596 lines
75 KiB
XML
596 lines
75 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="13EE5B677EF2D66241AB027D85D956AA">Cladistic analysis reveals polyphyly of Tomarus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae): new classification and taxonomic revision</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD41FF9FAFA619C1FDC9BCD0" ID-CoL="6PYWB" authority="(Say, 1825)" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[151,631,151,178]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="relictus" subGenus="Ligyrodes">
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<emphasis id="18D4243FFD41FF9FAFA619C1FF4ABCD0" bold="true" box="[151,244,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Ligyrus</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="18D4243FFD41FF9FAE3419C1FEC2BCD3" bold="true" box="[261,380,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Ligyrodes</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="18D4243FFD41FF9FAEBC19C1FE59BCD3" bold="true" box="[397,487,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">relictus</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD41FF9FAEC719C1FDD1BCD0" author="Say, T." box="[502,623,151,177]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="160 - 204" refId="ref93328" refString="Say, T. (1825) Descriptions of new species of coleopterous insects inhabiting the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 5, 160 - 204." type="journal article" year="1825">Say, 1825</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD41FF9FAFA619EDFC8BBCB4" blockId="30.[151,821,151,214]" box="[151,821,187,214]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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(
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<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD41FF9FAFAE19EDFEBEBCB4" box="[159,256,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1584,1608]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1548]" captionTargetId="figure-24@82.[151,1436,181,1560]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 2. Labium. A) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, B) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) allonasutus, C) L. (Ligyrus) gibbosus, D) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, E) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, F) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, G) Euligyrus ebenus, H) E. similis, I) Tomarus gyas, J) Tomarus selanderi, K) Tomarus subtropicus. Abbreviations: LL: Ligular lobes, LP: Labial palpus, M: Mentum, S: Suture." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345015" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345015/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Figs. 2E</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD41FF9FAE3D19EDFE91BCB4" box="[268,303,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="83.[151,250,1872,1896]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,1118,1848]" captionTargetId="figure-81@83.[151,1437,1118,1848]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIGURE 4. Maxilla. A) Euligyrus similis, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Ligyrodes) relictus, D) L. (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, E) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, F) Tomarus gyas, G) Tomarus maternus, H) T. selanderi, I) T. subtropicus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345023" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345023/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">4C</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD41FF9FAE0A19EDFEE0BCB7" box="[315,350,187,214]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="84.[151,250,931,955]" captionTargetBox="[188,1400,181,907]" captionTargetId="figure-24@84.[188,1400,181,907]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="FIGURE 5. Mandible. A) Euligyrus similis, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Ligyrodes) relictus, D) L. (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, E) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, F) Tomarus rostratus, G) T. gyas, H) T. maternus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345025" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345025/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">5C</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD41FF9FAE5819EDFE32BCB4" box="[361,396,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="84.[151,250,1963,1987]" captionTargetBox="[185,1409,1024,1940]" captionTargetId="figure-74@84.[178,1409,1015,1940]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="FIGURE 6. Labrum. A) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, B) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, C) Ligyrus (Ligyrodes) relictus, D) Tomarus gyas, E) T. maternus, F) T. selanderi, G) T. subtropicus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345029" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345029/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">6C</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD41FF9FAEA919EDFE69BCB7" box="[408,471,187,214]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1712,1736]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1688]" captionTargetId="figure-24@86.[151,1436,181,1688]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 8. Stridulatory apparatus. A, D) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, B, E) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, C, F) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, G, K) Tomarus amazonicus, H, L) T. maimon, I, M) T. maternus, J, N) T. gyas." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345035" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345035/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">8C, F</figureCitation>
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,
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||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD41FF9FAED319EDFDAABCB4" box="[482,532,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="88.[151,250,931,955]" captionTargetBox="[234,1354,186,899]" captionTargetId="figure-24@88.[231,1357,181,907]" captionTargetPageId="88" captionText="FIGURE 11. Protibia in frontal view.A) Euligyrus similis, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, D) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, E) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, F) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus, G) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, H) Tomarus bituberculatus, I) T. colombianus, J) T. pullus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345051" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345051/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">11D</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD41FF9FAD2E19EDFDEEBCB4" box="[543,592,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="89.[151,250,1677,1701]" captionTargetBox="[152,1432,1161,1649]" captionTargetId="figure-90@89.[152,1436,1161,1653]" captionTargetPageId="89" captionText="FIGURE 14. Spiculum gastrale. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, D) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, E) Tomarus pullus, F) T. rostratus, G) T. selanderi, H) T. subtropicus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345059" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345059/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">14C</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD41FF9FAD6D19EDFD31BCB7" box="[604,655,187,214]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="90.[151,250,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[154,1430,183,1509]" captionTargetId="figure-24@90.[151,1436,181,1512]" captionTargetPageId="90" captionText="FIGURE 15. Parameres in frontal view. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) E. similis, C) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, D) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) cuniculus, E) L. (Anagrylius) moroni, F) L. (Ligyrodes) peruvianus, G) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, H) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, I) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus, J) L. (Ligyrus) bidentulus, K) L. (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, L) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) fossor, M) L. (Ligyrus) gibbosus, N) L. (Ligyrus) nasutus, O) L. (Ligyrus) neglectus, P) L. (Ligyrus) paranaensis, Q) L. (Ligyrus) peninsularis, R) L. (Ligyrus) rubripes, S) L. (Ligyrus) ruginasus, T) L. (Ligyrus) villosus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345063" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345063/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">15G</figureCitation>
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,
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||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD41FF9FADAB19EDFD78BCB4" box="[666,710,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="92.[151,250,1215,1239]" captionTargetBox="[155,1430,188,1184]" captionTargetId="figure-24@92.[151,1436,181,1191]" captionTargetPageId="92" captionText="FIGURE 17. Parameres in lateral view. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) E. similis, C) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, D) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) cuniculus; E) L. (Anagrylius) moroni, F) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, G) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345073" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345073/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">17F</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD41FF9FADE019EDFCBBBCB7" box="[721,773,187,214]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="100.[151,250,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[163,1432,189,1806]" captionTargetId="figure-24@100.[151,1436,181,1817]" captionTargetPageId="100" captionText="FIGURE 25. Habitus of the species of Ligyrus. Subgenus Anagrylius: A) Ligyrus cuniculus, B) L. moroni. Subgenus Ligyrodes: C) L. peruvianus, D) L. relictus, E) L. sallaei. Subgenus Ligyrus: F) L. allonasutus, G) L. bidentulus, H) L. burmeisteri. Scale bar: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345097" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345097/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">25D</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD41FF9FAC2119EDFC93BCB4" box="[784,813,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="107.[151,250,1132,1156]" captionTargetBox="[236,1357,181,1104]" captionTargetId="figure-17@107.[230,1357,181,1109]" captionTargetPageId="107" captionText="FIGURE 33. Distributional records of the subgenus Ligyrus (Ligyrodes)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345123" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345123/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">33</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD41FF9FAFA61856FBC6BD79" blockId="30.[151,1437,255,678]" box="[151,1144,255,280]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="0AB0DF03FD41FF9FAFA61856FBC6BD79" box="[151,1144,255,280]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<treatmentCitation id="AB01DE3CFD41FF9FAFA61856FE41BD79" author="Say, T." box="[151,511,255,280]" page="194" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" year="1825">
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<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD41FF9FAFA61856FE41BD79" ID-CoL="4V2FF" authority="Say, 1825: 194" authorityName="Say" authorityPageNumber="194" authorityYear="1825" box="[151,511,255,280]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="relictus">
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<emphasis id="18D4243FFD41FF9FAFA61856FEE1BD79" box="[151,351,256,280]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Scarabaeus relictus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD41FF9FAE541856FE41BD79" author="Say, T." box="[357,511,255,280]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="160 - 204" refId="ref93328" refString="Say, T. (1825) Descriptions of new species of coleopterous insects inhabiting the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 5, 160 - 204." type="journal article" year="1825">Say, 1825: 194</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Original combination.
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||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD41FF9FADDF1856FC9EBD79" box="[750,800,256,280]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Type</typeStatus>
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lost.
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<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD41FF9FAC691856FC34BD79" box="[856,906,256,280]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Type</typeStatus>
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locality:
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<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD41FF9FACDB1856FBCABD79" box="[1002,1140,256,280]" country="United States of America" name="Pennsylvania" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Pennsylvania</collectingRegion>
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.
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<treatmentCitation id="AB01DE3CFD41FF9FAFA61848FDA4BD57" author="Casey, T. L." box="[151,538,286,310]" page="181" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" year="1915">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD41FF9FAFA61848FDA4BD57" authority="Casey, 1915: 181" authorityName="Casey" authorityPageNumber="181" authorityYear="1915" box="[151,538,286,310]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clypealis">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD41FF9FAFA61848FEE3BD57" box="[151,349,286,310]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Ligyrodes clypealis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD41FF9FAE541848FDA4BD57" author="Casey, T. L." box="[357,538,286,310]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="1 - 394" refId="ref88969" refString="Casey, T. L. (1915) A review of the American species of Rutelinae, Dynastinae, and Cetoniinae. Memoirs on the Coleoptera, 6, 1 - 394." type="journal article" year="1915">Casey, 1915: 181</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. Synonym. Male
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD41FF9FADE11848FC93BD57" box="[720,813,286,310]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(USNM) “N.J. // Horn. // CASEY / bequest / 1925 // TYPE
|
||
<specimenCode id="7A065056FD41FF9FAFF6186BFEDDBD34" box="[199,355,317,341]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="Museum">USNM / 48602</specimenCode>
|
||
// clypealis / Csy”
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD41FF9FAD12186BFD75BD34" bold="true" box="[547,715,317,341]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">here designated</emphasis>
|
||
. Male
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD41FF9FAC23186BFC24BD34" box="[786,922,317,341]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="paralectotype">paralectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(USNM) “N.J. // Horn. // CASEY / bequest / 1925 //
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD41FF9FAFED180AFEE4BD15" box="[220,346,348,372]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="paratype">PARATYPE</typeStatus>
|
||
<specimenCode id="7A065056FD41FF9FAE51180AFE42BD12" box="[352,508,347,372]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="Museum">USNM / 48602</specimenCode>
|
||
// clypealis / Csy”.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD41FF9FAFA6182CFDC0BDD1" blockId="30.[151,1437,255,678]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="0AB0DF03FD41FF9FAFA6182CFDC0BDD1" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="AB01DE3CFD41FF9FAFA6182CFD9DBDF3" author="Casey, T. L." box="[151,547,378,402]" page="181" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" year="1915">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD41FF9FAFA6182CFD9DBDF3" authority="Casey, 1915: 181" authorityName="Casey" authorityPageNumber="181" authorityYear="1915" box="[151,547,378,402]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parviceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD41FF9FAFA6182CFED8BDF3" box="[151,358,378,402]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Ligyrodes parviceps</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD41FF9FAE5F182CFD9DBDF3" author="Casey, T. L." box="[366,547,378,402]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="1 - 394" refId="ref88969" refString="Casey, T. L. (1915) A review of the American species of Rutelinae, Dynastinae, and Cetoniinae. Memoirs on the Coleoptera, 6, 1 - 394." type="journal article" year="1915">Casey, 1915: 181</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. Synonym. Male
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD41FF9FADEB182CFC89BDF3" box="[730,823,378,402]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(USNM) “Ia // CASEY / bequest / 1925 // TYPE
|
||
<specimenCode id="7A065056FD41FF9FAA75182CFEB8BDD0" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="Museum">USNM / 48604</specimenCode>
|
||
// parviceps / Csy”
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD41FF9FAEFE18CFFDC6BDD0" bold="true" box="[463,632,409,433]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">here designated</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD41FF9FAFA618EEFC9EBE4D" blockId="30.[151,1437,255,678]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="0AB0DF03FD41FF9FAFA618EEFC9EBE4D" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="AB01DE3CFD41FF9FAFA618EEFD83BDB1" author="Casey, T. L." box="[151,573,439,464]" page="182" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" year="1915">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD41FF9FAFA618EEFD83BDB1" authority="Casey, 1915: 182" authorityName="Casey" authorityPageNumber="182" authorityYear="1915" box="[151,573,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadripennis">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD41FF9FAFA618EEFE39BDB1" box="[151,391,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Ligyrodes quadripennis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD41FF9FAEBD18EEFD83BDB1" author="Casey, T. L." box="[396,573,439,464]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="1 - 394" refId="ref88969" refString="Casey, T. L. (1915) A review of the American species of Rutelinae, Dynastinae, and Cetoniinae. Memoirs on the Coleoptera, 6, 1 - 394." type="journal article" year="1915">Casey, 1915: 182</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. Synonym. Male
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD41FF9FADDD18EEFCF7BDB1" box="[748,841,440,464]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(USNM) “Canadian / Aferi / Tx // CASEY / bequest / 1925 // TYPE
|
||
<specimenCode id="7A065056FD41FF9FAE121880FE7FBD8F" box="[291,449,470,494]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="Museum">USNM / 48601</specimenCode>
|
||
// quadripennis / Csy”
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD41FF9FAD811880FCE4BD8F" bold="true" box="[688,858,470,494]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">here designated</emphasis>
|
||
. Female
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD41FF9FAC8B1880FBFCBD8F" box="[954,1090,470,494]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="paralectotype">paralectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(USNM) “Ia // CASEY / bequest / 1925 //
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD41FF9FAE1518A3FE1CBE6C" box="[292,418,501,525]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="paratype">PARATYPE</typeStatus>
|
||
<specimenCode id="7A065056FD41FF9FAE9818A3FDF8BE6C" box="[425,582,501,525]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="Museum">USNM / 48601</specimenCode>
|
||
// quadripennis / Csy”. Female
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD41FF9FACBD18A3FBAABE6C" box="[908,1044,501,525]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="paralectotype">paralectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(USNM) “
|
||
<collectorName id="87559DFBFD41FF9FABB618A3FB00BE6C" box="[1159,1214,501,525]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">N. Ill</collectorName>
|
||
// CASEY / bequest / 1925 //
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD41FF9FAE241B42FE2DBE4D" box="[277,403,532,556]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="paratype">PARATYPE</typeStatus>
|
||
<specimenCode id="7A065056FD41FF9FAEA81B42FD8BBE4A" box="[409,565,531,556]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="Museum">USNM / 48601</specimenCode>
|
||
// quadripennis / Csy”.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD41FF9FAFA61B64FDFFBE08" blockId="30.[151,1437,255,678]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="0AB0DF03FD41FF9FAFA61B64FDFFBE08" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="AB01DE3CFD41FF9FAFA61B64FD36BE2B" author="Casey, T. L." box="[151,648,562,586]" page="183" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" year="1915">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD41FF9FAFA61B64FD36BE2B" authority="Casey, 1915: 183" authorityName="Casey" authorityPageNumber="183" authorityYear="1915" box="[151,648,562,586]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="relictus" subSpecies="vernicicollis">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD41FF9FAFA61B64FE6EBE2B" box="[151,464,562,586]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Ligyrodes relictus vernicicollis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD41FF9FAEE61B64FD36BE2B" author="Casey, T. L." box="[471,648,562,586]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="1 - 394" refId="ref88969" refString="Casey, T. L. (1915) A review of the American species of Rutelinae, Dynastinae, and Cetoniinae. Memoirs on the Coleoptera, 6, 1 - 394." type="journal article" year="1915">Casey, 1915: 183</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. Synonym. Female
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD41FF9FAC601B64FC14BE2B" box="[849,938,562,586]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(USNM) “Ia // CASEY / bequest / 1925 // TYPE
|
||
<specimenCode id="7A065056FD41FF9FAFF61B07FEDDBE08" box="[199,355,593,617]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="Museum">USNM / 48603</specimenCode>
|
||
// vernicicollis / Csy”
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD41FF9FAFA61B26FC10BEC7" blockId="30.[151,1437,255,678]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="0AB0DF03FD41FF9FAFA61B26FC10BEC7" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="AB01DE3CFD41FF9FAFA61B26FDADBEE9" author="Casey, T. L." box="[151,531,624,648]" page="334" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" year="1924">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD41FF9FAFA61B26FDADBEE9" authority="Casey, 1924: 334" authorityName="Casey" authorityPageNumber="334" authorityYear="1924" box="[151,531,624,648]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dawsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD41FF9FAFA61B26FEE9BEE9" box="[151,343,624,648]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Ligyrodes dawsoni</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD41FF9FAE6E1B26FDADBEE9" author="Casey, T. L." box="[351,531,624,648]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="1 - 347" refId="ref89003" refString="Casey, T. L. (1924) Additions to the known Coleoptera of North America. Memoirs on the Coleoptera, 11, 1 - 347." type="journal article" year="1924">Casey, 1924: 334</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. Synonym. Male
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD41FF9FADF91B26FC9FBEE9" box="[712,801,624,648]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(USNM) “
|
||
<collectorName id="87559DFBFD41FF9FACA41B26FB90BEE9" box="[917,1070,624,648]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">So. Sioux City</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD41FF9FAB091B26FB26BEE9" box="[1080,1176,624,648]" country="United States of America" name="Nebraska" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Nebraska</collectingRegion>
|
||
//
|
||
<collectorName id="87559DFBFD41FF9FAB841B26FAFCBEE9" box="[1205,1346,624,648]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">L.T. Williams</collectorName>
|
||
/
|
||
<date id="5E1EDEEDFD41FF9FAA691B26FF46BEC7" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" value="1912-07-08">
|
||
<collectingDate id="4E5A2705FD41FF9FAA691B26FF46BEC7" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" value="1912-07-08">July 8. 1912</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
//CASEY / bequest/1925 // TYPE
|
||
<specimenCode id="7A065056FD41FF9FAD641BD8FD4FBEC7" box="[597,753,654,678]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="Museum">USNM / 48600</specimenCode>
|
||
// dawsoni / Csy”.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD41FF9FAFA61B82FD6BB96A" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD41FF9FAFA61B82FD6BB96A" blockId="30.[151,1437,724,2013]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD41FF9FAFA61B82FE97BE8F" bold="true" box="[151,297,724,750]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Habitus as in
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD41FF9FAEE41B82FDFEBE8E" box="[469,576,724,751]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="100.[151,250,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[163,1432,189,1806]" captionTargetId="figure-24@100.[151,1436,181,1817]" captionTargetPageId="100" captionText="FIGURE 25. Habitus of the species of Ligyrus. Subgenus Anagrylius: A) Ligyrus cuniculus, B) L. moroni. Subgenus Ligyrodes: C) L. peruvianus, D) L. relictus, E) L. sallaei. Subgenus Ligyrus: F) L. allonasutus, G) L. bidentulus, H) L. burmeisteri. Scale bar: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345097" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345097/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 25D</figureCitation>
|
||
. Length
|
||
<quantity id="ED5855C8FD41FF9FAD961B82FCEEBE8E" box="[679,848,724,751]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9449999999999998" metricValueMax="2.2199999999999998" metricValueMin="1.67" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="19.45" valueMax="22.2" valueMin="16.7">16.7–22.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
; humeral width 8.0–
|
||
<quantity id="ED5855C8FD41FF9FAB711B83FB08BE8E" box="[1088,1206,725,751]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.148" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="11.48">11.48 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Color dark reddish brown to black.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD41FF9FAE641BAFFE20BF72" bold="true" box="[341,414,761,787]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Head:</emphasis>
|
||
Frons slightly concave between eyes and before frontal tubercles; surface deeply rugopunctate, with large and sparse punctures, nearly smooth on vertex with only sparse, small punctures. Frontoclypeal region with 2 tumescences separated by 1/2 a tumescence width. Ocular canthus rounded and wide, with 3–4 ventral setae. Clypeal surface rugopunctate, striae denser than those on frons. Clypeus subtriangular to trapezoidal, base 2.0–2.5 times as wide as apex. Clypeal teeth transverse to widely triangular, separated by 1.5 times a tooth diameter. Mandible with 2 apical and 1 lateral, truncate tooth, tooth 1 shorter and narrower than tooth 2 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD41FF9FAB871AFAFAB0BFA6" box="[1206,1294,940,967]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="84.[151,250,931,955]" captionTargetBox="[188,1400,181,907]" captionTargetId="figure-24@84.[188,1400,181,907]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="FIGURE 5. Mandible. A) Euligyrus similis, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Ligyrodes) relictus, D) L. (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, E) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, F) Tomarus rostratus, G) T. gyas, H) T. maternus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345025" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345025/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Interocular distance 3 times an eye width. Antennal club long.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD41FF9FADE21A87FCEBBF8A" bold="true" box="[723,853,977,1003]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Pronotum:</emphasis>
|
||
Surface with small, sparse punctures. Apex without tubercle or fovea (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD41FF9FAE501AA2FE76B86E" box="[353,456,1012,1039]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="100.[151,250,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[163,1432,189,1806]" captionTargetId="figure-24@100.[151,1436,181,1817]" captionTargetPageId="100" captionText="FIGURE 25. Habitus of the species of Ligyrus. Subgenus Anagrylius: A) Ligyrus cuniculus, B) L. moroni. Subgenus Ligyrodes: C) L. peruvianus, D) L. relictus, E) L. sallaei. Subgenus Ligyrus: F) L. allonasutus, G) L. bidentulus, H) L. burmeisteri. Scale bar: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345097" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345097/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 25D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD41FF9FAEEA1AA3FD8EB86E" bold="true" box="[475,560,1013,1039]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Elytra:</emphasis>
|
||
First interval punctate, punctures similar to the other intervals. Inner surface of apex with small transverse tubercles forming about 70 parallel lines.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD41FF9FACA81D4EFBA9B853" bold="true" box="[921,1047,1048,1074]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Abdomen:</emphasis>
|
||
Apex of tergite IV with a diagonal line of 12 transverse parallel short carinae. Pygidial surface with large, evenly sparse punctures. Strongly (male) to slightly (female) convex in lateral view.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD41FF9FAD641D37FD29B81A" bold="true" box="[597,663,1121,1147]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Legs:</emphasis>
|
||
Protibia tridentate, with an additional basal denticle; teeth equidistant (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD41FF9FAFAE1DD2FEB8B8FE" box="[159,262,1156,1183]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="88.[151,250,931,955]" captionTargetBox="[234,1354,186,899]" captionTargetId="figure-24@88.[231,1357,181,907]" captionTargetPageId="88" captionText="FIGURE 11. Protibia in frontal view.A) Euligyrus similis, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, D) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, E) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, F) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus, G) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, H) Tomarus bituberculatus, I) T. colombianus, J) T. pullus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345051" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345051/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 11D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Protarsus of male with inner claw wide, apex with a spine-like projection (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD41FF9FAB6A1DD2FB7EB8FE" box="[1115,1216,1156,1183]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="87.[151,250,1805,1829]" captionTargetBox="[156,1428,1204,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-84@87.[151,1436,1195,1781]" captionTargetPageId="87" captionText="FIGURE 10. Protarsus and inner claw. A–B) Euligyrus similis, C–E) Ligyrus (Ligyrodes) sallaei." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345047" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345047/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 10E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Metatibia not narrowed before apex, sides nearly parallel. Apex of metatibia crenulate, with 6–9 spinules.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD41FF9FAB461DFFFA94B8A3" bold="true" box="[1143,1322,1192,1219]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Male genitalia:</emphasis>
|
||
Spiculum gastrale wide, apex truncate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD41FF9FAEEF1D9AFDFAB886" box="[478,580,1228,1255]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="89.[151,250,1677,1701]" captionTargetBox="[152,1432,1161,1649]" captionTargetId="figure-90@89.[152,1436,1161,1653]" captionTargetPageId="89" captionText="FIGURE 14. Spiculum gastrale. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, D) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, E) Tomarus pullus, F) T. rostratus, G) T. selanderi, H) T. subtropicus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345059" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345059/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 14C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Parameres short; strongly contracted at middle; ventral margin with an apical acute, tooth long on each side (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD41FF9FAD2A1DA6FD33B96A" box="[539,653,1264,1291]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="90.[151,250,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[154,1430,183,1509]" captionTargetId="figure-24@90.[151,1436,181,1512]" captionTargetPageId="90" captionText="FIGURE 15. Parameres in frontal view. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) E. similis, C) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, D) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) cuniculus, E) L. (Anagrylius) moroni, F) L. (Ligyrodes) peruvianus, G) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, H) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, I) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus, J) L. (Ligyrus) bidentulus, K) L. (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, L) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) fossor, M) L. (Ligyrus) gibbosus, N) L. (Ligyrus) nasutus, O) L. (Ligyrus) neglectus, P) L. (Ligyrus) paranaensis, Q) L. (Ligyrus) peninsularis, R) L. (Ligyrus) rubripes, S) L. (Ligyrus) ruginasus, T) L. (Ligyrus) villosus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345063" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345063/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Figs. 15G</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD41FF9FADA91DA7FD79B96A" box="[664,711,1265,1291]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="92.[151,250,1215,1239]" captionTargetBox="[155,1430,188,1184]" captionTargetId="figure-24@92.[151,1436,181,1191]" captionTargetPageId="92" captionText="FIGURE 17. Parameres in lateral view. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) E. similis, C) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, D) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) cuniculus; E) L. (Anagrylius) moroni, F) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, G) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345073" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345073/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">17F</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD41FF9FAFF61C42FB48BA66" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD41FF9FAFF61C42FEE7B9FA" blockId="30.[151,1437,724,2013]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD41FF9FAFF61C42FEFCB94F" bold="true" box="[199,322,1300,1326]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD41FF9FAE781C43FE46B94F" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[329,504,1300,1326]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="relictus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD41FF9FAE781C43FE46B94F" box="[329,504,1300,1326]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Ligyrus relictus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is differentiated from the other species in the genus by the protibia with basal denticle and without a denticle between the basal and second tooth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD41FF9FAC5B1C6EFC70B932" box="[874,974,1336,1363]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="88.[151,250,931,955]" captionTargetBox="[234,1354,186,899]" captionTargetId="figure-24@88.[231,1357,181,907]" captionTargetPageId="88" captionText="FIGURE 11. Protibia in frontal view.A) Euligyrus similis, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, D) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, E) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, F) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus, G) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, H) Tomarus bituberculatus, I) T. colombianus, J) T. pullus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345051" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345051/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 11D</figureCitation>
|
||
) (with a denticle in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD41FF9FAB811C6FFAA7B933" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1888" box="[1200,1305,1336,1362]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sallaei">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD41FF9FAB811C6FFAA7B933" box="[1200,1305,1336,1362]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">L. sallaei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); pygidium with dense rugosity; clypeus trapezoidal; and parameres short, with the ventral tooth acute and placed at middle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD41FF9FAFAE1CD6FEACB9FA" box="[159,274,1408,1435]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="90.[151,250,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[154,1430,183,1509]" captionTargetId="figure-24@90.[151,1436,181,1512]" captionTargetPageId="90" captionText="FIGURE 15. Parameres in frontal view. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) E. similis, C) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, D) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) cuniculus, E) L. (Anagrylius) moroni, F) L. (Ligyrodes) peruvianus, G) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, H) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, I) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus, J) L. (Ligyrus) bidentulus, K) L. (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, L) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) fossor, M) L. (Ligyrus) gibbosus, N) L. (Ligyrus) nasutus, O) L. (Ligyrus) neglectus, P) L. (Ligyrus) paranaensis, Q) L. (Ligyrus) peninsularis, R) L. (Ligyrus) rubripes, S) L. (Ligyrus) ruginasus, T) L. (Ligyrus) villosus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345063" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345063/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Figs. 15G</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD41FF9FAE2C1CD7FEF2B9FA" box="[285,332,1409,1435]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="92.[151,250,1215,1239]" captionTargetBox="[155,1430,188,1184]" captionTargetId="figure-24@92.[151,1436,181,1191]" captionTargetPageId="92" captionText="FIGURE 17. Parameres in lateral view. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) E. similis, C) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, D) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) cuniculus; E) L. (Anagrylius) moroni, F) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, G) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345073" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345073/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">17F</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD41FF9FAFF61CF2FB48BA66" blockId="30.[151,1437,724,2013]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD41FF9FAFF61CF2FE00B9DE" bold="true" box="[199,446,1444,1471]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Taxonomic remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
The species was originally described in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD41FF9FACCA1CF2FBC0B9DF" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1019,1150,1444,1470]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD41FF9FACCA1CF2FBC0B9DF" box="[1019,1150,1444,1470]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Scarabaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD41FF9FAB981CF3FA97B9DE" author="Say, T." box="[1193,1321,1444,1471]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="160 - 204" refId="ref93328" refString="Say, T. (1825) Descriptions of new species of coleopterous insects inhabiting the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 5, 160 - 204." type="journal article" year="1825">Say (1825)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Although it has stridulatory area on the inner face of the elytra as the other species included by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD41FF9FAB7E1C9EFAA2B982" author="Burmeister, H." box="[1103,1308,1480,1507]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refId="ref88626" refString="Burmeister, H. (1847) Handbuch der Entomologie. Coleoptera Lamellicornia, Xylophila et Pectinicornia. Band 5. Enslin, Berlin, viii + 584 pp." type="book" year="1847">Burmeister (1847)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD41FF9FAA711C9FFA28B983" baseAuthorityName="sensu Moron & Grossi" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[1344,1430,1481,1506]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD41FF9FAA711C9FFA28B983" box="[1344,1430,1481,1506]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Ligyrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, for unknown reasons he placed it in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD41FF9FAD1F1CBAFD76BA67" authorityName="Dejean" authorityYear="1833" box="[558,712,1516,1542]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Heteronychus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD41FF9FAD1F1CBAFD76BA67" box="[558,712,1516,1542]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Heteronychus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and later
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD41FF9FAC091CBBFC54BA66" author="LeConte, J. L." box="[824,1002,1516,1543]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="19 - 25" refId="ref91224" refString="LeConte, J. L. (1856) Notice of three genera of Scarabaeidae found in the United States. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 8, 19 - 25." type="journal article" year="1856">LeConte (1856)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
combined it in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD41FF9FABA81CBBFB51BA67" baseAuthorityName="sensu Moron & Grossi" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[1177,1263,1517,1542]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD41FF9FABA81CBBFB51BA67" box="[1177,1263,1517,1542]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Ligyrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD41FF9EAFF61F46FF5EBA14" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD41FF9FAFF61F46FEC1BA2E" blockId="30.[151,1437,724,2013]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD41FF9FAFF61F46FEDFBA4B" bold="true" box="[199,353,1552,1578]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Central and eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD41FF9FAD791F46FD61BA4A" box="[584,735,1552,1579]" name="United States of America" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
to southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD41FF9FACA61F46FC55BA4B" box="[919,1003,1552,1578]" name="Canada" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD41FF9FACC81F46FB09BA4A" author="Cartwright, O. L." box="[1017,1207,1552,1579]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="515 - 541" refId="ref88844" refString="Cartwright, O. L. (1959) Scarab beetles of the genus Bothynus in the United States (Coleoptera: Sacarabaeidae). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 108, 515 - 541." type="journal article" year="1959">Cartwright 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD41FF9FABF21F46FADEBA4B" author="Endrodi, S." box="[1219,1376,1552,1578]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="1 - 145" refId="ref89768" refString="Endrodi, S. (1969) Monographie der Dynastinae. 4. Tribus: Pentodontini (Coleoptera, Lamellicornia). Entomologische Abhandlungen, 37, 1 - 145." type="journal article" year="1969">Endrödi 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD41FF9FAA5D1F47FECDBA2E" author="Ratcliffe, B. C. & Cave, R. D." pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="1 - 298" refId="ref92923" refString="Ratcliffe, B. C. & Cave, R. D. (2017) The dynastine scarab beetles of the United States and Canada (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum, 30, 1 - 298." type="journal article" year="2017">Ratcliffe & Cave 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD41FF9EAFF61F0EFD5AB984" blockId="30.[151,1437,724,2013]" lastBlockId="31.[151,1437,151,1653]" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD41FF9FAFF61F0EFDBEBA13" bold="true" box="[199,512,1624,1651]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
Locality records (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD41FF9FAEAD1F0EFE4DBA13" box="[412,499,1624,1650]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="107.[151,250,1132,1156]" captionTargetBox="[236,1357,181,1104]" captionTargetId="figure-17@107.[230,1357,181,1109]" captionTargetPageId="107" captionText="FIGURE 33. Distributional records of the subgenus Ligyrus (Ligyrodes)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345123" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345123/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 33</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="9AC8F270FD41FF9EAD381F0FFD61B984" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3986696396" collectionCode="CEIOC, FSCA, IEXA, MZUSP, UNSM, USNM" collectorName="La Porte & Van Buren" country="Canada" county="United States of America" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" location="Chalk River" municipality="Kouchibouguac National Park" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Alabama">
|
||
432 examined specimens from
|
||
<collectionCode id="4CB160E8FD41FF9FAC5F1F0FFC7BBA12" box="[878,965,1625,1651]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">CEIOC</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="4CB160E8FD41FF9FACE01F0FFBA4BA12" box="[977,1050,1625,1651]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/jekt-x82m" name="Florida State Collection of Arthropods, The Museum of Entomology" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="Museum">FSCA</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="4CB160E8FD41FF9FAB161F0FFBD3BA12" box="[1063,1133,1625,1651]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">IEXA</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="4CB160E8FD41FF9FAB4B1F0FFB69BA12" box="[1146,1239,1625,1651]" country="Brazil" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">MZUSP</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="4CB160E8FD41FF9FABD51F0FFA86BA12" box="[1252,1336,1625,1651]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34868" name="University of Nebraska State Museum" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">UNSM</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="4CB160E8FD41FF9FAA751F0FFA27BA12" box="[1348,1433,1625,1651]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
. Localities from Canada and
|
||
<collectingCounty id="C37E80A1FD41FF9FAEE41F2AFD51BAF7" box="[469,751,1660,1687]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">United States of America</collectingCounty>
|
||
counties are listed from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD41FF9FAB371F2AFAA4BAF6" author="Ratcliffe, B. C. & Cave, R. D." box="[1030,1306,1660,1687]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="1 - 298" refId="ref92923" refString="Ratcliffe, B. C. & Cave, R. D. (2017) The dynastine scarab beetles of the United States and Canada (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum, 30, 1 - 298." type="journal article" year="2017">Ratcliffe & Cave (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD41FF9FAA151F2AFE22BADB" bold="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD41FF9FAA151F2AFA22BAF7" box="[1316,1436,1660,1686]" name="Canada" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">CANADA</collectingCountry>
|
||
(518). Manitoba (79):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Aweme; Souris; Winnipeg.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD41FF9FADD31FF7FC5ABADB" bold="true" box="[738,996,1696,1723]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">New Brunswick (32):</emphasis>
|
||
Fredericton;
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="CA7B6257FD41FF9FABB11FF6FF70BABF" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Kouchibouguac National Park</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
; Saint Andrews, Huntsman Marine Science Centre; Saint John.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD41FF9FAC901F93FBCBBABF" bold="true" box="[929,1141,1732,1759]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">New Scotia (139):</emphasis>
|
||
Antigonish; Cape Breton; Halifax; Iverness; Kentville; Pictou; Victoria.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD41FF9FAD9C1FBEFCE3BB63" bold="true" box="[685,861,1768,1794]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Ontario (142):</emphasis>
|
||
Arnprior; Aylmer; Britannia Heights; Canfield (
|
||
<quantity id="ED5855C8FD41FF9FAABC1FBFFF05BB47" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="km" value="4.0">4 km</quantity>
|
||
S); Carp; Chaffey’s Lock;
|
||
<location id="2F7FAEF6FD41FF9FAECA1E5AFD34BB47" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD41FF9EAFA619C1FF5EBA14:2F7FAEF6FD41FF9FAECA1E5AFD34BB47" box="[507,650,1804,1830]" country="Canada" county="United States of America" municipality="Kouchibouguac National Park" name="Chalk River" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" stateProvince="Alabama">Chalk River</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<location id="2F7FAEF6FD41FF9FADA81E5BFCF6BB46" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD41FF9EAFA619C1FF5EBA14:2F7FAEF6FD41FF9FADA81E5BFCF6BB46" box="[665,840,1805,1831]" country="Canada" county="United States of America" municipality="Kouchibouguac National Park" name="Constance Bay" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" stateProvince="Alabama">Constance Bay</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<location id="2F7FAEF6FD41FF9FAC661E5AFB81BB47" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD41FF9EAFA619C1FF5EBA14:2F7FAEF6FD41FF9FAC661E5AFB81BB47" box="[855,1087,1804,1830]" country="Canada" county="United States of America" municipality="Kouchibouguac National Park" name="Cumberland Village" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" stateProvince="Alabama">Cumberland Village</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<location id="2F7FAEF6FD41FF9FAB7F1E5AFB6FBB46" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD41FF9EAFA619C1FF5EBA14:2F7FAEF6FD41FF9FAB7F1E5AFB6FBB46" box="[1102,1233,1804,1831]" country="Canada" county="United States of America" municipality="Kouchibouguac National Park" name="Dunks Bay" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" stateProvince="Alabama">Dunks Bay</location>
|
||
; Dunnville; Dunrobin; Goderich,
|
||
<location id="2F7FAEF6FD41FF9FAE671E66FE41BB2B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD41FF9EAFA619C1FF5EBA14:2F7FAEF6FD41FF9FAE671E66FE41BB2B" box="[342,511,1840,1866]" country="Canada" county="United States of America" municipality="Kouchibouguac National Park" name="Maitland River" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" stateProvince="Alabama">Maitland River</location>
|
||
and Highway 21; Grand Bend;
|
||
<location id="2F7FAEF6FD41FF9FAC511E67FC6BBB2B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD41FF9EAFA619C1FF5EBA14:2F7FAEF6FD41FF9FAC511E67FC6BBB2B" box="[864,981,1840,1867]" country="Canada" county="United States of America" municipality="Kouchibouguac National Park" name="Kerr Lake" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" stateProvince="Alabama">Kerr Lake</location>
|
||
; Latta; London; Mallorytown; Marmora; Merivale, Midland; Muskoka; Normandale; Ottawa; Richmond (
|
||
<quantity id="ED5855C8FD41FF9FAC4D1E02FC07BB0F" box="[892,953,1876,1902]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.656064" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="mi" value="6.0">6 mi.</quantity>
|
||
W); Rondeau Provincial Park; Rostrevor;
|
||
<location id="2F7FAEF6FD41FF9FAFA61E2EFE9DBBF3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD41FF9EAFA619C1FF5EBA14:2F7FAEF6FD41FF9FAFA61E2EFE9DBBF3" box="[151,291,1912,1938]" country="Canada" county="United States of America" municipality="Kouchibouguac National Park" name="Sauble Falls" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" stateProvince="Alabama">Sauble Falls</location>
|
||
, road along
|
||
<location id="2F7FAEF6FD41FF9FAE9B1E2FFD31BBF3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD41FF9EAFA619C1FF5EBA14:2F7FAEF6FD41FF9FAE9B1E2FFD31BBF3" box="[426,655,1912,1939]" country="Canada" county="United States of America" municipality="Kouchibouguac National Park" name="Bruce County forest" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" stateProvince="Alabama">Bruce County forest</location>
|
||
; Severn Bridge;
|
||
<location id="2F7FAEF6FD41FF9FAC781E2EFC5CBBF3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD41FF9EAFA619C1FF5EBA14:2F7FAEF6FD41FF9FAC781E2EFC5CBBF3" box="[841,994,1912,1938]" country="Canada" county="United States of America" municipality="Kouchibouguac National Park" name="Sharbot Lake" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" stateProvince="Alabama">Sharbot Lake</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<location id="2F7FAEF6FD41FF9FACDD1E2EFBDBBBF3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD41FF9EAFA619C1FF5EBA14:2F7FAEF6FD41FF9FACDD1E2EFBDBBBF3" box="[1004,1125,1912,1938]" country="Canada" county="United States of America" municipality="Kouchibouguac National Park" name="Wolf Lake" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" stateProvince="Alabama">Wolf Lake</location>
|
||
, Nipissing.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD41FF9FABD91E2EFEADBBD7" bold="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Prince Edward Island (7):</emphasis>
|
||
Charlottetown; Cornwall; Meadowbank.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD41FF9FADDB1ECAFC2FBBD7" bold="true" box="[746,913,1948,1974]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Quebec (119):</emphasis>
|
||
Aylmer; Aylmer, Queen’s Park; Beamish Hill; Bécancour; Choisy; Eardley; Farrelton;
|
||
<location id="2F7FAEF6FD41FF9FAD681E97FD41BBBB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD41FF9EAFA619C1FF5EBA14:2F7FAEF6FD41FF9FAD681E97FD41BBBB" box="[601,767,1984,2011]" country="Canada" county="United States of America" municipality="Kouchibouguac National Park" name="Fort Coulonge" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" stateProvince="Alabama">Fort Coulonge</location>
|
||
; Hull; Île Perrot; Lac Cloutier; Lac Heney, Chermin Sharp; Lanoraie; Lévis; Limbour; Lucerne; Montreal;
|
||
<location id="2F7FAEF6FD40FF9EAD9619C1FC87BCD0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD41FF9EAFA619C1FF5EBA14:2F7FAEF6FD40FF9EAD9619C1FC87BCD0" box="[679,825,151,177]" country="Canada" county="United States of America" municipality="Kouchibouguac National Park" name="Norway Bay" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" stateProvince="Alabama">Norway Bay</location>
|
||
; Parc Paul-Sauve; Parc Paul-Sauvé, Deux-Montagnes; Perkins; Pont-Rouge; Rigaud; Riviera, Touraine; Sainte-Foy; Terrebonne; Thurso; Touraine; Vaudreuil; Ville Laval, Duvernay.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD40FF9EAE231989FC12BC99" bold="true" box="[274,940,222,249]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD40FF9EAE231989FD16BC99" box="[274,680,222,249]" name="United States of America" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</collectingCountry>
|
||
(2,400).
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD40FF9EAC3F1988FCC5BC99" box="[782,891,222,248]" country="United States of America" name="Alabama" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Alabama</collectingRegion>
|
||
(1):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Mobile.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD40FF9EAB201988FB7CBC99" bold="true" box="[1041,1218,222,248]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD40FF9EAB201988FB3DBC99" box="[1041,1155,222,248]" country="United States of America" name="Arkansas" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Arkansas</collectingRegion>
|
||
(23):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Hempstead, Washington.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD40FF9EAFC11854FE1CBD7D" bold="true" box="[240,418,258,284]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD40FF9EAFC11854FEDEBD7D" box="[240,352,258,284]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Colorado</collectingRegion>
|
||
(28):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Boulder; Denver; Jefferson; Larimer; Logan; Weld; Yuma.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD40FF9EAB661854FA94BD7D" bold="true" box="[1111,1322,258,284]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD40FF9EAB661854FB56BD7D" box="[1111,1256,258,284]" country="United States of America" name="Connecticut" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Connecticut</collectingRegion>
|
||
(19):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Fairfield; Litchfield; Middlesex; New Haven; New London; Tolland.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD40FF9EAC7B1871FC40BD21" bold="true" box="[842,1022,294,321]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD40FF9EAC7B1871FC05BD20" box="[842,955,295,321]" country="United States of America" name="Delaware" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Delaware</collectingRegion>
|
||
(10):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
New Castle.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD40FF9EABAE1870FF71BD05" bold="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD40FF9EABAE1870FA22BD21" box="[1183,1436,294,320]" country="United States of America" name="District of Columbia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">District of Columbia</collectingRegion>
|
||
(25):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Washington.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD40FF9EAE41181CFDAABD05" bold="true" box="[368,532,330,356]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD40FF9EAE41181CFE7CBD05" box="[368,450,330,356]" country="United States of America" name="Illinois" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Illinois</collectingRegion>
|
||
(168):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Champaign; Cook; Douglas; Jasper; Kankakee; Lake; Macon; Marshall; Mason; McLean; Peoria; Pike; Rock Island; Saline; Vermilion.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD40FF9EAC771838FC5ABDE9" bold="true" box="[838,996,366,392]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD40FF9EAC771838FC1DBDE9" box="[838,931,366,392]" country="United States of America" name="Indiana" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Indiana</collectingRegion>
|
||
(60):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Brown; Elkhart; Kosciusko;
|
||
<collectorName id="87559DFBFD40FF9EAA021839FA26BDE8" box="[1331,1432,367,393]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">La Porte</collectorName>
|
||
; LaGrange; Lake; Porter; Steuben; Sillivan; Tippecanoe; Vigo.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD40FF9EAC6818C5FC6ABDCD" bold="true" box="[857,980,402,429]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD40FF9EAC6818C5FC2ABDCC" box="[857,916,403,429]" country="United States of America" name="Iowa" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Iowa</collectingRegion>
|
||
(91):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Appanoose; Boone; Bremer; Buchanan; Carroll; Cerro Gordo; Cherokee; Davis; Decatur; Deleware; Des Moines; Dickinson; Fremont; Henry; Jefferson; Johnson; Keokuk; Linn; Louisa; Lucas; Marion; Monona; Monroe; Muscatine; Page; Plymouth; Polk; Pottawattamie; Scott; Shelby; Story; Wapello; Winneshiek.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD40FF9EADEB18A9FC3EBE79" bold="true" box="[730,896,510,537]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD40FF9EADEB18A9FC8FBE78" box="[730,817,511,537]" country="United States of America" name="Kansas" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Kansas</collectingRegion>
|
||
(182):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Atchison; Barber; Clark; Crawford; Dickinson; Doniphan; Douglas; Harvey; Kingman; Kiowa; Labette; Neosho; Pottawatomie; Reno; Riley; Sedgwick; Shawnee; Sherman; Stafford; Sumner; Wabaunsee.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD40FF9EAD691B10FD40BE01" bold="true" box="[600,766,582,608]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD40FF9EAD691B10FD70BE01" box="[600,718,582,608]" country="United States of America" name="Louisiana" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Louisiana</collectingRegion>
|
||
(1):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Grant.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD40FF9EAC7F1B10FC69BE01" bold="true" box="[846,983,582,608]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD40FF9EAC7F1B10FC24BE01" box="[846,922,582,608]" country="United States of America" name="Maine" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Maine</collectingRegion>
|
||
(27):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Aroostook; Cumberland; Hancock; Kennebec; Lincoln; Penobscot; Somerset.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD40FF9EAD741B3DFD42BEE5" bold="true" box="[581,764,618,645]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD40FF9EAD741B3DFD03BEE4" box="[581,701,619,645]" country="United States of America" name="Maryland" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Maryland</collectingRegion>
|
||
(31):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Anne Arundel; Calvert; Cecil; Dorchester; Prince George’s; Queen Anne’s;
|
||
<location id="2F7FAEF6FD40FF9EAE711BD9FE08BEC8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD41FF9EAFA619C1FF5EBA14:2F7FAEF6FD40FF9EAE711BD9FE08BEC8" box="[320,438,655,681]" country="Canada" county="United States of America" municipality="Kouchibouguac National Park" name="St. Mary's" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" stateProvince="Alabama">St. Mary’s</location>
|
||
; Talbot.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD40FF9EAD231BD9FD42BEC9" bold="true" box="[530,764,654,681]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD40FF9EAD231BD9FD01BEC8" box="[530,703,655,681]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
|
||
(73):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Barnstable; Dukes; Middlesex; Nantucket; Norfolk; Suffolk.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD40FF9EAFA61BE4FEE9BEAD" bold="true" box="[151,343,690,716]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD40FF9EAFA61BE4FEB7BEAD" box="[151,265,690,716]" country="United States of America" name="Michigan" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Michigan</collectingRegion>
|
||
(191):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Arenac; Barry; Bay; Berrien; Branch; Calhoun; Cheboygan; Huron; Ingham; Iosco; Kalamazoo; Kent; Lake; Lenawee; Livingston; Macomb; Midland; Monroe; Oakland; Oceana; Ottawa; Shiawassee;
|
||
<location id="2F7FAEF6FD40FF9EAA121B81FA26BE90" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD41FF9EAFA619C1FF5EBA14:2F7FAEF6FD40FF9EAA121B81FA26BE90" box="[1315,1432,727,753]" country="Canada" county="United States of America" municipality="Kouchibouguac National Park" name="St. Joseph" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" stateProvince="Alabama">St. Joseph</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="87559DFBFD40FF9EAFA61BADFEACBF74" box="[151,274,763,789]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Van Buren</collectorName>
|
||
; Washtenaw; Wayne.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD40FF9EAD361BACFD7BBF75" bold="true" box="[519,709,762,788]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD40FF9EAD361BACFD3BBF75" box="[519,645,762,788]" country="United States of America" name="Minnesota" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Minnesota</collectingRegion>
|
||
(13):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Clay; Hennepin; Olmsted; Otter Trail; Ramsey.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD40FF9EABD41BACFA23BF75" bold="true" box="[1253,1437,762,788]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD40FF9EABD41BACFAF1BF75" box="[1253,1359,762,788]" country="United States of America" name="Missouri" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Missouri</collectingRegion>
|
||
(182):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Adair; Atchison; Bates; Boone; Buchanan; Caldwell; Callaway; Cedar; Cooper; Howard; Jackson; Pike; McDonald; Monroe; Osage; Randolph;
|
||
<location id="2F7FAEF6FD40FF9EAEE11A15FD87BF3C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD41FF9EAFA619C1FF5EBA14:2F7FAEF6FD40FF9EAEE11A15FD87BF3C" box="[464,569,835,861]" country="Canada" county="United States of America" municipality="Kouchibouguac National Park" name="St. Louis" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" stateProvince="Alabama">St. Louis</location>
|
||
; Vernon.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD40FF9EAD951A15FCEFBF3D" bold="true" box="[676,849,834,861]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD40FF9EAD951A15FCAFBF3C" box="[676,785,835,861]" country="United States of America" name="Montana" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Montana</collectingRegion>
|
||
(54):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Carter; Custer;
|
||
<location id="2F7FAEF6FD40FF9EAB371A15FB1BBF3C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD41FF9EAFA619C1FF5EBA14:2F7FAEF6FD40FF9EAB371A15FB1BBF3C" box="[1030,1189,835,861]" country="Canada" county="United States of America" municipality="Kouchibouguac National Park" name="Powder River" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" stateProvince="Alabama">Powder River</location>
|
||
; Richland; Roosevelt; Rosebud; Treasure; Yellowstone.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD40FF9EAD271A31FD64BFE1" bold="true" box="[534,730,870,897]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD40FF9EAD271A31FD37BFE0" box="[534,649,871,897]" country="United States of America" name="Nebraska" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Nebraska</collectingRegion>
|
||
(275):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Antelope; Blaine; Boone; Box Butte; Boyd; Brown; Buffalo; Cass; Cherry; Custer; Dakota; Dixon; Douglas; Dundy; Franklin; Gage; Garfield; Grant; Greeley; Hall; Hamilton; Harlan; Holt; Jefferson; Keith; Kimball; Lancaster; Lincoln; McPherson; Merrick; Nemaha; Otoe; Red Willow; Sarpy; Saunders; Scotts Bluff; Thomas; Valley; Wayne; Wheeler.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD40FF9EAC611A85FBEEBF8D" bold="true" box="[848,1104,978,1005]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD40FF9EAC611A85FBAFBF8D" box="[848,1041,978,1005]" country="United States of America" name="New Hampshire" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">New Hampshire</collectingRegion>
|
||
(17):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Rockingham; Strafford.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD40FF9EAA561A85FE9DB871" bold="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD40FF9EAA561A85FF5DB870" country="United States of America" name="New Jersey" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">New Jersey</collectingRegion>
|
||
(42):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Atlantic; Bergen; Cape May; Gloucester; Middlesex; Monmouth; Morris; Ocean; Salem; Union.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD40FF9EAA561AA1FEAAB855" bold="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD40FF9EAA561AA1FF6CB854" country="United States of America" name="New York" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">New York</collectingRegion>
|
||
(63):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Clinton; Essex; Nassau; Onandaga; Orange; Queens; Richmond;
|
||
<location id="2F7FAEF6FD40FF9EAB371D4DFB21B854" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD41FF9EAFA619C1FF5EBA14:2F7FAEF6FD40FF9EAB371D4DFB21B854" box="[1030,1183,1051,1077]" country="Canada" county="United States of America" municipality="Kouchibouguac National Park" name="St. Lawrence" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" stateProvince="Alabama">St. Lawrence</location>
|
||
; Suffolk; Westchester.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD40FF9EAFA61D69FE34B839" bold="true" box="[151,394,1086,1113]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD40FF9EAFA61D69FE83B838" box="[151,317,1087,1113]" country="United States of America" name="North Dakota" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">North Dakota</collectingRegion>
|
||
(372):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Adams; Barnes; Burleigh; Cass; Grand Forks; Morton; Ransom; Richland; Slope; Stutsman; Wells; Williams.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD40FF9EAE691D34FE6CB81D" bold="true" box="[344,466,1122,1148]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD40FF9EAE691D34FE2DB81D" box="[344,403,1122,1148]" country="United States of America" name="Ohio" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Ohio</collectingRegion>
|
||
(13):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Athens; Auglaize; Champaign; Defiance; Erie; Fairfield; Stark.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD40FF9EAB931D34FAE1B81D" bold="true" box="[1186,1375,1122,1148]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD40FF9EAB931D34FA9EB81D" box="[1186,1312,1122,1148]" country="United States of America" name="Oklahoma" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Oklahoma</collectingRegion>
|
||
(62):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Caddo; Canadian; Cleveland; Kay; Latimer; Lincoln; Logan; McClain; Osage; Ottawa; Payne; Seminole; Texas; Tulsa; Wagoner; Woods.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD40FF9EAE521DFCFDFEB8A5" bold="true" box="[355,576,1194,1220]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD40FF9EAE521DFCFDBCB8A5" box="[355,514,1194,1220]" country="United States of America" name="Pennsylvania" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Pennsylvania</collectingRegion>
|
||
(79):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Allegheny; Armstrong; Beaver; Centre; Clearfield; Crawford; Dauphin; Fayette; Forest; Lycoming; Monroe; Montgomery; Northampton; Philadephia; Venango; Westmoreland; York.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD40FF9EAA7F1D99FEA0B96D" bold="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD40FF9EAA7F1D99FF5CB96C" country="United States of America" name="Rhode Island" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Rhode Island</collectingRegion>
|
||
(11):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Kent; Providence; Washington.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD40FF9EADB41DA4FCCAB96D" bold="true" box="[645,884,1266,1293]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD40FF9EADB41DA4FC96B96C" box="[645,808,1266,1293]" country="United States of America" name="South Dakota" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">South Dakota</collectingRegion>
|
||
(144):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Bennett; Bon Homme; Brookings; Brown; Brule; Buffalo; Clay; Cluster; Gregory; Haakon; Hughes; Hyde; Jones; Kingsbury; Marshall; Oglala; Pennington; Tripp; Yankton;
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD40FF9EAE331C6DFE3AB935" bold="true" box="[258,388,1338,1365]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD40FF9EAE331C6DFEFBB934" box="[258,325,1339,1365]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
(14):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Bexar; Cameron; Hardin; Hemphill; Hidalgo; Kleberg; McLennan; Travis; Wheeler.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD40FF9EAA021C6DFF71B919" bold="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD40FF9EAA021C6DFA22B934" box="[1331,1436,1339,1365]" country="United States of America" name="Vermont" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Vermont</collectingRegion>
|
||
(44):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Addison; Chittenden; Grand Isle; Windham.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD40FF9EADE81C08FCC3B919" bold="true" box="[729,893,1374,1400]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD40FF9EADE81C08FC82B919" box="[729,828,1374,1400]" country="United States of America" name="Virginia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Virginia</collectingRegion>
|
||
(15):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Arlington; Caroline; Chesapeake; Chesterfield; King George; Northampton.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD40FF9EAEEC1CD5FD0AB9FD" bold="true" box="[477,692,1410,1437]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD40FF9EAEEC1CD5FD3DB9FD" box="[477,643,1410,1437]" country="United States of America" name="West Virginia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">West Virginia</collectingRegion>
|
||
(5):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Mason; Preston.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD40FF9EAC4A1CD4FB88B9FD" bold="true" box="[891,1078,1410,1436]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD40FF9EAC4A1CD4FC4BB9FD" box="[891,1013,1410,1436]" country="United States of America" name="Wisconsin" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Wisconsin</collectingRegion>
|
||
(58):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Clark; Columbia; Dane; Grant; Jackson; Jefferson; Kenosha; Marinette; Milwaukee; Monroe; Polk; Racine; Richland; Sauk; Walworth; Waukesha; Winnebago; Wood.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD40FF9EAE441C9CFDA7B985" bold="true" box="[373,537,1482,1508]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD40FF9EAE441C9CFE57B985" box="[373,489,1482,1508]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
|
||
(5):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Campbell; Platte
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD40FF9EAFF61CB9FF5EBA14" blockId="31.[151,1437,151,1653]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD40FF9EAFF61CB9FE3BBA69" bold="true" box="[199,389,1518,1545]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Natural history.</emphasis>
|
||
The larvae can be found under piles of straw and decaying hay or horse or cattle dung (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD40FF9EAA641CB9FF6CBA4C" author="Hayes, W. P." pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 146" refId="ref90563" refString="Hayes, W. P. (1925) A comparative study of the history of certain phytophagous scarabaeid beetles. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin, 16, 1 - 146." type="journal article" year="1925">Hayes 1925</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD40FF9EAFEE1F45FEC8BA4C" author="Ritcher, P. O." box="[223,374,1555,1581]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref93238" refString="Ritcher, P. O. (1966) White Grubs and their Allies. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, Oregon, 219 pp." type="book" year="1966">Ritcher 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The eggs are laid between April and May, and adults emerge in August, so winter is passed as an adult under soil; it is a beneficial species that contributes to the decomposition of organic material (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD40FF9EAA641F61FF6DBA14" author="Hayes, W. P." pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 85" refId="ref90597" refString="Hayes, W. P. (1929) Morphology, taxonomy, and biology of larval Scarabaeoidea. Illinois Biological Monographs, 12 (2), 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="1929">Hayes 1929</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |