404 lines
55 KiB
XML
404 lines
55 KiB
XML
<document id="6BC4ADB9EB9D2AA82C9BE581AF5E1D6F" ID-CLB-Dataset="202083" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5211.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bb97b9dd-2acc-4244-8f30-72bef07b9ed9" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7345007" ID-ZooBank="5754769C-B747-4714-BDD9-7D5509D48BEB" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1669101340847" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="López-García, Margarita M. & Deloya, Cuauhtémoc" docDate="2022" docId="A209493BFD43FF9CAFA619C1FA22BD98" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5211.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5211 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5211.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Ligyrodes Casey 1915" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="30" masterDocId="5E303143FD5FFF81AF311956FFBEBC61" masterDocTitle="Cladistic analysis reveals polyphyly of Tomarus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae): new classification and taxonomic revision" masterLastPageNumber="119" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="29" updateTime="1699396337306" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="97FABB1748DD2784FCDB2B32B76CFA0E">
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<mods:title id="3C60C59C6BBA34A375FAB3A6D48185AA">Cladistic analysis reveals polyphyly of Tomarus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae): new classification and taxonomic revision</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="6980B836959B448BA2F9DEA3050255BF" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="5B95748150522A6C7996E07D643FBFC7">López-García, Margarita M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="211D23F94EA2C55F9D66B7BAE8179651" type="email">margaralopezg@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:name id="E5F6E7A58A54CBB04CDEECEFA43DEB5F" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="597CE606CE4A79D16A45B9BF3B690999">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="4536EF08C4BFF117C1729D82BA66D52B">Deloya, Cuauhtémoc</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="44EC6851E644BEEF4C48B231C03D0595" type="ORCID">0000-0002-4774-140X</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="593CF359DC3ECD8F4E652FE211AAE1C0" type="email">cuauhtemoc.deloya@inecol.mx</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="0A3C996B7ED24B134FD39AAA9B0D4867">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="3F5B1546983C1DAFE121AF2B6F7B3C2A">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="AD0212208B0E65F12686D9ACA76767EC">
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<mods:date id="726794CB2B6E46966962327AF4803FDD">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="F2F330CB4D760B15D808B442E46FFA3E">2022-11-22</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="FE2A24CE063A95D35CF339BBF060B659">5211</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="54F6CE741B8261341355F2FA3CDCF732">1</mods:number>
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<mods:end id="021833A7FB1667E6D9936987E9F36181">119</mods:end>
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<mods:location id="BB42AACCAE64CABCD35769A8EC590B57">
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<mods:url id="0157AF48DA82FE10249EC765D887B12B">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5211.1.1</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification id="48376CAD06F7FF702593DBDE89788677">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="10EC6CBFE976D4A9E8CF3666EBF329A3" type="CLB-Dataset">202083</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="A209493BFD43FF9CAFA619C1FA22BD98" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7391934" ID-GBIF-Taxon="205794537" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7391934" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD43FF9CAFA619C1FA22BD98" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A209493BFD43FF9CAFA619C1FA22BD98" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD43FF9DAFA619C1FD67BCD0" box="[151,729,151,178]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD43FF9DAFA619C1FD67BCD0" blockId="28.[151,729,151,178]" box="[151,729,151,178]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAFA619C1FD67BCD0" bold="true" box="[151,729,151,178]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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Subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD43FF9DAE2619C1FD96BCD0" authority="Casey, 1915" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1915" box="[279,552,151,178]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAE2619C1FE30BCD3" bold="true" box="[279,398,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Ligyrodes</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD43FF9DAEA419C1FD96BCD0" author="Casey, T. L." box="[405,552,151,177]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 394" refId="ref88969" refString="Casey, T. L. (1915) A review of the American species of Rutelinae, Dynastinae, and Cetoniinae. Memoirs on the Coleoptera, 6, 1 - 394." type="journal article" year="1915">Casey, 1915</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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revised status
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD43FF9DAFA6198AFD33BC95" box="[151,653,219,244]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD43FF9DAFA6198AFD33BC95" blockId="28.[151,1401,219,244]" box="[151,653,219,244]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="0AB0DF03FD43FF9DAFA6198AFD33BC95" box="[151,653,219,244]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<treatmentCitation id="AB01DE3CFD43FF9DAFA6198AFE0FBC95" author="Casey, T. L." box="[151,433,219,244]" page="179" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" year="1915">
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<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD43FF9DAFA6198AFE0FBC95" authority="Casey, 1915: 179" authorityName="Casey" authorityPageNumber="179" authorityYear="1915" box="[151,433,219,244]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAFA6198AFF45BC95" box="[151,251,220,244]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Ligyrodes</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD43FF9DAE33198AFE0FBC95" author="Casey, T. L." box="[258,433,219,244]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 394" refId="ref88969" refString="Casey, T. L. (1915) A review of the American species of Rutelinae, Dynastinae, and Cetoniinae. Memoirs on the Coleoptera, 6, 1 - 394." type="journal article" year="1915">Casey, 1915: 179</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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(described as genus).
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD43FF9DADA3198AFAC7BC95" box="[658,1401,219,244]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="type_taxon">
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<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD43FF9DADA3198AFAC7BC95" blockId="28.[151,1401,219,244]" box="[658,1401,219,244]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD43FF9DADA3198AFD7ABC95" box="[658,708,220,244]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Type</typeStatus>
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species:
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<treatmentCitation id="AB01DE3CFD43FF9DAC10198AFB3CBC95" author="Say, T." box="[801,1154,219,244]" page="194" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" year="1825">
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<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD43FF9DAC10198AFB3CBC95" ID-CoL="4V2FF" authority="Say 1825: 194" authorityName="Say" authorityPageNumber="194" authorityYear="1825" box="[801,1154,219,244]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="relictus">
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<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAC10198AFC57BC95" box="[801,1001,220,244]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Scarabaeus relictus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD43FF9DACDE198AFB3CBC95" author="Say, T." box="[1007,1154,219,244]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="160 - 204" refId="ref93328" refString="Say, T. (1825) Descriptions of new species of coleopterous insects inhabiting the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 5, 160 - 204." type="journal article" year="1825">Say 1825: 194</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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by original designation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD43FF9DAFA61877FCA1B819" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="description">
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<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD43FF9DAFA61877FCA1B819" blockId="28.[151,1437,289,2008]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAFA61877FE21BD5A" bold="true" box="[151,415,289,316]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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Description. (
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<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAE081874FEF7BD5D" bold="true" box="[313,329,290,316]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">n</emphasis>
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= 885).
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</emphasis>
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Length
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<quantity id="ED5855C8FD43FF9DAECD1874FD1CBD5D" box="[508,674,290,317]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9149999999999998" metricValueMax="2.18" metricValueMin="1.65" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="19.15" valueMax="21.8" valueMin="16.5">16.5–21.8 mm</quantity>
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. Humeral width
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<quantity id="ED5855C8FD43FF9DAC6A1874FC63BD5D" box="[859,989,290,317]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.75" metricValueMax="11.5" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="9.75" valueMax="11.5" valueMin="8.0">8–11.5 mm</quantity>
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.
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<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DACD61874FB8EBD5D" bold="true" box="[999,1072,290,316]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Head:</emphasis>
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Clypeus trapezoidal to subtriangular (
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<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD43FF9DAFD11810FE89BD01" box="[224,311,326,352]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="81.[151,250,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1511]" captionTargetId="figure-17@81.[151,1436,181,1511]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 1. Head. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Ligyrodes) peruvianus, D) L. (Anagrylius) moroni, E) L. (Ligyrus) ruginasus, F) L. (Ligyrus) nasutus, G) L. (Ligyrus) bidentulus, H) Tomarus adoceteus, I) T. maimon, J) T. pullus, K) T. pumilus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345011/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
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). Apical clypeal teeth triangular and widely separated. Ocular canthus rounded, without dorsal setae, with 1–5 ventral setae. Frons with 2 tumescences. Mentum subrectangular (
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<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD43FF9DACEE183CFB88BDE5" box="[991,1078,362,388]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1584,1608]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1548]" captionTargetId="figure-24@82.[151,1436,181,1560]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 2. Labium. A) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, B) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) allonasutus, C) L. (Ligyrus) gibbosus, D) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, E) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, F) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, G) Euligyrus ebenus, H) E. similis, I) Tomarus gyas, J) Tomarus selanderi, K) Tomarus subtropicus. Abbreviations: LL: Ligular lobes, LP: Labial palpus, M: Mentum, S: Suture." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345015" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345015/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 2E</figureCitation>
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); not strongly narrowed at apex. Mentum and ligula separated by a suture. Ligula wide; covered with long, dense setae; ligular lobes not fused, with a narrow emargination. Maxillar apical palpomere 1.3 times longer than the second. Maxilla with galea rectangular (2.5 times longer than wide;
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<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD43FF9DAEEB1880FD82BD91" box="[474,572,470,496]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="83.[151,250,998,1022]" captionTargetBox="[156,1436,185,967]" captionTargetId="figure-17@83.[151,1436,181,974]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIGURE 3. Maxilla. A) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, B) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, C) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) allonasutus. Numeration of teeth of galea: D) Euligyrus similis, E) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, F) Tomarus gyas, G) L. (Ligyrus) fossor, H) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345017" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345017/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Figs. 3B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD43FF9DAD791880FDD3BD91" box="[584,621,470,496]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="83.[151,250,1872,1896]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,1118,1848]" captionTargetId="figure-81@83.[151,1437,1118,1848]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIGURE 4. Maxilla. A) Euligyrus similis, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Ligyrodes) relictus, D) L. (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, E) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, F) Tomarus gyas, G) Tomarus maternus, H) T. selanderi, I) T. subtropicus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345023" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345023/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">4C</figureCitation>
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); teeth 3 and 4 diagonal (
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<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD43FF9DACB81880FC5EBD91" box="[905,992,470,496]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="83.[151,250,998,1022]" captionTargetBox="[156,1436,185,967]" captionTargetId="figure-17@83.[151,1436,181,974]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIGURE 3. Maxilla. A) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, B) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, C) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) allonasutus. Numeration of teeth of galea: D) Euligyrus similis, E) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, F) Tomarus gyas, G) L. (Ligyrus) fossor, H) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345017" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345017/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 3E</figureCitation>
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). Mandible tridentate (2 apical rounded and lateral long, acute to truncate lobe); apical teeth equal in shape. Labrum subquadrate (
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<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD43FF9DABA418ACFB50BE75" box="[1173,1262,506,532]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="84.[151,250,1963,1987]" captionTargetBox="[185,1409,1024,1940]" captionTargetId="figure-74@84.[178,1409,1015,1940]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="FIGURE 6. Labrum. A) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, B) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, C) Ligyrus (Ligyrodes) relictus, D) Tomarus gyas, E) T. maternus, F) T. selanderi, G) T. subtropicus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345029" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345029/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
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); apex straight; with long, dense setae. Antenna with 10 antennomeres, club long (1.5 times longer than antennomeres 2–7).
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<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAA591B48FF50BE3D" bold="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Pronotum:</emphasis>
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Apical marginal bead complete. Apex with an inconspicuous, rounded tubercle and a rounded to triangular fovea.
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<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAFD21B30FE87BEE1" bold="true" box="[227,313,614,640]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Elytra:</emphasis>
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Inner surface of apex with transverse small tubercles forming 70–77 parallel lines.
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<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DABD31B33FA89BE1E" bold="true" box="[1250,1335,613,639]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Wings:</emphasis>
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RA with dense, large peg-like setae on medial ventral region; with peg-like setae on dorsal surface. Edge of RA
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<subScript id="B624FA68FD43FF9DAA251BCAFAA2BECB" attach="left" box="[1300,1308,668,682]" fontSize="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">3</subScript>
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with dense setae.
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<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAFEF1BFBFEE2BEA6" bold="true" box="[222,348,685,711]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Abdomen:</emphasis>
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Apex of tergite IV with a diagonal line of 11–13 short, transverse, parallel carinae. Sternite VIII emarginate in male; entire in female. Pygidium rugose. Propygidium without stridulatory area.
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<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAB8A1B84FAABBE8D" bold="true" box="[1211,1301,722,748]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Venter:</emphasis>
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Prosternum very wide, convex. Propleura with long, sparse setae on anterior and posterior surfaces, medial surface glabrous. Apex of prosternal process suboval, flat, with a deep sulcus; without dorsal setae. Metepisternum with complete, thin carina; inner surface with deep, large punctures, and with long, dense setae; outer surface homogeneously rugose, with long, sparse setae. Metasternum with large, deep, confluent punctures and long, dense setae.
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<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAA6A1A34FA22BF1D" bold="true" box="[1371,1436,866,892]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Legs:</emphasis>
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Male protarsus modified; protarsomere 4 with a ventral, carinate, flat projection (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD43FF9DAB2E1AD0FB17BFC1" box="[1055,1193,902,928]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="87.[151,250,1805,1829]" captionTargetBox="[156,1428,1204,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-84@87.[151,1436,1195,1781]" captionTargetPageId="87" captionText="FIGURE 10. Protarsus and inner claw. A–B) Euligyrus similis, C–E) Ligyrus (Ligyrodes) sallaei." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345047" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345047/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 10C–D</figureCitation>
|
||
); inner claw wide and truncate, with an acute, spine-like projection (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD43FF9DADAF1AFCFCBABFA5" box="[670,772,938,964]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="87.[151,250,1805,1829]" captionTargetBox="[156,1428,1204,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-84@87.[151,1436,1195,1781]" captionTargetPageId="87" captionText="FIGURE 10. Protarsus and inner claw. A–B) Euligyrus similis, C–E) Ligyrus (Ligyrodes) sallaei." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345047" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345047/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 10E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Protibia tridentate, with an additional basal denticle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD43FF9DAA5E1AFCFF57BF89" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="88.[151,250,931,955]" captionTargetBox="[234,1354,186,899]" captionTargetId="figure-24@88.[231,1357,181,907]" captionTargetPageId="88" captionText="FIGURE 11. Protibia in frontal view.A) Euligyrus similis, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, D) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, E) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, F) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus, G) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, H) Tomarus bituberculatus, I) T. colombianus, J) T. pullus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345051" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345051/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 11D–E</figureCitation>
|
||
), and sometimes a denticle between basal and second teeth, teeth equidistant. Apical margin of mesotibia and metatibia crenulate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD43FF9DAE801AA4FD8AB86D" box="[433,564,1010,1036]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="88.[151,250,1921,1945]" captionTargetBox="[237,1351,1055,1897]" captionTargetId="figure-89@88.[233,1355,1052,1897]" captionTargetPageId="88" captionText="FIGURE 12. Mesotibia (A–F). A) Euligyrus similis, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, D) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei; E) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus, F) L. (Ligyrus) villosus. Metatibia (G–L). G) Euligyrus similis, H) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, I) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, J) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, K) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus, L) L. (Ligyrus) villosus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345053" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345053/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 12D, J</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAD7A1AA4FCA5B86A" bold="true" box="[587,795,1009,1036]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Female genitalia:</emphasis>
|
||
Subcoxite 1.5 times wider than long (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD43FF9DABE31AA4FA82B86D" box="[1234,1340,1010,1036]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="89.[151,250,1041,1065]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,183,1016]" captionTargetId="figure-17@89.[151,1436,181,1017]" captionTargetPageId="89" captionText="FIGURE 13. Female genital plates. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, D) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, E) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus, F) L. (Ligyrus) bidentulus, G) L. (Ligyrus) neglectus, H) Tomarus laticaudus, I) T. maternus, J) T. rostratus, K) T. subtropicus. Abbreviations: SCx: Subcoxite, Cx: Coxite." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345057" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345057/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 13D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Coxite subquadrate (as long as wide); surface flat. Subcoxite wider and longer than coxite.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAB0E1D40FB4DB84E" bold="true" box="[1087,1267,1045,1072]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Male genitalia:</emphasis>
|
||
Phallobase 1.6 times longer than parameres. Parameres without dorsal teeth, with ventral teeth. Internal sac with copulatory lamella and long lamellar spiny belt; accessory lamella U-shaped.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD43FF9DAFF61DD7FC80B9DD" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD43FF9DAFF61DD7FC80B9DD" blockId="28.[151,1437,289,2008]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAFF61DD7FEFCB8FA" bold="true" box="[199,322,1153,1179]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
The subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD43FF9DAED61DD4FDE8B8FD" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1915" box="[487,598,1154,1180]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAED61DD4FDE8B8FD" box="[487,598,1154,1180]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Ligyrodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is differentiated by the following: Trapezoidal clypeus, clypeal teeth small; frontoclypeus with 2 tumescences (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD43FF9DAD1A1DF0FD3DB8A1" box="[555,643,1190,1216]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="81.[151,250,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1511]" captionTargetId="figure-17@81.[151,1436,181,1511]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 1. Head. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Ligyrodes) peruvianus, D) L. (Anagrylius) moroni, E) L. (Ligyrus) ruginasus, F) L. (Ligyrus) nasutus, G) L. (Ligyrus) bidentulus, H) Tomarus adoceteus, I) T. maimon, J) T. pullus, K) T. pumilus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345011/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
); mentum subrectangular (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD43FF9DAC861DF0FBAFB8A1" box="[951,1041,1190,1216]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1584,1608]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1548]" captionTargetId="figure-24@82.[151,1436,181,1560]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 2. Labium. A) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, B) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) allonasutus, C) L. (Ligyrus) gibbosus, D) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, E) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, F) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, G) Euligyrus ebenus, H) E. similis, I) Tomarus gyas, J) Tomarus selanderi, K) Tomarus subtropicus. Abbreviations: LL: Ligular lobes, LP: Labial palpus, M: Mentum, S: Suture." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345015" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345015/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 2E</figureCitation>
|
||
); mentum and ligula separate by a suture; ligula wide; covered with long, dense setae; ligular lobes fused, with a narrow emargination; galea with 3 dorsal and 2 ventral teeth (the basal often bifid); pronotum without fovea or tubercle; protibia tridentate, with teeth equidistant; protarsi of male modified, inner claw wide and truncate, with an acute like-spine projection (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD43FF9DAA1A1C44FA31B94D" box="[1323,1423,1298,1324]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="87.[151,250,1805,1829]" captionTargetBox="[156,1428,1204,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-84@87.[151,1436,1195,1781]" captionTargetPageId="87" captionText="FIGURE 10. Protarsus and inner claw. A–B) Euligyrus similis, C–E) Ligyrus (Ligyrodes) sallaei." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345047" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345047/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 10E</figureCitation>
|
||
), protarsomere 4 with a ventral flat projection (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD43FF9DADBD1C60FD4AB931" box="[652,756,1334,1360]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="87.[151,250,1805,1829]" captionTargetBox="[156,1428,1204,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-84@87.[151,1436,1195,1781]" captionTargetPageId="87" captionText="FIGURE 10. Protarsus and inner claw. A–B) Euligyrus similis, C–E) Ligyrus (Ligyrodes) sallaei." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345047" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345047/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 10D</figureCitation>
|
||
); internal sac with copulatory lamella and long lamellar spiny belt; accessory lamella U-shaped (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD43FF9DAD2B1C0CFD3DB915" box="[538,643,1370,1396]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="96.[151,250,1739,1763]" captionTargetBox="[161,1418,194,1706]" captionTargetId="figure-24@96.[151,1435,181,1715]" captionTargetPageId="96" captionText="FIGURE 21. Internal sac. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, D) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, E) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus. Abbreviations:AL:Accessory lamellae, Br: Brush of setae, CL: Copulatory lamella, LSB: Lamellar spiny belt, Ra: Raspula." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345085" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345085/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 21D</figureCitation>
|
||
); surface of coxite flat (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD43FF9DACBE1C0CFC46B915" box="[911,1016,1370,1396]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="89.[151,250,1041,1065]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,183,1016]" captionTargetId="figure-17@89.[151,1436,181,1017]" captionTargetPageId="89" captionText="FIGURE 13. Female genital plates. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, D) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, E) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus, F) L. (Ligyrus) bidentulus, G) L. (Ligyrus) neglectus, H) Tomarus laticaudus, I) T. maternus, J) T. rostratus, K) T. subtropicus. Abbreviations: SCx: Subcoxite, Cx: Coxite." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345057" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345057/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 13D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Stridulatory apparatus consisting of a diagonal line of 11–13 short, transverse, parallel carinae on apex of sternite IV and apical inner surface of elytra with transverse small tubercles forming 70–77 parallel lines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD43FF9DAFF61C93FEB5BA11" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="synonymic_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD43FF9DAFF61C93FEB5BA11" blockId="28.[151,1437,289,2008]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAFF61C93FED9B9BE" bold="true" box="[199,359,1477,1503]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Composition.</emphasis>
|
||
Three extant species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD43FF9DAD5F1C91FC0EB981" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[622,944,1478,1504]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="relictus" subGenus="Ligyrodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAD5F1C91FD7AB981" box="[622,708,1479,1504]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Ligyrus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DADE61C90FCF8B981" box="[727,838,1478,1504]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Ligyrodes</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAC6B1C90FC0EB981" box="[858,944,1478,1504]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">relictus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAC811C90FC0AB981" box="[944,948,1478,1504]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">,</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD43FF9DAC8F1C91FB08B981" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1888" box="[958,1206,1478,1504]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sallaei" subGenus="Ligyrodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAC8F1C91FC6BB981" box="[958,981,1479,1504]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">L.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DACD91C90FBE9B981" box="[1000,1111,1478,1504]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Ligyrodes</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAB5A1C90FB08B981" box="[1131,1206,1478,1504]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">sallaei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD43FF9DABCB1C91FEADBA65" authorityName="Endrodi" authorityYear="1970" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peruvianus" subGenus="Ligyrodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DABCB1C91FAAFB981" box="[1274,1297,1479,1504]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">L.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAA151C90FA2DB981" box="[1316,1427,1478,1504]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Ligyrodes</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAFA61CBDFEADBA65" box="[151,275,1515,1540]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">peruvianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD43FF9DAE121CBCFE58BA65" authorityName="López-García & Deloya" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="De Geer" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[291,486,1514,1540]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Euligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ebenus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAE121CBCFE58BA65" box="[291,486,1514,1540]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Euligyrus ebenus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which was originally included in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD43FF9DAC401CBCFC5EBA65" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1915" box="[881,992,1514,1540]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAC401CBCFC5EBA65" box="[881,992,1514,1540]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Ligyrodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD43FF9DAB3C1CBCFB18BA64" author="Casey, T. L." box="[1037,1190,1514,1541]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 394" refId="ref88969" refString="Casey, T. L. (1915) A review of the American species of Rutelinae, Dynastinae, and Cetoniinae. Memoirs on the Coleoptera, 6, 1 - 394." type="journal article" year="1915">Casey (1915)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, is excluded from the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD43FF9DAE371F58FECBBA49" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1915" box="[262,373,1550,1576]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAE371F58FECBBA49" box="[262,373,1550,1576]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Ligyrodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because although this species also has the protarsi enlarged in male, the shape of the tarsomeres and claws are very different, and there are many characters that support the inclusion of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD43FF9DABA61F65FAB9BA2D" authorityName="López-García & Deloya" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="De Geer" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[1175,1287,1586,1612]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Euligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ebenus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DABA61F65FAB9BA2D" box="[1175,1287,1586,1612]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">E. ebenus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD43FF9DAFA61F00FEBABA11" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1915" box="[151,260,1622,1648]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Euligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAFA61F00FEBABA11" box="[151,260,1622,1648]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Euligyrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD43FF9DAFF61F2FFED1BABD" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD43FF9DAFF61F2FFED1BABD" blockId="28.[151,1437,289,2008]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAFF61F2FFE51BAF2" bold="true" box="[199,495,1657,1683]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Geographic distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
One species in North America (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD43FF9DAC621F2CFBD0BAF5" box="[851,1134,1658,1684]" name="United States of America" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">United States of America</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD43FF9DAB951F2CFB42BAF5" box="[1188,1276,1658,1684]" name="Canada" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
), one in North and Central America, and only one of its species in South America (restricted to a small area of the Pacific Coast of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD43FF9DAFA61F94FF4ABABD" box="[151,244,1730,1756]" name="Ecuador" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD43FF9DAE1A1F94FEDDBABD" box="[299,355,1730,1756]" name="Peru" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD43FF9DAFF61FB3FAC7BBB9" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD43FF9DAFF61FB3FBB6BB44" blockId="28.[151,1437,289,2008]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAFF61FB3FDB5BA9E" bold="true" box="[199,523,1765,1791]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Phylogenetic relationships.</emphasis>
|
||
The cladistic analysis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD43FF9DAC091FB1FC27BB61" authorityName="Erichson" authorityYear="1847" box="[824,921,1767,1792]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Tomarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAC091FB1FC27BB61" box="[824,921,1767,1792]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Tomarus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAC9D1FB1FB9FBB61" box="[940,1057,1766,1792]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">sensu lato</emphasis>
|
||
) showed that this group is more closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD43FF9DAE6C1E5DFE0DBB45" baseAuthorityName="sensu Moron & Grossi" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[349,435,1803,1828]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAE6C1E5DFE0DBB45" box="[349,435,1803,1828]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Ligyrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD43FF9DAEC01E5CFDE0BB45" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1915" box="[497,606,1802,1828]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Euligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAEC01E5CFDE0BB45" box="[497,606,1802,1828]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Euligyrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, contrary to the idea of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD43FF9DAC5B1E5CFBBABB44" author="Casey, T. L." box="[874,1028,1802,1829]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 394" refId="ref88969" refString="Casey, T. L. (1915) A review of the American species of Rutelinae, Dynastinae, and Cetoniinae. Memoirs on the Coleoptera, 6, 1 - 394." type="journal article" year="1915">Casey (1915)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD43FF9DAFF61E7BFAC7BBB9" blockId="28.[151,1437,289,2008]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAFF61E7BFE03BB29" bold="true" box="[199,445,1837,1864]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Taxonomic remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD43FF9DAEF21E78FDE7BB28" author="Casey, T. L." box="[451,601,1838,1865]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 394" refId="ref88969" refString="Casey, T. L. (1915) A review of the American species of Rutelinae, Dynastinae, and Cetoniinae. Memoirs on the Coleoptera, 6, 1 - 394." type="journal article" year="1915">Casey (1915)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD43FF9DAC721E78FC0CBB29" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1915" box="[835,946,1838,1864]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAC721E78FC0CBB29" box="[835,946,1838,1864]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Ligyrodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to group three species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD43FF9DABE01E79FA99BB29" baseAuthorityName="sensu Moron & Grossi" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[1233,1319,1839,1864]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DABE01E79FA99BB29" box="[1233,1319,1839,1864]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Ligyrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and seven new species (all currently synonyms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD43FF9DAD651E05FC33BB0D" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[596,909,1874,1900]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="relictus" subGenus="Ligyrodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAD651E05FD14BB0D" box="[596,682,1875,1900]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Ligyrus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAD8B1E04FC97BB0D" box="[698,809,1874,1900]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Ligyrodes</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAC0B1E04FC33BB0D" box="[826,909,1874,1900]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">relictus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD43FF9DACF21E05FB4ABB0D" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1888" box="[963,1268,1874,1900]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sallaei" subGenus="Ligyrodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DACF21E05FBA7BB0D" box="[963,1049,1875,1900]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Ligyrus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAB181E04FB26BB0D" box="[1065,1176,1874,1900]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Ligyrodes</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAB981E04FB4ABB0D" box="[1193,1268,1874,1900]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">sallaei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) with the male protarsus modified, apex of prosternal process without setae, and the abdominal spiracles of the segments I–III transverse. The genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD43FF9DAEA91ECCFDB9BBD5" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1915" box="[408,519,1946,1972]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAEA91ECCFDB9BBD5" box="[408,519,1946,1972]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Ligyrodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was synonymized by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD43FF9DAC3B1ECCFC64BBD4" author="Cartwright, O. L." box="[778,986,1946,1973]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="515 - 541" refId="ref88844" refString="Cartwright, O. L. (1959) Scarab beetles of the genus Bothynus in the United States (Coleoptera: Sacarabaeidae). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 108, 515 - 541." type="journal article" year="1959">Cartwright (1959)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD43FF9DAB2B1ECCFB76BBD5" author="Endrodi, S." box="[1050,1224,1946,1972]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 145" refId="ref89768" refString="Endrodi, S. (1969) Monographie der Dynastinae. 4. Tribus: Pentodontini (Coleoptera, Lamellicornia). Entomologische Abhandlungen, 37, 1 - 145." type="journal article" year="1969">Endrödi (1969)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recognized it as a subgenus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD43FF9DAE141EE9FEC5BBB9" baseAuthorityName="sensu Moron & Grossi" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[293,379,1983,2008]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAE141EE9FEC5BBB9" box="[293,379,1983,2008]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Ligyrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but excluded
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD43FF9DAD291EE9FD3BBBB9" authorityName="López-García & Deloya" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="De Geer" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[536,645,1982,2008]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Euligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ebenus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAD291EE9FD3BBBB9" box="[536,645,1982,2008]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">E. ebenus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which he grouped in the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD43FF9DAB291EE8FB3BBBB9" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1915" box="[1048,1157,1982,2008]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Euligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAB291EE8FB3BBBB9" box="[1048,1157,1982,2008]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Euligyrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
along with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD43FF9DAA3B1EE9FACCBBB9" authorityName="López-García & Deloya" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Endrodi" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[1290,1394,1982,2008]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Euligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="similis">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD43FF9DAA3B1EE9FACCBBB9" box="[1290,1394,1982,2008]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">E. similis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD42FF9CAFA619C1FD03BCD3" box="[151,701,151,178]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD42FF9CAFA619C1FD03BCD3" blockId="29.[151,701,151,178]" box="[151,701,151,178]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD42FF9CAFA619C1FD03BCD3" bold="true" box="[151,701,151,178]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
Key to the species of the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD42FF9CAD7719C1FD03BCD3" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1915" box="[582,701,151,178]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD42FF9CAD7719C1FD03BCD3" bold="true" box="[582,701,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Ligyrodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD42FF9CAFA6198AFA22BD98" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="key">
|
||
<key id="5E31AF1CFD42FF9CAFA6198AFA22BD98" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<keyStep id="9154E088FD42FF9CAFA6198AFA22BD28" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD42FF9CAFA6198AFA22BD6F" blockId="29.[151,1437,220,506]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<keyLead id="91515B18FD42FF9CAFA6198AFA22BD6F" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
1 Pygidium with deep, large punctures, homogeneously distributed. Apex of metatibia with 13–17 spinules. Species from South America......................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD42FF9CACFC19AFFA22BD6F" authority="Endrodi, 1970" authorityName="Endrodi" authorityYear="1970" box="[973,1436,249,271]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peruvianus" subGenus="Ligyrodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD42FF9CACFC19AFFA22BD6F" bold="true" box="[973,1436,249,271]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD42FF9CACFC19AFFBA7BD6F" bold="true" box="[973,1049,249,270]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Ligyrus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD42FF9CAB1619AFFB36BD6E" bold="true" box="[1063,1160,249,271]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Ligyrodes</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD42FF9CABA719AFFABBBD6F" bold="true" box="[1174,1285,249,270]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">peruvianus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD42FF9CAA3A19AFFA22BD6F" author="Endrodi, S." box="[1291,1436,249,271]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="105 - 108" refId="ref89799" refString="Endrodi, S. (1970) Drei neue Dynastinen (Coleoptera, Melolonthidae) aus Amerika. Mitteilungen aus dem Museum fur Naturkunde in Berlin. Zoologisches Museum und Institut fur Spezielle Zoologie, Berlin, 46, 105 - 108. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnz. 19700460113" type="journal article" year="1970">Endrödi, 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD42FF9CAFA61841FA22BD28" blockId="29.[151,1437,220,506]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<keyLead id="91515B18FD42FF9CAFA61841FA22BD28" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">- Pygidium with dense rugosity (only on apex or on all the surface).Apex of metatibia with 6–9 spinules. Species from North and Central America...................................................................................... 2</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="9154E088FD42FF9CAFA61804FA22BD98" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD42FF9CAFA61804FA23BDC3" blockId="29.[151,1437,220,506]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<keyLead id="91515B18FD42FF9CAFA61804FA23BDC3" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
2 Protibia with 3 teeth and a basal denticle, without denticle between basal and second tooth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD42FF9CAB641807FB13BD06" box="[1109,1197,337,359]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="88.[151,250,931,955]" captionTargetBox="[234,1354,186,899]" captionTargetId="figure-24@88.[231,1357,181,907]" captionTargetPageId="88" captionText="FIGURE 11. Protibia in frontal view.A) Euligyrus similis, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, D) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, E) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, F) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus, G) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, H) Tomarus bituberculatus, I) T. colombianus, J) T. pullus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345051" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345051/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 11D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Parameres with ventral teeth acute and long (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD42FF9CAE9C1839FDBBBDE4" box="[429,517,367,389]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="90.[151,250,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[154,1430,183,1509]" captionTargetId="figure-24@90.[151,1436,181,1512]" captionTargetPageId="90" captionText="FIGURE 15. Parameres in frontal view. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) E. similis, C) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, D) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) cuniculus, E) L. (Anagrylius) moroni, F) L. (Ligyrodes) peruvianus, G) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, H) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, I) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus, J) L. (Ligyrus) bidentulus, K) L. (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, L) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) fossor, M) L. (Ligyrus) gibbosus, N) L. (Ligyrus) nasutus, O) L. (Ligyrus) neglectus, P) L. (Ligyrus) paranaensis, Q) L. (Ligyrus) peninsularis, R) L. (Ligyrus) rubripes, S) L. (Ligyrus) ruginasus, T) L. (Ligyrus) villosus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345063" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345063/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 15G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD42FF9CADA61839FD61BDE4" box="[663,735,367,389]" name="Canada" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD42FF9CAC3D1839FC42BDE4" box="[780,1020,367,389]" name="United States of America" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">United States of America</collectingCountry>
|
||
(east of Rocky Mountains with few records in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD42FF9CAFCB18DAFE8DBDC0" box="[250,307,396,417]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
)............................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD42FF9CAB2518DAFA23BDC3" authority="(Say, 1825)" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[1044,1437,396,418]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="relictus" subGenus="Ligyrodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD42FF9CAB2518DAFA23BDC3" bold="true" box="[1044,1437,396,418]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD42FF9CAB2518DAFBDEBDC0" bold="true" box="[1044,1120,396,417]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Ligyrus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD42FF9CAB5F18DAFB71BDC3" bold="true" box="[1134,1231,396,418]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Ligyrodes</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD42FF9CABEC18DAFA98BDC3" bold="true" box="[1245,1318,396,418]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">relictus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD42FF9CAA0218DAFA2BBDC3" author="Say, T." box="[1331,1429,396,418]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="160 - 204" refId="ref93328" refString="Say, T. (1825) Descriptions of new species of coleopterous insects inhabiting the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 5, 160 - 204." type="journal article" year="1825">Say, 1825</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD42FF9CAFA618FCFA22BD98" blockId="29.[151,1437,220,506]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<keyLead id="91515B18FD42FF9CAFA618FCFA22BD98" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
- Protibia with 3 teeth, a basal denticle, and other denticle between basal and second tooth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD42FF9CAB6218FFFB14BDDE" box="[1107,1194,425,447]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="88.[151,250,931,955]" captionTargetBox="[234,1354,186,899]" captionTargetId="figure-24@88.[231,1357,181,907]" captionTargetPageId="88" captionText="FIGURE 11. Protibia in frontal view.A) Euligyrus similis, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, D) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, E) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, F) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus, G) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, H) Tomarus bituberculatus, I) T. colombianus, J) T. pullus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345051" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345051/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 11E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Parameres with ventral teeth rounded and short (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD42FF9CAEE01891FD94BDBC" box="[465,554,455,477]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="90.[151,250,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[154,1430,183,1509]" captionTargetId="figure-24@90.[151,1436,181,1512]" captionTargetPageId="90" captionText="FIGURE 15. Parameres in frontal view. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) E. similis, C) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, D) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) cuniculus, E) L. (Anagrylius) moroni, F) L. (Ligyrodes) peruvianus, G) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, H) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, I) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus, J) L. (Ligyrus) bidentulus, K) L. (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, L) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) fossor, M) L. (Ligyrus) gibbosus, N) L. (Ligyrus) nasutus, O) L. (Ligyrus) neglectus, P) L. (Ligyrus) paranaensis, Q) L. (Ligyrus) peninsularis, R) L. (Ligyrus) rubripes, S) L. (Ligyrus) ruginasus, T) L. (Ligyrus) villosus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345063" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345063/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 15H</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD42FF9CAD0A1891FC93BDBC" box="[571,813,455,477]" name="United States of America" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">United States of America</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD42FF9CAC081891FCCCBDBD" box="[825,882,455,476]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
and southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD42FF9CACC81891FBF6BDBC" box="[1017,1096,455,477]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Arizona</collectingRegion>
|
||
) to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD42FF9CAB5C1891FB07BDBD" box="[1133,1209,455,476]" name="Panama" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
......................................................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD42FF9CAB2818B2FA22BD98" authority="Bates, 1888" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1888" box="[1049,1436,484,506]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sallaei" subGenus="Ligyrodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD42FF9CAB2818B2FA22BD98" bold="true" box="[1049,1436,484,506]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD42FF9CAB2818B2FBDBBD98" bold="true" box="[1049,1125,484,505]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Ligyrus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD42FF9CAB4218B2FB6ABD9B" bold="true" box="[1139,1236,484,506]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Ligyrodes</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD42FF9CABD318B2FA9CBD9B" bold="true" box="[1250,1314,484,506]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">sallaei</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD42FF9CAA1918B2FA22BD98" author="Bates, H. W." box="[1320,1436,484,505]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="296 - 342" refId="ref88329" refString="Bates, H. W. (1888) Pectinicornia and Lamellicornia, Family Dynastinae. In: Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O. (Eds.), Biologia Centrali-Americana, Insecta, Coleoptera, 2 (Part 2), pp. 296 - 342." type="journal article" year="1888">Bates, 1888</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
</key>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |