true" box="[624,710,475,501]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Elytra:</emphasis>
|
||
Inner surface of apex with transverse, small tubercles forming 50–166 parallel lines.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD49FF97AEA018A8FE58BE79" bold="true" box="[401,486,510,536]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Wings:</emphasis>
|
||
RA with dense, large peg-like setae on medial ventral region; with peg-like setae on dorsal surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD49FF97AE721B75FE02BE5C" box="[323,444,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="85.[151,250,1391,1415]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,184,1368]" captionTargetId="figure-17@85.[151,1436,181,1368]" captionTargetPageId="85" captionText="FIGURE 7. Left hindwing in ventral view. A, C) Euligyrus similis, B, D) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) cuniculus, E) L. (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, F) Tomarus gyas, G) T. maternus, H) T. rostratus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345031" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345031/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 7B–E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Edge of RA
|
||
<subScript id="B624FA68FD49FF97AD671B63FDE0BE22" attach="left" box="[598,606,565,579]" fontSize="6" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">3</subScript>
|
||
with dense to sparse setae.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD49FF97ACA71B74FBAABE5D" bold="true" box="[918,1044,546,572]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Abdomen:</emphasis>
|
||
Apex of tergite IV with a diagonal line of 9–14 short to large, transverse, parallel carinae. Sternite VIII emarginate in male; entire in female. Pygidium without rugosity. Propygidium without stridulatory area.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD49FF97AC181B3DFC3CBEE4" bold="true" box="[809,898,619,645]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Venter:</emphasis>
|
||
Prosternum narrow, acute to slightly rounded. Propleura with long, dense setae on all the surface, sparser on medial area. Apex of prosternal process spherical to flat; with or without dorsal long setae. Metepisternum with incomplete, very thin carina; inner surface with deep, large punctures, with long setae; outer surface homogeneously rugose, with long, dense setae. Metasternum with small, deep, confluent punctures; with long, dense setae.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD49FF97AC3A1BADFCF2BF74" bold="true" box="[779,844,763,789]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Legs:</emphasis>
|
||
Male protarsus simple or enlarged; inner claw simple or enlarged (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD49FF97AE141A49FE15BF58" box="[293,427,799,825]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="87.[151,250,1805,1829]" captionTargetBox="[156,1428,1204,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-84@87.[151,1436,1195,1781]" captionTargetPageId="87" captionText="FIGURE 10. Protarsus and inner claw. A–B) Euligyrus similis, C–E) Ligyrus (Ligyrodes) sallaei." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345047" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345047/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 10C–E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Protibia tridentate, sometimes with denticles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD49FF97ACF11A49FB9DBF58" box="[960,1059,799,825]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="88.[151,250,931,955]" captionTargetBox="[234,1354,186,899]" captionTargetId="figure-24@88.[231,1357,181,907]" captionTargetPageId="88" captionText="FIGURE 11. Protibia in frontal view.A) Euligyrus similis, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, D) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, E) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, F) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus, G) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, H) Tomarus bituberculatus, I) T. colombianus, J) T. pullus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345051" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345051/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 11E</figureCitation>
|
||
); basal tooth slightly distant from others. Metafemur with well-defined anterior row of punctures. Apical margin of mesotibia and metatibia entire to crenulate.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD49FF97AE1A1A31FE44BFE1" bold="true" box="[299,506,870,897]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Female genitalia:</emphasis>
|
||
Subcoxite 1.5–2.0 times wider than long. Coxite subquadrate (as long as wide) to subrectangular (wider than long); surface flat to strongly concave. Subcoxite wider and subequal to longer than coxite.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD49FF97AFD91AF9FE25BFA9" bold="true" box="[232,411,942,969]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Male genitalia:</emphasis>
|
||
Phallobase 1.2–1.3 times longer than parameres. Parameres without dorsal teeth (rarely with a dorsal long teeth), with ventral tooth. Internal sac with copulatory lamella and short to long lamellar spiny belt; accessory lamella simple (entire structure with shapes variable among the species).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD49FF97AFF61D4CFE06B918" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD49FF97AFF61D4CFE06B918" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD49FF97AFF61D4CFEFCB855" bold="true" box="[199,322,1050,1076]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD49FF97AE7B1D4DFE1EB855" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1847" box="[330,416,1051,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD49FF97AE7B1D4DFE1EB855" box="[330,416,1051,1076]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Ligyrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be differentiated from other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD49FF97AC291D4DFC19B854" authorityName="Endrodi" authorityYear="1966" box="[792,935,1051,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Pentodontini">Pentodontini</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the following: frontoclypeus with carina or tumescences; antennal club long to very long (1.5–2.0 times as long as antennomeres 2–7); mentum triangular to subrectangular (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD49FF97AE591D35FE5CB81C" box="[360,482,1123,1149]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1584,1608]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1548]" captionTargetId="figure-24@82.[151,1436,181,1560]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 2. Labium. A) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, B) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) allonasutus, C) L. (Ligyrus) gibbosus, D) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, E) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, F) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, G) Euligyrus ebenus, H) E. similis, I) Tomarus gyas, J) Tomarus selanderi, K) Tomarus subtropicus. Abbreviations: LL: Ligular lobes, LP: Labial palpus, M: Mentum, S: Suture." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345015" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345015/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 2A–E</figureCitation>
|
||
); ligula narrow to wide; ligular lobes fused or not, with a narrow emargination; galea with 3–6 teeth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD49FF97AE781DD1FE7BB8C0" box="[329,453,1159,1185]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="83.[151,250,998,1022]" captionTargetBox="[156,1436,185,967]" captionTargetId="figure-17@83.[151,1436,181,974]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIGURE 3. Maxilla. A) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, B) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, C) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) allonasutus. Numeration of teeth of galea: D) Euligyrus similis, E) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, F) Tomarus gyas, G) L. (Ligyrus) fossor, H) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345017" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345017/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 3A–C</figureCitation>
|
||
); pronotum with apical marginal bead complete; pronotal tubercle small to large; fovea deep, oval to triangular or absent; metepisternum with long setae; protibia tridentate, with or without additional denticles, basal tooth distant from others (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD49FF97AD561D99FD50B888" box="[615,750,1231,1257]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="88.[151,250,931,955]" captionTargetBox="[234,1354,186,899]" captionTargetId="figure-24@88.[231,1357,181,907]" captionTargetPageId="88" captionText="FIGURE 11. Protibia in frontal view.A) Euligyrus similis, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, D) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, E) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, F) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus, G) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, H) Tomarus bituberculatus, I) T. colombianus, J) T. pullus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345051" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345051/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 11C–G</figureCitation>
|
||
); protarsus of male simple or enlarged (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD49FF97AB951D99FAB4B888" box="[1188,1290,1231,1257]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="87.[151,250,1805,1829]" captionTargetBox="[156,1428,1204,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-84@87.[151,1436,1195,1781]" captionTargetPageId="87" captionText="FIGURE 10. Protarsus and inner claw. A–B) Euligyrus similis, C–E) Ligyrus (Ligyrodes) sallaei." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345047" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345047/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 10C</figureCitation>
|
||
); internal sac with copulatory lamella and lamellar spiny belt, accessory lamellae simple (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD49FF97ACC61DA5FBC1B96C" box="[1015,1151,1267,1293]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="96.[151,250,1739,1763]" captionTargetBox="[161,1418,194,1706]" captionTargetId="figure-24@96.[151,1435,181,1715]" captionTargetPageId="96" captionText="FIGURE 21. Internal sac. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, D) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, E) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus. Abbreviations:AL:Accessory lamellae, Br: Brush of setae, CL: Copulatory lamella, LSB: Lamellar spiny belt, Ra: Raspula." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345085" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345085/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 21C–E</figureCitation>
|
||
); surface of coxite flat to strongly concave (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD49FF97AE521C41FE55B950" box="[355,491,1303,1329]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="89.[151,250,1041,1065]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,183,1016]" captionTargetId="figure-17@89.[151,1436,181,1017]" captionTargetPageId="89" captionText="FIGURE 13. Female genital plates. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, D) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, E) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus, F) L. (Ligyrus) bidentulus, G) L. (Ligyrus) neglectus, H) Tomarus laticaudus, I) T. maternus, J) T. rostratus, K) T. subtropicus. Abbreviations: SCx: Subcoxite, Cx: Coxite." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345057" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345057/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 13C–G</figureCitation>
|
||
); and stridulatory apparatus consisting of a diagonal strip of short, transverse, parallel carinae on apex of sternite IV (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD49FF97AEDC1C6DFDDDB934" box="[493,611,1339,1365]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1712,1736]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1688]" captionTargetId="figure-24@86.[151,1436,181,1688]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 8. Stridulatory apparatus. A, D) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, B, E) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, C, F) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, G, K) Tomarus amazonicus, H, L) T. maimon, I, M) T. maternus, J, N) T. gyas." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345035" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345035/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 8B–C</figureCitation>
|
||
) and apical inner surface of elytra with transverse small tubercles forming parallel lines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD49FF97AE071C09FE12B918" box="[310,428,1375,1401]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1712,1736]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1688]" captionTargetId="figure-24@86.[151,1436,181,1688]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 8. Stridulatory apparatus. A, D) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, B, E) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, C, F) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, G, K) Tomarus amazonicus, H, L) T. maimon, I, M) T. maternus, J, N) T. gyas." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345035" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345035/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 8E–F</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD49FF97AFF61CD4FE90BA14" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="synonymic_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD49FF97AFF61CD4FE90BA14" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD49FF97AFF61CD4FED9B9FD" bold="true" box="[199,359,1410,1436]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Composition.</emphasis>
|
||
Eighteen species.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD49FF97AD701CD5FC2FB9FC" box="[577,913,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD49FF97AD701CD5FC9EB9FC" authorityName="Ratcliffe & Cave" authorityYear="2010" box="[577,800,1411,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Tomarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adoceteus">Tomarus adoceteus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD49FF97AC1F1CD5FC2FB9FC" baseAuthorityName="Prell" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[814,913,1411,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Tomarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pullus">T. pullus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD49FF97ACE41CD5FBC5B9FD" authorityName="Prell" authorityYear="1937" box="[981,1147,1411,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cicatricosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD49FF97ACE41CD5FBC5B9FD" box="[981,1147,1411,1436]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">P. cicatricosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
considered by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD49FF97AA011CD5FE8CB9A0" author="Moron, M. A. & Grossi, P. C." pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref91722" refString="Moron, M. A. & Grossi, P. C. (2015) Revision of Philoscaptus Brethes, 1919 and description of a new genus (Coleoptera, Melolonthidae, Dynastinae). Entomotropica, 30, 1 - 11." type="journal article" year="2015">Morón & Grossi (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD49FF97AEF61CF1FDA3B9A1" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1847" box="[455,541,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD49FF97AEF61CF1FDA3B9A1" box="[455,541,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Ligyrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are excluded and placed in other genera, while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD49FF97AB031CF1FB00B9A1" authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1856" box="[1074,1214,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruginasus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD49FF97AB031CF1FB00B9A1" box="[1074,1214,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">L. ruginasus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD49FF97ABC51CF1FA22B9A0" authorityName="López-García & Deloya" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Casey" baseAuthorityYear="1915" box="[1268,1436,1447,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peninsularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD49FF97ABC51CF1FA22B9A0" box="[1268,1436,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">L. peninsularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(previously in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD49FF97AE081C9DFE0AB984" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1915" box="[313,436,1483,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Oxygrylius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD49FF97AE081C9DFE0AB984" box="[313,436,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Oxygrylius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) are included in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD49FF97AD5F1C9DFD7AB985" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1847" box="[622,708,1483,1508]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD49FF97AD5F1C9DFD7AB985" box="[622,708,1483,1508]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Ligyrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as well as three species described recently in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD49FF97AA021C9DFA2AB985" authorityName="Erichson" authorityYear="1847" box="[1331,1428,1483,1508]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Tomarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD49FF97AA021C9DFA2AB985" box="[1331,1428,1483,1508]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Tomarus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD49FF97AFA61CB9FE1ABA69" box="[151,420,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD49FF97AFA61CB9FE94BA69" authorityName="Neita & Ratcliffe" authorityYear="2017" box="[151,298,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinipenis">L. spinipenis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD49FF97AE071CB9FE1ABA69" authorityName="López-García & Deloya" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Lopez-Garcia & Deloya" baseAuthorityYear="2019" box="[310,420,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moroni">L. moroni</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD49FF97AED21CB9FD34BA69" authorityName="López-García & Deloya" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Lopez-Garcia & Deloya" baseAuthorityYear="2019" box="[483,650,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paranaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD49FF97AED21CB9FD34BA69" box="[483,650,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">L. paranaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It is difficult to assess whether the fossil species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD49FF97ABF01CB9FEF6BA4C" authority="Wickham, 1911" authorityName="Wickham" authorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="compositus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD49FF97ABF01CB9FA22BA69" box="[1217,1436,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Ligyrus compositus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD49FF97AFA61F45FEF6BA4C" author="Wickham, H. F." box="[151,328,1555,1581]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="53 - 69" refId="ref93860" refString="Wickham, H. F. (1911) Fossil Coleoptera from Florissant, with descriptions of several new species. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 30, 53 - 69." type="journal article" year="1911">Wickham, 1911</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD49FF97AE4E1F45FD20BA4C" authority="Wickham, 1914" authorityName="Wickham" authorityYear="1914" box="[383,670,1555,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="effetus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD49FF97AE4E1F45FE58BA4C" box="[383,486,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">L. effetus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD49FF97AEDC1F45FD20BA4C" author="Wickham, H. F." box="[493,670,1555,1581]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="421 - 494" refId="ref93896" refString="Wickham, H. F. (1914) New Miocene Coleoptera from Florissant. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 58, 421 - 494." type="journal article" year="1914">Wickham, 1914</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Florissant,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD49FF97AC511F45FC76BA4C" box="[864,968,1555,1581]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Colorado</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Late Eocene) belong to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD49FF97ABD41F45FA85BA4D" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1847" box="[1253,1339,1555,1580]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD49FF97ABD41F45FA85BA4D" box="[1253,1339,1555,1580]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Ligyrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but any diagnostic character of the genus coincides with the descriptions or illustration of the fossils presented by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD49FF97AA011F61FF64BA14" author="Wickham, H. F." pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="53 - 69" refId="ref93860" refString="Wickham, H. F. (1911) Fossil Coleoptera from Florissant, with descriptions of several new species. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 30, 53 - 69." type="journal article" year="1911">Wickham (1911</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD49FF97AFD41F0DFE9FBA14" author="Wickham, H. F." box="[229,289,1627,1653]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="421 - 494" refId="ref93896" refString="Wickham, H. F. (1914) New Miocene Coleoptera from Florissant. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 58, 421 - 494." type="journal article" year="1914">1914</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD49FF97AFF61F28FEC8BA80" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD49FF97AFF61F28FEC8BA80" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD49FF97AFF61F28FE4FBAF9" bold="true" box="[199,497,1662,1688]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Geographic distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD49FF97AD461F29FD73BAF9" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1847" box="[631,717,1663,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD49FF97AD461F29FD73BAF9" box="[631,717,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Ligyrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are found from southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD49FF97AB2C1F29FBCFBAF8" box="[1053,1137,1663,1689]" name="Canada" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
to northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD49FF97ABCF1F29FACEBAF8" box="[1278,1392,1663,1689]" name="Argentina" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
, including the West Indies, in deserts and dry to humid forests (mainly pine/oak and cloud forests). No species are found in Amazonia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD49FF96AFF61FBCFC04BE5C" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD49FF97AFF61FBCFDB5BB10" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD49FF97AFF61FBCFDB4BB65" bold="true" box="[199,522,1770,1796]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Phylogenetic relationships.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD49FF97AD221FBDFC70BB64" authority="(sensu Moron & Grossi 2015)" baseAuthorityName="sensu Moron & Grossi" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[531,974,1770,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD49FF97AD221FBDFDD7BB65" box="[531,617,1771,1796]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Ligyrus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD49FF97AD4D1FBDFD04BB65" box="[636,698,1771,1796]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD49FF97ADF51FBDFC78BB64" author="Moron, M. A. & Grossi, P. C." box="[708,966,1770,1797]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref91722" refString="Moron, M. A. & Grossi, P. C. (2015) Revision of Philoscaptus Brethes, 1919 and description of a new genus (Coleoptera, Melolonthidae, Dynastinae). Entomotropica, 30, 1 - 11." type="journal article" year="2015">Morón & Grossi 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found as a heterogeneous group of three subgenera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD49FF97AE611E59FE18BB49" baseAuthorityName="sensu Moron & Grossi" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[336,422,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD49FF97AE611E59FE18BB49" box="[336,422,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Ligyrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD49FF97AE871E59FDFABB49" box="[438,580,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">sensu stricto</emphasis>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD49FF97AD6A1E59FD68BB48" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1915" box="[603,726,1807,1833]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Anagrylius">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD49FF97AD6A1E59FD68BB48" box="[603,726,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Anagrylius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD49FF97AC241E59FC3ABB48" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1915" box="[789,900,1807,1833]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD49FF97AC241E59FC3ABB48" box="[789,900,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Ligyrodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which coincided in part with the
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD49FF97AA371E59FA22BB48" author="Casey, T. L." box="[1286,1436,1806,1833]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 394" refId="ref88969" refString="Casey, T. L. (1915) A review of the American species of Rutelinae, Dynastinae, and Cetoniinae. Memoirs on the Coleoptera, 6, 1 - 394." type="journal article" year="1915">Casey (1915)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
subgenera.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD49FF97AE261E65FED3BB2D" baseAuthorityName="sensu Moron & Grossi" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[279,365,1843,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD49FF97AE261E65FED3BB2D" box="[279,365,1843,1868]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Ligyrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD49FF97AE4D1E65FDB7BB2D" box="[380,521,1843,1868]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">sensu stricto</emphasis>
|
||
) is paraphyletic with respect to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD49FF97AC5E1E65FC54BB2C" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1915" box="[879,1002,1843,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Oxygrylius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD49FF97AC5E1E65FC54BB2C" box="[879,1002,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Oxygrylius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as its species are closely related, especially those from North America.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD49FF96AFF61E2CFC04BE5C" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="23.[151,1437,151,573]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD49FF97AFF61E2CFE00BBF4" bold="true" box="[199,446,1914,1941]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Taxonomic remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD49FF97AEF71E2DFD2ABBF4" author="Burmeister, H." box="[454,660,1915,1941]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref88626" refString="Burmeister, H. (1847) Handbuch der Entomologie. Coleoptera Lamellicornia, Xylophila et Pectinicornia. Band 5. Enslin, Berlin, viii + 584 pp." type="book" year="1847">Burmeister (1847)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD49FF97ACB21E2DFC67BBF5" baseAuthorityName="sensu Moron & Grossi" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[899,985,1915,1940]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD49FF97ACB21E2DFC67BBF5" box="[899,985,1915,1940]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Ligyrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to group some species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD49FF97AA331E2DFA22BBF4" authorityName="Dejean" authorityYear="1833" box="[1282,1436,1915,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Heteronychus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD49FF97AA331E2DFA22BBF4" box="[1282,1436,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Heteronychus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD49FF97AFF71EC9FE8EBBD8" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1847" box="[198,304,1951,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Podalgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD49FF97AFF71EC9FE8EBBD8" box="[198,304,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Podalgus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with a kind of stridulatory apparatus on the inner surface of the elytra, which is not found in other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD49FF97AA401EC9FF48BBBC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dynastinae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="22" pageNumber="76" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Dynastinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD49FF97AE311E95FE2ABBBC" author="Casey, T. L." box="[256,404,1986,2013]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 394" refId="ref88969" refString="Casey, T. L. (1915) A review of the American species of Rutelinae, Dynastinae, and Cetoniinae. Memoirs on the Coleoptera, 6, 1 - 394." type="journal article" year="1915">Casey (1915)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
separated the group in three genera (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD49FF97AC1A1E95FC3FBBBD" baseAuthorityName="sensu Moron & Grossi" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[811,897,1987,2012]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD49FF97AC1A1E95FC3FBBBD" box="[811,897,1987,2012]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Ligyrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD49FF97ACBC1E95FC42BBBC" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1915" box="[909,1020,1987,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD49FF97ACBC1E95FC42BBBC" box="[909,1020,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Ligyrodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD49FF97AB061E95FB0CBBBC" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1915" box="[1079,1202,1987,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Oxygrylius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD49FF97AB061E95FB0CBBBC" box="[1079,1202,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Oxygrylius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and several subgenera as shown in Table 1. Then,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD48FF96AEDF19C1FD24BCD0" author="Endrodi, S." box="[494,666,151,177]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 145" refId="ref89768" refString="Endrodi, S. (1969) Monographie der Dynastinae. 4. Tribus: Pentodontini (Coleoptera, Lamellicornia). Entomologische Abhandlungen, 37, 1 - 145." type="journal article" year="1969">Endrödi (1969)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
presented a different classification using part of the Casey subgenera for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD48FF96AF8E19EDFEABBCB5" baseAuthorityName="sensu Moron & Grossi" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[191,277,187,212]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD48FF96AF8E19EDFEABBCB5" box="[191,277,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ligyrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and considering
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD48FF96AEE419EDFDEEBCB4" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1915" box="[469,592,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Oxygrylius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD48FF96AEE419EDFDEEBCB4" box="[469,592,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Oxygrylius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a different genus. The name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD48FF96AC8519EDFBB4BCB5" baseAuthorityName="sensu Moron & Grossi" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[948,1034,187,212]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD48FF96AC8519EDFBB4BCB5" box="[948,1034,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ligyrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was maintained as a valid name for more than 150 years until
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD48FF96AEF01989FDCBBC98" author="Ratcliffe, B. C." box="[449,629,223,249]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 506" refId="ref92614" refString="Ratcliffe, B. C. (2003) The dynastine scarab beetles of Costa Rica and Panama. Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum, 16, 1 - 506." type="journal article" year="2003">Ratcliffe (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
revalidated the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD48FF96AC411989FC6FBC99" authorityName="Erichson" authorityYear="1847" box="[880,977,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Tomarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD48FF96AC411989FC6FBC99" box="[880,977,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Tomarus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having priority over
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD48FF96ABD61989FA83BC99" baseAuthorityName="sensu Moron & Grossi" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[1255,1341,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD48FF96ABD61989FA83BC99" box="[1255,1341,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ligyrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and his proposal was widely accepted.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD48FF96AEC31855FD42BD7C" author="Moron, M. A. & Grossi, P. C." box="[498,764,258,285]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref91722" refString="Moron, M. A. & Grossi, P. C. (2015) Revision of Philoscaptus Brethes, 1919 and description of a new genus (Coleoptera, Melolonthidae, Dynastinae). Entomotropica, 30, 1 - 11." type="journal article" year="2015">Morón & Grossi (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
separated the genus into
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD48FF96AB241855FBD5BD7D" baseAuthorityName="sensu Moron & Grossi" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[1045,1131,259,284]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD48FF96AB241855FBD5BD7D" box="[1045,1131,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ligyrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD48FF96AB911855FABFBD7D" authorityName="Erichson" authorityYear="1847" box="[1184,1281,259,284]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Tomarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD48FF96AB911855FABFBD7D" box="[1184,1281,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Tomarus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, grouping the species by the number of mandibular teeth, and presence of a pronotal fovea.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD48FF96ACC21871FA22BD20" authority="(sensu Moron & Grossi 2015)" baseAuthorityName="sensu Moron & Grossi" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[1011,1436,294,321]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD48FF96ACC21871FBF7BD21" box="[1011,1097,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ligyrus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD48FF96AB691871FB28BD21" box="[1112,1174,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD48FF96ABAC1871FA2BBD20" author="Moron, M. A. & Grossi, P. C." box="[1181,1429,294,321]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref91722" refString="Moron, M. A. & Grossi, P. C. (2015) Revision of Philoscaptus Brethes, 1919 and description of a new genus (Coleoptera, Melolonthidae, Dynastinae). Entomotropica, 30, 1 - 11." type="journal article" year="2015">Morón & Grossi 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
coincides only in part with the classification presented in this work.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD48FF96ACBC181DFBB6BD04" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1915" box="[909,1032,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Oxygrylius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD48FF96ACBC181DFBB6BD04" box="[909,1032,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Oxygrylius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been treated as a separate genus for most authors except
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD48FF96AE911839FD87BDE8" author="Hardy, A." box="[416,569,367,393]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="122 - 127" refId="ref90534" refString="Hardy, A. (1964) Studies on Oxygrylius Casey (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae). The Coleopterists Bulletin, 18, 122 - 127." type="journal article" year="1964">Hardy (1964)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who considered it a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD48FF96AC981839FBAFBDE8" authorityName="Hope" authorityYear="1837" box="[937,1041,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Bothynus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD48FF96AC981839FBAFBDE8" box="[937,1041,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bothynus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(name used erroneously for species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD48FF96AF8418C5FEB5BDCD" baseAuthorityName="sensu Moron & Grossi" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[181,267,403,428]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD48FF96AF8418C5FEB5BDCD" box="[181,267,403,428]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ligyrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD48FF96AE1018C5FE06BDCC" author="Hardy, A." box="[289,440,403,429]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="122 - 127" refId="ref90534" refString="Hardy, A. (1964) Studies on Oxygrylius Casey (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae). The Coleopterists Bulletin, 18, 122 - 127." type="journal article" year="1964">Hardy (1964)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found a specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD48FF96AD9618C5FC96BDCC" authorityName="De Geer" authorityYear="1774" box="[679,808,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibbosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD48FF96AD9618C5FC96BDCC" box="[679,808,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">L. gibbosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with triangular apex as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD48FF96AB7E18C5FB74BDCC" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1915" box="[1103,1226,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Oxygrylius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD48FF96AB7E18C5FB74BDCC" box="[1103,1226,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Oxygrylius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and so he thought it could be caused by a mutation in a single character. That is consistent with the results of the cladistic analysis, as there are many other characters supporting the grouping of these two species with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD48FF96AB14188DFBC5BD95" baseAuthorityName="sensu Moron & Grossi" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[1061,1147,475,500]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD48FF96AB14188DFBC5BD95" box="[1061,1147,475,500]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ligyrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, particularly with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD48FF96AA76188DFA23BD95" baseAuthorityName="sensu Moron & Grossi" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[1351,1437,475,500]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD48FF96AA76188DFA23BD95" box="[1351,1437,475,500]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ligyrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD48FF96AF9018A9FE93BE79" box="[161,301,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">sensu stricto</emphasis>
|
||
) (
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD48FF96AE7418A9FED6BE79" box="[325,360,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">i.e.</emphasis>
|
||
, presence of frontoclypeal carina, mentum triangular, galea rectangular, coxite strongly concave, structure of the stridulatory apparatus, shape of accessory lamella,
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD48FF96ACB31B75FC1DBE5D" box="[898,931,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">etc</emphasis>
|
||
.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD48FF96AFA61BD9FD9ABEC8" box="[151,548,654,681]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD48FF96AFA61BD9FD9ABEC8" blockId="23.[151,548,654,681]" box="[151,548,654,681]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD48FF96AFA61BD9FD9ABEC8" bold="true" box="[151,548,654,681]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
Key to the subgenera of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD48FF96AEF61BD9FD9ABEC8" baseAuthorityName="sensu Moron & Grossi" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[455,548,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD48FF96AEF61BD9FD9ABEC8" bold="true" box="[455,548,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ligyrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD48FF96AFA61B82FA22B807" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="key">
|
||
<key id="5E31AF1CFD48FF96AFA61B82FA22B807" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<keyStep id="9154E088FD48FF96AFA61B82FA22BFD7" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD48FF96AFA61B82FA22BF21" blockId="23.[151,1437,724,1127]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<keyLead id="91515B18FD48FF96AFA61B82FA22BF21" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
1 Head with carina, complete or interrupted at middle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD48FF96ADD41B82FCF0BE88" box="[741,846,724,746]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="81.[151,250,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1511]" captionTargetId="figure-17@81.[151,1436,181,1511]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 1. Head. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Ligyrodes) peruvianus, D) L. (Anagrylius) moroni, E) L. (Ligyrus) ruginasus, F) L. (Ligyrus) nasutus, G) L. (Ligyrus) bidentulus, H) Tomarus adoceteus, I) T. maimon, J) T. pullus, K) T. pumilus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345011/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 1E–G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Antennal club very long (2 times longer than antennomeres 2–7). Ocular canthus with ventral setae. Mentum triangular, very narrow at apex (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD48FF96AB371BA7FBCCBF67" box="[1030,1138,753,775]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1584,1608]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1548]" captionTargetId="figure-24@82.[151,1436,181,1560]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 2. Labium. A) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, B) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) allonasutus, C) L. (Ligyrus) gibbosus, D) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, E) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, F) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, G) Euligyrus ebenus, H) E. similis, I) Tomarus gyas, J) Tomarus selanderi, K) Tomarus subtropicus. Abbreviations: LL: Ligular lobes, LP: Labial palpus, M: Mentum, S: Suture." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345015" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345015/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 2B–D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Mesotibia strongly narrowed before apex (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD48FF96AE6F1A58FE75BF42" box="[350,459,782,804]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="88.[151,250,1921,1945]" captionTargetBox="[237,1351,1055,1897]" captionTargetId="figure-89@88.[233,1355,1052,1897]" captionTargetPageId="88" captionText="FIGURE 12. Mesotibia (A–F). A) Euligyrus similis, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, D) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei; E) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus, F) L. (Ligyrus) villosus. Metatibia (G–L). G) Euligyrus similis, H) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, I) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, J) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, K) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus, L) L. (Ligyrus) villosus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345053" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345053/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 12E–F</figureCitation>
|
||
) and long (as long as mesotarsus).Apical margin of mesotibia and metatibia entire to slightly crenulate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD48FF96AFD81A7AFE2EBF20" box="[233,400,812,834]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="88.[151,250,1921,1945]" captionTargetBox="[237,1351,1055,1897]" captionTargetId="figure-89@88.[233,1355,1052,1897]" captionTargetPageId="88" captionText="FIGURE 12. Mesotibia (A–F). A) Euligyrus similis, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, D) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei; E) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus, F) L. (Ligyrus) villosus. Metatibia (G–L). G) Euligyrus similis, H) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, I) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, J) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, K) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus, L) L. (Ligyrus) villosus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345053" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345053/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 12E–F, K–L</figureCitation>
|
||
). Metacoxa with setae on anterior corners. Accessory lamella irregular, elongate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD48FF96ABAF1A7AFAB1BF20" box="[1182,1295,812,834]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="96.[151,250,1739,1763]" captionTargetBox="[161,1418,194,1706]" captionTargetId="figure-24@96.[151,1435,181,1715]" captionTargetPageId="96" captionText="FIGURE 21. Internal sac. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, D) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, E) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus. Abbreviations:AL:Accessory lamellae, Br: Brush of setae, CL: Copulatory lamella, LSB: Lamellar spiny belt, Ra: Raspula." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345085" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345085/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 21C–E</figureCitation>
|
||
)....
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD48FF96AA611A7DFA22BF21" baseAuthorityName="sensu Moron & Grossi" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[1360,1436,811,832]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD48FF96AA611A7DFA22BF21" bold="true" box="[1360,1436,811,832]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ligyrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD48FF96AFA61A1FFA22BFD7" blockId="23.[151,1437,724,1127]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<keyLead id="91515B18FD48FF96AFA61A1FFA22BFD7" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
- Head with tumescences (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD48FF96AEFF1A1FFD89BF3F" box="[462,567,841,863]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="81.[151,250,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1511]" captionTargetId="figure-17@81.[151,1436,181,1511]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 1. Head. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Ligyrodes) peruvianus, D) L. (Anagrylius) moroni, E) L. (Ligyrus) ruginasus, F) L. (Ligyrus) nasutus, G) L. (Ligyrus) bidentulus, H) Tomarus adoceteus, I) T. maimon, J) T. pullus, K) T. pumilus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345011/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 1C–D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Antennal club long (1.5–1.7 times longer than antennomeres 2–7). Ocular canthus without ventral setae. Mentum subrectangular (base as wide as apex) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD48FF96AC0B1A30FC1ABF1A" box="[826,932,870,892]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1584,1608]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1548]" captionTargetId="figure-24@82.[151,1436,181,1560]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 2. Labium. A) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, B) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) allonasutus, C) L. (Ligyrus) gibbosus, D) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, E) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, F) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, G) Euligyrus ebenus, H) E. similis, I) Tomarus gyas, J) Tomarus selanderi, K) Tomarus subtropicus. Abbreviations: LL: Ligular lobes, LP: Labial palpus, M: Mentum, S: Suture." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345015" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345015/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 2A, E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Mesotibia slightly narrowed before apex and short (shorter than mesotarsus). Apical margin of mesotibia and metatibia crenulate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD48FF96ACD51AD2FB3BBFF8" box="[996,1157,900,922]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="88.[151,250,1921,1945]" captionTargetBox="[237,1351,1055,1897]" captionTargetId="figure-89@88.[233,1355,1052,1897]" captionTargetPageId="88" captionText="FIGURE 12. Mesotibia (A–F). A) Euligyrus similis, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, D) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei; E) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus, F) L. (Ligyrus) villosus. Metatibia (G–L). G) Euligyrus similis, H) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, I) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, J) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, K) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus, L) L. (Ligyrus) villosus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345053" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345053/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 12C–D, I–J</figureCitation>
|
||
). Metacoxa without setae on anterior corners. Accessory lamella T or U-shaped........................................................... 2
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="9154E088FD48FF96AFA61AE8FA22B807" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD48FF96AFA61AE8FA22B86F" blockId="23.[151,1437,724,1127]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<keyLead id="91515B18FD48FF96AFA61AE8FA22B86F" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
2 Pronotum with small tubercle and fovea. Prosternal process spherical with dorsal setae, without transverse sulcus. Protibia without basal denticle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD48FF96AEF11A8AFDA8BF90" box="[448,534,988,1010]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="88.[151,250,931,955]" captionTargetBox="[234,1354,186,899]" captionTargetId="figure-24@88.[231,1357,181,907]" captionTargetPageId="88" captionText="FIGURE 11. Protibia in frontal view.A) Euligyrus similis, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, D) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, E) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, F) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus, G) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, H) Tomarus bituberculatus, I) T. colombianus, J) T. pullus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345051" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345051/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 11C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Male protarsus with inner claw simple. Internal sac with raspula; accessory lamella T-shaped (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD48FF96AFD81AAFFEFFB86F" box="[233,321,1017,1039]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="96.[151,250,1739,1763]" captionTargetBox="[161,1418,194,1706]" captionTargetId="figure-24@96.[151,1435,181,1715]" captionTargetPageId="96" captionText="FIGURE 21. Internal sac. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, D) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, E) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus. Abbreviations:AL:Accessory lamellae, Br: Brush of setae, CL: Copulatory lamella, LSB: Lamellar spiny belt, Ra: Raspula." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345085" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345085/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 21C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Female coxite strongly concave (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD48FF96ADA11AAFFD5BB86F" box="[656,741,1017,1039]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="89.[151,250,1041,1065]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,183,1016]" captionTargetId="figure-17@89.[151,1436,181,1017]" captionTargetPageId="89" captionText="FIGURE 13. Female genital plates. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, D) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, E) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus, F) L. (Ligyrus) bidentulus, G) L. (Ligyrus) neglectus, H) Tomarus laticaudus, I) T. maternus, J) T. rostratus, K) T. subtropicus. Abbreviations: SCx: Subcoxite, Cx: Coxite." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345057" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345057/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 13C</figureCitation>
|
||
)...............................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD48FF96AA1E1AAEFA22B86F" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1915" box="[1327,1436,1016,1038]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Anagrylius">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD48FF96AA1E1AAEFA22B86F" bold="true" box="[1327,1436,1016,1038]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Anagrylius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD48FF96AFA61D41FA22B807" blockId="23.[151,1437,724,1127]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<keyLead id="91515B18FD48FF96AFA61D41FA22B807" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
- Pronotum without tubercle or fovea. Prosternal process flat without dorsal setae, with deep transverse sulcus. Protibia with basal denticle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD48FF96AE6D1D62FE71B828" box="[348,463,1076,1098]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="88.[151,250,931,955]" captionTargetBox="[234,1354,186,899]" captionTargetId="figure-24@88.[231,1357,181,907]" captionTargetPageId="88" captionText="FIGURE 11. Protibia in frontal view.A) Euligyrus similis, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, D) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, E) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, F) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus, G) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, H) Tomarus bituberculatus, I) T. colombianus, J) T. pullus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345051" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345051/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 11D–E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Male protarsus enlarged, with inner claw subrectangular, apex truncate and a small acute projection (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD48FF96AFD81D07FEE2B807" box="[233,348,1105,1127]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="87.[151,250,1805,1829]" captionTargetBox="[156,1428,1204,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-84@87.[151,1436,1195,1781]" captionTargetPageId="87" captionText="FIGURE 10. Protarsus and inner claw. A–B) Euligyrus similis, C–E) Ligyrus (Ligyrodes) sallaei." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345047" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345047/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 10C–E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Internal sac without raspula; accessory lamella U-shaped (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD48FF96ACAD1D07FC4BB807" box="[924,1013,1105,1127]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="96.[151,250,1739,1763]" captionTargetBox="[161,1418,194,1706]" captionTargetId="figure-24@96.[151,1435,181,1715]" captionTargetPageId="96" captionText="FIGURE 21. Internal sac. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, D) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, E) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus. Abbreviations:AL:Accessory lamellae, Br: Brush of setae, CL: Copulatory lamella, LSB: Lamellar spiny belt, Ra: Raspula." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345085" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345085/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 21D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Female coxite flat (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD48FF96ABF01D07FAA6B807" box="[1217,1304,1105,1127]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="89.[151,250,1041,1065]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,183,1016]" captionTargetId="figure-17@89.[151,1436,181,1017]" captionTargetPageId="89" captionText="FIGURE 13. Female genital plates. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, D) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, E) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus, F) L. (Ligyrus) bidentulus, G) L. (Ligyrus) neglectus, H) Tomarus laticaudus, I) T. maternus, J) T. rostratus, K) T. subtropicus. Abbreviations: SCx: Subcoxite, Cx: Coxite." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345057" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345057/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 13D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD48FF96AA0A1D06FA22B807" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1915" box="[1339,1436,1104,1126]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD48FF96AA0A1D06FA22B807" bold="true" box="[1339,1436,1104,1126]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ligyrodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
</key>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |